Journal articles: 'Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)'

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Hernandez, Gustavo. "Building a Financial Social Accounting Matrix for Colombia." Studies of Applied Economics 26, no. 3 (June 27, 2021): 231–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v26i3.5679.

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This document shows a first approach to build a financial Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Colombian economy. In order to do it, it is proposed a methodology to build real SAM and T-accounts for financial sector. Finally, I get mix up real and financial accounts in a financial SAM. In particular, this financial SAM can be used as input for IMMPA model.

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Sbert, Mateu, Shuning Chen, Miquel Feixas, Marius Vila, and Amos Golan. "Interpreting Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) as an Information Channel." Entropy 22, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22121346.

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Information theory, and the concept of information channel, allows us to calculate the mutual information between the source (input) and the receiver (output), both represented by probability distributions over their possible states. In this paper, we use the theory behind the information channel to provide an enhanced interpretation to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), a square matrix whose columns and rows present the expenditure and receipt accounts of economic actors. Under our interpretation, the SAM’s coefficients, which, conceptually, can be viewed as a Markov chain, can be interpreted as an information channel, allowing us to optimize the desired level of aggregation within the SAM. In addition, the developed information measures can describe accurately the evolution of a SAM over time. Interpreting the SAM matrix as an ergodic chain could show the effect of a shock on the economy after several periods or economic cycles. Under our new framework, finding the power limit of the matrix allows one to check (and confirm) whether the matrix is well-constructed (irreducible and aperiodic), and obtain new optimization functions to balance the SAM matrix. In addition to the theory, we also provide two empirical examples that support our channel concept and help to understand the associated measures.

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Zlati, Monica Laura, Romeo-Victor Ionescu, and Valentin Marian Antohi. "Impact Study on Social Accounting Matrix by Intrabusiness Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 12547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312547.

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According to the current concerns about social welfare and environmental protection, integrated in a model assimilated to intrabusiness relations, our research started from the analysis of the initial model SAM, which will be transformed in order to develop the SAMI model under six research objectives. The need of improving SAM matrix started to connect it directly to the regional economic systems and continued to a new approach on Input-Output Analysis. Nowadays, SAM describes the intraregional connections between regional economic actors using the role of different income categories. Moreover, SAM can quantify different regional multipliers. All deficiencies previously identified in connection to SAM model have been reviewed and resolved within the proposed SAMI model by the authors of this paper. The purpose of this research is the launch of an absolutely new mathematical model (SAMI) and its practical testing at regional level. This model is able to systematize the links between the local and regional businesses, under the matrix (SAMI) flow, for all kinds of companies and to assist the regional decision, as well. Czamanski was not able to escape from the input-output prison’s approach. This is why he continued to use the linear interdependencies between the industries, economic sectors and economic actors. The income is able only to approximate the individuals and other economic actors’ welfare. If the increase in the average and aggregate income is doubled by an unfair distribution of income in two countries which have the same average income, the effects on welfare vary a lot. A relatively similar effect comes from the government policy differences in income distribution and redistribution.

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Fitriani, Fitriani, Sutarni Sutarni, Evi Yuniarti, Hanung Ismono, Dyah Aring Hapiana Lestari, and Dwi Haryono. "Lampung Macroeconomy: A Model of Social Accounting Matrix." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i2.14154.

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Indonesia’s economics contribute dominantly to the agriculture sector. Its also represented in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The main goal of the research was to design an agricultural development model. The method is approached by Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model. SAM Lampung was designed as a macro model with an 8 x 8 matrix. Secondary data of Input-Output Lampung 2010 as basic data. Data sources get from Lampung Statistic Board and agriculture agency, industrial and trade agency, and Indonesia monetary authorization. The result revealed that based on the total multiplier, the agriculture sector is still dominant in Lampung’s economic structure. Unfortunately, agriculture’s household multiplier was the lowest compared with trade and industry, and services. This fact indicates that agriculture development is not adequate yet enhancing the farmer’s income. Agriculture development needs to address farmer’s households. Stimulation on agriculture exogenous balance is necessary to enhance farmers’ household income.

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Havinga, Ivo C., Khwaja Sarmad, Fazal Hussain, and Ghulam Radar. "A Social Accounting Matrix for the Agricultural Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.627-641.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of alternative agricultural policies on production, consumption and income distribution within a social accounting, g framework. This is done by applying the social accounting multiplier analysis on the agricultural SAM for Pakistan for the year 1979-80. The paper focuses attention on the agricultural production sector, the related food producing industrial sectors and food consumption sectors, which are represented in the agriculture SAM by disaggregated accounts, while all the other production sectors in the economy have been aggregated into a single account. The paper is organized as follows: The SAM for the agricultural sector of Pakistan is presented in Section 2, followed by a discussion of multiplier decomposition in Section 3. Section 4 presents the results of the multiplier analysis and Section 5 gives a summary of the main results.

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Boughanmi, H., L. Zaibet, O. Al-Jabri, and T. AI-Hinai. "Constructing a Social Accounting Matrix: Concepts and Use in Economic Policy Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol7iss1pp1-11.

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The objective of this paper was to construct a social accounting matrix (SAM) and show how it can be used to determine the economy-wide and sectoral effects of external shocks and various policy options available using Oman as a model. We first constructed an aggregate SAM (macro SAM) based on the country’s national accounts which provided the control totals for a multisectoral, multi-institutional SAM. Then, we used the SAM to derive the multiplier matrix coefficients and simulated the effects of four policy scenarios: 1) an increase in agricultural and manufacturing exports (diversification scenario), 2) an increase in oil export value, 3) a reduction in worker remittances, and 4) an income transfer to rural households (equity scenario). Results showed that the diversification scenario had the largest overall production multiplier, while the increase in oil export price scenario had the highest impact on government revenue, balance of trade and saving. The remittance control scenario had the highest impact on total household income but most of the income increase went to urban households. The equity scenario had the second largest increase on household income, mostly rural income, but the least effect on saving, and trade balance. The policy implications of these simulations are not clear-cut. In addressing development issues, policy makers would need to use a combination of policy instruments to achieve a specific objective.

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Kjosev, Sasho, and Blagica Novkovska. "Developing Social Accounting Matrix for Macedonia: a challenge ahead." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crebss-2017-0006.

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Abstract The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), together with the SESAME approach, proved highly useful in providing the basis for in-depth analyses of all the socio-economic flows in the developed economies. The aim of this paper, after initial explanation of the theoretical foundations of these methods for the development analysis, is to contribute to raising the awareness of the urgent necessity for developing and implementing these methodological approaches in the Republic of Macedonia. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current situation related to the readiness of the national statistical system to provide all the necessary statistical data and logistical support for a more efficient preparation and implementation of these methodological approaches in the national economy. The paper analyses in detail the data describing particularly important aspects of the position of workers on the labour market aimed to be used as a basis for the SESAME approach. A comparative analysis with reference to the EU countries has been performed. The paper concludes by presenting practical recommendations which should, in our opinion, lead to preparation and implementation of the SAM and its extension (SESAME) in the Republic of Macedonia. The named should be used for the successful decision-making process related to creation and implementation of efficient macroeconomic and development policies in the country.

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Llop, Maria. "Comparing Multipliers in the Social Accounting Matrix Framework: The Case of Catalonia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 8 (August 2007): 2020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3891.

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Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within an input-output framework, allows changes in economic variables to be broken down into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factor-income generation and household-income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. The author uses structural decomposition analysis to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, she analyses how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption, and factor-income distribution modifies the income-generation process. Two SAMs are used, one for 1990 and one for 1994, in an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show that the regional multipliers in 1994 were smaller than in 1990, mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.

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NIDAIRA, Koichi. "A Multiplier Analysis of Regional Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Model for Indonesia." Studies in Regional Science 30, no. 3 (1999): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.30.3_57.

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Cansino Muñoz-Repiso, José Manuel, Manuel Alejandro Cardenete Flores, Manuel Ordóñez Ríos, and Rocío Román Collado. "Análisis de sectores clave de la economía española a partir de la Matriz de Contabilidad Social de España 2007*." Studies of Applied Economics 31, no. 2 (March 29, 2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v31i2.3343.

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Social Accounting Matrices are important databases that provide relevant information about the economic and social structure of an area for a period of time. This information allows researchers to develop an integral analysis of the productive structure of that area. This article presents the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the Spanish economy for 2007 at basic prices. From SAM for Spain the key sectors of the Spanish economy are identified across three different methodologies: the methodology developed by Rasmussen, the hypothetical extraction method and, finally, using the technique of the Multiplier Product Matrix. The key sectors analysis using these three different methodologies lead to conclusions that, in some cases, are very different. In addition, the results improve when labor income, capital income, private and consumption are included as endogenous accounts in the model.

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Golan, Elise H., Katherine L. Ralston, and Paul D. Frenzen. "A Distributional Analysis of the Costs of Foodborne Illness: Who Ultimately Pays?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 30, no. 1 (July 1998): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800008087.

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AbstractThis paper traces the economic impact of the costs of foodborne illness on the U.S. economy using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework. Previous estimates of the costs of seven foodborne pathogens are disaggregated by type, and distributed across the population using data from the National Health Interview Survey. Initial income losses resulting from premature death cause a decrease in economic activity. Medical costs, in contrast, result in economic growth, though this growth does not outweigh the total costs of premature death. A SAM accounting of how the costs of illness are diffused through the economy provides useful information for policy makers.

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Susdarwono, Endro Tri. "Description of the Application of the I-O Method Approach in the Defense Sector through Modification of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Model." Jurnal PEKA (Pendidikan Matematika) 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37150/jp.v6i1.1590.

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This study applies a descriptive approach, the approach in question aims to provide an explanation or description of the application of the I-O method in the defense sector through the modification of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Model, while the type of research applied in this study is descriptive qualitative research, namely interpreting or describing about everything that exists and is related, this interpretation relates to existing relationships or conditions, the process of an ongoing situation, effects or consequences that occur, opinions that are developing, or trends that are growing. In the Input–Output Method, the basic table is a transaction table consisting of: input coefficient table (coefficient matrix), multiplier table, attractiveness index table and driving force index as well as supporting tables and other analysis tables depending on the breadth of the field to be discussed. This study concludes that the I-O model is applied to the defense sector by developing the SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) model. This model is an extension of the I-O model which includes economic sub-sectors or more detailed sub-sectors.

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SANTOS, Susana. "THE SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX AND THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC MATRIX-BASED APPROACHES FOR STUDYING THE SOCIOECONOMICS OF AGEING." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v4.2(8).06.

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In looking for empirical evidence about the activity of countries, a proposal is made for studying (measuring and modelling) the activity of countries through the use of Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) and Socio-Demographic Matrices (SDMs). SAMs and SDMs are presented as tools that have specific features for conducting studies in several different areas, particularly in the Socio-Economics of Ageing, as well as for supporting policy decision processes. Based on methodological principles that are derived mainly from the works of Richard Stone, emphasis is placed on the desirability of working in a matrix format, which includes not only people (SDM), but also, at the same time, activities, products, factors of production and institutions (SAM). This is considered to be a way of capturing the relevant network of linkages and the corresponding multiplier effects for the subsequent modelling of the activity of the countries studied. The exposition of this proposal is accompanied by an example applied to Portugal.

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Dhanani, Shafiq. "A SAM-based General Equilibrium Model of the Pakistan Economy 1983-84." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.737-750.

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Interest in Social Accounting Matrices as extensions of input-output tables has grown tremendously in the last ten years both for the purpose of obtaining a better descriptive analysis of the many intersect oral interdependencies in an economy and of household income distribution , and as data framework for macroeconomic modelling. The objective of this paper is to make use of a social accounting matrix for Pakistan on one hand and a general equilibrium model framework on the other hand to gauge the quantitative impact on the country as a whole of alternative policy options and external shock scenarios. The policy options and external shocks simulated here and the economic indicators used for this purpose are shown in Table I.

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NGUYEN, H. N. X., V. M. KOSHELEV, and M. T. NGUYEN. "IMPACT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN VIETNAM: SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX APPROACH." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 3 (2021): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-3-106-118.

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For many years agriculture has played an important role in supporting Vietnam’s economy. Despite the remarkable achievements, agricultural production in Vietnam is still self sufficient and the household income is not high as compared to the inherent capacity of the industry. Based on the Vietnam Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) database for 2007, 2012, and 2016, the study has measured the income multipliers for the agricultural sector. The research results show the importance of forestry for household income in the country, as well as the relative impact of fishery, crop production, livestock breeding, and agricultural services on household income in different regions during this period. Therefore, to ensure income growth for all household groups, it is necessary to focus on the development of forestry. If the policy goal is rural modernization or urbanization, the focus should be made on relevant sectors such as fishery, crop production, livestock breeding, and agricultural services.

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Zaoujal, Nouzha, and Rachid El Mataoui. "Promotion Des Exportations Des Produits Industriels, Emploi Et Revenu Des Menages Au Maroc. Une Simulation D’impact A L’aide D’un Modele De Multiplicateurs De La Matrice De Comptabilite Sociale." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 25 (September 30, 2018): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n25p354.

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This paper aims to analyze empirically the impact of increased exports of industrial products on employment, household income (rich, average and poor) and sectoral and global economic growth in Morocco. The methodological approach used is the multiplier techniques based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). For this we use the 2015 Morocco’s SAM. The results indicate that a generally positive impact on all sectoral and macroeconomic aggregates (production, added value, employment, transactions balance and GDP). For household’s income, the results indicate also that the impact would have benefited to the average households more than rich or poor households.

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Lee, Young-Sung, Joong-Geun Lee, Hee-Tae Park, and Hyun-Soo Kim. "A Study on the Socioeconomic Impacts of Urban Renewal Projects by Using SAM (Social Accounting Matrix)." Journal of Korea Planning Association 54, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2019.11.54.6.89.

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Alikaj, Mirsida, and Yiorgos Alexopoulos. "Analysis of the Economy of Region of Western Greece. An Application of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)." Procedia Economics and Finance 14 (2014): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00679-0.

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Seung, Chang K., and Edward C. Waters. "Calculating impacts of exogenous output changes: application of a social accounting matrix (SAM) model to Alaska fisheries." Annals of Regional Science 51, no. 2 (November 18, 2012): 553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0546-9.

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Cámara Sánchez, Ángeles, Mónica Flores García, and Patricia D. Fuentes Saguar. "Análisis de las emisiones asociadas al sector energético en España." Studies of Applied Economics 31, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v31i1.3264.

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The greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere are an economic and environmental problem. In this work we make a detailed study of the emissions from the branches of the Spanish energy sector. To this end, we have developed for the Spanish economy a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with Environmental Accounts, considering the six greenhouse gases that the Kyoto Protocol states. In this SAM, the energy sector appears disaggregated in eight sectors, including renewable branches, in order to distinguish the emissions of each type of energy. The analysis is performed using a linear multisector model applied to the SAM, which allows us to obtain the emissions, both direct and indirect, caused by each branch of the Spanish energy sector. Finally, we evaluate the impact in emissions caused by a shift in the household energy consumption towards renewable energy.

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Seung, Chang K., and Edward C. Waters. "The role of the Alaska seafood industry: a social accounting matrix (SAM) model approach to economic base analysis." Annals of Regional Science 40, no. 2 (April 5, 2006): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-005-0048-0.

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Kim, Do-Hoon, and Chang K. Seung. "Economic contributions of wild fisheries and aquaculture: A social accounting matrix (SAM) analysis for Gyeong-Nam Province, Korea." Ocean & Coastal Management 188 (April 2020): 105072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105072.

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Das, Koushik, and Pinaki Chakraborti. "International Trade, Environment and Market Imperfection: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for India." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 1, no. 2 (December 2012): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978712473397.

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The purpose of this article is to understand general equilibrium impacts of international trade and globalization on social welfare and environmental emission caused on account of energy consumption by industries and households. We applied Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling as the relevant methodology following Shoven and Whalley (1984). By constructing an energy/environmental Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), this article attempts to measure the effects of trade liberalization on different macroeconomic variables, energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emission. We simulate various trade related policies like import liberalization, foreign capital inflow and use of energy saving technologies under both perfect and monopolistic competition.

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Cardenete, Manuel Alejandro, José Manuel González, Mª del Pópulo Pablo-Romero, and Rocío Román. "Impacto de un incremento de la capacidad de generación de energía a partir de biomasa en plantas de co-generación en Andalucía." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 10, no. 2 (October 8, 2011): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2010.02.08.

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The paper estimates the regional economic impact of renewable energy development (inv) based on the use of biomass. The regional level is Andalusia. The analysis is carried out under the assumption that achieves the goal of renewable energy development set in Andalusian Sustainable Energy Plan (PASENER) 2007-2013. To estimate the economic impact, a General Equilibrium Model (CGE) is used based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) updated for Andalusia in 2008. The results show that if the goal of PASENER is met, there might be an increase production of 4.02%.

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Venkatesh, P., Barun D. Pal, Sarvesh K. Dubey, V. Sangeetha, M. Balasubramanian, V. R. Renjini, D. R. Singh, Amit Kar, S. J. Balaji, and Suresh Pal. "Structural transformation, export promotion policy options, and their impact on the Indian economy: a social accounting matrix (SAM) approach." Agricultural Economics Research Review 33, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2020.00002.6.

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Cardenete, M. Alejandro, Patricia D. Fuentes Saguar, and Clemente Polo. "Análisis de intensidades energéticas y emisiones de CO2 a partir de la matriz de contabilidad social de Andalucía del año 2000." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 8, no. 2 (October 14, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2008.02.02.

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This paper presents estimates of energy intensities and CO2 emissions for Andalusia’s economy in 2000. Energy intensities of productive sectors are calculated in several scenarios using a SAM model specified with a social accounting matrix elaborated by the authors. Emissions are estimated with an input-output model, breaking down emissions into those due to intermediate and final uses. The results indicate there are important variations in energy intensities across sectors as well as substantial changes when consumption and investment are endogenous. Emission estimates are quite satisfactory in the base year and the simulations performed show the large impact resulting from changes in domestic final demand.

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Kasiyati, Sri, and Purbayu Budi Santosa. "ANALISIS DAMPAK SUBSIDI HARGA PUPUK TERHADAP OUTPUT SEKTOR PRODUKSI DAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI JAWA TENGAH (Pendekatan Analisis I-O Dan SNSE Jawa Tengah Tahun 2004)." Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 6, no. 1 (March 10, 2010): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v6i1.268.2010.

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This research aims to know the impact of price subsidy on change in output of product sector as well as the influence of the subsidy on the level of household income in Central Java. This research used input-output and SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) analysis. To analyze the impact of fertilizer price subsidy on the changes in output, this research used supply side aproach with matrix output inverse. While to know fertilizer price subsidy on household income, this research used SAM analysis analysis that stimulated the impact of fertilize price by income distribution patern analysis by using Matrix Decomposition Analysis. The research to referred SNSE Central Java 2004. The findings showed that fertilizer price subsidy in Central Java 2008 affected changes in output. The sector that showed highest changes was chemistry industrial and fertilizer sector (Rp 2.122.497 million), followed by mining sector ( Rp 1.274.906 million). Subsidy of fertilizer price in Central Java also affected the total increase in household income in Central Java (0,6435 percents). The household that showed income increases was simulation analysis was farmer entrepreneur household that showed income increase Rp 257.288,92 million or rise as high as 0,6024 percents. The second highest increase was urban affairs upper crust household with value of Rp 257.046,84 million.

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Priyarsono, D. S., H. Siregar, and D. Bakce. "The Prospect of Agribusiness in The Indonesian Economy." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 5, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v5i1.1011.

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This paper argues that a strong agriculture sector is needed by the economy to rapidly grow. However, it is not sufficient. A strong agriculture sector can sustainably support the economic growth only if there are economic sectors that sufficiently demand commodities produced by the sector. The result of an analysis of Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) shows that agribusiness, or more specifically small and medium scale agriculture based industries, is the key for enhancing the performance of the economy. Agribusiness can also considerably improve the income of poor rural people and significantly create employment. Therefore, it would result in a better income distribution.

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Fatah, Luthfi. "The Potentials of Agro-Industry for Growth Promotion and Equality Improvement in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2007): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2007.4.1.5.

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Despite its significant roles in accumulating and sustaining growth, agriculture's contribution to GDP and employment inevitably decreases as the economy grows. One possible strategy to promote the welfare of the agricultural sectors as well attain overall economic growth is by the development of agro-industry. Earlier research findings have contended that agro-industry improves income equality while still maintaining economic growth. This article uses empirical data in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework to verify these findings. The results reveal that agro-industry is indeed an appropriate vehicle for pursuing the goals of growth promotion and income equality.

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Anas, Muhammad. "Reforming Spending Policy and Its Impact on Indonesia’s Economy: The Case of Fuel Subsidy and Infrastructure." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i1.7733.

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The quality of Indonesia’s infrastructure up until 2014 was considered uncompetitive, and one of the reasons was that there was not enough money spent on infrastructure, and too much on fuel subsidy. In November 2014, the government of Indonesia decided to cut the expenditure for fuel subsidy and reallocate the money to invest on public services. This study was conducted with the intention to quantify the impact of the program on economic growth and income distribution in Indonesia using Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model. Simulation results indicated that the impact from social and human capital infrastructure was bigger than that of economic infrastructure, although the simulation for both categories resulted in an increase of sectoral output and domestic income. Therefore, improving infrastructure, especially social, is vital to stimulate economic activity in the long run.

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Kang, Se-Jin, Jeong-Eun Choi, Soon-Hyoung Kwon, Jun-hyuk Won, Sang-Hyun Park, and Soo-Kyoung Kim. "A Quasi-SAM(Social Accounting Matrix) of Social and Economic Influence of Community Activation Support in Seoul : Focused on Mogidong Community in Yangcheon-gu." Journal of Korea Planning Association 52, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2017.06.52.3.35.

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Wardhana, Wisynu, and Djoni Hartono. "Instrumen Stimulus Fiskal: Pilihan Kebijakan dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Perekonomian." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v12i2.492.

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Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentikasi dampak dari pilihan instrumen stimulus skal terhadap pere-konomian, dan merumuskan pilihan kebijakan stimulus skal yang tepat dalam mendorong perekonomiankhususnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, kesempatan kerja, dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Alatanalisis yang digunakan adalah model Applied General Equilibrium for Fiscal Policy Analysis (AGEFIS) dengan menggunakan basis data Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Indonesia tahun 2005. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa (i) kebijakan stimulus skal mampu memberikan dorongan terhadap pertumbuhanekonomi, kesempatan kerja, dan pendapatan rumah tangga namun di sisi lain diperkirakan berpotensimenyebabkan peningkatan harga-harga, (ii) instrumen pengeluaran pemerintah dan pemotongan pajak atasbarang komoditas merupakan pilihan instrumen kebijakan stimulus yang memberikan dampak penggandapaling besar dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, kesempatan kerja, dan pendapatan rumah tangga.

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Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.377-397.

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Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994); Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) found that SAP accompanied with rising income inequality and poverty in Pakistan. But these studies are restricted as they did not employ an adequate methodology to assess the impact of structural adjustment reforms on income distribution.2 This paper, however, uses a simple static fixed-price SAM-based framework to analyse distributional outcome of incomes for rural and urban households. This methodology is useful because social accounting matrix (SAM) represents the whole economy and it does not need a large data set.

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Romano, Donato, Benedetto Rocchi, Ahmad Sadiddin, Gianluca Stefani, Raffaella Zucaro, and Veronica Manganiello. "A SAM-Based Analysis of the Economic Impact of Frauds in the Italian Wine Value Chain." Italian Economic Journal 7, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40797-020-00137-w.

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AbstractThe objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, it analyzes the evolution of frauds in the Italian wine value chain over the period 2007–2015, and then, using a properly disaggregated social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Italian economy, it simulates the impact of wine frauds on the national economy in terms of growth, employment, value added and income. The wine industry is the sector most exposed to frauds within the Italian agro-food system accounting for 88% of total value of seized agro-food outputs. Most irregularities (95%) are made by only three agents, specifically individual wineries, bottlers-wholesalers and retailers. We estimated industry-specific SAM multipliers to assess the share of the Italian economy depending on irregular wine production. These activities account for 11.5% of specialized permanent crop farms output and over 25% of wine industry output. This is a sign of vulnerability of the wine industry: should a food scandal/scare determine a drop in consumers’ demand, the negative effect on production activities of these sectors may be large. The SAM was also used to perform an impact analysis adopting a counterfactual approach. Results show a slightly positive increase of value added (6 million euro) along with an overall decrease in the activity level (an output loss of 406 million euro and more than six thousand full time jobs lost). This contractionary effect can be explained with fraud rents. Indeed, the extra-profits from frauds do not activate the economy circular flow as most of them leak out to exogenous accounts such as the public administration and the rest of the world.

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Elorrieta, J. I., E. Castellano, P. Martínez De Anguita, M. Pellitero, and C. Rey. "Establecimiento de un precio óptimo ambiental y social para el agua de riego mediante la internalización de los costes ambientales y el uso de matrices de contabilidad social. Aplicación a la Comunidad Foral de Navarra." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 3, no. 1 (October 23, 2011): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2003.01.07.

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This work develops a methodology to obtain a “social ad environmental optimal price” for water in the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (CFN) in order to maximize the internalization of the water environmental cost generated by agricultural consumption without affecting the general level of the regional economy. The economical model is built over a Geographical Information System (GIS) that allows quantifying and valuing in economical terms environmental water costs in different basins. Elements that have been considered to describe the water resource value are volume, quality and hazard to affect aquatic and bank ecosystems. Values have been estimated with Environmental Economy methods. A demand curve for water is also built and a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is used to watch if regional economy supports a price that internalizes total water value. Potential water prices are established ranging from prices that minimize negative economic regional impacts –social optimal priceto those that internalize totally the environmental costs of water- environmetnal optimal price.

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Winardi, Winardi, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, Hermanto Siregar, and Heru Kustanto. "The Impact on Industrial Estate Development Policy to Employment Absorption of West Java Province." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 22, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v22i2.7718.

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Development of industrial estates in the region have a role as a driver of the regional economy and will attract industrial companies to be located in the industrial estates so it will give most multiplier effect in the region’s economic growth. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of industrial estate development on employment absorption in West Java Province. In this research, the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model had been used by desegrating it to industrial manufacturing sector inside industrial estate. The result of analysts indicates that the industrial estate development policy through investment has an impact to the rise of creating broad employement opportunities or creating greater employment opportunities in both the industry itself and in other production sectors.

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Van Wyk, Lukas, Melville Saayman, Riaan Rossouw, and Andrea Saayman. "Regional economic impacts of events: A comparison of methods." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v18i2.593.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and comparison of three related methods for modelling the short-run economic impact of events, namely the partial Input-Output (I-O), Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. An analysis of strengths and limitations of these different methods suggests that it may be considerations such as the underlying assumptions specific to each model, data collection, expected output, research objectives, and costs involved that determine the choice of modelling framework. Data from surveys conducted at the Aardklop National Arts Festival during 2010 were used in the comparative analyses, which were executed by means of two regional (i.e. provincial-level) models and one small-region (i.e. place-specific) model constructed for the small town.

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Krause, Henning, Anja Faße, and Ulrike Grote. "Nutrient-Dense Crops for Rural and Peri-Urban Smallholders in Kenya—A Regional Social Accounting Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113017.

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Kenya ranks among the countries with the highest micronutrient deficiency worldwide. Due to their high micronutrient content, African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) can be a solution to this problem, and urban areas in Kenya have seen a rise in demand for these crops in the previous decade. To fill the gap between supply and demand, programmes to promote AIV production have been implemented in rural and peri-urban areas. However, the effects of increased AIV production on income and food security in the regional economies are not clear. Thus, in this analysis, we first evaluate differences between the livelihoods of household groups with different levels of food security in rural and peri-urban Kenya using a two-step cluster analysis. Then, we generate a regional social accounting matrix (SAM) and calculate the direct and indirect income effects of AIVs and other crops grown in the area using a multiplier analysis. For the analysis, a total of 706 small-scale vegetable producers in four counties in Kenya were interviewed in 2015. Households in rural areas were more food insecure, especially with respect to the utilization and stability dimension of food security. Multiplier analysis showed increased indirect income effects of AIVs in the regional economy compared to those of many cash crops. We suggest further promoting the production of AIVs in rural and peri-urban Kenya.

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Saayman, Melville, Andrea Saayman, and Riaan Rossouw. "The socio-economic impact of the Table Mountain National Park." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2013): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v6i2.269.

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This article will determine the socio-economic impact of South Africa’s largest urban national park, and the one that attracts the most visitors. Because national parks have more functions than mere conservation, the following questions arise: “What economic and social impacts are created by such parks?” and “How do communities benefit from allocating land for conservation?” Little research on this topic has been conducted in Southern Africa, and this research therefore contributes to our knowledge. Two surveys were conducted. One focused on the communities surrounding the park and the other on visitors to the park. A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) determined the economic value. Results showed that, although the park attracts the most visitors, it does not generate the greatest income when compared to other national parks. Results concerning the community survey revealed that the surrounding communities have very positive perceptions, although they believe the impacts to be more economic than social. Problem areas were also identified.

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O. Odior, Ernest Simeon, and Sabastine Arinze. "THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS." International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies 04, no. 02 (2022): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38193/ijrcms.2022.4201.

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This paper contributes to the existing literature on the general concept on use of the Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models of importance in developing processes. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are used widely in policy analysis, especially in developed-country academic settings and also for the purpose of sharing these lessons with potential users in developing countries. The range of issues on which CGE models have had an influence is quite wide, and includes structural adjustment policies, international trade, public finance, agriculture, income distribution, and energy and environmental policy. This paper describes how to build multi sector computable general equilibrium models for policy analysis. The article presents the social accounting matrix (SAM) that provides the conceptual framework linking together different components of the model and furnishes much of the data as well.

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Akbulut, Hale, and Hüseyin Taylan Eğen. "Import Tariffs and Informal Labour Market: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Analysis for Turkey." Review of Economic Analysis 13, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v13i2.4046.

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From the 1980s to onwards trade liberalization policies have been widely used in many countries. This process has significant impacts on many economic aspects one of which is on the labour market. However, the direction of the relationship between trade reforms and the labour market is controversial. This study aims to analyse the effects of a specific trade reform of import tariff changes on the formal and informal labour market for Turkey. For that purpose, we benefit from Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model that relies on nonlinear simultaneous equations. We construct an updated Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) which is compatible with our model. Our findings indicate that while there is a positive relationship between formal labour employment in total and import tariff rates, the negative relationship occurs between informal employment and tariff rates.

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Torres-Pruñonosa, Jose, Josep Maria Raya, Patricia Crespo-Sogas, and Esther Mur-Gimeno. "The economic and social value of spa tourism: The case of balneotherapy in Maresme, Spain." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e0262428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262428.

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The aim of this article is to assess both the economic and social value of balneotherapy and spa tourism, being the first paper in carrying out this analysis. The study has been conducted in Maresme, a region of Catalonia, Spain. On the one hand, an Input-Output (IO) model with a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has been carried out to assess the economic value. On the other hand, a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) has been used to monetise the social value in this region, taking into account, among other concepts, direct and indirect health profits, given that balneotherapy helps to alleviate various diseases. The results show that whereas the economic multiplier is 1.529 considering the direct and indirect effects and 1.712 taking into account also the induced effects, which are similar to health and medical tourism multipliers, social value generates additional positive value, given that the cost-benefit ratio is 1.858. The theoretical implications of the paper as well as the findings’ implications for policy so as to encourage investments in spa tourism are discussed.

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Malahayati, Marissa. "The role of the forest-related sector to the Indonesian Economy: SAM Multiplier Analysis 1985-2008." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0018.

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Abstract Indonesia is now the country with the highest deforestation rate in the world, and due to the high rate of associated land use change, Indonesia has also become one of the biggest greenhouse gas emitters in the world. It is commonly thought that the cause of this is Indonesia’s high dependence on the forest-related sector. To investigate the role of forest-related sectors to the Indonesian economy, this study tried to analyze the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier from 1985-2008. It was found that there is a tendency for the forest-related sector to contribute a higher multiplier effect to the economy, meaning that Indonesia’s economy is very dependent on the forest-related sector. However, the contribution to the economy is paid for by a high rate of deforestation. Our analysis predicts that the high deforestation rate is mainly due to the establishment of new commercial plantation areas, especially palm oil, and the high rate of illegal logging.

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Kotsopoulos, Nikolaos, Gertruud Haitsma, Mark P. Connolly, and Baudouin Standaert. "Estimating the money flow in the economy attributed to rotavirus disease and vaccination in the Netherlands using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 20, no. 6 (November 22, 2019): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2020.1693269.

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Herda-Kopańska, Justyna. "Pomiar mnożnika w rozwoju rolnictwa." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.4.

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The aim of this article was to present a review of research on measuring the multiplier in agricultural development. Firstly, based on the literature of the subject, several selected results of the analyses and the conclusions that emerge from this research are presented. Two methods are further discussed. The first is a social accounting matrix (SAM), which enables calculating the value of multipliers for each country. The second method discussed is the input-output model, which includes the IMPLAN model. This method allows estimating regional input-output tables, calculating multipliers, and analysing the impact of industry. The presented results indicate that in smaller and more open economies the value of the multiplier is lower than in larger economies. It can also be noted that among researchers there is no agreement concerning the size of the multiplier.

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Sabaruddin, Sulthon Sjahril. "Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan RI-China Terhadap Perubahan Perdagangan dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Indonesia: Ssebuah Pendekatan Ekuilibrium Parsial (SMART Model) dan Pemanfaatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi 2008." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 17, no. 3 (June 18, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v17i3.287.

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<em>This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of Indonesia-China trade liberalisation in changing Indonesian trade and Indonesian society welfare. To evaluate such impact, the study uses the Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (SMART Model) and Social Accounting Matrix 2008 (SAM 2008). Based on the result of the Indonesia-China trade liberalization scenario analysis, it is found that the net income received by the households due to the foreign trade with China is negative, which means the amount of the household expenditure due to the huge amount of Chinese commodities entering Indonesia is still higher compared to the amount of the household income received as a result of the Indonesian export of its commodities to China. The increased net income is enjoyed by all types of households.</em>

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فتح الله, سحر. "تقدير مصفوفة الحسابات القومية وتحديثها بإستخدام طريقة (C.E) دراسة مقارنة بين الطرق المستخدمة." Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 14, no. 52 (December 1, 2008): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v14i52.1430.

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ليس جديداً القول بان هناك حاجة مستمرة ومتزايدة لاستخدام البيانات الاقتصادية المتسقة عن القطاعات المختلفة في الاقتصاد القومي لدعم وإسناد عملية التحليل الاقتصادي وتطوير النماذج الاقتصادية الكلية. وتعرض مصفوفة الحسابات القومية Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) اطاراً شاملاً من المعلومات الأساسية لهذا النوع من النماذج والتحليل. فهي تتضمن كلا من المستخدم- المنتج (جداول المدخلات- المخرجات) وحسابات الناتج والدخل القومي في اطار متناسق. وبينما يتم اعداد جداول المستخدم – المنتج عادة مرة واحدة كل خمس سنوات او شيء من هذا القبيل، فان حسابات الناتج والدخل القومي تعد سنوياً وبتباطؤ زمني، أي لفترة زمنية سابقة. اما تحديث مصفوفة حسابات قومية لفترة لاحقة، فأنها لا تعد مسالة صعبة فحسب، وإنما تعد مسالة تحدي. ولتركيب مصفوفة حسابات قومية موسعة قابلة للتحليل الاقتصادي, فان البيانات المطلوبة هي من السعة بحيث يصعب توفيرها، وعند ذلك ينبغي ان تستكمل بواسطة معلومات اضافية ومن مصادر مختلفة، مثل الاحصاءات الصناعية، مسوحات العمل، البيانات الزراعية، الحسابات الحكومية، حسابات التجارة الخارجية، ومسوحات الاسر وغيرها. اما المشكلة الرئيسية في تحديث مصفوفة الحسابات القومية فانها تكمن في أيجاد طريقة كفوءة وقليلة الكلفة لدمج المعلومات المستحصلة من تلك المصادر والتوفيق بينها، بضمنها البيانات المستقاة من سنين سابقة. ان الطريقة التقليدية لبناء مصفوفة حسابات قومية حديثة متماسكة ومتسقة، هي البدء من مصفوفة حسابات لسنة اساس معينة سابقة، ثم تحديثها لفترة لاحقة من خلال ادخال معلومات جديدة عن مجاميع الصفوف والاعمدة، لتلك المصفوفة مع بقاء المعلومات حول التدفقات الداخلية التي تتضمنها الـ ( SAM) ثابتة، وغالبا ما يتم البدء من مصفوفة حسابات غير متسقة ومعلومات غير متكاملة عن مجاميع الصفوف والاعمدة والتدفقات المختلفة في الـ (SAM).

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Winardi, Winardi, and Heru Kustanto. "MULTIPLIER EFEK PENINGKATAN INVESTASI SEKTOR INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI TERHADAP KINERJA SEKTOR PENGANGKUTAN/LOGISTIK." Jurnal Manajemen Industri dan Logistik 2, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30988/jmil.v2i2.33.

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The manufacturing industry sector is an economic sector that provides the largest contribution to the national economy so that the performance of the manufacturing industry greatly affects overall economic performance. Industrial sector investment is currently required to be located within industrial estates in order to improve efficiency, organize space, manage the environment and optimize the multiplier effects on other economic sectors. This study aims to analyze the multiplier effects of increased investment in the manufacturing industry sector in industrial estate on the performance of the transport/logistics sector. The analysis model uses the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Model, which is an effect multiplier analysis. The results of the research show that the increase in investment in the manufacturing industry sector located in the industrial area provides a multiplier effect on improving the performance of the transportation/logistics sector in the form of increased transportation/logistics sector revenues.

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Sall, Mame Cheikh Anta, and Adriana Burlea-Schiopoiu. "An Analysis of the Effects of Public Investment on Labor Demand through the Channel of Economic Growth with a Focus on Socio-Professional Categories and Gender." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120580.

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The paper aims to analyze the impact of public investments generated by implementing the Emerging Senegal Plan (ESP) on economic growth and gender inequalities observed in the labor market in Senegal. A dynamic computable general equilibrium modeling was carried out for this purpose using a social accounting matrix (SAM) based on an extensive segmentation of the labor market according to gender and socio-professional category. The results prove that the investments made in priority market sectors led, overall, to a good trajectory of economic growth. Moreover, job creation followed the expansion of sectors of the economy, which increased their demand for labor because of the capital increase. In conclusion, there is a strong demand for qualified women (senior executives and middle executives). We recommend considering positive discrimination in favor of women by implementing public employment programs and the importance of recovery sectors affected by the pandemic.

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Philippidis, George, and Ana Sanjuán-López. "A Re-Examination of the Structural Diversity of Biobased Activities and Regions across the EU." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114325.

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This study evaluates the performance of European Union (EU) member state biobased activities. More specifically, statistical clustering techniques, based on biobased sectors’ demand and supply driven multipliers, identify regional EU typologies of biobased sector performance. The aim is to establish sector-region combinations of biobased driven economic growth. The study employs a consistent macroeconomic accounting dataset, known as a social accounting matrix (SAM). The dataset (dubbed BioSAM), is enriched with detailed accounts for agrifood activities, as well as further contemporary sources and uses of biomass. The results identify cases where biobased activities are potentially important engines of growth, although this result varies considerably by EU region. Confirming previous literature, the influence of biobased sectors is very much dominated by demand driven economic growth, whilst one-in-three biobased activities is defined as ‘key’. Examining the regional EU cluster typologies, the ‘Eastern and Mediterranean’ region exhibits the strongest biobased wealth generation, whilst weak biobased economic performance is observed in the ‘Mediterranean Islands and Luxembourg’ regional cluster. Finally, a comparison with previous studies tentatively confirms that structural change, accelerated by the financial crisis, has elevated the relative economy-wide contribution of biobased sectors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)'

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