Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social adaptation theory'

Natural selection favours those individuals that respond best to novel features of their selective environment. For many, a critical challenge is responding to evolutionary change in mutualistic species. These responses create complex feedbacks, so only coevolutionary approaches are able to fully answer key questions about the maintenance or disruption of mutualistic behaviour, and explain the range of mechanisms that allow individuals to benefit from these associations. I first consider the hypothesis that economic models studying multiple classes of traders, where each trader seeks to optimise its own payoffs will yield insights into mutualistic systems. I show that individuals can be favoured to discriminate amongst potential partners based on the price for which they provide resources. Then, I show that market mechanisms can maintain cooperation and drive specialisation in mutualistic systems. I extend this market model to allow individuals to restrict a mutualistic partner's access to resources, and show that this strategy can stabilise cooperation and increase the fitness of both partners. I also explicitly incorporate relatedness in my market model. I show that high relatedness sometimes increases cooperativeness in members of a mutualistic species, but sometimes decreases cooperativeness as it narrow the scope for partner choice to maintain cooperation. Having studied market mechanisms, I consider indiscriminate costly help to members of another species. I discover that this trait can be favoured by natural selection and can be classified as either altruism between or altruism within species. Finally, I consider a framework for analysing coevolved phenotypic responses to a partner's cooperativeness, a challenging process to model. I demonstrate that this framework can yield firm predictions about behaviour whenever partners hold private information about their costs and benefits.

The purpose of this study is to examine how traditional school districts create online schools and how they navigate contingencies to establish online organizational structures. This study uses the theoretical framework of contingency theory to understand how school districts structurally adapt to internal and external factors, or contingencies to establish new online schools. This multiple case study collected data from three online schools in California that have opened in the past two to seven years. While some research exists concerning the challenges of creating online schools, little has been done as to the challenges and factors that traditional school districts encounter in creating and organizing online schools. The findings from this study revealed that online schools must adapt to contingencies through adaptation features. These identified features were divided into categories that included addressing the context; systems planning, management, and leadership; and in-process adaptability. These findings have important implications for traditional school districts with online schools or exploring the option of creating an online school, as well as for policy makers who help define the contingencies online schools face.

Résumé : La schizophrénie est un trouble mental grave qui affecte toutes les facettes de la vie de la personne. En outre, le manque de soutien social est un problème important qui contribue à l’aggravation de la maladie, notamment en influençant négativement la capacité d’adaptation. Chez les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie, la capacité à utiliser des stratégies d’adaptation adéquates et efficaces est essentielle afin d’améliorer la santé, le bien-être et la prévention des rechutes. Cette recherche utilise la conception de l’adaptation de Roy (2009). De nombreuses études confirment la présence de difficultés d’adaptation chez ces personnes. De plus, le processus d’adaptation lui-même reste mal connu. La question de recherche était : Quel est le processus d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie lorsque leur soutien social est limité ? Cette question sous-tendait deux objectifs : 1) décrire le processus d’adaptation des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie dans un contexte de soutien social limité et 2) contribuer au développement du modèle de Roy dans le contexte des troubles mentaux graves. Le devis de recherche était la théorisation ancrée constructiviste, auprès de 30 personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie. Les données étaient composées d’entrevues et de résultats de trois questionnaires qui ont contribué à décrire de façon plus détaillée le profil des participants. Les résultats sont une modélisation du processus d’adaptation nommée « les filtres dans le processus d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie ». Cette modélisation met en lumière le fait que le potentiel d’adaptation des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie est affecté à la fois par des éléments de l’environnement social et des éléments inhérents à la maladie elle-même. Ces éléments altèrent la possibilité et la capacité à utiliser des stratégies d’adaptation adéquates et efficaces. Ces résultats de recherche pourraient permettre d’améliorer l’évaluation des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie et de diminuer les « inconnues » dans l’effet des interventions, tout comme de favoriser les actions visant à lutter contre les conditions sociales qui nuisent à l’adaptation.
Abstract : Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects all human facets of life. In addition, the lack of social support is an important problem that contributes to the worsening of the disease by negatively influencing the capacity to adapt. For people with schizophrenia, ability to use appropriate and effective coping strategies is essential to improve health, well-being and preventing relapse. This research uses Roy’s adaptation model (2009). Numerous studies confirm the presence of adaptation problems for those persons. Furthermore, the adaptation process itself remains unclear. The research question was: what is the adaptation process of people with schizophrenia when social support is limited? This question underpinned two objectives: 1) describe the adaptation process of people with schizophrenia in a limited social support context and 2) contribute to the development of Roy’s adaptation model in severe mental disorders context. The research design was a constructivist grounded theory, with 30 people with schizophrenia. The data were consisted of interviews and results of three questionnaires that were helping to detail the participants profile. The results show a construct of an adaptation process called "the filters in the adaptation process of someone living with schizophrenia". This construct highlights the fact that the adaptation potential of people with schizophrenia is affected both by elements of the social environment and elements that are inherent to the disease itself. These elements affect the possibility and the ability to use appropriate and effective coping strategies. The research findings could facilitate the assessment of people with schizophrenia and reduce the unknowns in the impact of interventions, as well as fighting against social conditions that can interfere with their capacity to adapt.

Introduction: Professional development is an important aspect of working practices for academic librarians. In the past decades the academic library has been subjected to an enormous range of technological and cultural advancements that have constantly required its staff to develop their professional knowledge and understanding. One of the most recent revolutions has been the advent of social media. This advent of a new technology can provide challenges and opportunities but to fully understand these we need to analyse the relationship between social media and various context in more depth. Method: This inductive grounded theory study was iteratively conducted in three different academic libraries in England. At each location an analysis of the social media in use both organisationally and individually was made, and a purposefully selected number of actors was interviewed to gain a deeper understanding of their ideas about social media, CPD and the potential to learn from social media. Findings: The findings demonstrate that the managerial view of CPD is not necessarily compatible with the perception, or needs, of practitioners in relation to their professional development. To increase understanding of this domain, the study analysed the underlying factors related to both social media use and perception, and participation in and perception of professional development. This has led to the discovery of a theory that can be summarised as Continuous Professional Adaptation is learning that occurs as a consequence of professional awareness and preparedness through the use of informal networks. Outcome: The grounded theory presented in this document demonstrates a need to expand the dialogue on professional development in academic libraries, in both an academic and practical context, based on the advent of social media. Formal development in the shape of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is still regarded as the most relevant method of developing human resources due to the prevalence of a managerial approach to professional development. Conclusion: Increasingly academics and practitioners require more than the formal approach to professional development which can be classed as increasingly being irrelevant due to practical limitations of delivery time and mode and speed of changes occurring. This research contributes to that dialogue, providing a unique approach by incorporating social media with professional development.

This dissertation examines the course-enrollment behavior of first-year students at a public Midwestern university. Using the student choice construct, modern college choice theory, and the constructs of habitus, human capital, financial capital, social capital, cultural capital, along with background variables such as gender and locus of control, a course selection theory is proposed to explain students' voluntarily enrollment in a seminar designed to assist with the academic and social transitions to college. The literature review shows numerous studies have been done examining the impacts these courses may have on first-year students' academic performance, retention, and graduation rates. In many of these studies, however, subsets of students were targeted for enrollment and participation in the seminars was not voluntary. In others, students self-select into the first-year transition seminars, raising questions about whether or not their subsequent success is attributable to their participation in these courses. Prior to this study, few, if any, studies have examined enrollment in these first-year seminars as the dependent variable and attempted to explain how various factors impact whether or not students voluntarily choose to enroll. This quantitative research looked at 7,561 first-year students enrolling in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 and, using logistic regression, attempted to explain whether or not students chose to enroll in a transition seminar. Data was gathered from institutional offices (Admissions, Registrar, and Student Financial Aid) and through an Entering Student Survey completed by 99% of each entering cohort. Of the 52 independent variables included in the model, 17 were significant in one or more steps (or blocks) of the model. This study found that students more advantaged in their individual or family college-going resources (e.g., higher ACT-Composite scores or a higher self-evaluation of their ability to appreciate fine arts, music, and literature) are less likely to enroll in the college transition seminar than students that could be described as more disadvantaged in terms of their college-going resources (i.e., an external locus of control, receiving a Pell Grant, and less access to various forms of capital). There is also evidence that students with past experiences where they may have learned the value of community or teamwork through in- and out-of-class experiences may see the first-year transition seminar as a way to begin creating these same types of connections or communities on the college campus. The dissertation concludes with a consideration of implications for future research, theory development, and institutional policy and practice.

This study explores the social approval of internet dating through the ranking of vignette scenarios. The scenarios are manipulated by the conditions of face-to-face interaction, presence of mutual acquaintance, and use of internet technology. Measures of legitimacy, predicted longevity, and social perception test for changes in attitudes of the varied ways in which a hypothetical couple meets. One of seven randomly distributed scenarios was ranked by a total of 346 undergraduates to disentangle the above conditions and test for an effect on social approval. Situated in the framework of cultural adaptation, script theory and the saturated self, support is found for low cultural approval of internet dating. Conditions of face-to-face interaction, issues of trust, and affinity to the internet demonstrate clear effects on the approval of relationships formed through internet dating.

Consumer complaint behaviour research in transitional and emerging countries, including South Africa, is still in its infancy stage. The vast changes to the South African consumer landscape along with the socio-political changes and the multicultural population's ongoing cultural changes necessitate the monitoring of changes in personal values. However, very little research has been done in South Africa regarding consumers' personal values. The effect of personal values on complaint behaviour in a South African context has also not yet been explored. As an extension of the social adaptation theory, several researchers have proposed a value-attitude-behaviour (VAB) hierarchy model (Homer & Kahle, 1988; Cai & Shannon, 2012) in order to explain the relationship between values and behaviour. The model proposes that causality flows from abstract values, through mid-range attitudes, to specific behaviours (Homer & Kahle, 1988; Hayley, Zinkiewicz & Hardiman, 2014); that is, values influence behaviour indirectly through attitudes. While the VAB model has been confirmed in a variety of consumer behaviour contexts, it has not yet been explored in a South African complaint behaviour context. This study therefore used social adaptation theory and the VAB model as theoretical framework to determine the effect of consumers' personal values and attitudes towards appliance retailers' complaint handling on their consumer complaint behaviour in the South African context. In addition, the relationships between demographic variables and personal values and also between demographic variables and consumer complaint behaviour were explored. A survey was administered to consumers who were dissatisfied with the performance of a major household appliance within a four-year memory recall period. Data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire measuring personal values with Kahle's (1983) List of Values (LOV) and attitudes toward appliance retailers' complaint handling, using an adapted version of Keng, Richmond and Han's (1995) "Attitudes toward businesses" scale. Convenience sampling and snowball sampling were employed in Tshwane, a major metropolitan area of South Africa, which generated 361 usable questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three value dimensions, namely (1) Harmony and Respect, (2) Hedonism and (3) Achievement. Results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that higher valuing of any one of the three value dimensions lead to more negative attitudes towards appliance retailers' complaint handling. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that more negative attitudes towards appliance retailers' complaint handling lead to a decreased likelihood of engaging in public complaint behaviour. Moreover, ANOVA revealed relationships between specific personal value dimensions and gender, age and population group. The study has implications for marketers, policy makers, appliance retailers and consumer protection organisations.
Navorsing oor verbruikers se klagte-gedrag in opkomende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, is nie baie ver gevorder nie. Die omvattende veranderende Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikerslandskap, tesame met die volgehoue sosio-politieke veranderinge en die kulturele veranderinge in die multikulturele polulasie, noodsaak die monitering van veranderinge in verbruikers se waardes. Daar bestaan egter baie min navorsing in Suid-Afrika oor verbruikers se persoonlike waardes. Voorts is die effek van persoonlike waardes op klagte-gedrag nog nie in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ondersoek nie. Verskeie navorsers stel voor dat die waarde-houding-gedrag-hiërargiemodel, wat uit sosiale aanpassingsteorie spruit, gebruik moet word om die verhouding tussen waardes en gedrag te verstaan. Die model stel dat oorsaaklikheid vanaf abstrakte waardes, deur houdings, na spesifieke gedrag vloei (Homer & Kahle, 1988; Hayley et al., 2014). Dit wil sê, waardes beïnvloed gedrag indirek deur houdings. Terwyl die waarde-houding-gedrag-model in 'n verskeidenheid klagte-gedrag-kontekste bevestig is, is dit nog nie in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse klagte-gedrag-konteks ondersoek nie. Gevolglik is die sosiale aanpassingsteorie en die waarde-houding-gedrag-model as teoretiese raamwerk in hierdie studie toegepas om die effek van verbruikers se persoonlike waardes en houdings teenoor kleinhandelaars se klagte-hantering op hulle klagte-gedrag in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te bepaal. Die verwantskappe tussen verbruikers se demografiese veranderlikes en hulle persoonlike waardes, en tussen demografiese veranderlikes en klagte-gedrag is ook verken. 'n Opname is onder verbruikers wat ontevrede was met die werksverrigting van hulle groot huishoudelike toerusting oor 'n vier-jaar-herroepingstydperk gedoen. Data is deur 'n selfgeadministreerde vraelys ingesamel waarin persoonlike waardes met Kahle (1983) se List of Values (LOV) en houdings teenoor kleinhandelaars se klagte-hantering met 'n aangepaste weergawe van Keng et al. (1995) se "Houdings teenoor besighede"-skaal gemeet is. Geriefsteekproefneming en sneeubalsteekproefneming, wat 361 bruikbare vraelyste opgelewer het, is in Tswane, 'n groot metropolitaanse gebied in Suid-Afrika, onderneem. Verkennende faktoranalise het drie waardedimensies, naamlik (1) Harmonie en Respek, (2) Hedonisme en (3) Prestasie, opgelewer. Die Pearsonkorrelasie-analise se resultate toon dat 'n toename in belangrikheid in enige van die drie waardedimensies tot 'n meer negatiewe houding teenoor kleinhandelaars se klagte-hantering lei. Voorts dui die resultate van die multinomiese logistiese regressie-analise daarop dat 'n toename in verbruikers se negatiewe houding teenoor kleinhandelaars se klagte-hantering tot 'n afname lei in hul geneigdheid tot publieke klagte-gedrag. Die resultate van die ANOVA-analise toon verder dat daar verwantskappe tussen spesifieke persoonlike waardes en geslag, ouderdom en populasiegroep bestaan. Die studie het implikasies vir bemarkers, beleidmakers, kleinhandelaars en verbruikersbeskerming-organisasies.
Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Consumer Science
MConsumer Science
Unrestricted

Problem: The developing business market and the pressure it puts on business gives rise to new fields of business within SCM and logistics. Third party logistics (TPL) services have grown rapidly in importance as an alternative to vertical business integration. The emergence of TPL has brought about interest in the topic by academia, but recent literature reviews express a need for research on TPL relationships where both buyer and provider perspectives are viewed simultaneously, since a majority of previous research has been conducted more from a single organisational viewpoint. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how providers and buyers in TPL relationships adapt and cooperate to develop mutually beneficial and long-term relationships, as well as investigating their willingness and attitudes in this concern. Method: The thesis combines an explanatory and exploratory classification, and performs a qualitative, mono method study of viewpoints on TPL relationships from Swedish and Norwegian providers and buyers that currently are in a TPL relationship. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with four providers and three buyers. The findings are analysed and interpreted in light of a theoretical framework developed from the literature review, which in the analysis is applied in a TPL context to extend the understanding of TPL relationships. Conclusions: Willingness to adapt and cooperate in TPL relationships is connected with the parties’ perceived potential for economic gain and also with being able to trust the other party. Buyers emphasise the need for providers to have knowledge about the buyers’ business. Providers emphasise the need for buyers to be knowledgeable about their own business and for the buyer to fits their solutions. Attitudes: Both parties emphasise communication as crucial for the development of mutual benefits. Buyers adapt to providers’ standards as far as possible. Providers seem to want buyers to adapt to their solutions to gain economies of scale, and therefore appear reluctant to make relationship-specific investments. The use of contracts in the TPL context appears to contradict literature in that contracts work as a foundation for building trust, as well as for reducing opportunistic and operational risk. In practice, both providers and buyers highlight the use of integrated IT-solutions as a means of adapting to each other. Regular operational meetings are emphasised as part of the practical cooperation to develop the relationship’s future and to discuss day-to-day issues.

Climate change is currently threatening the livelihoods of farmers in developing countries. Psychological models have been developed to identify factors associated with adapting to climate change; however, little work has investigated the role of farmers’ risk attitudes in these models. We assessed perceptions of adaptation cost and adaptation intentions for five drought- specific adaptive behaviors among 550 farmers from 12 villages in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, as well as their attitudes toward risk. Results suggest that perceived adaptation cost and risk attitude are negatively associated with adaptation intentions. The conditional effect of adaptation cost on adaptation intention as a function of risk attitude was also investigated. Results showed that only farmers with risk averse attitudes were impacted by their perceptions of adaptation costs. These findings have implications for those interested in increasing adaptive practices of farmers in developing countries who face increasingly scarce water supplies.

Due to climate change and natural variations in the hydrological cycle, global mean sea levels are increasing, causing the mean sea levels in different regions of the world to increase. In Sweden, coastal cities are facing rising water levels which is increasing flooding. The coastal community of Gothenburg, Sweden was identified the 18th most vulnerable city in the country both to flooding induced by water level rise and other climate change related impacts. Its location, in proximity of Lake Vänern, and in the mouth of the Göta River and its tributaries: Säveån, Mölndalsån and Lärjeån is heightening flood risk and vulnerability in the area. This thesis aims to contribute in comprehending the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden- central Gothenburg between 1999 and 2015. With the main objectives being” how the municipality of Gothenburg has applied the urban land use planning theory for the integration of natural hazard and climate change adaptation, with regards to adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden between 1999 and 2015? “What climate change adaptation policies for flood management have been implemented in Gothenburg within this time frame, and how the policies have been revised to match the reality of flood issues?” And “What improvements would be made in the integration process to better address adaptation for flood management?” A desk-based research and one case study approach was adopted for this study. The findings indicate that although the city has systematically used the steps involved in the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management, it does not link the policies and the measures applied to adaptation for flood management. Which is an issue as it has led to the exclusion of vital functions of the integration process. Suggestions on how the integration process could be improved are provided.

'Thieves-in-law' (vory-v-zakone in Russian or kanonieri qurdebi in Georgian) are career criminals belonging to a criminal fraternity that has existed at least since the 1930s in the Soviet Gulag. These actors still exist in one form or another in post-Soviet countries and have integrated into transnational organised criminal networks. For reasons yet to be explicated, thieves-in-law became exceptionally prevalent in the Soviet republic of Georgia. Here, by the 1990s, they formed a mafia network where this means criminal associations that attempt to monopolize protection in legal and illegal sectors of the economy. In 2005, Mikhail Saakashvili, the current president of Georgia claimed that 'in the past 15 years ... Georgia was not ruled by [former President] Shevardnadze, but by thieves-in-law.' Directly transferring anti-organised crime policy from Italy and America, Saakashvili's government made reform of the criminal justice system generally and an attack on the thieves-in-law specifically a cornerstone of the Rose Revolution. New legislation criminalises the possession of the status of ‘thief-in-law’ and of membership of criminal associations that constitute what is known as the ‘thieves’ world’ (qurduli samkaro). Along with a sweeping reform of the police and prisons and a ‘culture of lawfulness’ campaign, Georgian criminal justice reforms since 2003 may be seen as the first sustained anti-mafia policy to be implemented in a post-Soviet country. It also appears to have been very successful. The longevity and sudden decline of the thieves-in-law in Georgia provides the main questions that the following study addresses: How do we account for changes in the levels of resilience to state attack of actors carrying the elite criminal status of ‘thief-in-law’? How has this resilience been so effectively compromised since 2005? Utilising unique access to primary sources of data such as police files, court cases, archives and expert interviews this thesis studies the dynamics of changing mafia activities, recruitment practices, and structural forms of a criminal group as it relates to changes in the environment and, in particular, the recent anti-organised crime policy.

The thesis covers the role of the Green Space Factor (GSF) system as a nature-based solution for ecological urban planning in the sustainable city. One main focus for sustainable urban development is the aspect of constructing green spaces and green buildings in order to improve land-use efficiencies and thus minimize negative environmental impacts. Hence, in this study research is made through conducting a qualitative municipal document analysis on how the GSF system is portrayed and implemented in urban planning strategies based on the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg. To limit the study, two urban areas are selected for further investigation, the Western harbour in Malmö City and the Freeport in Gothenburg City. The documents included in the study are based on three categories of developing the chosen urban areas: visions, area programs and detailed plans. From the document analysis, several categories or themes were extracted consisting of future goals and vision, actors and trademarks, visionary sustainability, climate change adaptation strategies, sustainable urban development models, green infrastructure, and lastly strategies and design principles of the Western harbour and the Freeport. The results are analysed through the theory of neoliberalised urban climate change adaptation strategies and green fix as crisis management. In order to include the local context of sustainable urban development, environmental policy localization is also included in the analysis of the results. The results from the analysis of the empirical material show that the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg have implemented the GSF planning system into the local context of their visions, area programs and detailed plans of both the Western harbour and the Freeport. The GSF system is included in both urban planning strategies through indirect terminologies connected to general sustainable development, such as climate change adaptation, green infrastructure and design principles showcasing the desired sustainability strategies. However, the results present the risk of market-based sustainability trademarking. The study concludes on the mark that it is important for the cities to on one hand implement the GSF system into the overall policies design, and on another hand face sustainable urban development at a variety of spatial scales in order to meet the external requirements originating in the localization of environmental policies.

[EN] Adaptation to the multiple facets of global change challenges the conventional means of sustainably planning and managing water resources at the river basin scale. Numerous demand or supply management options are available, from which adaptation measures need to be selected in a context of high uncertainty of future conditions. Given the interdependency of water users, agreements need to be found at the local level to implement the most effective adaptation measures. Therefore, this thesis develops an approach combining economics and water resources engineering to select a cost-effective programme of adaptation measures in the context of climate change uncertainty, and to define an equitable allocation of the cost of the adaptation plan between the stakeholders involved. A framework is developed to integrate inputs from the two main approaches commonly used to plan for adaptation. The first, referred to as "top-down", consists of a modelling chain going from global greenhouse gases emission scenarios to local hydrological models used to assess the impact of climate change on water resources. Conversely, the second approach, called "bottom-up", starts from assessing vulnerability at the local level to then identify adaptation measures used to face an uncertain future. Outcomes from these two approaches are integrated to select a cost-effective combination of adaptation measures through a least-cost optimization model developed at the river basin scale. The model is then used to investigate the trade-offs between different planning objectives defined in terms of environmental flow requirements, irrigated agriculture development, and the cost of the programme of measures. The performances of a programme of measures are finally assessed under different climate projections to identify robust and least-regret adaptation measures. The issue of allocating the cost of the adaptation plan is considered through two complementary perspectives. The outcome of a negotiation process between the stakeholders is modelled through the implementation of cooperative game theory to define cost allocation scenarios. These results are compared with cost allocation rules based on social justice principles to provide contrasted insights into a negotiation process. This innovative framework has been applied in a Mediterranean case study in the Orb River basin (France). Mid-term climate projections, downscaled from 9 General Climate Models, are used to assess the uncertainty associated with climate projections. Demand evolution scenarios have been developed to project agricultural and urban water demands on the 2030 time horizon. The least-cost river basin optimization model developed in GAMS allows the cost-effective selection of a programme of measures from a catalogue of 462 supply and demand management measures. Nine cost allocation scenarios based on different social justice principles have been discussed through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants and compared with solution concepts from cooperative game theory for a 3-player game defined at the river basin scale. The interdisciplinary framework developed in this thesis combines economics and water resources engineering methods, establishing a promising means of bridging the gap between bottom-up and top-down approaches and supporting the creation of cost-effective and equitable adaptation plans at the local level.
[ES] La adaptación a los múltiples aspectos del cambio global supone un reto para los enfoques convencionales de planificación y gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos a escala de cuenca. Numerosas opciones de gestión de la demanda o de la oferta están disponibles, de entre las cuales es necesario seleccionar medidas de adaptación en un contexto de elevada incertidumbre sobre las condiciones futuras. Dadas las interdependencias existentes entre los usuarios del agua a nivel local, hace falta buscar acuerdos a escala de cuenca para implementar las medidas de adaptación más eficaces. Por este motivo, esta tesis desarrolla una metodología que, combinando economía e ingeniería de los recursos hídricos, busca seleccionar un programa de medidas coste-eficaz frente a las incertidumbres del cambio climático, y asimismo definir un reparto justo del coste de la adaptación entre los actores implicados. El marco metodológico ha sido desarrollado para integrar contribuciones de los dos principales enfoques utilizados para la planificación de la adaptación. El primero, denominado descendente ("top-down"), consiste en una cadena de modelación que va desde los escenarios de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero a nivel global hasta los modelos hidrológicos utilizados a nivel local para evaluar así el impacto del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos. Por el contrario, el segundo enfoque denominado ascendente ("bottom-up") empieza por evaluar la vulnerabilidad del sistema a nivel local para después identificar medidas de adaptación frente a un futuro incierto. Los resultados de los métodos mencionados previamente se han integrado con el fin de seleccionar una combinación coste-eficaz de medidas de adaptación a través de un modelo de optimización a menor coste a escala de cuenca. El modelo se utiliza para investigar las soluciones de compromiso ("trade-offs") entre diversos objetivos de planificación como son los caudales ecológicos necesarios, el desarrollo del regadío y el coste del programa de medidas. Seguidamente, se han evaluado los programas de adaptación frente a varias condiciones climáticas para definir así un programa de medidas robusto y de arrepentimiento mínimo frente al cambio climático. En la última parte se aborda el problema del reparto justo de los costes del plan de adaptación, entendiendo que esto es una manera de favorecer su implementación. Para ello, se han modelado los resultados de un proceso de negociación entre los diferentes actores mediante escenarios de reparto basados en la teoría de juegos cooperativos. Posteriormente, se han comparado estos resultados con otras reglas de reparto de costes basadas en principios de justicia social, proporcionando así un punto de vista diferente al proceso de negociación. Este novedoso enfoque ha sido aplicado a una cuenca mediterránea, la cuenca del rio Orb (Francia). Para ello, se han empleado proyecciones climáticas a medio-plazo de datos reescalados de 9 Modelos de Circulación Global. Además, se han desarrollado escenarios de evolución de la demanda en los sectores urbano y agrícola para el horizonte de planificación de 2030. El modelo de optimización a menor coste a escala de cuenca desarrollado en GAMS permite seleccionar un programa de medidas, de entre las 462 medidas de gestión de la oferta o de la demanda. Nueve escenarios de reparto de costes basados en diferentes principios de justicia social han sido debatidos con informantes clave mediante entrevistas y comparados con conceptos de solución de la teoría de juegos cooperativos, considerando un juego de 3 jugadores a escala de cuenca. El marco interdisciplinario desarrollado durante esta tesis combina métodos de economía y de ingeniería de los recursos hídricos de manera prometedora y permite integrar los enfoques "top-down" y "bottom-up", contribuyendo a definir un plan de adaptación coste-eficaz y justo a nivel local.
[CAT] L'adaptació als múltiples aspectes del canvi global implica un repte per als enfocaments convencionals de planificació i gestió sostenible dels recursos hídrics a escala de conca. Existeixen nombroses opcions de gestió de la demanda y de la oferta. De entre elles, cal seleccionar mesures d'adaptació en un context d'incertesa elevada sobre les condicions futures. Donades les interaccions entre els usuaris de l'aigua a nivell local, és necessari buscar acords a escala de conca per tal d'implementar les mesures d'adaptació més eficaces. Per aquest motiu, la tesi desenvolupa una metodologia que, mitjançant la combinació d'economia i enginyeria dels recursos hídrics, siga adient per seleccionar un programa de mesures cost-eficaç per a fer front a les incerteses del canvi climàtic i, a més a més, definir un repartiment just del cost d'adaptació entre els actors implicats. El marc metodològic ha estat desenvolupat amb el fi de permetre integrar contribucions del principals enfocaments que s'utilitzen per a la planificació de l'adaptació. El primer, que es denomina descendent ("top-down"), consisteix a una cadena de modelació que va des dels escenaris d'emissions de gas d'efecte hivernacle a nivell global fins als models hidrològics a nivell local per avaluar l'impacte del canvi climàtic sobre els recursos hídrics. Per contra, el segon enfocament, que es denomina ascendent ("bottom-up"), comença per avaluar la vulnerabilitat del sistema a nivell local per a tot seguit identificar mesures d'adaptació de cara a un futur incert. Els resultats del mètodes esmentats prèviament, s'han integrat per a seleccionar una combinació de mesures d'adaptació cost-eficaç mitjançant un model d'optimització a menor cost a escala de conca. El model s'utilitza per investigar les solucions de compromís ("trade-offs") entre els diversos objectius de planificació, com són els cabals ecològics necessaris, el desenvolupament del regadiu i el cost del programa de mesures. A continuació, s'avaluen els programes d'adaptació per a varies condicions climàtiques amb el fi de definir un programa de mesures robust i de penediment mínim per a fer front al canvi climàtic. En la darrera part, s'escomet el problema del repartiment just dels costs del pla d'adaptació, considerant que això és una manera de facilitar la implementació del pla. En conseqüència, els resultats d'un procés de negociació entre els diferents actors han estat modelats mitjançant escenaris de repartiment basats en la teoria de jocs cooperatius. Tot seguit, els resultats s'han comparat amb altres regles de repartiment de costos basades en principis de justícia social. Això ha proporcionat un punt de vista diferent al procés de negociació. Aquest enfocament innovador s'ha aplicat a una conca mediterrània, la conca del riu Orb (França). Amb aquesta finalitat s'han utilitzat projeccions climàtiques a mig termini de dades reescalades de 9 Models de Circulació Global (MCG). A més a més, s'han desenvolupat escenaris d'evolució de la demanada en els sectors agrícola i urbà per a l'horitzó de planificació de 2030. El model d'optimització a menor cost a escala de conca desenvolupat en GAMS permet seleccionar un programa de mesures, de entre les 462 mesures de gestió de la oferta o de la demanda. Els nou escenaris de repartiment de costs han estat debatuts amb informants clau, mitjançant entrevistes, i comparats amb conceptes de solució de la teoria de jocs cooperatius, considerant un joc de 3 jugadors a escala de conca. El marc interdisciplinari desenvolupat al llarg de la tesi combina mètodes d'economia i d'enginyeria dels recursos hídrics de manera prometedora i permet la integració d'enfocaments "top-down" i "bottom-up", fet que contribueix a definir un pla d'adaptació cost-eficaç i just a escala local.
Girard, CDP. (2015). Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches to design a cost-effective and equitable programme of measures for adaptation of a river basin to global change [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59461
TESIS
Premiado

This thesis analyses research into the evolution and adaptation of the communities in Rotorua and Kaikoura by using a complex systems perspective. This perspective requires that the analyst look beyond the obvious impacts of tourism such as employment, crowding, and congestion, to the processes that underlie the experiences of local people in relation to tourism. The configuration of the destination, the flows of people in the area, the visitor types and the ratio of hosts to guests all influence a community's interactions with tourists. In small destinations, the effect of host interactions with guests is potentially much greater than is the case in larger destinations. However, in using a complex systems perspective to analyse the effects of tourism on these two destinations, it becomes clear that the impacts of tourism are more than just the impacts of tourists. The impacts of tourism are intertwined with the processes of trust, leadership and decision making occurring both within the community and within the wider regional and national socio-economic systems. As such, local perceptions of tourism are associated with history, geography, local politics and local social processes. As concepts, the meanings of both 'tourism' and 'community' emerge from the experiences people have, and the associations that they make with the two terms. Thus, the meaning of both 'tourism' and 'community' are idiosyncratic and locally defined. Each term means different things to residents in Rotorua and Kaikoura, and each affects how residents perceive tourism in their respective towns. For example, the associations that people make between historical events and processes such as restructuring are quite different in each of the two communities. In Rotorua, tourism is seen as a source of stability, as a phenomenon that confers a higher level of perceived control on the community. In Kaikoura, tourism is seen as a source of change and it confers a lesser sense of perceived control on the community overall. Likewise, the relationship between the local council and the community underlies the sense of security people feel about local decision making processes. This relationship is mediated by a range of processes including the effort that the council put into communicating with community members, the leadership shown by the council, the way in which they facilitate community visioning processes, which then provide a basis for both leadership and decision making. Underlying these processes are community processes of rivalry, competition, cooperation, labelling and stereotyping that all affect the levels of trust that the community have in those around them. Community cohesion (which is not the same as community agreement) underlies a community's ability to work together to manage tourism. Thus using a complex systems approach to analyse the impacts of tourism in two destinations has shown that there is much more to tourism than the impacts of tourists and their activities. Instead, the way the community system interacts with the tourism system gives rise to the impacts of tourism. Tourism can be usefully conceptualised as a process that is inextricably interwoven with history, politics and community interaction processes at the destination level. Perceptions of tourism reflect these processes and the understanding that local people have of them, and the level of control that they feel they have over tourism development. With little trust in local decision making processes, people have a low sense of control over how tourism development affects them. In tourism planning, therefore, it may be more effective to focus primarily on the processes by which tourism development and management occurs in the local area and to look at mitigating the effects of tourists only after building community capacity to adaptively manage tourism in their area. Communities need a sense of control over their world, and this is only undermined when experts and institutions try to advise courses of action without involving a range of community players in the process of managing tourism. Thus, government and other organisations and institutions at local level must focus on working with communities to build local capacity to manage tourism, without imposing on those communities to convince them to 'treat tourists well' or to manage their environment better, so they become more attractive as a destination.

A questão da justiça é tema sempre presente nas perquirições da filosofia do direito. Como tema recorrente deve ser submetido a novas investigações à luz de paradigmas teóricos alternativos e inovadores. A teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann representa um marco teórico capaz de inaugurar novos percursos investigativos no estudo da função do direito e de sua relação com a justiça, ora como função, ora como capacidade de adaptação. A ideia da autopoiese e sua elaboração na teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann torna possível observar essa relação entre direito e justiça dentro do contexto do aumento da complexidade e da contingência na sociedade moderna. A presente tese busca produzir uma investigação jusfilosófica, com inspiração interdisciplinar ao combinar-se com especulações teoréticas da sociologia jurídica de inspiração luhmanniana. Ao utilizar uma metodologia fundada na pesquisa bibliográfica primacialmente nos idiomas originais, a tese persegue a reconstrução da teoria da justiça na perspectiva do funcional-estruturalismo de Niklas Luhmann. Na consecução deste projeto, a tese utiliza a metáfora do horizonte, de matriz fenomenológica, para propor a dualidade entre justiça operativo-funcional e justiça adaptativo-mutante. Dualidade que servirá de baliza para conclusões desta tese que poderá trazer uma contribuição original à cultura jurídica nacional.
The problem of justice is an ever-present issue in the investigations of philosophy of law. As a recurring theme, it should be subjected to further investigation in the light of alternative and innovative theoretical paradigms. The systems theory of Niklas Luhmann is a theoretical framework capable of opening new routes for studies and researches on the role of law and its relation to justice, either as function either as adaptability. The idea of autopoiesis and its elaboration in Luhmann´s systems theory makes it possible to observe the relationship between law and justice within the context of the increased complexity and contingency in modern society. This thesis aims to produce an investigation in the philosophy of law with interdisciplinary inspiration when combined with theoretical speculations of legal sociology of luhmannian inspiration. Using a methodology based on a primary bibliographic research in works in their original language, the thesis pursues the reconstruction of the theory of justice from the perspective of functional-structuralism as thought by Niklas Luhmann. In pursuing this project, the thesis uses the metaphor of the horizon, in its phenomenological matrix, to propose the duality between justice as operation and adaptation (mutant). This duality will serve as a beacon for the conclusions produced in this thesis that can bring an original contribution to legal culture.

The growth within internationalization has changed the world at a rapid pace, with businesses expanding into foreign markets on a daily basis. Similarly, to the growth within internationalization, social media has changed how marketing activities are conducted throughout the world. Influencer marketing has been one of those drivers of growth, changing the way that brands market themselves on a global basis. Therefore, there is a need to understand the relationship between internationalization and influencer marketing but determining the role that internationalization plays in the way that influencer marketing is used within businesses that plan on expanding to new markets. In relation to how traditional marketing tools are adapted through the use of influencer marketing during the internationalization process. For the data collection two interviews were conducted along with one questionnaire with 109 respondents. The study has followed the same structure as can be seen in the frame of reference, according to two main subjects: Internationalization and E-marketing. The findings gathered through the questionnaires showed that credibility was highly valued in relation to that the use of local influencers was preferred to increase trust and credibility between the brand, influencer and their target audience. Along with credibility being more valued by the respondents than an influencer's network size. The findings from the interviews show that the use of influencer marketing is greatly dependent on the needs and preference of the individual market. While one brand preferred a more united front, yet still adapting to the Chinese market in terms of using local influencers and social media platforms. The other brand favored using local influencers in their different markets in order to best reach their consumers. Influencer marketing was used by the two brands to build brand awareness in new markets, through different influencer networks, yet the size of the network was not important for one of the brands, instead it was the connections within the network that were important.

Les développements récents en économie du bien-être ouvrent la voie à des méthodes d'évaluations reposant sur d'autres modèles de justice sociale que l'utilitarisme. Leur faisabilité dans les pratiques quotidiennes d'évaluation des interventions de santé pose question : l'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer d'y répondre. Pour cela nous nous sommes intéressés à trois cas pratiques. L'objectif du Chapitre I est de comparer les méthodologies d'évaluation de trois agences publiques d'évaluation, le NICE (Grande-Bretagne), l'IQWiG (Allemagne) et le KCE (Belgique), pour identifier les positions en matière de justice sociale qui en découlent. Le Chapitre II propose d'étudier le dilemme moral que suscite le phénomène d'adaptation des préférences dans l'évaluation deux dispositifs de compensation du handicap. Trois options sont avancées résoudre ce dilemme, elles s'appuient sur les théories de la justice sociale égalitaristes. Enfin, le Chapitre III démontre la faisabilité de l'approche revenu équivalent-santé, développée par Fleurabey, dans l'aide à la décision publique, au sujet des traitements antihypertenseurs en prévention primaire

Afin de répondre aux enjeux sociaux d'adaptations aux effets des changements climatiques, cette thèse participe à la compréhension des processus de développement de capacité d'adaptation. L'objet d'étude principal porte sur les dynamiques citoyennes spontanées de transition. Il s'agit de groupe de citoyen souhaitant agir localement pour le développement de leur territoire de manière cohérente autour de valeurs partagées.Cette thèse contribue à démontrer l'émergence et le développement de pratiques sociales innovantes, assimilable à des innovations sociales dans des arènes de transition reproduisant les caractéristiques des niches, espace protégé et restreint encourageant l'incubation. Ces innovations sociales, favorisé par la mise en réseau, la cohésion et le partage de valeurs contribuent au développement de capacité d'adaptation à travers une volonté de transmission, des pratiques d'essaimage et une dynamique globale d'inclusion.Concrètement, cette étude porte sur deux initiatives de transition semblable dans leurs intentions et différentes par leur histoire. Elles participent à considérer une nouvelle dynamique de société à la fois spontanée, autonome et inclusive. En se positionnant ni "contre" le territoire et ses institutions, ni "sans" eux, ces initiatives de transition représentent des alternatives remarquables pour conduire vers des sociétés plus coopératives et davantage capables de s'adapter aux effets des changements climatiques
To respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and household dysfunction. Much has been reported about the detrimental outcomes associated with these experiences. The associated negative outcomes of ACEs can include addiction, suicide, disability, teenage pregnancy, and early death. However, it is well known that many people experience ACEs and do very well. Rather than viewing negative outcomes only as symptoms of trauma and positive outcomes only as signs of resilience, it is possible to consider adaptations. This study focused on how adults adapted to their adverse childhood experiences. Data were collected based on semistructured interviews with nine members of the ACEs Connection Social Network, an online support group. The data were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory methodology. A grounded theory then emerged from data, supporting the adaptation construct.

This Research is aimed at becoming a theoretical contribution to the field of European Integration Theory and IR for two reasons. Firstly, this Research proposes the theoretical perspective of Talcott Parsons from sociology and organizational research to scholars within IR Theory. By employing the historical institutionalist and social constructivist IR perspectives and Parsons's 'four-function paradigm' theory, scholars can identify the two effects of a successful institutional design of international political organizations such as the EU: effectiveness and a good public reputation. The Literature Review in Chapter 2 is a theoretical discussion about compatibility of the Parsonians concepts of 'adaptation', a 'holistic approach to policymaking', 'success', and the 'European institutional design' with the European Integration Theory and IR fields. The same Chapter stresses the need to consider the 'ideas' of political leaders in analysing change of institutional design. The second reason for which this Research is a contribution to IR theory is the presentation of eight specific strategies that are likely to generate an organization's success. The eight strategies are institutional conditions making up the 'eight-condition model' of Charles Edquist. This Research adopts an objective and deductive approach that applies the Parsonians theory and the Edquist's 'eight-condition model' to empirical data about European institutions in a cross-sectional and longitudinal research design in the Analysis Chapters 4, 5, and 6. A 'holistic innovation policy approach' to supranational policymaking is employed by the Researcher for the salient circumstances of success to be identified, in order to guide data collection and analysis. The results show that success occurred three times: fully, in the years between 1945 and 1958 and from 1959 to 2002, and partially from 2003 until our days. The concepts of 'adaptation', 'success', 'ideas', the 'four-function paradigm' theory of Parsons and the 'eight-condition model' of Edquist are discussed and ultimately claimed to be both epistemologically compatible and methodologically valid for studies about the success of European integration in the Discussions and Conclusions Chapter.

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O presente estudo busca compreender de que forma ambientes criativos de grupos musicais se configuram na perspectiva da Estrat?gia como Pr?tica como concep??o te?rico-emp?rico-conceitual. Desenvolve no arcabou?o te?rico discuss?es sobre o contexto da Economia Criativa, a Ind?stria Criativa, o ambiente criativo, o paradigma organizacional da Economia Criativa, a m?sica como um ambiente criativo e de neg?cio, concep??o e din?mica da Estrat?gia como Pr?tica e as conjecturas acerca do contextualismo e de outras correntes epistemol?gicas. Configura-se como uma pesquisa explorat?rio-descritiva, utilizando o m?todo qualitativo e se caracterizando como uma Grounded Theory. Ao todo, quatro bandas musicais de estilos, mercados e ?reas de atua??o distintas, com mais de dez anos de atua??o, foram pesquisadas. Tanto para a coleta quanto para a an?lise dos dados, foi utilizado o m?todo da Grounded Theory e da observa??o simples, e a an?lise foi auxiliada pelo software ATLAS.ti. A pesquisa mostra que os grupos estudados percebem a atua??o especializada nas m?dias sociais virtuais como diferencial estrat?gico. Demonstra tamb?m que as bandas fomentam a individua??o e diferencia??o no seu relacionamento com o indiv?duo. Por fim, atesta que essas organiza??es envolvem as equipes e valorizam a concep??o din?mica de suas rotinas para tomar decis?es estrat?gicas, dando aten??o a um vi?s social da estrat?gia. A categoria central Estrat?gia como Pr?tica Criativa que emergiu dos dados ? explicada atrav?s dos tr?s resultados supracitados e revela que organiza??es inseridas na Economia Criativa realizam de forma simult?nea e din?mica o fazer criativo e estrat?gico nos ?mbitos art?stico e gerencial. A teoria gerada torna-se validada pelos princ?pios grau de coer?ncia, funcionalidade, relev?ncia, flexibilidade, densidade e integra??o, bem como se insere na corrente do contextualismo, a qual aponta o conhecimento como relativo ao contexto em que est? inserido e no qual ? discutido.
This study seeks to identify how creative environments of musical groups are configured in the Strategy as Practice perspective as theoretical, empirical and conceptual models. It develops within the theoretical framework, discussions on the context of the Creative Economy, Creative Industries, creative environment, organizational paradigm of Creative Economy, music as a creative environment and business, design and dynamics of Strategy as Practice and conjecture about the contextualism and other epistemological currents. The study is shaped as an exploratory and descriptive research, utilizing the qualitative method and being characterized as a Grounded Theory. A total of four musical groups of different styles, markets and areas of operation with over ten years of activity were surveyed. The Grounded Theory and simple observation methods were used for both data collection and analysis. The software ATLAS.ti. was used to help with the analysis. The research shows that the bands perceive the specialized expertise in the virtual social media as a strategic differentiator. It also shows that the groups nourish individuation and the differentiation in their relationship with the individual. Finally, it validates that these organizations get teams involved and value the dynamic design of their routines in strategic decision making, paying attention to a strategic social bias. Strategy and Creative Practice is the main category that emerged from the data. This category is explained through the three aforementioned results. It shows that organizations that are part of the Creative Economy perform simultaneously and dynamically creative and strategic making at both artistic and managerial levels.The theory created is validated by the principles of degree of coherence, functionality, relevance, flexibility, density and integration, and it is inserted in the contextualism principle, which points the knowledge as related to the context in which it is placed and discussed.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions deux problèmes d'apprentissage automatique : (I) la détection des communautés et (II) l'appariement adaptatif. I) Il est bien connu que beaucoup de réseaux ont une structure en communautés. La détection de ces communautés nous aide à comprendre et exploiter des réseaux de tout genre. Cette thèse considère principalement la détection des communautés par des méthodes spectrales utilisant des vecteurs propres associés à des matrices choisiesavec soin. Nous faisons une analyse de leur performance sur des graphes artificiels. Au lieu du modèle classique connu sous le nom de « Stochastic Block Model » (dans lequel les degrés sont homogènes) nous considérons un modèle où les degrés sont plus variables : le « Degree-Corrected Stochastic Block Model » (DC-SBM). Dans ce modèle les degrés de tous les nœuds sont pondérés - ce qui permet de générer des suites des degrés hétérogènes. Nous étudions ce modèle dans deux régimes: le régime dense et le régime « épars », ou « dilué ». Dans le régime dense, nous prouvons qu'un algorithme basé sur une matrice d'adjacence normalisée réussit à classifier correctement tous les nœuds sauf une fraction négligeable. Dans le régime épars il existe un seuil en termes de paramètres du modèle en-dessous lequel n'importe quel algorithme échoue par manque d'information. En revanche, nous prouvons qu'un algorithme utilisant la matrice « non-backtracking » réussit jusqu'au seuil - cette méthode est donc très robuste. Pour montrer cela nous caractérisons le spectre des graphes qui sont générés selon un DC-SBM dans son régime épars. Nous concluons cette partie par des tests sur des réseaux sociaux. II) Les marchés d'intermédiation en ligne tels que des plateformes de Question-Réponse et des plateformes de recrutement nécessitent un appariement basé sur une information incomplète des deux parties. Nous développons un modèle de système d'appariement entre tâches et serveurs représentant le comportement de telles plateformes. Pour ce modèle nous donnons une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que le système puisse gérer un certain flux de tâches. Nous introduisons également une politique de « back-pressure » sous lequel le débit gérable par le système est maximal. Nous prouvons que cette politique atteint un débit strictement plus grand qu'une politique naturelle « gloutonne ». Nous concluons en validant nos résultats théoriques avec des simulations entrainées par des données de la plateforme Stack-Overflow
In this thesis, we study two problems of machine learning: (I) community detection and (II) adaptive matching. I) It is well-known that many networks exhibit a community structure. Finding those communities helps us understand and exploit general networks. In this thesis we focus on community detection using so-called spectral methods based on the eigenvectors of carefully chosen matrices. We analyse their performance on artificially generated benchmark graphs. Instead of the classical Stochastic Block Model (which does not allow for much degree-heterogeneity), we consider a Degree-Corrected Stochastic Block Model (DC-SBM) with weighted vertices, that is able to generate a wide class of degree sequences. We consider this model in both a dense and sparse regime. In the dense regime, we show that an algorithm based on a suitably normalized adjacency matrix correctly classifies all but a vanishing fraction of the nodes. In the sparse regime, we show that the availability of only a small amount of information entails the existence of an information-theoretic threshold below which no algorithm performs better than random guess. On the positive side, we show that an algorithm based on the non-backtracking matrix works all the way down to the detectability threshold in the sparse regime, showing the robustness of the algorithm. This follows after a precise characterization of the non-backtracking spectrum of sparse DC-SBM's. We further perform tests on well-known real networks. II) Online two-sided matching markets such as Q&A forums and online labour platforms critically rely on the ability to propose adequate matches based on imperfect knowledge of the two parties to be matched. We develop a model of a task / server matching system for (efficient) platform operation in the presence of such uncertainty. For this model, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for an incoming stream of tasks to be manageable by the system. We further identify a so-called back-pressure policy under which the throughput that the system can handle is optimized. We show that this policy achieves strictly larger throughput than a natural greedy policy. Finally, we validate our model and confirm our theoretical findings with experiments based on user-contributed content on an online platform

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Nesta tese, eu proponho uma análise de como os ambientes institucionais ineficientes encontrados na América Latina influenciam as respostas estratégicas das empresas estrangeiras. Em específico, são realizados três estudos distintos e interconectados, cada um com um desenvolvimento conceitual e métodos próprios. O primeiro estudo investiga a existência de duas dimensões nas ineficiências institucionais, uma generalizada e a outra arbitrária, e como estas dimensões impactam nas decisões de modo de entrada das empresas. O segundo investiga como as diferenças institucionais entre regiões influenciam as estratégias de modo de entrada. O terceiro compara o desempenho de empresas locais e estrangeiras em ambientes institucionalmente ineficientes e indica em que circunstâncias as estrangeiras podem desempenhar melhor do que as domésticas. Por fim, este estudo contribui para a teoria institucional em negócios internacionais por explicar parte da complexidade dos ambientes institucionalmente ineficientes e como as empresas reagem para se adaptarem a estes ambientes.
In this thesis, I propose an analysis of how the inefficient institutional environments found in Latin America influence the strategic responses of foreign firms. Specifically, I develop three distinct and interconnected studies, each with its own conceptual development and methods. The first study investigates the existence of two dimensions in institutional inefficiencies, one pervasive and the other arbitrary, and how these dimensions impact on the decisions of entry mode. The second study investigates how the institutional differences between regions influence the strategies of entry mode. The third compares the performance of local and foreign firms in institutionally inefficient environments and indicates under what circumstances foreign firms can perform better than domestic ones. Finally, this thesis contributes to institutional theory in international business by explaining part of the complexity of institutionally inefficient environments and how firms strategically react to adapt to these environments.

Es conocido que las expectativas juegan un papel importante en las decisiones de los agentes y son una característica fundamental en macroeconomía. Típicamente, en los modelos utilizados en macroeconomía es asumido que los agentes tienen expectativas racionales. Esto signi ca que los agentes en el modelo conocen perfectamente las funciones de equilibrio y se comportan óptimamente. Este supuesto simpli ca las alternativas del modelo, ya que evita tener que hacer supuestos diferentes sobre las expectativas. Tambi én, evita la Crítica de Lucas puesto que los agentes incorporan en sus expectativas los cambios en política. Sin embargo, algunas veces este supuesto tiene consecuencias que no se cumplen en los datos. En estos casos, un desvío es asumir que el agente únicamente conoce la forma de los procesos de equilibrio y se comporta óptimamente. Este supuesto es llamado expectativas adaptativas de aprendizaje. Esta tesis examina escenarios donde las hipótesis de expectativas racionales fala al reproducir el comportamiento de las variables en los datos y usa la hipótesis de expectativas adaptativas para encontrar respuestas. El primer capítulo, titulado Money, In ation, and In ation Expectations, documenta una relación signi cativamente negativa entre dinero y expectativas de in ación en el periodo 1990-2007 en EE.UU. nueva en la literatura. Al mismo tiempo, documenta una relación no signi cativa entre dinero e in ación, consistente con la literatura. De no la In ation Expectations and Money Puzzle como la di cultad de un modelo con expectativas racionales para reproducir ambos hechos. Un modelo de Dinero en la Función de Utilidad con un shock en la demanda de dinero y dotaciones exógenas genera ambos hechos cuando el agente aprende sobre el proceso de in ación. Si el dinero se ajusta endógenamente para mantener la in ación cercana a un objetivo, el dinero varía mientras la in ación es estable. Puesto que los agentes no saben el proceso de la in ación, las expectativas de in ación pueden responder positivamente a shock pasados mientras el dinero decrece para compensar los efectos de las expectativas en la in ación. Esto explica la IEMP. El segundo capítulo, titulado Long-Run Behavior from an Endogenous Monetary Pol- icy Perspective, se centra en la relación de largo plazo entre in ación, tipo de interés nominal y dinero en EE.UU. Mientras que en el periodo anterior a la desin ación de Volcker las variables tuvieron una relación de uno-a-uno, durante los últimos veinte años no hubo una relación signi cativa. Aquí se documentan estas relaciones centrándose en un periodo muestral largo, 1960-2007, y otro corto, 1990-2007, y cuestiona si una política monetaria endógena como la del capítulo anterior podría reproducir el comportamiento de largo-plazo de estas variables. Concluyo que ni la versión de expectativas racionales ni el de expectativas adaptativas es capaz de generar ambos comportamientos y subrayo la importancia de alguna característica no incluida en el modelo. El tercer capítulo, titulado Asset Pricing in an Heterogeneous Expectations Model, introduce un modelo basado en consumo de valoración de activos con agentes que usen expectativas racionales y expectativas adaptativas. Evalúa el desempeño de este modelo estimando los parámetros usando datos de precios de activos en EE.UU. a través de la técnica del método de simulación de momentos. El modelo sugiere que, por un lado, la persistencia de los retornos de activos y, por otro lado, la volatilidad de los retornos de activos y del ratio precio-dividendo se contraponen y la proporción de agentes que aprenden juega un papel central.
This thesis is focused on the role of expectations in the economy. It is well-known that expectations play a prominent role in decision making and are a crucial feature in macroe- conomics. Typically, in macroeconomic modeling it is assumed that agents are endowed with rational expectations. This basically means that agents in the model perfectly know the general equilibrium functions of the model and behave optimally. Many times this assumption is appropriate because it simpli es modeling choices, as it avoids having to make separate assumptions about agents' expectations. Also, rational expectations avoids Lucas' Critique as agents in the model incorporate policy changes into their expectations. However, it sometimes attaches features that the data does not reproduce. In those cases, it is worthy to slightly deviate from rational expectations and assume agents does not perfectly know equilibrium functions (but know the form of the function) and still behave optimally. This is what is called adaptive learning expectations. This thesis examines some scenarios where the rational expectations hypothesis fails to reproduce the behavior of the variables in the data and looks for answers using the adaptive learning expectations hypothesis instead. The rst chapter, entitled Money, In ation, and In ation Expectations, documents a signi cant negative relation between money and in ation expectations for the 1990-2007 period in the US which is new to the literature. During the same period, there existed a weak relation between money growth and in ation consistent with the literature. I call In ation Expectations and Money Puzzle (IEMP) to the di culty of a rational expec- tations model to reproduce both facts. A simple Money-in-the-Utility (MIU) function model with a money demand shock and exogenous endowment accounts for both facts when the representative agent learns about the true in ation process. If money supply adjusts endogenously to keep in ation rate close to a target and smooth, money varies whereas in ation keeps stable. Because the agent does not know the true in ation pro- cess, in ation expectations might respond positively to past shocks whereas money supply decreases to o set their potential e ects on in ation. This disentangles the IEMP. The second chapter, entitled Long-Run Behavior from an Endogenous Monetary Policy Perspective, looks to the long-run relation between in ation, nominal interest rate, and money growth. Recently, it has been noted the long-run relation between these variables have changed. Whereas in the period before the Volcker disin ation they had a one-to- one relation, during the last two decades there were no signi cant relation. This study documents the long-run relation of those variables focusing on a long sample, 1960-2007, and a short-sample, 1990-2007, and questions whether the endogenous monetary policy model of the previous chapter could match the change in the long-run relation of this variables. It concludes neither a rational expectations nor a learning expectations version of the model is able to replicate this behavior and highlights the importance of some feature that is not attached to the model. The third chapter, entitled Asset Pricing in an Heterogeneous Expectations Model, studies how can be introduced a consumption-based asset pricing model with rational agents and agents that learn about the market outcomes. It evaluates the performance of this model estimating the relevant parameters using the U.S. asset pricing data through the method of simulated moments technique. The model suggests that, in the one hand, persistence of stock returns and, in the other hand, volatility of stock returns and price dividends ratio provide a trade-o in which the proportion of learners plays a key role.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The conservation of biodiversity is closely linked to the maintenance of the natural resources and the strategies for protection of these natural assets. Among the Brazilian biodiversity protection mechanisms there are the Conservation Units (UCs), established by Law 9.985/ 2000, which regulates the National System of Protected Areas of Nature (SNUC). However, only the implementation of these are as does not guarantee its maintenance, it is necessary the effective and representative participation of the social actors that are embedded within its management, i.e. the managing council, given the purposes that subsidized the creation of such protected areas. The Wildlife Refuge Mata do Junco (RVSMJ) is a Conservation Unit administered by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources of Sergipe (SEMARH / SE), in the municipality of Capela, state of Sergipe, with the objective of protect the headwaters, vegetation, and shelter animal species, including the Callicebus coimbrai (titi monkey) an endangered species. In addition to this UC has as its major management tools the management plan and the consultative council. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the monitoring of the strategic actions identified by the Socio-Environmental Indicator System for Conservation Units (SISUC), through its consultative council, to contribute for the adaptive management of the RVSMJ. And also understand the level of social representation that the council has on the UC and on their management by verifying what are the consensus and conflict components, aided by the Social Representation Theory. The use of this tool SISUC UC pointed out two indicators that are in alarming situation and two underun satisfactory situation, which unfolded in six actions proposed by the Council members so that these indicators could be monitored and improved. Of the six proposed actions, four have being carried out and two did not succeed. However, the implementation of this tool can be considered valid since it was successful in the majority of actions as well as the use of this tool provided the empowerment and autonomy of the social actors. Thus, it can be considered that the evidence presented by the directors in relation to their social representations about the RVSMJ, the advisory board and the management of this Conservation Unit encourage their participation and thus contributes to the improvement in the process of management and consequently foster governance processes that permeate this course, and in turn contributes to the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity.
A conservação da biodiversidade está diretamente ligada à manutenção dos recursos naturais e às estratégias de proteção desses bens naturais. Dentre os mecanismos brasileiros de proteção da biodiversidade encontram-se as Unidades de Conservação (UCs), instituídas pela Lei 9.985/2000 que dispõe sobre o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (SNUC). Entretanto, somente a implementação dessas áreas não garante sua manutenção, faz-se necessário a participação efetiva e representativa dos atores sociais que estão inseridos em sua gestão, isto é, o seu conselho gestor (deliberativo ou consultivo), tendo em vista os propósitos que subsidiaram a criação de tais áreas protegidas. O Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco (RVSMJ) é uma Unidade de Conservação administrada pela Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Hídricos de Sergipe (SEMARH/SE), localizada no município de Capela, estado de Sergipe, com os objetivos de proteger as nascentes, a vegetação, e para abrigar espécies da fauna, entre elas o Callicebus coimbrai (macaco-guigó) espécie ameaçada de extinção. Além disso, a referida UC possui como principais instrumentos de gestão o plano de manejo e o conselho consultivo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o monitoramento estratégico das ações apontadas pelo Sistema de Indicadores Socioambientais para Unidades de Conservação (SISUC) através de seu conselho consultivo, visando contribuir para gestão adaptativa do RVSMJ, e ainda compreender as representações sociais que o conselho possui sobre esta UC e sobre sua gestão verificando quais são seus elementos de consenso e conflitos, auxiliados pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Com o uso da ferramenta do SISUC nesta UC apontaram-se dois indicadores que se encontraram em situação Alarmante e dois em situação Insatisfatória, dos quais se desdobraram em seis ações propostas pelos conselheiros a fim de que estes indicadores pudessem ser monitorados e melhorados. Das seis ações propostas, quatro foram realizadas e duas não obtiveram sucesso. Contudo, a aplicação desta ferramenta pode ser considerada válida, uma vez que houve sucesso na maioria das ações, assim como o uso desta ferramenta proporcionou o empoderamento e a autonomia desses atores sociais. Por sua vez, em relação à representação que os conselheiros possuem sobre RVSMJ e sobre sua gestão foi possível constatar que para o RVSMJ essa representação está voltada à sua preservação enquanto que para a gestão obteve-se como representação a responsabilidade e a organização dos conselheiros para com a UC em questão. Desta forma, pode-se considerar que os elementos apresentados pelos conselheiros em relação às suas representações sociais sobre o RVSMJ, o conselho consultivo e a gestão desta Unidade de Conservação fomentam a sua participação e consequentemente contribui para a melhoria no processo de sua gestão e consequentemente fomentam os processos de governança que permeiam esta UC, e por sua vez contribui para a manutenção e conservação da biodiversidade.

Cette thèse questionne l'enseignement de la proportionnalité à des élèves de 11 à 16 ans relevant de l'adaptation scolaire et de la scolarisation des élèves handicapés. Les travaux de didactique des mathématiques ont montré l'inaboutissement fréquent du projet d'appropriation de la proportionnalité auprès des élèves jusqu'au collège, et tout particulièrement en ASH. Afin de savoir si une adaptation peut se faire sans dénaturer le savoir, nous proposons donc une progression sur l'enseignement de la proportionnalité en classe de Quatrième SEGPA. Nous insistons sur l'importance de l'organisation des savoirs au sein de cette progression et sur la pertinence des contextes et des valeurs des variables didactiques numériques. Les analyses de nos observations se font dans le cadre de l'analyse statistique implicative, de la Théorie des Situations Didactiques ainsi que de la double approche utilisée dans l'analyse des pratiques des enseignants. La mise en œuvre de la progression construite nécessite pour les enseignants des connaissances mathématiques. Afin de réactiver ces connaissances, nous proposons des représentations symboliques qui illustrent les techniques de résolution de problèmes relevant de la proportionnalité simple.

I report on the findings of an inductive, interpretive multiple-case study of organizational cross-cultural adaptation and answer the question of how foreign companies can overcome the challenges of fitting into their host environment. Based on in-depth interview data from nine Chinese firms operating in the United States, I explore the content and drivers of firm-level cross-cultural adaptation. The emergent framework demonstrates a dynamic and comprehensive process at the firm level, involving a multilevel and multidimensional adaptation to fit through social networking. The identified patterns of adaptors reveal the link between cross-cultural adaptation and functional fitness of firms in a foreign environment. The study also identifies the boundary conditions of the cross-cultural adaptation of foreign firms. In addition, the study highlights the previously underserved aspect of functional fitness in a foreign environment and its essential role in influencing a firm’s overseas performance.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, fundamentally changed the focus of education in the United States from that of providing an opportunity for all to learn to mandating that all do learn. Central to this Act are the measures of school accountability established through assessment of learning policies. The development of these policies initiate with federal, state, and local governance bodies, but implementation takes place by individual teachers. Therefore, the failure of individual teachers to implement assessment policies with fidelity creates a fissure at the core of institutional credibility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between teachers’ values and ethical frames and behavior with respect to academic misconduct. Findings offer clues as to how academic dishonesty might be reduced. There exists a large body of research that has probed academic dishonesty, values and ethical frames; however, there appears to be a void in research that distinctly connects the three. Utilizing a survey instrument, data were collected from elementary teachers (N=155) in one suburban school district. The collected data were then analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tests to inform six research questions. In some incidents, the small sample size produced violations of the assumptions of nonparametric statistical tests, thus hindering deeper analysis of selected data. However, the results in general appeared to support the hypothesis that elementary teachers appeared to engage in academic misconduct. The findings also appeared to suggest misconduct was influenced by social adaptation theory (R2N = .32); organizational socialization (Wald (1) =5.79, p < .05), values (Wald (1) =5.16, p < .05), and ethical frames (Wald (4) =25.22, p < .001). Thus, this study concluded that factors such as collaboration and professional development can possibly be utilized to reduce policy violations.

碩士
國立臺東大學
教育研究所
95
Many empirical researches about social control theory in the past can in many ways explain the deviant behaviors. However, the previous researches were usually conducted in small areas, used purposive sampling or had smaller sampling population. The previous research data are used as a basis to focus on the deviant behaviors of all Junior high school students in Taiwan to verify the adaptation of social control theory. In this thesis, the relations among different attachments, involvement of activities, educational ambitions and deviant behaviors of junior high school students are discussed and social control theory are applied. The analysis is based on 13978 copies of students’ questionnaires supplied by “Taiwan Education Panel Survey” and the data collected are analyzed using reliability test, frequency distribution analysis of percentage, comparative analysis of means, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results are as followings: The most common deviant behaviors of Junior high school students are sequentially cheating during the test, fighting in campus, quarreling with teacher, cutting classes, smoking, drinking or beetle nut chewing, stealing or robbing, reading porno books or CDs, browsing the porno sites and running away from home. The better the attachment between father and son, mother and child, teacher and student and the better the attachment to the school and peers are, the higher the educational ambitions and the lower the deviant behaviors become. However, The better the attachment of siblings and the higher the involvement of activities are, the higher the deviant behaviors become. The attachment between teacher and student, the educational ambitions and the involvement of activities highly explain the deviant behaviors when analyzed by multiple stepwise regression. This represents that different attachments, involvement of activities and educational ambitions in Hirschi’s social control theory play a crucial part on students’ deviant behaviors. Nevertheless, the attachment of siblings and the involvement of activities are positively correlated to the deviant behaviors also reveal the restriction of Hirschi’s social control theory. Based on the findings above the suggestions are made to provide for the family members, school administrators, other related personnel and future researchers to reduce the deviant behaviors of junior high school students and proceed with relevant researches.

Multiculturalism and the merging of local communities with immigrants demands glocal policies in various sectors—especially in education. In order to successfully integrate immigrants, language acquisition is oftentimes the first initiative educators and politicians regard as one of the most essential attributes for successful and prompt integration. However, language acquisition cannot be separated from the need to bridge communities and their different values, tradition, ideologies, and identities based on their cultural heritages and religious affiliations. In order to properly respond to newly-emerging glocal dynamics in, for instance, classrooms, it is crucial to understand the shifts in racisms from black versus white to East versus West. Therefore, concepts need to consider different dynamics and embrace issues related to gender, sexuality, skin color, habitus, social, financial, and cultural capital, as well as educational achievement (gaps) on an interdisciplinary level. While seeking to find appropriate adaptations of school curricula, it is necessary to not try to run before one can walk—in other words—to not try to let educators teach before they have been taught cross-cultural communication. In addition, racisms cannot be limited to conflicts between immigrants and non-immigrants; racisms also occur among a homogeneous group. The complexity of reuniting and/or integrating various immigrant, non-immigrant, (Middle) Eastern and Western identities and their (intercultural) belonging is critical because of the various circumstances and settings that need to be considered for responding to linguistic, cultural, social, psychological, educational, and financial matters individually. Although there is not one concrete theoretical framework or outcome that can be applied for integration; this dissertation thesis functions as a roadmap for becoming more aware of regional and international struggles. Despite the multifaceted approaches that need to be combined and implemented in terms of second language acquisition, updated teacher training, cross-cultural policies, access to social services and support systems, etc., the education sector remains the foundation for prospective integration: Integrative and multiculturally-aware education provides the glocal society with intercultural and interdisciplinary-applicable assets and capitals. Such abilities help create a politically, socially, financially, culturally, and educationally responsible future embracing transatlantic intermingling instead of oppressing Otherness. Local and global communities benefit from better-adjusted and well-integrated immigrant families and students. The better societies and politics educate, integrate, and value non-locals, the more societies will benefit culturally, socially, politically, and economically from the glocal population. The newly-introduced PIC SAM guidelines provide, in cooperation with key actors and community-centered programs for immigrants and non-immigrants, a roadmap for combining theory and practice in glocal contexts.:Table of Contents vi List of Figures, Tables, and Illustrations x Chapter One 1 Personal Narrative and Relevance: Education as Powerful Integration Tool 1 Rationale, Overview, and Global Integration and Education 7 Theoretical Framework and Methodological Approaches 14 Terminology 17 Steps for Globally-Adjusted Integration and Education 29 Step 1: Understanding Legal Challenges of Turkish Immigrants 29 Step 2: Understanding that Not Every Middle Easterner is a Muslim 33 Step 3: Starting Successful Integration in Kindergarten 33 Step 4: Nurturing Integration Instead of Oppressing Immigration 36 Step 5: Adapting CRT—From Colorblind to Headscarfblind 39 Step 6: Taking the Education Exit for Integration 43 Step 7: Taking the Education Exit to Integration 44 Step 8: Sprucing Up the Headscarf Image 45 Chapter Two 48 Literature Review 48 Chapter Three 103 “Other” Ideologies and Identities—Theoretical Approaches 103 (1) How to Approach Different Ideologies 103 (2) Reasons for Othering and Biased Headscarf Images 103 (3) Disempowering the Exotic Other 104 (4) The Danger of Ill-Ideologies 106 (5) Ideologies as Utopia and Fantasy 108 (6) Capitalization and Mass Economization of Identities and Ideologies 109 (7) Institutionalization of the ISA (aka the School) 110 Chapter Four 113 Individuals are Always-Already Subjects of Ideology 113 Concepts Creating the Multifaceted Constructions of Ideology 114 (1) Ideology as A-Historical 114 (2) Is Ideology “Real” or an Illusion? 115 (3) Individuals are Always-Already Subjects (of Ideology) 116 (4) Subjects within a Mass-Produced Media (Ill)Ideology 117 (5) Shift: From Dominant via Repressed Ideology to State Apparatus 119 (6) Concluding Thoughts on Ideologies 120 Chapter Five 123 Race as Product of Social, Political, and Educational Thought 123 Chapter Six 128 Shifts in Racisms: Whitewashed—From Black to (Middle) East 128 The Wende within Immigration and Globalization 134 (1) History and Its Effect on Pre- and Post-Activism 134 (2) GDR Museums—(False?) Nostalgia in Times of Globalization 141 (3) Cross-Generational Racisms and Racialized White Others 145 Chapter Seven 149 Different Social and Cultural Capitals: East vs. West (German) Habitus 149 Adapting Bourdieu’s Habitus to Different Contexts 151 Comparative Examples: Disadvantaged Groups in the Education Sector 154 Getting to the Nitty-Gritty: The Case of Oscar 156 Concluding the Nitty-Gritty: Political Trust and Progressive Educators 165 Chapter Eight 170 Reverse Activisms: The Importance of Transnational Post-Activism 170 Tear Down that Church! 173 Transferring Activism from the GDR to the 21st Century 177 From “Teaching” Activism to “Doing” Activism 181 East versus West: Striving for Balanced Activisms 184 Activism, Aktivismus, and Activisme—or Negativism? 187 Chapter Nine 190 Adapting and Diversifying CRT 190 Teaching and Learning German and Intercultural Communication 195 Global and Anti-Racist Pedagogies In- and Outside of Schools 200 Roadmap for Changing (the) Dynamics in Germany’s Education 203 (1) Cross-Language Policies: Bilingualism for Everyone 203 (2) Current Challenges in Germany’s Education System 207 (3) Key Actors and Levels in Addressing the Integration Problem(s) 208 (4) Solution Approaches 210 Chapter Ten 212 Glocal Frameworks: Adding “Bi-Religionism” to Bilingualism & Biculturalism 212 Getting to the Nitty-Gritty: The Case of Mo 215 Educational Policy Recommendations 224 Concluding the Nitty-Gritty 230 Chapter Eleven 233 Outlook and Conclusion: Striving for Glocal Awareness and Activist Change 233 References 243 Endnotes 263

Au-delà des variables climatiques, d’autres facteurs non climatiques sont à considérer dans l’analyse de la vulnérabilité et de l’adaptation au changement et variabilité climatiques. Cette mutation de paradigme place l’agent humain au centre du processus d’adaptation au changement climatique, notamment en ce qui concerne le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans la transmission des nouvelles idées. Dans le domaine de l’agriculture, le recours aux innovations est prôné comme stratégie d’adaptation. L’élaboration et l’appropriation de ces stratégies d’adaptation peuvent être considérées comme des processus d’innovation qui dépendent autant du contexte social et culturel d’un territoire, de sa dynamique, ainsi que de la stratégie elle-même. Aussi, l’appropriation et la diffusion d’une innovation s’opèrent à partir d’un processus décisionnel à l’échelle de l’exploitation agricole, qui à son tour, demande une compréhension des multiples forces et facteurs externes et internes à l’exploitation et les multiples objectifs de l’exploitant. Ainsi, la compréhension de l’environnement décisionnel de l’exploitant agricole à l’échelle de la ferme est vitale, car elle est un préalable incontournable au succès et à la durabilité de toute politique d’adaptation de l’agriculture. Or, dans un secteur comme l’agriculture, il est reconnu que les réseaux sociaux par exemple, jouent un rôle crucial dans l’adaptation notamment, par le truchement de la diffusion des innovations. Aussi, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser comment les exploitants agricoles s’approprient et conçoivent les stratégies d’adaptation au changement et à la variabilité climatiques dans une perspective de diffusion des innovations. Cette étude a été menée en Montérégie-Ouest, région du sud-ouest du Québec, connue pour être l’une des plus importantes régions agricoles du Québec, en raison des facteurs climatiques et édaphiques favorables. Cinquante-deux entrevues ont été conduites auprès de différents intervenants à l’agriculture aux niveaux local et régional. L’approche grounded theory est utilisée pour analyser, et explorer les contours de l’environnement décisionnel des exploitants agricoles relativement à l’utilisation des innovations comme stratégie d’adaptation. Les résultats montrent que les innovations ne sont pas implicitement conçues pour faire face aux changements et à la variabilité climatiques même si l’évolution du climat influence leur émergence, la décision d’innover étant largement déterminée par des considérations économiques. D’autre part, l‘étude montre aussi une faiblesse du capital sociale au sein des exploitants agricoles liée à l’influence prépondérante exercée par le secteur privé, principal fournisseur de matériels et intrants agricoles. L’influence du secteur privé se traduit par la domination des considérations économiques sur les préoccupations écologiques et la tentation du profit à court terme de la part des exploitants agricoles, ce qui pose la problématique de la soutenabilité des interventions en matière d’adaptation de l’agriculture québécoise. L’étude fait ressortir aussi la complémentarité entre les réseaux sociaux informels et les structures formelles de soutien à l’adaptation, de même que la nécessité d’établir des partenariats. De plus, l’étude place l’adaptation de l’agriculture québécoise dans une perspective d’adaptation privée dont la réussite repose sur une « socialisation » des innovations, laquelle devrait conduire à l’émergence de processus institutionnels formels et informels. La mise en place de ce type de partenariat peut grandement contribuer à améliorer le processus d’adaptation à l’échelle locale.
Other than climatic variables, non-climatic factors should be considered in the analysis of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change and variability. This shift in paradigm places the human agent at the centre of the process of adaptation to climate change, particularly with regard to the role of social networks in the transmission of new ideas. In agriculture, the use of innovations is advocated as a coping strategy. The development and adoption of these coping strategies can be considered innovative processes that depend as much on the social and cultural context of a country, its dynamics, and the strategy itself. Also, the ownership and dissemination of an innovation are taking place from a decision-making across the farm, which in turn requires an understanding of the multiple forces and external and internal factors in operation and the multiple objectives of the operator. Thus, understanding of the farmer’s decision- making environment at the farm level is vital because it is a prerequisite for the success and sustainability of any agricultural adaptation policy. However, in a sector like agriculture, it is recognized that social networks for example, play a crucial role in adaptation in particular, through the diffusion of innovations. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze how farmers take ownership and design strategies to adapt to climate change and variability from the perspective of diffusion of innovations. This study was conducted in Montérégie- West, a region located in the southwestern part of Quebec and which is known to be one of its most important agricultural regions, due to favorable climatic and soil factors. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with various stakeholders in agriculture at local as well as regional levels. The grounded theory approach is used to analyze and explore the contours of farmers’s decision-making environment regarding the use of innovation as a coping strategy. The results show that innovations are not implicitly designed to cope with climate change and variability even if climate change affects their emergence. The decision to innovate is largely determined by economic considerations. Moreover, the study also shows a weakness of social capital within farmers groups related to the overriding influence of the private sector, which are the main supplier of materials and agricultural inputs. The influence of the private sector has resulted in the dominance of economic considerations over environmental concerns and the temptation of short-term profit from the farmers, which raises the issue of sustainability of interventions in adaptation of Quebec’s agriculture. The study also highlights the complementarity between informal social networks and formal structures of support for adaptation, as well as the need to build partnerships. In addition, the study places the adaptation of Quebec’s agriculture from the perspective of private adaptation whose success is based on a "socialization" of innovations, which should lead to the emergence of formal and informal institutional processes. The establishment of such partnerships can greatly help improve the adaptation process at the local level.

This autobiographical study relates my personal experiences as an international student in Canada to curriculum theory and issues in multicultural education. The study takes a creative, cookbook journal format, using a selection of recipes for exploring cross-cultural experiences and making connections between self and the multicultural environment, and between curricular theories and educational practice. While sometimes recipes refer to simple instructions, the curriculum recipes in this study do not provide simple solutions but rather creative ways of thinking about curriculum. The research question guiding this study is how we can understand multicultural curriculum so that majority groups (the host people in Canada) and minority groups (the people from other cultures) acknowledge a space of shared responsibility for intercultural adaptation, and so that there are not two sides or positions for people when crossing cultures, but a space in between where people dwell together.

The City of Holyoke, Massachusetts is one of many aging, industrial cities striving to revitalize its economy based on the promise of increased digital connectivity and clean energy resources. But how do you renovate 19th century mills to meet the demands of the information age? This architectural study explores the potential impact of sensing technologies and information networks on the definition and function of buildings in the 21st century. It explores the changes that have taken place in industrial architecture since 1850 and argues for an architecture that supports local relationships and environmental awareness. The author explores the industrial history of Holyoke, appraises emerging uses of sensing technologies and presents a thorough narrative of her site analysis and conceptual design of a digital fabrication and incubation center within an existing textile mill.

In this article, we apply Mikhail Bakhtin's model of a 'divided self' to R.D. Laing's eponymous work on the lived experience of divided selves in 'psychosis'. Both of these authors offer intriguing insights into the fracturing of self through its social relationships (including the 'micro-dialogues' staged for oneself) but from uniquely different perspectives. Bakhtin (1984) uses Dostoevsky's novels as his material for a theory of self, centrally concerned with moments of split identity, crisis, and personal transformation, while Laing relies on his patient's accounts of 'psychosis'. We will outline how two key Bakhtinian divisions of the self (spirit/soul and authoritative/internally persuasive discourse) help to make sense of Laing's descriptions of his patient's experiences and micro-dialogues. Conversely, when refracted through Laing's phenomenology Bakhtin's account of the self becomes richer and somewhat darkened in terms of a double-edged ontology, which describes a maximally open self but one that is consumed by ideas, unable to manage their contradictions. The implications of this for managing the dilemmas of self-identity will be drawn out.

Custom is one of behaviors in cultural groups. Each country and region has its unique culture and custom, which leads varied standards and habits for goods selection. This implies that a successful international marketer must do to get deep insights to understand the difference of various cultures and customs, and applies his understanding to the marketing planning process to get a best marketing strategy. In this context, as a necessary means in international marketing, cultural difference should be considered while applying advertisement strategy for local markets. For international corporations, the backgrounds of current consumers have significant differences which can be reflected on the consuming behaviors, and hence results in the general performance. Based on Hofstede's Culture Dimensions theory of national cultural differences, this thesis focus on the cross-culture analysis, by studying those comparative advertisement cases selected from several global companies: Sony, McDonald's, Canon, Ikea etc. Therefore, the author attempts to display how these renowned global companies used local advertising adaptation strategies to brand their products and marketing management in different countries successfully. Finally, it also gives practical guidance and assistance to the process of advertising internationalization in different cultural backgrounds.
Costumes é um dos comportamentos em grupos culturais. Cada país e região tem a sua cultura e os seus costumes únicos, o que conduz a variados standards e hábitos para uma boa seleção.Isto implica que um marketer internacional com êxito deve ter uma profunda compreensão sobre a diferença das diversas culturas e costumes, e que aplica o seu conhecimentos ao processo de plano de marketing para obter a melhor estratégia de marketing. Neste contexto, como um factor necessário no marketing internacional, a diferença cultural deve deve ser considerada enquanto aplicando uma estratégia de publicidade e de se dar a conhecer para os mercados locais.Para as corporações internacionais, o background de actuais consumidores têm diferenças significativas que podem estar refletidas nos comportamentos de consumo, e assim nos resultados da performance geral. Baseada na Teoria das Dimensões Culturais de Hofstede das diferenças culturais nacionais, esta tese centra-se na análise cross-culture. Assim, o autor procura mostrar como estas renomadas companhias globais usaram estratégias de adaptação de publicidade local para promoverem os seus produtos e gestão de marketing em diferentes países de uma forma bem sucedida. Finalmente, também dá orientação e assistência ao processo de internacionalização de promoção em diferentes backgrounds culturais.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia
Numa perspetiva funcionalista os valores de vida são uma expressão cognitiva das necessidades humanas e princípios que orientam a seleção e avaliação de eventos e comportamentos, mas verifica-se a escassez de estudos dos valores de vida com estudantes universitários portugueses. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar os valores de vida que regem os universitários portugueses, verificando a existência de diferenças entre mulheres e homens e variações entre o 1º e 2º ciclo de ensino, com uma amostra de 454 universitários portugueses de vários cursos da Universidade do Minho. Os estudantes preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e o Questionários dos Valores Básicos. Os resultados indicam que os valores a que estes universitários dão mais importância são os das subfunções existência e interativa, sendo que as mulheres dão mais relevância aos valores da subfunção normativa e os homens aos valores da subfunção realização. Em relação aos ciclos de ensino, estes universitários do 1º ciclo dão mais importância aos valores da subfunção normativa do que os do 2º ciclo. Estes resultados permitem que as universidades adequem os seus sistemas de ensino de acordo com os valores priorizados pelos seus estudantes, respondendo de forma mais eficaz às suas necessidades promovendo o desenvolvimento da sua carreira.
From a functionalist perspective, life values are a cognitive expression of human needs and principles that guide the selection and evaluation of events and behaviors, but there is a scarcity of studies on life values with portuguese university students. The aim of this study was to explore the life values that govern portuguese university students, verifying the existence of differences between women and men and variations between the 1st and 2nd cycle of education, with a sample of 454 portuguese students from various courses at the University of Minho. The students completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Basic Values Questionnaire. The results indicate that the values to which these university students give more importance are those of the existence and interactive subfunctions, with women giving more relevance to the values of the normative subfunction and men to the values of the realization subfunction. In relation to the teaching cycles, these university students in the 1st cycle give more importance to the values of the normative subfunction than students in the 2nd cycle. These results allow universities to adapt their education systems according to the values prioritized by their students, responding more effectively to their needs by promoting their career development.