Journal articles: 'Soccer hooliganism'

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Withecomb, Julie. "UNDERSTANDING SOCCER HOOLIGANISM." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 5, no. 2 (June 1995): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1995.5.2.132.

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Igbinovia, Patrick Edobor. "Soccer Hooliganism in Black Africa." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 29, no. 2 (July 1985): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x8502900206.

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Rowe, David. "Book reviews: Understanding Soccer Hooliganism." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 33, no. 2 (August 1997): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339703300225.

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Koukouris, Konstantinos, and Taxildaridis Stavros. "Violent Incidents in Greek Basketball. Referees' Perspective on the Theoretical Models of Violence." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0016-y.

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Violent Incidents in Greek Basketball. Referees' Perspective on the Theoretical Models of ViolenceDuring the last 30 years a significant body of knowledge has been accumulated around the issue of hooliganism in professional soccer. However, very little has been said about violence in basketball, a sport that has the most incidents of violence after soccer and perhaps handball in Europe. Although an increasing number of violent incidents in basketball are reported in the mass media, research is limited. The sample consisted of 16 top Greek basketball referees, several of whom were distinguished even at an international level. The top referees were interviewed in a hotel prior to matches. The criteria for the choice of leading referees was based on their top refereeing experience (A1 division). Officials provide support for the notion that basketball is hostage to personal interests and is used as a means of pressure for the service of other aims. The theory for the social roots of hooliganism as well as the theory of frustration - aggression provide sufficient explanations for the interpretation of violence in basketball. Under work and family pressures young people become more aggressive and unload their disappointment in the sports ground, which they consider to be a suitable outlet.

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Nielsen, Christian Axboe. "The goalposts of transition: football as a metaphor for Serbia's long journey to the rule of law." Nationalities Papers 38, no. 1 (January 2010): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990903386611.

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Football (soccer) provides a useful prism for analysis of the long transition of the Serbian state and society since 1991. To a striking extent, the world of professional football and the attendant phenomena of financial corruption and football hooliganism have informed both the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia and the current concerted attempt to create a “European Serbia.” During the 1990s, football in Serbia to a significant extent became synonymous with organized crime and the criminalization of the Serbian state. Since 2000, the persistent phenomena of crime, violent hooliganism and lethargic reforms have mirrored the difficult and halting transition of the post-Milošević state. Although recent events highlight the reluctance of the Serbian authorities to confront these problems, both government and sports officials are coming to see reform of Serbian football as a key element of the establishment of the rule of law.

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Shadmanfaat, Seyyed Masoomeh (Shamila), John K. Cochran, Caitlyn N. Muniz, and Saeed Kabiri. "Soccer Hooliganism in Iran: A Test of Agnew’s General Strain Theory." Deviant Behavior 40, no. 5 (March 26, 2018): 544–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1431136.

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Sloan, A. K. "Ver Heyden De Lancey Medico-Legal Lectures 1988–89: Soccer Hooliganism." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900104.

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Merkelbach, Inge, Malte Dewies, Gera Noordzij, and Semiha Denktas. "No Pyro, No Party: Social factors, deliberate choices, and shared fan culture determine the use of illegal fireworks in a soccer stadium." F1000Research 10 (June 25, 2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53245.1.

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Lighting illegal fireworks inside soccer stadiums is a worldwide and persistent problem. Despite rules and regulations as well as rigorous enforcement, the use of illegal fireworks in football stadium is increasing rather than decreasing. Little is yet known about the causes and predictors of this behavior, preventing the development of effective interventions or communication strategies. We therefore conducted a qualitative study, using semistructured interviews with both supporters of a large Dutch soccer club who participated in lighting fireworks, and with professionals who dealt with illegal fireworks in daily practice. Semi-structures interviews were based on hooliganism literature as well as the COM-B model. We concluded that hooliganism and lighting illegal are distinctly different phenomena, although they share some underlying constructs. From a behavioral perspective, using the COM-B model as a framework, reflective motivation was identified as the strongest facilitator of lighting fireworks, which appeared to be an important part of supporter life and shared culture. Quick interventions that target automatic behavior, such as nudges, will probably thus not be successful in changing this behavior. Supporters suggest compromise between supporters and professionals as preferred future direction. Reported feelings of stigmatization by and feeling unappreciated by professionals, could interfere with successful implementation of this direction. Professionals however contradict negative to have judgements of supporters. Building a bridge between supporters and professionals should be a first step towards a solution.

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McGarva, Roger. "Reviews : Understanding Soccer Hooliganism John Kerr Open University Press, 1994; £12.99 pbk." Probation Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1995): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455059504200220.

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Braun, Robert, and Rens Vliegenthart. "Violent Fan Fluctuations: A Diffusion Perspective to Explain Supporters' Violence." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.14.1.ym98977767701322.

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In this article, we address the question of how diffusion mechanisms predict the level of violence among soccer fans. We embed possible causes of violent fan behavior in a theoretical framework of diffusion, as social movement scholars deploy it to study other instances of collective violence. Four possible diffusion explanations are examined: social status of transmitters (both other fan-sides as well as soccer players), status similarity of adopter and transmitter, direct ties as captured by geographical distance, and indirect ties as measured by media coverage. These explanations are tested for the occurrence of violence around soccer matches in the Netherlands during the period 2001-2005. We employ a pooled complementary log-log analysis of fourteen teams over two hundred match weeks and control for repression, city size, and several match characteristics. We find considerable evidence for three of the four proposed explanations and demonstrate that aggressive play on the pitch, hooliganism by fan-sides with similar status, and media coverage are significant explanatory factors for the evolution of fan violence.

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James, Kieran. "AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL CHEER SQUADS OF THE EIGHTIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE WEST PERTH CHEER SQUAD 1984–1986." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 4, no. 107 (2017): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i107.34.

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Background. In this article I review key studies in the academic literature on football (soccer) hooliganism in the UK and around the world. I apply Armstrong’s anthropological approach to our 15–20 member West Perth unofficial cheer squad (hard-core supporter group) of 1984–1986 (Australian Rules football’s WAFL competition). Method. This is an ethnographic study of the West Perth cheer squad 1984–86 told from the viewpoint of the author who was co-founder and co-leader of this group. It is both strength and weakness of the research data that the author was an active participant in the events rather than a researcher performing typical ethnographic research as a non-participant. Results. I find that the anthropological approach is able to explain many aspects of our cheer squad’s culture and members’ behaviours including the quick disintegration of the cheer squad early in the 1986 season without anyone officially ending it. However, our group members did not adjust their commitment downwards during the cheer squad’s years of action; most members attended all home-and-away matches during May 1984–March 1986. This research also shows the diffusion of Australian Rules football supporter culture from Melbourne to Adelaide and from these two cities to Perth, to a lesser extent, and the impact of TV news reports of British football hooliganism on our group’s style and macho posturing. Conclusion. Detailed long-term ethnographic studies of individual football (soccer) hooligan firms and Australian Rules’ cheer squads are the most vital type of new research.

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Dunning, Eric, Patrick Murphy, and Ivan Waddington. "Anthropological versus Sociological Approaches to the Study of Soccer Hooliganism: Some Critical Notes." Sociological Review 39, no. 3 (August 1991): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1991.tb00862.x.

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Frosdick, Steve. "Pompey v Saints: A Case Study in Crowd Segregation." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2005.7.3.149.

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In the United Kingdom, spectator violence at sports events, particularly at football (soccer) matches, is an ancient yet current policing problem. ‘Football hooliganism’ has received considerable academic scrutiny, however the main focus has been on who the hooligans are and why they behave as they do. Other salient issues, for example the policing of spectator violence, have received rather less research attention. One aspect of such policing involves the physical segregation of rival sets of supporters. This paper is an empirical case study of the crowd segregation arrangements adopted for the 2003–2004 Derby1 matches between Southampton and Portsmouth football clubs. This case study outlines the concept of segregation and describes the two stadiums. It then gives a participant observer account of the segregation arrangements and incidents at the matches. Finally, the paper suggests six more general conclusions based upon the case study. Segregation remains necessary and is best achieved by management rather than physical measures. The proximity of the visiting fans coach (bus) arrival point is important, and it is easier to manage the staggered arrival of small groups of fans. What happens outside the ground has a direct effect on what happens inside and experienced stewards are more effective at ‘policing’ fans than the public police service.

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Tóth, Nikolett Ágnes. "Sports Policing Tools in a Changing World." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.3.15.

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Based on the research into the relationship between sport and policing we can say that sports policing is a specific part of sports administration. The paper seeks answers to the following questions: What are the reasons for football hooliganism? What previous events, stadium disasters have happened in the last few decades that focussed the attention of those concerned with securing events on the fact that the established practice needed to be changed and new legal norms had to be established? Lord Justice Peter Taylor was the first to point out all these issues, after, in co-operation with a committee, he had conducted a detailed analysis of the problems. His proposals radically changed the image of both modern British and European soccer, as well as the related Hungarian rules and regulations.

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Tóth, Nikolett Ágnes. "Sports Policing Tools in a Changing World." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.3.15.

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Based on the research into the relationship between sport and policing we can say that sports policing is a specific part of sports administration. The paper seeks answers to the following questions: What are the reasons for football hooliganism? What previous events, stadium disasters have happened in the last few decades that focussed the attention of those concerned with securing events on the fact that the established practice needed to be changed and new legal norms had to be established? Lord Justice Peter Taylor was the first to point out all these issues, after, in co-operation with a committee, he had conducted a detailed analysis of the problems. His proposals radically changed the image of both modern British and European soccer, as well as the related Hungarian rules and regulations.

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Testa, Alberto. "The All-Seeing Eye of State Surveillance in the Italian Football (Soccer) Terraces: The Case Study of the Football Fan Card." Surveillance & Society 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i1.6796.

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The football (soccer) stadium in Italy has been, since its origin, not only a ludic space but also a symbolic setting that has often reflected national socio-political issues such as the country’s north/south economic and political divide, the existence of organized crime, the promotion of radical political ideologies, and, concomitantly, racism and homophobia. In such a milieu, the spectacle of football can suddenly shift to symbolic and factual violence. One of the main tools of the complex Italian counter hooliganism model (CHM) is the Tessera del tifoso, a compulsory fan ID scheme adopted in 2009 to curb football spectator violence. This paper attempts to systematically evaluate this scheme for the first time, adopting as its conceptual frame Giorgio Agamben’s concepts of the state of exception, bare life, the (concentration) camp, and dispositivo (apparatus). It is argued that the Tessera del tifoso serves as a most prominent example of a CHM based on a permanent state of exception manifested by an increase in State surveillance, control, and regulation of fans’ lives with potential implications for their civil liberties and freedom.

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17

Tynan, Mark. "‘‘Inciting the roughs of the crowd’: soccer hooliganism in the south of Ireland during the inter-war period, 1919–1939’." Soccer & Society 18, no. 5-6 (September 15, 2016): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2016.1230345.

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Bodin, Dominique, Luc Robène, Stéphane Héas, and Martin Gendron. "Une approche de la criminalité féminine à travers l’exemple du hooliganisme." Criminologie 38, no. 2 (March 28, 2006): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012668ar.

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RésuméLa question du genre est un fait reconnu depuis très longtemps dans la construction des actes délictueux. Pourtant, dans le cas très précis du hooliganisme, aucune étude ne s’est jamais intéressée à l’existence ou non de femmes hooligans. Est-ce à dire qu’il n’en existe pas ? La réalité sociale du hooliganisme en Europe est bien différente. Il existe des femmes hooligans. Leur négation tient à de multiples raisons : l’absence de traitement de la singularité, les a priori positifs dont jouissent les femmes quant aux comportements violents, l’utilisation d’une définition trop restrictive du hooliganisme qui empêche de comprendre la genèse de certains événements et la place des femmes dans ceux-ci, la difficulté de penser une violence féminine alors que certaines femmes subissent chaque jour de nombreuses formes de violence. À travers l’étude des noyaux durs des groupes de supporters du soccer en France, on observe cependant qu’un certain nombre d’entre elles reconnaissent participer et avoir participé à des actes hooligans. Elles possèdent parfois des rôles et des statuts importants au sein des groupes qui les ont obligatoirement confrontées à la violence. Si, physiquement, elles ne sont pas au coeur des affrontements les plus durs, elles sont parfois les instigatrices ou les égéries de certains groupes pour qui la violence est une partie intégrante et intégrative dusupportérisme.

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Pedzisai, Nemerai, Edmore Nhamo, and Simbarashe Magonde. "Football Spectator Violence During Matches at the Zimbabwe Football Association Division One Level in Gweru District." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 3, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.3105.

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Background: A number of football matches in Gweru district have been characterised by undesirable acts of spectator violence resulting in injury and malicious damage to property. Football spectator violence is a very negative phenomenon in football because it chases away sponsors who do not want their organisations and brands to be associated with hooliganism. Violence also discourages spectators from attending football matches as they fear for their safety. This status quo precipitated the need to identify football stakeholders’ perceptions on the causes of spectator violence during football matches at Division One level in Gweru District. Aims: The primary aim and focus of this study was to investigate spectator violence among football spectators in Gweru district in Zimbabwe. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the main causes of football spectator violence and recommend strategies to mitigate or even eliminate this scourge. Study Setting: The study was conducted in Gweru district in the midlands province of Zimbabwe. Materials and Methods: The study adopted the quantitative research approach utilising the descriptive survey design. Closed questionnaires were used to collect data from, twenty division one footballers from four Gweru division one football clubs, twenty spectators, six football referees and four coaches. This resulted in a total sample of fifty (50) respondents. Simple random sampling (Gold Fish Bowl procedure) was used to select the twenty players and six referees. Purposive sampling was used to select the four coaches and twenty football spectators. Statistics: Data was analysed statistically using simple frequency tables. Results and Conclusion: The study revealed that spectator violence during football matches at division one level in Gweru is mainly a result of hooliganism, controversial refereeing, lack of fair play by footballers in the field of play, outcome of matches, rivalry between clubs and euphoria. Factors such as use of juju, prestige seeking by spectators and reporting of violence by the media were found to be minor contributors towards football spectator violence during football matches in Gweru district. Recommendations: The study recommends that the Zimbabwe republic police who provide security during these violent matches should tighten security at football matches by searching all fans thoroughly for dangerous weapons and alcohol at stadia entry points. ZIFA and PSL should educate all football clubs on the negative effects of violence and punish offending teams severely. The clubs should educate their fans to shun violence. Sponsors should include funds in their sponsorship packages for purposes of educating fans on violence. Soccer players should lead by example and avoid provoking other team’s fans

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Gim, Jeong Myung. "A Comparative Analysis of Soccer Manias: Red Devils and Hooligans." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 30 (September 30, 2007): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2007.09.30.73.

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Johnes, Martin. "Hooligans and barrackers: Crowd disorder and soccer in South Wales,c.1906–39." Soccer & Society 1, no. 2 (June 2000): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970008721263.

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22

Rozentāle, Lidija. "Partnerattiecības un homofobija: tiesiskās problēmas Latvijas Republikā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.166-177.

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Šī raksta saturs ir balstīts uz pašas autores sākotnējiem pētījumiem. Pētījumā tika iegūti empīriski pārbaudīti argumenti, ka, ieviešot viendzimuma partnerattiecību likumu, var pasliktināties attieksme pret gejiem un lesbietēm. Lai pārliecinātos par viendzimuma partnerattiecību likuma ieviešanas ilgtermiņa ietekmi uz homofobiju, ir nepieciešams turpināt pētījumus vairākos virzienos. Līdz divdesmit pirmā gadsimta sākumam notika pilngadīgo viendzimuma seksuālo darbību dekriminalizācija, kļūstot tiesību normu, kuru iniciēja Eiropas Savienība, kā arī Eiropas Padome. Tomēr lesbiešu un geju tiesiskajās attiecībās joprojām ir dažas problemātiskas jomas, tostarp viendzimuma pāru atzīšana un viņu kā vecāku tiesības, dibinot ģimeni. In a more global context, it is known that individuals sometimes migrate in order to escape prejudice and discrimination in their country of origin by moving to a more tolerant host country where they can engage in sexual behaviour more freely. Nevertheless, there is almost no research on the consequences of immigration for LGBT people (Carrillo, 2004). Cases of homophobic assault or sexual harassment can take form of physical abuse, verbal or public, and not just public. The author has concluded that if there has been no physical contact in the case of homophobic attacks, no liability for such offenses can be found under criminal law. Analysing the responsibility for hooliganism, it can be concluded that the commission of a criminal offense in a public place does not in itself mean that the crime should be classified as hooliganism, and no other person’s interests were harmed and no serious disturbance of public peace was found. In order to be prosecuted in the case of homophobic assault or sexual harassment, the interests of other persons (society) must be harmed.

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Turner, J. Neville. "Children's Rights." Children Australia 10, no. 3 (1985): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000016556.

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The recent soccer tradegy at Brussels has no doubt many explanations, but one thing is certain. The offending Liverpool football supporters largely consisted of youths who had been greatly deprived in their childhood. Anyone who has been to Liverpool will be aware of the miserable living conditions that many families find themselves in. It is hardly surprising that children from this upbringing turned into hooligans who so disgraced their country.Children are the citizens of the future. The future of Australia too depends on the children of today. It is therefore urgent that we protect the interests of children, who, of course, do not have a voice of their own.This Bureau is one of the few organizations in Australia concerned to see that legislation is passed which is truly in the best interests of children. There are many areas which give rise to great concern.

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O’Donnell, Michael, Leif D. Nelson, Evi Ackermann, Balazs Aczel, Athfah Akhtar, Silvio Aldrovandi, Nasseem Alshaif, et al. "Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998)." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 268–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691618755704.

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Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence (“professor”) subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence (“soccer hooligans”). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%–3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and −0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the “professor” category and those primed with the “hooligan” category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.

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Schneider, Clarissa, Michelle Simonek, Florin Eggmann, and Andreas Filippi. "Dental injuries in Swiss soccer supporters: A comparative study of regular fans, ultras, and hooligans for public health strategies." Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, September 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cre2.783.

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AbstractObjectivesViolence among soccer supporters continues to pose a significant public health concern in many parts of the world. In Switzerland, hooliganism is largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to examine incidents of violence and associated dental injuries among different groups of soccer supporters, as well as assess the impact of intoxicants on their behavior, using survey data from regular fans, ultras, and hooligans in the Swiss Football League.Material and MethodsA cross‐sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire was conducted among distinct factions of soccer supporters in the Swiss Football League in 2022. A total of 165 participants self‐identified as belonging to one of three subgroups: “regular fan,” “ultra,” or “hooligan.” Data were gathered on physical altercations, dental injuries, possession of mouthguards, intoxicant use, and medical assistance. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression models, and significance tests were used for data analysis (α = .05).ResultsHooligans had a higher frequency of dental injuries resulting from fights than ultras and regular fans. Hooligans with 11–20 fights per soccer season had a 9.6 times higher probability of dental trauma than those with 0–5 fights (p = .048). Possession of a mouthguard was associated with a lower risk of dental injuries for hooligans but an increased risk for ultras. Additionally, hooligans were found to differ significantly from other groups in their consumption of amphetamines and cocaine (p < .001).ConclusionsThe study found a strong link between physical altercations and dental injuries among soccer supporters. To promote better prevention, there is a necessity for enhanced educational initiatives facilitated by dentists to amplify the dissemination of mouthguards. Furthermore, it is crucial to raise awareness regarding their proper fitting to minimize the occurrence of combat‐related dental injuries. Health authorities and other stakeholders should take a comprehensive approach to addressing some of the root causes of violent behavior, which include alcohol abuse and illicit substance consumption.

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Paradiso, Eugenio. "The social, political, and economic causes of violence in Argentine soccer." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 1 (July 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v21i1.217.

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In recent years, the changing character of Argentine political culture has influenced the ways in which groups of soccer fans organize themselves around political and economic goals. Argentine soccer clubs have always had strong ties to local and national politics. In this article, I examine the relationships between Argentine political culture and corruption in soccer since 1976, the year in which the last military regime took power. During the dictatorship, acts of violence were unregulated. The so-called Grupos de Tarea (death squads) found themselves in a position of absolute power, meaning that they had the freedom to act independently without having to justify their actions in front of a centralized authority. Present-day barrabravas (Argentine hooligans) have copied the behaviour of the death squads. Contrary to what happens in other national contexts, the spread of violence in Argentine soccer is encouraged by social leaders through corrupt political and economic arrangements that benefit all parties involved. Being a barrabrava is a full time job based on the use of violence. By using a comparative approach, I emphasize the need to understand local specificities when examining soccer violence in different national contexts. The structure of Argentine soccer allows fans to penetrate the political sphere of soccer clubs. This, in turn, creates an environment where organized groups of fans develop strong ties to club officials. By contrast, soccer violence in Italy and Holland remains apolitical. Soccer hooliganism has no universal causes and no universal solutions.

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Mastronardi, Vincenzo M., Rossella De Mola, and Gioacchino Angeloni. "The world of soccer between stereotypes and fan profiling." Rivista di Psicopatologia Forense, Medicina Legale, Criminologia 25, no. 1-2-3 (December 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/psyco.2020.546.

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Soccer is a game, but also a social phenomenon. As Simon Kuper said, 'when billions of people care about a game, it stops being just a game'. With this new sport, the idea of dispassionate cheering and support for one's hometown team has also spread, synonymous with a sense of belonging to one's homeland. In order to understand the phenomenon of organized supporters, it is necessary to put aside the prejudices and stereotypes that see a veil of violence and ignorance around this world. Through this study, supported by various bibliographic sources, newspaper articles, websites and field surveys, we have investigated the phenomenon in order to better understand its origins, its diffusion and the internal links within the groups that lead most of the public opinion to consider the so-called "Hooligans" as hooligans and troublemakers. The parochialism behind the violent events, the mentality and the hierarchies were examined. The aim of the study was twofold: to verify the knowledge and opinions of a selected sample about the social phenomenon analyzed, also in relation to macro topics such as the relationship with organized crime and political extremism, and to outline a profiling of the organized fan.

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Grodecki, Mateusz, Dominik Antonowicz, Radosław Kossakowski, and Mark Doidge. "Hooligans are coming home. A response to Ellis Cashmore and Kevin Dixon, ‘Why football violence made a comeback in continental Europe but spared England’ [ soccer & society 25, no. 3 (2024): 378-384]." Soccer & Society, March 12, 2024, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2328975.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soccer hooliganism'

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