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Journal articles on the topic 'Sociable behaviors'
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1
Scheer, Michael. "Review of self-initiated behaviors of free-ranging cetaceans directed towards human swimmers and waders during open water encounters." Interaction Studies 11, no. 3 (November 17, 2010): 442–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.11.3.07sch.
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Open water encounters of swimming and wading humans with wild cetaceans have increased worldwide. Behaviors being self-initiated by cetaceans during encounters and addressed towards humans still have received little study and their structure and function mostly remain unclear. This study reviews the scientific literature describing such behaviors. Unhabituated, habituated, lone and sociable and food-provisioned cetaceans from 10 odontocete and one mysticeti species were reported to show altogether 53 different behaviors which were affi liative (33 behaviors), aggressive/threatening (18) and sexual (2) in nature. Behaviors are listed in an ethogram. Due to varying research designs, observational biases cannot be excluded and comparability of results is sometimes hindered. Aggressive/threatening behaviors were reported mainly for food-provisioned and lone and sociable dolphins and these might be responses to inappropriate human behaviors. Sexual behaviors were only described for lone and sociable dolphins. Keywords: human–dolphin interactions; ethogram; swim-with-dolphin programs; whale watching
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Fujiki, Martin, Bonnie Brinton, Melanie Morgan, and Craig H. Hart. "Withdrawn and Sociable Behavior of Children With Language Impairment." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, no. 2 (April 1999): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3002.183.
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This study examined the dimensions of withdrawal and sociability in children with language impairment (LI) and their typically developing chronological age-matched peers. Classroom teachers rated the withdrawn and sociable behaviors of 41 children with LI and 41 typically developing peers using the Teacher Behavioral Rating Scale (TBRS, Hart & Robinson, 1996). Children were sampled from the age ranges of 5 to 8 years and 10 to 13 years. Subtypes of both withdrawn (solitary-passive withdrawal, solitary-active withdrawal, reticence) and sociable (impulse control/likability, prosocial) behavior were examined. Teachers rated children with LI as displaying higher levels of reticent behavior than typically developing children. Teachers also rated boys with LI as displaying significantly higher levels of solitary-active withdrawal than girls with LI or typically developing children of either gender. The groups did not differ on solitary-passive withdrawal, although boys were rated higher than girls. In the dimension of sociable behavior, children with LI were rated significantly below typical peers on subtypes of impulse control/likability and prosocial behavior. The relationship between language impairment and withdrawn and sociable behavior is complex. Although language impairment is an important factor in social difficulty, the current results suggest that language impairment is not the sole factor leading to social problems in children with LI. Assessment and intervention procedures for children with language and social problems should take the complex nature of this relationship into account.
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Hart, Kerstine I., Martin Fujiki, Bonnie Brinton, and Craig H. Hart. "The Relationship Between Social Behavior and Severity of Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 3 (June 2004): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/050).
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The Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (C. H. Hart & C. C. Robinson, 1996) was used to compare the withdrawn and sociable behaviors of 41 children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 41 typically developing peers. Three subtypes of withdrawal (reticence, solitary-active, solitary-passive) and 2 subtypes of sociable behavior (prosocial, impulse control/likeability) were examined. Teachers rated children with SLI as exhibiting higher levels of reticence and solitary-passive withdrawal than typical children. Teachers also rated the children with SLI as demonstrating lower levels of both types of sociable behavior than typical children. The group with SLI was then separated into subgroups of children having more severe and less severe language impairment. These groupings did not differ on comparisons involving withdrawn behavior, except that girls with more severe receptive problems demonstrated higher levels of solitary-passive withdrawal than did girls with less severe language problems. Children with less severe receptive language impairment demonstrated higher levels of proficiency on both types of sociable behavior than their peers with more severe impairment. Children with more severe expressive problems also demonstrated poorer prosocial behavior—but not poorer impulse control/likeability—than children with less severe expressive problems. KEY WORDS : social skills, language impairment, socioemotional, withdrawal, social competence
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Perry, Susan E., Brendan J. Barrett, and Irene Godoy. "Older, sociable capuchins (Cebus capucinus) invent more social behaviors, but younger monkeys innovate more in other contexts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620739114.
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An important extension to our understanding of evolutionary processes has been the discovery of the roles that individual and social learning play in creating recurring phenotypes on which selection can act. Cultural change occurs chiefly through invention of new behavioral variants combined with social transmission of the novel behaviors to new practitioners. Therefore, understanding what makes some individuals more likely to innovate and/or transmit new behaviors is critical for creating realistic models of culture change. The difficulty in identifying what behaviors qualify as new in wild animal populations has inhibited researchers from understanding the characteristics of behavioral innovations and innovators. Here, we present the findings of a long-term, systematic study of innovation (10 y, 10 groups, and 234 individuals) in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica. Our methodology explicitly seeks novel behaviors, requiring their absence during the first 5 y of the study to qualify as novel in the second 5 y of the study. Only about 20% of 187 innovations identified were retained in innovators’ individual behavioral repertoires, and 22% were subsequently seen in other group members. Older, more social monkeys were more likely to invent new forms of social interaction, whereas younger monkeys were more likely to innovate in other behavioral domains (foraging, investigative, and self-directed behaviors). Sex and rank had little effect on innovative tendencies. Relative to apes, capuchins devote more of their innovations repertoire to investigative behaviors and social bonding behaviors and less to foraging and comfort behaviors.
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Engström, Gabriella, Lena Marmstål, Christine Williams, and Eva Götell. "Evaluation of communication behavior in persons with dementia during caregivers’ singing." Nursing Reports 1, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nursrep.2011.e4.
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The number of persons with dementia (PWD) is increasing rapidly worldwide. Cognitive impairments and communication difficulties are common among PWD. Therefore, gaining mutual togetherness in caring relation between PWD and their caregivers is important. This study was to investigate the effects of music therapeutic care (MTC) during morning care situations on improving verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors in people with dementia. An observation study with 10 PWD participating. Videotaped interactions (VIO) between PWD and their caregivers were conducted during eight weekly sessions, four recordings consisted of usual morning care and four recordings were of morning care with MTC intervention. The Verbal and Nonverbal Interaction Scale was used to analyze the recorded interactions at a later time. The unsociable verbal variable Cursing decreased significantly (P=.037) during MTC when compared with the baseline measurement. A significant (P=.000) reduction was observed for the unsociable nonverbal variable Does not respond to question. MTC significantly (P=.01) increased the mean score for the sociable nonverbal variable – Calm – relaxed. For sociable verbal communication, significant differences were observed for the variables Use coherent communication (P=.012), Use relevant communication (P=.009), Responds to questions (P=.000), Humming (P=.004), Singing (P=.000). MTC during morning care situations can be an effective non-pharmacological treatment, as well as nursing intervention in order to improve sociable communication behaviors, as well as reduce unsociable communication behaviors of PWDs.
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Wójcik, Anna, and Kinga Powierża. "The Influence of Breed, Sex, Origin and Housing Conditions on Undesirable Behaviors in Ancient Dog Breeds." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051435.
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Abnormal repetitive behaviors often pose problems for dog owners. Such behaviors are considered undesirable if they pose a nuisance or a danger to humans. Ancient dog breeds are intelligent, sociable, active, boisterous and need regular outdoor exercise, but are also independent and reluctant to follow commands. This study aimed to identify factors (breed, sex, origin, housing conditions) and situations that contribute to undesirable behaviors, such as aggression towards humans and other dogs/animals, separation anxiety, excessive vocalization, and oral and locomotion behaviors in Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Samoyed and Siberian husky. Undesirable behaviors in dogs were analyzed based on the results of 897 questionnaires. Breed influenced aggressive behavior towards other dogs/animals, aggression towards humans, undesirable oral and locomotion behaviors, and excessive vocalization. Aggressive behaviors were more prevalent in females than in males. Housing conditions were linked with aggression towards other dogs/animals, aggression at mealtime, and excessive vocalization. Undesirable behaviors were most frequently reported in Akitas, Siberian huskies and Samoyeds, and they were more prevalent in males than in females and dogs living indoors with or without access to a backyard. Aggressive behaviors towards other dogs and animals, excessive vocalization and undesirable motor activities posed the greatest problems in ancient dog breeds.
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Winter, Scott R., and Stephen Rice. "Pilots Who Are Perceived as Unsociable Are Perceived as More Likely to Have a Mental Illness." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 5, no. 1 (April 10, 2015): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000071.
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The mental state of pilots involved in commercial airlines incidents has been the subject of much debate. The current study seeks to use affective theory to address public perceptions of pilot behaviors and likelihood of perceived mental illness. Participants from India and the United States were given hypothetical scenarios about pilots who were presented as either sociable or unsociable. They were asked to give ratings of affective measures and likelihood of mental illness. The results indicate that pilots who were presented as behaving in an unsociable manner were rated as more likely to have a perceived mental illness compared with those who were behaving sociably. Affect appeared to at least partially mediate the relationship between sociability and perceived likelihood of mental illness for both cultural groups.
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Tandon, Dhriti, Kyra Ressler, Daniel Petticord, Andrea Papa, Juliana Jiranek, Riley Wilkinson, Rebecca Y. Kartzinel, et al. "Homozygosity for Mobile Element Insertions Associated with WBSCR17 Could Predict Success in Assistance Dog Training Programs." Genes 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060439.
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Assistance dog training programs can see as many as 60% of their trainees dismissed. Many training programs utilize behavioral assays prior to admittance to identify likely successful candidates, yet such assays can be insconsistent. Recently, four canine retrotransposon mobile element insertions (MEIs) in or near genes WBSCR17 (Cfa6.6 and Cfa6.7), GTF2I (Cfa6.66) and POM121 (Cfa6.83) were identified in domestic dogs and gray wolves. Variations in these MEIs were significantly associated with a heightened propensity to initiate prolonged social contact or hypersociability. Using our dataset of 837 dogs, 228 of which had paired survey-based behavioral data, we discovered that one of the insertions in WBSCR17 is the most important predictor of dog sociable behaviors related to human proximity, measured by the Canine Behavioral Assessment Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ©). We found a positive correlation between insertions at Cfa6.6 and dog separation distress in the form of restlessness when about to be left alone by the owner. Lastly, assistance dogs showed significant heterozygosity deficiency at locus Cfa6.6 and higher frequency of insertions at Cfa6.6 and Cfa6.7. We suggest that training programs could utilize this genetic survey to screen for MEIs at WBSCR17 to identify dogs with sociable traits compatible with successful assistance dog performance.
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Everitt, Joanna, Lisa A. Best, and Derek Gaudet. "Candidate Gender, Behavioral Style, and Willingness to Vote." American Behavioral Scientist 60, no. 14 (December 2016): 1737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216676244.
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This article explores the impact that women’s and men’s nonverbal forms of communication have on voters’ evaluations of political figures. The results indicate that nonverbal cues employed by female and male politicians during political speeches trigger both leadership and gender stereotypes. Furthermore, these behaviors produce different reactions among male and female viewers. Our results indicate that while female politicians are not generally stereotyped as being less agentic (strong leaders, aggressive, tough, confident, or decisive) than men, when they are observed using agonic (assertive, expressive, or choppy) hand movements, their assessments drop. Men demonstrating the same behavior see their leadership assessments improve. Nonverbal cues have little effect on gender-based stereotypes linked to communal qualities such as being caring, sociable, emotional, sensitive, and family oriented, but do impact willingness to vote for a candidate. Women are more likely to receive votes particularly from male respondents if they are calm and contained. Male candidates are more likely to be supported by both women and men when they communicate using assertive nonverbal behaviors.
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Leys, Christophe, Laurent Licata, Philippe Bernard, and Cynthie Marchal. "The Effects of Offenders’ Emotions Versus Behaviors on Victims’ Perception of Their Personality." Swiss Journal of Psychology 71, no. 4 (October 2012): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000087.
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Some people experience a feeling of guilt after transgressing a social norm, while others do not. Perceiving this emotion in others therefore yields important information about their personality. Two experimental studies assessed the effects of the victims’ perceptions of the offenders’ feelings of guilt on the victims’ judgments of the offenders’ personality. Study 1 showed that offenders perceived as experiencing guilt are viewed as being more extraverted (sociable) and more conscientious (competent) than those who are not. These results were replicated in Study 2, which further showed that the effects of perception of guilt on personality judgments are distinct from those of apologies. These effects are mediated by the victims’ perception of justice and their anger. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Suvachart, Noppamash. "An Exploratory Study of Behavior-Based Segmentation Typology of Facebook Users in Thailand." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p140.
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The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the importance behaviors as well as demographics in developing an effective consumer behavior segmentation strategy of Facebook users in Thailand. The questionnaire which comprised a twenty nine items intended user-behaviors scale. The data was collected from 503 potential respondents with valid responses received. There were 173 males respondents (34.4%) and 330 females (65.6%). The majority of the respondents were 21 years old (n=142, 28.2%). Data were initially analysed by factor analysis to develop the type of user-behaviors solution. The results indicated five distinct types of Facebook user-behaviors: Update and share, Shopping and learning, Prefer uncomplicated, Sociable, and Fast distribution. The relationship between behavior types and demographic variables was investigated through ANOVA. The results revealed that gender had no impact for all types. As for age, there was significant difference for “shopping and learning” type. The author interpreted to mean that younger people using Facebook for more shopping and learning than the other age group. These five distinct types were validated by examining their individual behavior type regarding frequency of access to Facebook and network size, there were significant differences for all of the types. The author interpreted that frequency of log in Facebook, and a large number of network size can drive Facebook usage. The empirical findings of this research indicated that 29.8% of Thai teenagers visit Facebook 2-3 times per day and 21.5% visit to Facebook more than 16 times per day. The result also indicated that the majority of the young (54.5%) have more than 181 friends on Facebook.
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Rachmah, Huriah. "SUPERFLEX® LEARNING MODEL TO IMPROVE SOCIAL SKILLS." Journal Sampurasun : Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage 2, no. 01 (December 27, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/sampurasun.v2i01.116.
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Social skills are the skills we use to Communicate and Interact with Each Other, both verbally and non-verbally, through gestures, body language and our personal appearance. Human beings are sociable creatures and we have developed many ways to Communicate our messages, thoughts and feelings with others. Social skills as the cognitive functions and specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors that an individual Engages in when interacting with others, Including both verbal and nonverbal skills. Behavior contained in the learners are not fully passed on just like that. When students think harder to solve problems, ask better questions, explain the answer in a more logical or hear with more attention, means that learners are in the process of learning. Problem inability of learners in social skills can be trained with Superflex® learning model where students are invited to become a social detective invited to do your own search problems regarding their behavior so as to become a social thinker and solve social problems.
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Monday, Jacques, Sylvie Therrien, Monique Duguay, and Guy Lapierre. "Le médecin Face aux Certificats D'invalidité: Attitudes et Comportements Préconisés." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (October 1988): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300705.
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Five attitudes and predicted behaviors characterize the physicians' responses (strategies) to invalidity certificates. These are: 1- scientific objectivation; 2- complicity (meaning: always completing the certificates without objective preoccupations of any kind); 3- socio political (meaning: influenced by the physician's ideas concerning ways the society should consider the non-working people: permissive or repressive); 4- negotiation (implicating a psychobiosocial approach to the patient and the problem); 5- indifference (never completing certificates, referring this role to someone else). Our recent survey (September 1986) including 92 physicians of a General Hospital (Cité de la Santé) in Laval demonstrates a preponderant attitude, the “socio political” one (A3). But, it has no relation to the preponderant predicted behavior which is the negotiation (C4), characterizing a psychobiosocial approach to the patient and the problem. This behavior has been chosen in a statistically significant way. Nevertheless, there is a relation between the attitude A1: scientific objectivation and the corresponding predicted behavior C1: scientific objectivation. Notions of rationability, professionalism and sociable desirability are evoked as explanations of these results.
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Sandall, Susan R., Julie W. Ashmun, Ilene S. Schwartz, Carol Ann Davis, Penny Williams, RinaMarie Leon-Guerrero, Gusty-Lee Boulware, and Bonnie J. McBride. "Differential Response to a School-Based Program for Young Children With ASD." Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 31, no. 3 (April 7, 2011): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271121411403166.
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Differential outcome and differential response to research-based interventions are challenging issues for researchers, teachers, and families of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, the authors present information on responders to an early education program, Project DATA (Developmentally Appropriate Treatment for Autism), designed for children with ASD. Using case study methods, the authors identified six themes that were associated with optimal responders. The themes include the following: responders made continual progress, their challenging behaviors served clear functions, teachers were able to identify motivators, responders became sociable, they learned efficiently in group arrangements, and they generalized new skills. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for individualizing intervention approaches within the context of comprehensive treatment models.
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Patris, B., P. Gouat, C. Jacquot, N. Christophe, and C. Baudoin. "Agonistic and sociable behaviors in the mound-building mice,Mus spicilegus: A comparative study withMus musculus domesticus." Aggressive Behavior 28, no. 1 (December 21, 2001): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.90007.
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Gobbo, Elena, and Manja Zupan. "Dogs’ Sociability, Owners’ Neuroticism and Attachment Style to Pets as Predictors of Dog Aggression." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020315.
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A dog’s aggressive behavior is influenced by external and internal factors, including its psychological profile. In this study, dogs’ and owners’ personalities and the owners’ attachment style to their dogs were identified and associated with owner-reported dog aggression towards humans and animals. Forty Slovenian owners participated with their dogs, of different breeds and aggression history, sorted into three groups (non-aggressive dogs, dogs aggressive towards humans, and dogs aggressive towards animals). The owners filled out three separate questionnaires that assessed dog aggression history towards different targets, owner’s personality and degree of insecure attachment styles to dogs; namely anxious and avoidant attachment. Dog personality was characterized using a standardized dog mentality assessment test, during which the dog was exposed to nine tasks, performed outside, and dogs were scored based on behaviors they exhibited. The results indicated that dogs which were aggressive towards humans were less sociable than non-aggressive dogs and this was associated with the higher neuroticism scores of their owners. We also found that dogs which were aggressive towards strangers had owners with lower scores for anxious attachment and that dogs which were aggressive towards owners had owners with higher scores for avoidant attachment. These results imply that the psychological profiles of both a dog and its owner influence dog aggression towards humans.
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Neel, Richard S., and K. Kay Cessna. "Replacement Behaviors: A Strategy for Teaching Social Skills to Children with Behavior Problems." Rural Special Education Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875687059301200106.
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Children with behavior problems are frustrating to teachers. Most programs for controlling behavior focus on reducing or eliminating behaviors. Instead, teaching appropriate behaviors can become part of the instructional component. Teachers can do this by evaluating the Intent of behavior and helping children achieve their intent In socially acceptable ways. The authors list steps for analyzing behavioral outcomes in order to develop teaching strategies for behavior problems.
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Huang, Sihong, Juan Shu, and Chunlin Liu. "Employee Work Performance Mediates Empowering Leader Behavior and Employee Voice." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 1997–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7124.
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Drawing on the practical perspective of empowerment, we investigated how empowering leader behavior influences employee voice via in-role (i.e., task performance) and extrarole (i.e., organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals) performances, and examined the moderating effect of work stress on the empowering leader behavior–employee voice process. Using multiwave data from 996 supervisor–subordinate dyads, we found that empowering leader behavior promoted employee prosocial voice via organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals, whereas it prohibited employee acquiescent voice and defensive voice via task performance. Further, work stress attenuated empowering leader behavior's indirect effect on prosocial voice via organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals, whereas it augmented empowering leader behavior's indirect effects on employee acquiescent voice and defensive voice via task performance, respectively.
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Green, Kevin M., Brian A. Crawford, Katherine A. Williamson, and Amielle A. DeWan. "A Meta-Analysis of Social Marketing Campaigns to Improve Global Conservation Outcomes." Social Marketing Quarterly 25, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500418824258.
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The rapidly increasing rate of biodiversity and habitat loss across the globe can be largely attributed to human behaviors. Conservation practitioners have struggled to influence behaviors through traditional awareness-raising efforts and been slow to adopt techniques from the behavioral sciences such as social marketing to change behaviors and improve conservation outcomes. We conducted a meta-analysis of 84 social marketing campaigns that applied the same theory of change for human behavior to disrupt patterns of destructive activities such as illegal hunting and overfishing. Questionnaires of more than 20,000 individuals across 18 countries measured changes in behavioral variables pre- and post-campaigns, including knowledge, attitudes, interpersonal communication, behavior intention, and behavior. For each campaign, we extracted data and validated data for behavioral variables, estimated mean effect sizes for each variable across all campaigns, and used path analysis to measure relationships among variables included in seven different models. On average, all behavioral variables increased significantly ( p < .001) from 16.1 to 25.0 percentage points following social marketing campaigns. The full model used a combination of all variables and had the highest explained variation in behavior change (71%). Our results highlight the importance of (a) incorporating behavioral theory and social marketing into traditional conservation programs to address threats to biodiversity across the globe; (b) designing interventions that leverage a combination of community knowledge, attitudes, and communication about a behavior; and (c) facilitating more opportunities for interpersonal communication as a main driver of behavior change. We conclude with potential applications for practitioners interested in behavior change campaigns.
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Ivanoff, André, and Henry Schmidt. "Functional Assessment in Forensic Settings: A Valuable Tool for Preventing and Treating Egregious Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 24, no. 2 (May 2010): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.24.2.81.
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Forensic agencies and institutions are charged with treating the most socially disruptive and mentally disordered individuals while securing public safety. Egregious behaviors in these settings demand immediate response and scarce resources. Functional assessment, sometimes used synonymously with functional or behavioral analysis, is presented as a cornerstone tool to help identify targets for intervention and hypothesize causal behavioral connections. Using an interactive chain analysis approach, the temporal sequence of behavior is examined across domains with an emphasis on obtaining operational knowledge about the functions and controlling variables of target behaviors. A clinical case example is used to illustrate the potential contribution of FA in forensic assessment and case conceptualization.
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Chung, Adrienne, and Rajiv N. Rimal. "Social norms: A review." Review of Communication Research 4 (2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008.
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Social norms, as a topic of inquiry, has garnered significant attention from a variety of perspectives in recent years. Because of the rapidly-growing interest in social norms from scholars in multiple disciplines, this area of scholarship is often characterized by a lack of clarity on what constitutes social norms and how key concepts are operationalized. The objectives of this article are to (a) provide a review of the fast-expanding literature on social norms, (b) delineate similarities and differences in key operational definitions, (c) review theories that explicate how norms affect behaviors, (d) propose a revised theoretical framework that helps organize our understanding of normative inf luence on behavior, and (e) provide suggestions for future research in this area. This review highlights the need to consider whether a behavior is enacted spontaneously or after deliberation. If the former, whichever attitude or norm is most salient will likely have a direct effect on behavior. If the latter, we propose that behavioral, individual, and contextual attributes will influence the extent to which norms shape behavioral intentions and subsequent behavior. Finally, this review highlights the need for more studies designed to test the causal relationship between social norms and behaviors, as well as those that study norms from a qualitative perspective.
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Masur, Philipp K., Dominic DiFranzo, and Natalie N. Bazarova. "Behavioral contagion on social media: Effects of social norms, design interventions, and critical media literacy on self-disclosure." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): e0254670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254670.
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Social norms are powerful determinants of human behaviors in offline and online social worlds. While previous research established a correlational link between norm perceptions and self-reported disclosure on social network sites (SNS), questions remain about downstream effects of prevalent behaviors on perceived norms and actual disclosure on SNS. We conducted two preregistered studies using a realistic social media simulation. We further analyzed buffering effects of critical media literacy and privacy nudging. The results demonstrate a disclosure behavior contagion, whereby a critical mass of posts with visual disclosures shifted norm perceptions, which, in turn, affected perceivers’ own visual disclosure behavior. Critical media literacy was negatively related and moderated the effect of norms on visual disclosure behavioral intentions. Neither critical media literacy nor privacy nudge affected actual disclosure behaviors, however. These results provide insights into how behaviors may spread on SNS through triggering changes in perceived social norms and subsequent disclosure behaviors.
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Harpaz, Roy, Gašper Tkačik, and Elad Schneidman. "Discrete modes of social information processing predict individual behavior of fish in a group." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (September 5, 2017): 10149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703817114.
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Individual computations and social interactions underlying collective behavior in groups of animals are of great ethological, behavioral, and theoretical interest. While complex individual behaviors have successfully been parsed into small dictionaries of stereotyped behavioral modes, studies of collective behavior largely ignored these findings; instead, their focus was on inferring single, mode-independent social interaction rules that reproduced macroscopic and often qualitative features of group behavior. Here, we bring these two approaches together to predict individual swimming patterns of adult zebrafish in a group. We show that fish alternate between an “active” mode, in which they are sensitive to the swimming patterns of conspecifics, and a “passive” mode, where they ignore them. Using a model that accounts for these two modes explicitly, we predict behaviors of individual fish with high accuracy, outperforming previous approaches that assumed a single continuous computation by individuals and simple metric or topological weighing of neighbors’ behavior. At the group level, switching between active and passive modes is uncorrelated among fish, but correlated directional swimming behavior still emerges. Our quantitative approach for studying complex, multimodal individual behavior jointly with emergent group behavior is readily extensible to additional behavioral modes and their neural correlates as well as to other species.
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Zhang, Chun-Qing, Rongyu Fang, Ru Zhang, Martin S. Hagger, and Kyra Hamilton. "Predicting Hand Washing and Sleep Hygiene Behaviors among College Students: Test of an Integrated Social-Cognition Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041209.
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Objective: Hand washing and sleep hygiene are two important health behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the motivational and volitional antecedents of college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors based on an integrated model of behavior that combined social-cognition constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Methods: Using a prospective design, college students (N = 1106) completed a survey assessing the motivational constructs of action self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene at Time 1. Demographic variables were also collected. One month later, at Time 2, college students (N = 524) self-reported on their volitional factors of maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene. A further 2 months later, at Time 3, college students (N = 297) were asked to self-report on their hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors over the past month. Findings: Data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modelling. Results showed significant direct effects of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intentions; significant direct effects of action self-efficacy on maintenance self-efficacy; and significant direct effects of maintenance self-efficacy on action planning and coping planning. Significant direct effects of intention on action planning (sleep hygiene only), and significant direct effects of intention, maintenance self-efficacy (hand washing only), action and coping planning on behavior were also observed. Action planning also moderated the intention–behavior relationship, but only for hand washing. There were also significant total indirect effects of action self-efficacy on behavior mediated by maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, and coping planning for both behaviors, and significant total indirect effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on behavior mediated by intention for sleep hygiene. When past behavior was included in the integrated model predicting all the psychological variables and behavior, all of the structural relations were attenuated. Discussion: Current findings indicate that college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors are a function of both motivational and volitional factors. Findings also indicate that the TPB and HAPA pathways might differ for the two health behaviors. Implications of the current findings for future health interventions aimed at improving college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene are discussed.
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Geiger, Nathaniel, Janet K. Swim, and Leland Glenna. "Spread the Green Word: A Social Community Perspective Into Environmentally Sustainable Behavior." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518812925.
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Engagement in proenvironmental behavior can be understood in part by considering how individuals operate as members of social communities and are influenced by these communities. In the present work, we use social network analysis to explore how social network structure predicts proenvironmental behavior. We consider three types of behaviors—(a) private, (b) public nonorganizational, and (c) organizational behaviors—and consider the potential for (i) behavioral diffusion and (ii) two types of opinion leader influence for each of these three behaviors within a religious social community. Results are consistent with patterns indicating diffusion for public nonorganizational and organizational, but not private behaviors. In contrast, being well connected with many opinion leaders to whom one would go for advice (but not simply being friends with these individuals) is associated with greater engagement in all three types of proenvironmental behavior.
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Hansmann, Ralph, and Claudia R. Binder. "Determinants of Different Types of Positive Environmental Behaviors: An Analysis of Public and Private Sphere Actions." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208547.
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A survey of 1206 participants investigated determinants of positive environmental behaviors (PEBs) in Switzerland. Based on a principle component analysis on data for 23 different PEBs, three behavior types were distinguished: (i) public sphere PEBs with politically mediated impacts; (ii) socially salient private “lighthouse” PEBs that convey a pro-environmental message; and (iii) less socially salient private PEBs. An environmental behavior model identified general environmental knowledge and attitudes as the strongest predictors of PEBs, followed by green self-identity, justifications, assumed consequences, prescriptive social norms, gender, age, and perceived behavioral control (PBC), respectively. To promote sustainability-oriented behaviors and achieve corresponding societal and economic changes, the identified psychological factors need to be promoted by education and communication strategies as well as complementary measures ranging from policy changes to technology development and systems design. Green self-identity turned out to be significantly more influential for private PEBs than for public sphere PEBs, whereas prescriptive social norms and environmental knowledge were more important for public sphere PEBs. These findings indicate that promoting different types of sustainability-oriented behaviors may require distinct strategies. Public sphere PEBs may be enhanced well by conveying social practices and norms, whereas the promotion of a pro-environmental green self-identity may increase private sphere PEBs effectively.
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VAN DER LINDEN, SANDER. "The future of behavioral insights: on the importance of socially situated nudges." Behavioural Public Policy 2, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.22.
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AbstractSocially minded nudges are the more sociable cousin of regular nudges: they reveal important information about other people's behavior, raise normative expectations about what is desirable, can be shared and transmitted online or offline and leverage social incentives and sanctions that regulate individual and group behavior. In this article, I argue that many of the most successful nudges – that is, nudges that have been well replicated, offer positive spill-over and whose effects last over time – have in fact been social nudges. Moreover, the efficacy of other nudges can be enhanced by considering the social dimension of the problem that they are trying to address. In asking where behavioral science should go next, I argue that although the Behavioural Insights Team has traditionally shied away from addressing more complex and sticky societal issues, socially situated nudges are particularly well suited to address many of the important challenges raised by Sanders et al. (2018).
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Myers, Dennis R., Robin K. Rogers, Harold H. LeCrone, and Katherine Kelley. "The Behavioral Health Role in Nursing Facility Social Work." Journal of Applied Gerontology 38, no. 8 (September 29, 2017): 1063–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464817733103.
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Types of compromised resident behaviors licensed nursing facility social workers encounter, the behavioral health role they enact, and effective practices they apply have not been the subject of systematic investigation. Analyses of 20 in-depth interviews with Bachelor of Social Work (BSW)/Master of Social Work (MSW) social workers averaging 8.8 years of experience identified frequently occurring resident behaviors: physical and verbal aggression/disruption, passive disruption, socially and sexually inappropriateness. Six functions of the behavioral health role were care management, educating, investigating, preventing, mediating, and advocating. Skills most frequently applied were attention/affirmation/active listening, assessment, behavior management, building relationship, teamwork, and redirection. Narratives revealed role rewards as well as knowledge deficits, organizational barriers, personal maltreatment, and frustrations. Respondents offered perspectives and prescriptions for behavioral health practice in this setting. The findings expand understanding of the behavioral health role and provide an empirical basis for more research in this area. Recommendations, including educational competencies, are offered.
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Zamir, Eyal, Daphna Lewinsohn-Zamir, and Ilana Ritov. "It's Now Or Never! Using Deadlines as Nudges." Law & Social Inquiry 42, no. 03 (2017): 769–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12199.
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Incorporating behavioral insights into regulation is plausibly the most significant development in regulatory theory and practice in recent years. Behaviorally informed regulation encourages self-benefiting and socially desirable behaviors with little intrusion on autonomy. Drawing on new empirical findings, this article puts forward the hitherto overlooked possibility of employing the deadline effect as a regulatory tool. Deadlines serve as an antidote to procrastination and forgetfulness. Many empirical and experimental studies have examined the use of deadlines in marketing. This study explores the possible use of deadlines by legal policy makers. It describes two survey experiments, a randomized field experiment and a natural experiment, which suggest that deadlines may encourage self-benefiting and socially desirable behaviors, and that relaxing deadlines may discourage less desirable behavior. The article discusses the practical and normative aspects of using deadlines as a regulatory means, compared to alternative tools, such as default rules and required choices.
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Cecílio, Daniel Simões Santos, Agda Alves Da Rocha, and Edilberto Giannotti. "Task division and Age Polyethism in colonies of Mischocyttarus latior social wasps (Fox) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)." Sociobiology 63, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i1.944.
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This paper aimed to study the division of labor between queen and workers, division of labor by age range and sequence of behavioral patterns exercised by females and males from Mischocyttarus latior (F.) colonies. Behaviors of 13 dominant females (queens), 68 subordinate (workers) from emergence until they are 77 days and 12 males in 37 colonies were quantified during 545 hours. There were 23 behavioral acts registered divided into five categories. Both dominant females as the workers showed a behavioral repertoire of 23 items, while males only 15. Dominants remain longer on the nest than subordinates and exercise exclusively the behavior of oviposition and rubbing gaster on the nest and share 21 behaviors with the workers. Males foraged nectar, preys and water, and exercise other behaviors, mostly related to social activity. All behaviors can be performed by any potentially worker at any age.
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Chin, Chih-Yu, Hsi-Peng Lu, and Chao-Ming Wu. "Facebook Users' Motivation for Clicking the “Like” Button." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 4 (May 24, 2015): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.4.579.
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To explore the motivation and behavior of Facebook users when clicking the “Like” button, we analyzed the behaviors of 743 university student Facebook users using motivational theory and the theory of reasoned action. The main study findings were as follows: (a) hedonic motivation, utilitarian motivation, compliance motivation, conformity motivation, and affiliation motivation all had a positive impact on attitudes toward “Like”-clicking behaviors; (b) subjective norms and attitudes toward “Like”-clicking behaviors all had a positive impact on behavioral intention, and (c) behavioral intention had a positive impact on actual behaviors. These findings provide a valuable basis for constructing an explanatory model for “Like”-clicking behaviors of Facebook community platform users, as well as making significant practical contributions to enhance social and commercial benefits for businesses and individuals.
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Smith, Philip H., and Paul W. Branscum. "Feasibility, Utility, and Limitations of a Rapid Community Behavioral Diagnosis for Social Distancing During the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic." American Journal of Health Promotion 35, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117120932460.
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Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility, utility, and limitations of a rapid community behavioral diagnosis (RCBD) for social distancing behaviors to prevent coronavirus transmission during a global coronavirus pandemic. Design: Using social media for recruitment, we partnered with a local community task force to administer a brief online survey. Setting: Residential urban community. Sample: Eighty-four community members, the majority of whom were white, female, college educated completed the survey. Measures: Theory of planned behavior constructs: behavioral intentions, attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control for 3 social distancing behaviors: maintaining a 6-foot distance, avoiding places people congregate, and staying home as much as possible. Analysis: Path analyses were conducted to understand significant determinants of intentions for each behavior to guide the development of locally tailored health promotion messages. Results: The RCBD was implemented, and results were communicated to the community within 1 week. Intentions were high across the 3 behaviors but lowest for staying home as much as possible. Younger participants had lower intentions of maintaining a 6-foot distance than older participants. For each behavior, specific recommendations for health promotion messaging emerged based on how attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control related to intentions. Conclusion: In a situation where local community action is paramount for reducing coronavirus transmission, this RCBD process is feasible and useful for informing local health promotion.
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Riley, Kristen E., Dean G. Cruess, Crystal L. Park, Ashley Tigershtrom, and Jean-Philippe Laurenceau. "Anxiety and Depression Predict the Paths Through Which Rumination Acts on Behavior: A Daily Diary Study." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 5 (May 2019): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.5.409.
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Introduction: Rumination—thinking passively, negatively, and repetitively—is a common cognitive process that is associated with poor health behaviors. Rumination impacts health behaviors through two distinct behavioral pathways: acting too quickly (impulsivity) or not acting at all (amotivation), though no research to date has examined the conditions under which rumination may manifest in these two disparate behavioral paths. The presence of anxiety and depression may lead to the behavioral manifestations of rumination, which may then differentially impact health behavior patterns. In this study, we tested whether individuals reporting anxiety who ruminate will then act impulsively and individuals reporting depression who ruminate will then not act in the context of their daily health behaviors. Methods: We recruited 285 college students (mean age = 19.3; 76.8% female; 79.4% Caucasian) and had them complete a baseline survey and an 11-day online daily diary to assess associations among anxiety, depression, rumination, and health behaviors. Results: Rumination predicted health behaviors through both impulsivity and amotivation as expected. Moderation models revealed that rumination in the context of anxiety leads to impulsivity and rumination in the context of depression leads to amotivation. Limitations: The undergraduate sample limits the generalizability of this data. Discussion: These results show that those who report depression or anxiety are likely to experience more daily rumination and the deleterious behavioral manifestations of that rumination, which then affects health behavior engagement or avoidance. Future behavioral health interventions can perhaps specifically target impulsivity among individuals reporting anxiety and amotivation among individuals reporting depression in order to promote more healthy behaviors.
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Animosa, Lydia Honesty, Sarah Lindstrom Johnson, and Tina L. Cheng. "“I Used to Be Wild”: Adolescent Perspectives on the Influence of Family, Peers, School, and Neighborhood on Positive Behavioral Transition." Youth & Society 50, no. 1 (May 15, 2015): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15586146.
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Public health practice involving adolescents is largely focused on preventing or delaying the initiation of risk behavior. However, given the experimental and exploratory nature of this developmental period, this is often impractical. This article focuses on behavioral transitions and the ways in which youth involved in risk behaviors shift to more promotive behaviors. Based on a positive youth development perspective, in-depth interviews with urban youth were conducted and analyzed to gain an understanding of the influences on behavior change. Specific family support, ability to detach from harmful peer relationships, and school connectedness and vocational support emerged as important to those youths who made a positive behavioral transition. These findings suggest the importance of understanding ways to support the cessation of involvement in risk behaviors and reinforce the significance of contextual influences on youth development.
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Straßmann, Carolin, Nicole C. Krämer, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Stefan Kopp. "Age-Related Differences in the Evaluation of a Virtual Health Agent’s Appearance and Embodiment in a Health-Related Interaction: Experimental Lab Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): e13726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13726.
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Background Assistive technologies have become more important owing to the aging population, especially when they foster healthy behaviors. Because of their natural interface, virtual agents are promising assistants for people in need of support. To engage people during an interaction with these technologies, such assistants need to match the users´ needs and preferences, especially with regard to social outcomes. Objective Prior research has already determined the importance of an agent’s appearance in a human-agent interaction. As seniors can particularly benefit from the use of virtual agents to maintain their autonomy, it is important to investigate their special needs. However, there are almost no studies focusing on age-related differences with regard to appearance effects. Methods A 2×4 between-subjects design was used to investigate the age-related differences of appearance effects in a human-agent interaction. In this study, 46 seniors and 84 students interacted in a health scenario with a virtual agent, whose appearance varied (cartoon-stylized humanoid agent, cartoon-stylized machine-like agent, more realistic humanoid agent, and nonembodied agent [voice only]). After the interaction, participants reported on the evaluation of the agent, usage intention, perceived presence of the agent, bonding toward the agent, and overall evaluation of the interaction. Results The findings suggested that seniors evaluated the agent more positively (liked the agent more and evaluated it as more realistic, attractive, and sociable) and showed more bonding toward the agent regardless of the appearance than did students. In addition, interaction effects were found. Seniors reported the highest usage intention for the cartoon-stylized humanoid agent, whereas students reported the lowest usage intention for this agent. The same pattern was found for participant bonding with the agent. Seniors showed more bonding when interacting with the cartoon-stylized humanoid agent or voice only agent, whereas students showed the least bonding when interacting with the cartoon-stylized humanoid agent. Conclusions In health-related interactions, target group–related differences exist with regard to a virtual assistant’s appearance. When elderly individuals are the target group, a humanoid virtual assistant might trigger specific social responses and be evaluated more positively at least in short-term interactions.
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Russell, J. J., D. S. Moskowitz, D. C. Zuroff, P. Bleau, G. Pinard, and S. N. Young. "Anxiety, emotional security and the interpersonal behavior of individuals with social anxiety disorder." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 3 (May 12, 2010): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000863.
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BackgroundInterpersonal functioning is central to social anxiety disorder (SAD). Empirical examinations of interpersonal behaviors in individuals with SAD have frequently relied on analogue samples, global retrospective reports and laboratory observation. Moreover, research has focused on avoidance and safety behaviors, neglecting potential links between SAD and affiliative behaviors.MethodThe influence of situational anxiety and emotional security on interpersonal behaviors was examined for individuals with SAD (n=40) and matched normal controls (n=40). Participants monitored their behavior and affect in naturally occurring social interactions using an event-contingent recording procedure.ResultsIndividuals with SAD reported higher levels of submissive behavior and lower levels of dominant behavior relative to controls. Consistent with cognitive–behavioral and evolutionary theories, elevated anxiety in specific events predicted increased submissiveness among individuals with SAD. Consistent with attachment theory, elevations in event-level emotional security were associated with increased affiliative behaviors (increased agreeable behavior and decreased quarrelsome behavior) among members of the SAD group. Results were not accounted for by concurrent elevations in sadness or between-group differences in the distribution of social partners.ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with predictions based on several theoretical perspectives. Further, the present research documents naturally occurring interpersonal patterns of individuals with SAD and identifies conditions under which these individuals may view social interactions as opportunities for interpersonal connectedness.
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Li, Lai-Fu, Wei Yuan, Zhi-Xiong He, Huan Ma, Yu-Feng Xun, Ling-Rong Meng, Si-Jing Zhu, et al. "Reduced Consolation Behaviors in Physically Stressed Mandarin Voles: Involvement of Oxytocin, Dopamine D2, and Serotonin 1A Receptors Within the Anterior Cingulate Cortex." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 23, no. 8 (November 24, 2019): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz060.
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Abstract Background Consolation is a type of empathy-like behavior that has recently been observed in some socially living rodents. Despite the growing body of literature suggesting that stress affects empathy, the relationship between stress and consolation remains understudied at the preclinical level. Here, we examined the effects of chronic emotional stress or physical stress exposure on consolation and emotional behaviors by using the socially monogamous mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus) in both males and females. Method/Results Physical stress voles were exposed to 14-day social defeat stress, whereas emotional stress voles vicariously experienced the defeat of their partners. We found that physical stress, but not emotional stress, voles showed reduced grooming toward their defeated partners and increased anxiety- and despair-like behaviors. Meanwhile, physical stress voles exhibited decreased neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is centrally involved in empathy. The densities of oxytocin receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and serotonin 1A-receptors within the anterior cingulate cortex were significantly decreased in the physical stress group compared with controls. All the behavioral and physiological changes were similar between the sexes. Finally, we found that the reduced consolation behavior and some anxiety-like syndromes in physical stress voles could be alleviated by pretreatment with an oxytocin receptor, D2 receptors, or serotonin 1A-receptor agonist within the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas injections of corresponding receptor antagonists to the control voles decreased the consolation behavior and increased some anxiety-like behaviors. Conclusions Our results indicated that chronic physical stress exposure impaired consolation and induced anxiety-like behaviors in mandarin voles and oxytocin receptors, 5-HT1A receptors, and D2 receptors within the anterior cingulate cortex may play important roles in these processes.
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Schulz, Michaela, and Kristian F. Braekkan. "Social Justice Attitudes and Concerns for Labor Standards." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401668813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016688135.
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This study utilizes an adapted version of the Social Justice Scale to capture and assess the extent to which social-justice-related values and attitudes toward labor standards relate to consumer intentions and behaviors. This social cognitive model assesses, based on Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, how “perceived behavior control” affects these behaviors either directly or indirectly through consumers’ intentions. It is hypothesized that individuals who value fairness and equity in social interactions are going to be more likely to engage with businesses that are known for ethical business practices and abstain from firms that are known to violate labor rights. The results confirm that consumers who are concerned with social justice are less likely to conduct business with enterprises that have the reputation of violating both human rights and labor rights. However, the results also reveal that consumers with low levels of “perceived behavioral control” justify their consumer behaviors as they do not think that they can make a difference.
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Gray, Garry C. "The Ethics of Pharmaceutical Research Funding: A Social Organization Approach." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12072.
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What does unethical behavior look like in everyday professional practice, and how might it become the accepted norm? Examinations of unethical behavior often focus on failures of individual morality or on psychological blind spots, yet unethical behaviors are generated and performed through social interactions across professional practices rather than by individual actors alone. This shifts the focus of behavioral ethics research beyond the laboratory exploring motivation and cognition and into the organizations and professions where unethical behavior is motivated, justified, enabled and supported in specific social contexts. For instance, when pharmaceutical firms fund academic research, how do the funding arrangements intersect with individual behaviors that are typical in academic research? In turn, how do academic-industry interactions affect scientific norms, particularly those involving compliance with rules, regulations, and ethical codes of conduct? A social organization approach to ethics allows us not only to examine ethics in practice, but also to tease apart unethical behaviors that might operate on an unreflective level and become accepted as “just the way it is.”
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Nonaka, Shunsuke, and Motohiro Sakai. "Psychological Factors Associated with Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori)." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0050.
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Objective Cases of prolonged social withdrawal (hikikomori) have recently been reported in several countries. This study examined the impact of cognitive-behavioral and emotional factors on hikikomori behavior to identify intervention targets. Identifying such targets could facilitate the development of techniques to address hikikomori characteristics.Methods Two hundred Japanese individuals (mean age=38.73, SD=6.85) completed the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori and Stress Response Scale-18, along with the Japanese versions of the Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. Participants were divided into two groups: individuals with no experience of social withdrawal, and those with experience of social withdrawal.Results Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress were associated with hikikomori behaviors. Furthermore, higher instrumental support levels, associated with a decrease in hikikomori behaviors, were found in the hikikomori group.Conclusion The use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress should be targeted in hikikomori prevention interventions. Moreover, encouragement for the use of instrumental support is needed for improving hikikomori.
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GRANGER, DOUGLAS A., KATHRYN E. HOOD, NANCY A. DRESCHEL, ERIC SERGEANT, and ANDREA LIKOS. "Developmental effects of early immune stress on aggressive, socially reactive, and inhibited behaviors." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 3 (September 2001): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401003108.
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The origins of individual differences in social development are examined in relation to early stress (immune challenge) and social milieu (maternal behavior) in a genetic–developmental analysis using an animal model. Neonatal male mice (5 or 6 days of age) from two lines of mice selectively bred for high versus low levels of inter-male aggressive behavior received a standard immune challenge (i.p. injections of 0.05 mg/kg endotoxin or saline). Animals were reared by their line-specific biological dam or by a foster dam from a line bred without selection. Adult levels of social behaviors were assessed in a dyadic test (age 45–50 days). Mice from the high-aggressive line show more developmental sensitivity to immune challenge than mice from the low-aggressive line, and line differences persist regardless of the early maternal environment. As adults, endotoxin-treated mice from the high-aggressive line have lower levels of aggressive behavior, longer latency to attack, and higher rates of socially reactive and inhibited behaviors compared to saline controls. Developmental effects of endotoxin in the low-aggressive line are minimal: endotoxin increases socially reactive behaviors, compared to saline controls, but only for mice reared by their biological dams. Rearing by foster dams increases social exploration in the low-aggressive line. The findings raise novel questions regarding the openness of behavioral systems to effects of nonobvious but omnipresent features of the environment, such as antigenic load, how these effects are integrated to affect social development and psychopathology, and the nature of intrinsic factors that contribute to individual differences in sensitivity to early stressors.
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Kim, Chulho. "Consumer Behavior’s New Hierarchy Model: Perspective on Cross Application of Behavioral Intention and Social Propensity." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 9 (August 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i9.3558.
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Based on Kim’s research (2017), this paper newly organizes consumer behavior’s new process model. The model is based on a cross-applicative perspective on ‘behavioral intention’ and ‘social propensity’ while considering environmental factors such as consumer behavior, media, technology, communication, society, culture, etc. Consumers’ behavioral intentions are divided into voluntary and involuntary behavioral intentions. Also, consumers’ social propensities are divided into individualistic propensity and communalistic propensity. Two perspectives about seeing consumer behavior, the interdisciplinary background influencing changes in consumer behavior processes, the interdisciplinary phenomena related to individualism and communalism in modern society, and etc. are reviewed. Conclusively, the hierarchy model of consumer behavior was divided into four groups’ processes. Following this, a different consumer behavior process considering factors such as expectation, empathy, searching, spreading, sharing, and etc. is introduced for each group.
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Oliphant, Zachary, Chae M. Jaynes, and Richard K. Moule Jr. "Social Preferences and Environmental Behavior: A Comparison of Self-Reported and Observed Behaviors." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156023.
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Faced with the depletion of natural resources and climate change, individuals making the choice to behave in a more environmentally conscious way is increasingly necessary. Rational choice theory suggests that individuals will only behave in pro-environmental ways if they perceive those actions to align with their own self-interests. Others, however, have highlighted instances where individuals act pro-socially or altruistically, deviating from their own self-interests for the benefit of others. The present study examines whether individuals’ social preferences are associated with engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Specifically, drawing on a methodology from behavioral economics, we use dictator and ultimatum game behavior to measure social preferences, and we then evaluate whether heterogeneity in social preferences is associated with self-reported pro-environmental behaviors and observed recycling behavior. The results indicate that individual differences in social preferences have a modest association with self-reported pro-environmental behaviors but no association with observed recycling behavior. Self-reported pro-environmental behavior was not associated with observed recycling behavior. We also find that recycling bin proximity to classroom doors increased participation in recycling. This finding demonstrates that individuals are receptive to the proximate opportunity to recycle. This suggests increasing the ease with which people can engage in pro-environmental behaviors, such as recycling, will promote participation in these practices. Overall, our research indicates that social preferences do not seem to drive individuals to act in environmentally friendly ways. This work also provides new opportunities for future research to integrate economic games into the study of pro-environmental behaviors.
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Compernolle, Sofie, Delfien Van Dyck, Katrien De Cocker, Javier Palarea-Albaladejo, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Greet Cardon, and Sebastien Chastin. "Differences in Context-Specific Sedentary Behaviors According to Weight Status in Adolescents, Adults and Seniors: A Compositional Data Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091916.
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To develop effective sedentary behavior interventions aimed at people who are overweight/obese, detailed insight is needed into the contexts of sedentary behavior of these people. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe the composition of sedentary behavior and to compare context-specific sedentary behaviors between different weight groups. Cross-sectional data were used from a study conducted in 2013–2014 among a Flemish sample of adolescents (n = 513), adults (n = 301), and seniors (n = 258). Sixteen context-specific sedentary behaviors were assessed using a validated questionnaire during the week and weekend. Compositional descriptive statistics were performed to determine the relative contribution of context-specific sedentary behaviors in the three age groups. Compositional multivariate analysis of covariance and pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine weight group differences in context-specific sedentary behaviors. The compositional means indicated that the highest proportion of sedentary time was spent at school, at work, and while watching television. Statistically significant differences were found in the composition of sedentary behaviors between healthy weight and overweight/obese participants. In all age groups, socially engaging sedentary behaviors were more prevalent in healthy weight people, whereas socially disengaging behaviors were more prevalent in overweight/obese people. Consequently, the findings of this study suggest that future overweight/obesity interventions should no longer focus on total sedentary time, as not all context-specific sedentary behaviors are associated with overweight/obesity. Instead, it might be better to target specific contexts of sedentary behaviors—preferably those less socially engaging—when aiming to reduce overweight/obesity.
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Gresham, Frank M., and Daniel J. Reschly. "Social Skill Deficits and Low Peer Acceptance of Mainstreamed Learning Disabled Children." Learning Disability Quarterly 9, no. 1 (February 1986): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1510398.
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Positive social behaviors and peer acceptance of 100 mainstreamed learning disabled and 100 nonhandicapped children were compared. Highly significant differences between the two groups were found in peer acceptance as well as the social skill domains of task-related, interpersonal, environmentally and self-related behaviors. Deficits were evident in both school and home settings and were consistent across teacher, parent, and peer judges. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of behavioral repertoires expected by teachers, the low priority assigned to social skills by teachers, and the conceptualization of behavioral ratings as mediators between actual behavior and important social outcomes for learning disabled children.
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Spangenberg, Eric R., David E. Sprott, Bianca Grohmann, and Ronn J. Smith. "Mass-Communicated Prediction Requests: Practical Application and a Cognitive Dissonance Explanation for Self-Prophecy." Journal of Marketing 67, no. 3 (July 2003): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.3.47.18659.
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Marketers often promote socially beneficial actions or discourage antisocial behaviors to the benefit of their firms, target markets, and society as a whole. One means by which marketers accomplish such influence is a technique referred to as the “self-prophecy effect,” or the behavioral influence of a person making a self-prediction. Researchers have yet to establish the efficacy of self-prophecy in influencing large target markets. In addition, the theoretical mechanism underlying the effect remains in question. The authors report two field studies that demonstrate successful application of self-prophecy through mass-communicated prediction requests. Furthermore, in three laboratory experiments, the authors provide theoretical support for a dissonance-based explanation for self-prophecy, and they discuss practical implications for marketers interested in influencing socially normative behavior.
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Hollar, Danielle S., and William E. Snizek. "THE INFLUENCES OF KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS AND SELF-ESTEEM ON THE SEXUAL PRACTICES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.1.75.
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Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical starting point, the present study extends previous research on health protective behavior by exploring the relationship among knowledge, self-esteem and students' proclivity to engage in risky sexual behavior. To test the Model, data were analyzed from a sample of undergraduate students at a large land-grant university. Results indicate that students with high levels of self-esteem, as well as high levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, report engaging in safer behavioral practices, for the non conventional sexual behaviors, more so than those with low and moderate levels of selfesteem. With respect to those more conventional sexual behavioral practices, such as unprotected vaginal/penile intercourse and unprotected sex with multiple sex partners, those with high self-esteem surprisingly reported more risky sexual behaviors than those with low and moderate self-esteem. These results indicate that both self-esteem and knowledge operate differently depending on the type of sexual behavior involved – conventional or non conventional. Such differences need to be taken into account when using the Health Belief Model in evaluating HIV/AIDS protective behavior among US college students.
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Bruce, Jacqueline, Amanda R. Tarullo, and Megan R. Gunnar. "Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000108.
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AbstractPostinstitutionalized children frequently demonstrate persistent socioemotional difficulties. For example, some postinstitutionalized children display an unusual lack of social reserve with unfamiliar adults. This behavior, which has been referred to as indiscriminate friendliness, disinhibited attachment behavior, and disinhibited social behavior, was examined by comparing children internationally adopted from institutional care to children internationally adopted from foster care and children raised by their biological families. Etiological factors and behavioral correlates were also investigated. Both groups of adopted children displayed more disinhibited social behavior than the nonadopted children. Of the etiological factors examined, only the length of time in institutional care was related to disinhibited social behavior. Disinhibited social behavior was not significantly correlated with general cognitive ability, attachment-related behaviors, or basic emotion abilities. However, this behavior was negatively associated with inhibitory control abilities even after controlling for the length of time in institutional care. These results suggest that disinhibited social behavior might reflect underlying deficits in inhibitory control.
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Diesendruck, Gil, and Adar Ben-Eliyahu. "The relationships among social cognition, peer acceptance, and social behavior in Israeli kindergarteners." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 2 (March 2006): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406063628.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigated the relationships among Israeli kindergarten children's social cognitive capacities, their popularity, and their social behavior. We found that children's understanding of others' behavioral motives was positively related to their popularity, that children's false-belief understanding was positively related to peers' positive behavioral and teachers' prosocial evaluations of them, and that children's understanding of emotions was positively related to teachers' prosocial ratings but negatively related to both peers' negative behavioral and teachers' aggressiveness evaluations of them. Moreover, we found that Israeli kindergarten children value the same kinds of social behaviors in their peers as do children from other cultures. The findings substantiate the importance of assessing the implications of a variety of socio-cognitive capacities to the social functioning of young children from diverse cultures.
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Kim, Jung Ki, and Eileen M. Crimmins. "How does age affect personal and social reactions to COVID-19: Results from the national Understanding America Study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0241950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241950.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had tremendous impact on Americans’ lives including their personal and social behaviors. While people of all ages are affected in some way by the pandemic, older persons have been far more likely to suffer the most severe health consequences. For this reason, how people have responded to mitigating behaviors to COVID-19 may differ by age. Using a nationally representative sample from the longitudinal data of the Understanding America Study (UAS), we examined differentials in behavioral responses to COVID-19 by age and how they changed over the first three months of the pandemic. Behavioral responses and changes in behavior over time differed by age, type of behaviors and time reference. At the beginning of the pandemic (March, 2020), older and younger people were similar in their likelihood of engaging in preventive personal behaviors when controlling for other influences. As the pandemic progressed, however, older people adopted mitigating personal behavioral changes more than younger people, such that about 1–2 months after the pandemic started, older people were more likely to comply with suggested behaviors and regulations including practicing better hygiene, quarantining, and social distancing. One month into the pandemic, older people were less likely than younger people to engage in two of four risky behaviors. The change in risky behavior over time did not differ by age; but both younger and older people were more likely to engage in risky behaviors after two months. Being female, a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, higher socioeconomic status, having more COVID-19 cases in one’s state of residence, a higher perceived risk for infection and dying, and a more left-leaning political orientation were related to adopting more pandemic mitigating behaviors.