Dissertations / Theses: 'Social and Behavioral Sciences'

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Lant, Ginger M. "Social Learning and Alcohol." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626233.

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Minard, Steven W. "Community policing by part-time police leaders." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/868.

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The majority of police departments across the United States are led by part-time police leaders who are expected to provide high quality public safety and policing services. Research results have not been conclusive on best practices for community policing in larger cities, and the community policing model has not been researched for small police organizations staffed by part-time police leaders and police officers. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the community policing experiences of 12 part-time police leaders in a northeastern U.S. state. Ecological theory provided the conceptual framework. The research questions examined the participants' experiences of community policing in rural communities. The data analysis strategies included reading the transcripts from the taped interviews, reading the field notes, and writing preliminary memos to form and understand the data. Open coding was used initially to organize the data, which were assigned labels and grouped into themes or categories. Content analysis resulted in the development of broader themes that were analyzed using a cross-case comparison for each. Results suggested that all of the police leaders believed that they provided services to the community and faced many of the same issues as full-time police leaders, despite having fewer resources. This study may help to address the problems that part-time police leaders experience in balancing the allocation of limited resources and the establishment of public policy regarding policing best practices. The study provides police and community leaders with a better understanding of the resources needed to ensure adequate policing and public safety services for their communities.

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Baton, Emily. "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Social Skills Application for Children who are Homeless." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6179.

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Researchers have found children who are homeless are twice as likely to develop learning disabilities when compared with non-homeless children and three times as likely to develop emotional and behavioral problems (Bessuk et al., 2014). Additionally, homeless children are more likely to have deficits in regards to social skills (DiBiase & Waddell, 1995; National Child Traumatic Stress Network Homelessness and Extreme Poverty Working Group, 2005), however no known research has specifically explored increasing social skill deficits among homeless children. The purpose of the current research was to a) extend the research on using technology to teach social skills to homeless children and b) examine the efficacy of using the Let’s Be Social application (Everyday Speech, 2015) to teach social skills with the addition of Behavioral Skills Training (BST) if needed. The results of this study showed that participants demonstrated substantial increases in all three social skills after the BST intervention. With the exception of one participant, Sandy, whose baseline levels for one behavior (sharing) met criteria for the skill and did not need further intervention.

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Taylor, Dominic Alexander. "David Hume and the Search for Social Consensus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625817.

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Karver, Christine L. "Neuropsychological Functioning, Social Information Processing, and Parent-Reported Behavior and Social Competence in Internationally Adopted Girls with a History of Institutionalization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427797253.

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Delmendo, Xeres. "Evaluation of reinforcers: A unit price analysis." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2613.

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The purpose of the present study was to develop an approach to determining relative reinforcer value for children, using unit price theory. A free operant preference assessment was conducted with four children, followed by a reinforcer assessment to determine reinforcer efficacy. Following the reinforcer assessment, the unit price evaluation was conducted. The number of reinforcers and number of responses required were manipulated by varying the number of reinforcers provided and the fixed-ratio (FR) requirement, respectively. Four or five different unit price values were compared for each child, and each child's performance was compared with two combinations of FR schedule and number of reinforcers earned for each unit price. The study tested a prediction of unit price theory that as unit price increases, number of responses will increase to an asymptote and decrease thereafter. Results showed that responding increased and then decreased as unit price increased for 2 of the 4 children for one of the two unit price series. Another unit price theory prediction tested was that the rate of consumption of obtained reinforcers at a given price will be a constant regardless of the response requirement and magnitude of reinforcer that make up the unit price. Results showed that consumption was usually similar given equal unit price values but differing FR and amount of consumables received for all 4 participants. These data suggest that unit price theory may be a useful framework for assessing relative reinforcer value. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that reinforcers may be potent in terms of work rate under one reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combination but not another combination. In terms of consumption, reinforcers may be approximately equally potent under various reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combinations.

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Woolley, Jane Louise. "Cohesion and satisfaction in relationships as a function of gender and sexual orientation." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2929.

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Previous comparisons of relationship cohesion and satisfaction in homosexual and heterosexual couples have produced mixed results. Based on recent empirical findings, the hypotheses in the present investigation were as follows: (1) Female homosexuals would report significantly higher relationship satisfaction than would all other subjects; (2) female homosexuals would score significantly higher on all measures of relationship cohesion than would other groups, with heterosexual women scoring significantly higher than all men; (3) cohesion would correlate more positively with high satisfaction for female homosexuals than for any other group; and (4) the Cohesion Scale would correlate positively with the Peplau Dyadic Attachment and Spanier Dyadic Cohesion Scales. A total of 27 male heterosexuals, 26 female heterosexuals, 23 male homosexuals, and 39 female homosexuals who had been involved in their current relationships for at least 1 year completed a relationship questionnaire. None of the hypotheses were supported; however, homosexuals reported significantly higher relationship satisfaction and obtained significantly higher scores on the Peplau Dyadic Attachment Scale than did heterosexuals, regardless of sex. The present findings suggest that female homosexuals are not as distinct a group with regard to relationship cohesion as previous literature would suggest. Scale validity and implications for further research are discussed.

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Mills, Kristin Michele. "Positive video self-modeling to decrease performance anxiety." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2928.

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Anxiety is considered as having trait and state characteristics. The multidimensional theory of state anxiety separates this construct into cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of positive video self-modeling at reducing performance anxiety. I hypothesized that following positive video self-modeling athletes would experience: (a) decreased cognitive and somatic anxiety, (b) increased self-confidence, and (c) improved competitive performance. Nine male collegiate volleyball players were blocked into a low, medium, or high anxiety groups, and were then randomly assigned into either a: (a) positive video self-modeling group, (b) relaxation training group, or (c) no treatment control group. Positive video self-modeling participants each received five sessions of viewing their positively self-modeled videotape, relaxation group participants each received five sessions of respiratory relief training, and the control group remained in baseline. A graphical analysis of the dependent measures suggested that none of the hypotheses were supported.

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Dover, Thomas J. "Implementing a Complex Social Simulation of the Violent Offending Process| The Promise of a Synthetic Offender." Thesis, George Mason University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10131433.

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There are limitations to traditional methods of capturing the dynamics of violent interactions. These limitations are due to outcome driven approaches, data sampling issues, and inadequate means to capture, express, and explore the complexity of behavioral processes. To address these challenges, it is proposed that “violent offending” be re-framed as an emergent feature of a complex adaptive social system. This dissertation abstracts and computationally implements a theoretical framework that forms the basis of a complex social simulation of the violent offending process. The primary outcome of this effort is a viable synthetic offender that emerges from simulated interactions between potential offenders (subjects) and potential victims (targets) within an environment. The results of calibrating this model to a real-world murder series are discussed, as well as, the comparison metrics used to assess goodness-of-fit of simulated and real-world event-sites. A synthetic offender promises valuable insights into individual offending trajectories, offender tactical processes, and the emergence of geospatial and temporal behaviors. Furthermore, this approach is capable of reproducing the violent offending process with sufficient detail to contribute new scientific understanding and insights to criminology and the social sciences.

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Rebmann, Matthew John. "A behavioral treatment of denial of deficits in brain-injured adults: A multiple-baseline study." Scholarly Commons, 1993. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2951.

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This study examined the efficacy of an intervention for increasing the accuracy of brain-injured clients' estimation of symptom severity, using a multiple-baseline design across six subjects. High initial predicted test scores, relative to test performance, were considered underestimations of symptom severity. An estimation technique (similar to Youngjohn & Altman, 1989) and explicit positive reinforcement for decreases in discrepancies between predicted test scores and actual scores were used to increase awareness of memory deficits. It was hypothesized that clients' predicted scores would significantly decrease over time following treatment. Meanwhile, the predicted scores of clients not yet receiving treatment would not significantly change. Reduced differences between predicted and actual scores were clearly obtained for two of the six clients, despite no significant decreases in predicted scores. Results are interpreted in the light of threats to the study's internal validity and directions for future research are suggested.

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Gotthard, Real Alexander. "Essays in Behavioral Economics." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429818327.

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Fakharzadeh, Sadaf. "Listener responses can influence the presentation of restricted interest topics to individuals with ASD." Scholarly Commons, 2020. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3694.

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The behavior of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can influence caregiver responses that lead to countertherapeutic outcomes. However, there are few experimental evaluations of variables that can cause potentially undesirable interactions between those with ASD and their caregivers. Specifically, little is known about the effects of listener interest on the restricted topics presented by caregivers. We evaluated the influence of listener responses exhibited by a confederate acting as a person with ASD on the topics presented by three undergraduate students who were interested in working with individuals diagnosed with ASD. Each session consisted of a 5-min conversation, during which the participant was instructed to talk about three topics. We compared the duration of topic presentation across phases in which the confederate behaved as an interested listener for one topic or for all three topics. Results showed that topic presentation was controlled by the confederate’s behavior as an interested or uninterested listener. All participants reported that the simulation was believable, acceptable, and useful. These findings have implications for understanding interactions between caregivers and individuals with ASD that might foster restricted interests and for developing corresponding interventions and caregiver-training programs.

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Dodge, Cynthia Lynne. "Increasing social interaction in socially isolated preschool children." Scholarly Commons, 1987. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/502.

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The purpose of this study was to improve social interaction and peer acceptance in socially isolated pre school children. It investigated whether children's stories a lone, and children' s stories paired with instrument playing led to improved peer ratings and an increase in social interaction during the following s mall group and large group free play periods . The subjects consisted of two groups of three children aged 3 - 5 years old . The study was conducted at two licensed preschools Monday through Friday in activity rooms. The children were selected on the basis of having the lowest scores on the Behavioral Observation device and by teacher referral. A Sociometric-Assessment device was a l so used pre-post to measure the change of peer social standing. Results of t he multiple baseline analysis across subjects showed that five of the six subjects had a greater overall increase in social interaction during the Books & Music treatment phase. Results of the Sociometric-Assessment measure showed a positive change (p< . 001) in the target subjects social standing among peers. Follow-up data suggested some maintenance of treatment effects . Given all of the positive changes, music educators and therapists should consider this type of intervention.

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Fernlund, Isaksson Erika. "Social learning and brain size in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-185607.

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Stetzik, Lucas. "NON-GENOMIC FACTORS IN THE EXPRESSION OF ADULT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1473339240391073.

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Holloway, Jennifer L. "Mechanisms Mediating Social Enhancement of Alcohol Intake in the Rat." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626234.

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Sabbag, Michael Fred. "A behavioral approach to suggestion systems." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2955.

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It was hypothesized that a suggestion system based on behavioral principles would lead to the submission of an increased number of suggestions and improve employees' expectations of suggestion contribution. Friday Night Live Program employees of San Joaquin Youth Services (n=2) were assigned to an experimental group and received a suggestion box (baseline phase) for 6 weeks followed by the behavioral suggestion system (treatment) for 6 weeks. Other employees at San Joaquin Youth Services formed a control group ($n=12$) and were in a continuous baseline phase. Both groups were given a pretest and a post-test survey concerning their expectations of suggestion contributions. During the 12 weeks of the study, the control group contributed no suggestions, while the experimental group contributed a mean of 4.4 suggestions per week during treatment and no suggestions during their baseline phase. Additionally, survey scores showed an improved attitude toward suggestions for the experimental group and declining attitudes toward suggestions for the control group. These results support the hypothesis.

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Lusung, Daisy. "SPIRITUALITY AND WORK RELATED STRESS IN SOCIAL WORKERS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/673.

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Social workers are subjected to experiencing job related stress due to high case loads, the severity of client cases, and vicarious trauma. In order to cope with these job stresses, it would be conducive for social workers to find alternatives to coping with job related stress. Practicing spirituality can be seen in many forms relating to religion, cultural practices, prayers, meditation, and to be one with nature to say the least. This research will explore the correlation between spirituality and job related stress among social workers. Quantitative data has been gathered amongst 133 social workers who have participated in answering the spirituality inventory and job stress questionnaire. Results from this data finds that spirituality brings forth positive attributes such as reducing stress and burnout. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between spirituality and job stress. The greater spirituality is linked to lower levels of job stress. Therefore, it is vital to utilize spirituality as it may help with self care and lead to greater longevity in the social work field.

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Alkahtani, Mohammad. "Transformations in United States Policy toward Syria Under Bashar Al Assad A Unique Case Study of Three Presidential Administrations and a Projection of Future Policy Directions." Diss., NSUWorks, 2017. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/103.

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Foreign policy development in the United States is constitutionally granted to the Executive Office. The President has the responsibility for determining when, where, and how soft and/or hard power will be employed in the pursuit of national interests. In the case of U.S. policy regarding Syria, over the course of the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations, some significant policy transformations have occurred. This qualitative research study examines the evolution of such policies over the course of three different presidential administrations, seeking an answer to the question of whether or not it was likely that U.S. Syrian policy would include a military “boots on the ground” presence against the Al Assad regime. The problem is significant in light of the fact that Syria is increasingly becoming a failed state and continues to experience a violent civil war. This violence is a consequence of both resistance to the Al Assad regime and the presence of ISIS. Using International Relations theory (specifically, Liberalism and Realism), and applying the theory of Coalition Building, it is argued that all three presidents were largely Realists in their Syrian policies. It is further argued that it is highly unlikely that even under a new presidential administration that the US will enhance its military presence in Syria to any great extent. The study contributes to the field of Conflict Resolution by highlighting the complexities of establishing and maintaining an effective foreign policy in a situation that is ridden with conflict, essentially fluid, and in which multiple actors are engaged.

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Broderick, Gemma L. "Boundaries of governance: Social responsibility in mining in Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1589.

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This research investigated the boundaries of governance of social responsibility in three multinational mining organisations based in Perth, Western Australia. The mining industry has economic, environmental and social impacts, both positive and negative. While most of the attention of the media and supporters in government seems to focus on the positive impacts, a growing concern regarding the social implications of mining is clearly evident in public discourse and the academic literature. In response to public concern, the mining industry has adopted terms such as ‘sustainability’, ‘sustainable development’, ‘social licence to operate’ and ‘social responsibility’. Such phrases are widely used in annual reports and public statements. It seems reasonable then to expect that organisations in the industry would be managing the social impacts of mining with the same diligence that is applied to economic and environmental impacts. However the governance of social impacts and the social responsibilities of mining organisations have historically been managed reactively, rather than proactively, or have not been addressed at all. This study used phenomenological research methods to examine the perceptions of the people who are at the forefront of decision making for social responsibility in the mining industry: the managers in mining companies. The findings detail different conceptions of social responsibility, and how these affected governance and boundaries. The term ‘boundaries’ is used here to express what participants perceived as the limits of their organisation’s social responsibility. The thesis explores whether boundary setting was formal or informal, how boundaries were defined and under what conditions they changed. The research confirmed that terms such as ‘sustainable development’ were used widely; however the meanings attributed to these often obscured the narrow conception of the terms. This interpretation aligned with an organisationally strategic approach to social responsibility that primarily aimed to benefit the organisation, while the provision of benefits to other parties was a secondary consideration. The research found that the perceived level of risk to the organisation was most influential in defining boundaries, and risk itself was in a constant state of flux based on changing economic and social circumstances and changing perceptions. The findings showed that the organisations governed social responsibility to reduce risk to the organisation, and construed their social responsibilities through narrow interpretations of sustainability and sustainable development that foregrounded the organisation, rather than as a way to effectively and systematically reduce the negative impacts of mining on society or to contribute to sustainability in a broader sense.

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Prince, Julia. "Implementation of the Power Card Strategy to Increase Appropriate Social Commenting of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder During Game Play." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/593610.

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Applied Behavioral Analysis
M.S.Ed.
This study examined the effectiveness of the Power Card strategy in increasing social commenting of three children with ASD to their peers while playing a game. The Power Card strategy is an antecedent strategy, which incorporates the child’s special interest into a script and steps to show her or him how to engage in the appropriate target behavior. Previous studies have shown that the Power Card strategy is effective when used to teach social skills. However, there have been mixed findings on the impact the Power Card strategy has on commenting during gameplay. Therefore, additional research is needed to evaluate if the Power Card strategy can increase social commenting. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Power Card strategy on the frequency of comments three children with ASD made to peers during a game. Results can be interpreted to support the Power Card strategy as effective in increasing the frequency of comments made to peers while playing a game. Additionally, response generalization and stimulus generalization occurred across all three participants. Behavioral staff and participants’ parents reported that the Power Card was an effective strategy and noted an increase in independent commenting in other environments.
Temple University--Theses

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Yu, Michael Lee. "A comparison of stimulus preference methods in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Scholarly Commons, 2003. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2710.

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The purpose of this study was to compare three methods of assessing preference for stimuli in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A paired-stimulus method, a multiple stimulus with replacement (MSW), and a multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment were conducted with participants. All assessments were conducted verbally. The paired method was the most accurate at correctly identifying the preference of stimuli and took the least amount of time to administer. After the stimulus preference assessments, a reinforcer assessment was conducted in order to identify which of the three stimulus preference methods was the most accurate and efficient method for identifying highly preferred items/activities in children with ADHD. It is suggested that future research compare the differences between the pictorial and verbal MSW methods.

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Jenkins, Ginger Lee. "Negative Appraisal Correlation to PTSD Symptoms Among Law Enforcement Officers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7155.

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Law enforcement officers are exposed to traumatic events through their daily work responsibilities. Traumatic events have increased within recent decades and can have long-term and critical outcomes on officers such as health concerns, long-term psychological issues, social impairment, and work performance. Thus, this quantitative study was conducted to explore negative appraisals of cumulative traumatic events and their relation to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in law enforcement officers. Based on the theoretical framework for the study, Ehlers and Clark's cognitive model, negative appraisals involve how an individual interprets a situation, negative appraisals of traumatic events lead to maladaptive behavior and the inability to cope causes persistent PTSD symptoms. Investigative and patrol law enforcement officers from central Florida completed surveys based on cumulative trauma, negative appraisals, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results of multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated that cumulative trauma did not predict negative appraisals; however, cumulative trauma and negative appraisals significantly predicted PTSD symptoms. This study can enhance positive social change by encouraging future studies on cognitive processing and the development of specialized prevention and intervention protocols to assist in diminishing long-term effects of traumatic events.

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Cureton, Shava T. "A study of social workers knowledge of environmental living conditions and health disparities." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2012. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/210.

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It has been proven that there is a connection between the physical environment and health outcomes. Low income and minority communities live in hazardous environments and bear a disproportionate burden of environmental health disparities. Environmental hazards imposed on low income and minority communities require the immediate attention of social workers. Social workers are in a unique position to ensure that the health and well being of oppressed groups is not compromised by environmental factors. This study examined the environmental health awareness of 90 licensed social workers. More specifically, this study assessed the following information from social workers: (1) familiarity with environmental hazards, (2) knowledge of environmental health problems, (3) knowledge of environmental legislation, (4) professional practice of screening clients for past and present exposure to environmental pollutants, (5) professional experiences with receiving environmental concerns from clients, (6) professional practice of advocating for the environmental health of clients, and (7) professional opinions about the need to train and educate social work students and professionals on environmental health. This study asserts that social workers can protect the environmental health of distressed communities across the micro-macro spectrum.

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Baura, Lori Linn. "Aggression Changes and Social Influence during Testosterone Induced Sex Reversal in Betta splendens." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625325.

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Martin, Mary. "Social Support, Health Status, and Personality Factors in Coping Styles of Gay Men." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6352.

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Personality factors and coping styles may affect how individuals will respond to the lack of social support. The purpose of this descriptive design was to examine the relationship between social support and health risk implications in gay men, which is a population that is under-represented in the research literature in regard to this topic. The theoretical framework guiding this study was the social stress model, which posits that stress and support are related to mental health outcomes. A sample of 76 gay men were recruited from Craigslist ad to participate in this study. They completed self -report questionnaires anonymously online, including a personality questionnaire, (the NEO FF1-3), a social support questionnaire, (the Interpersonal Evaluation List), a health risk questionnaire, (the SF12), and a coping questionnaire, (the Coping Schemas Inventory). A multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between social support, personality characteristics, coping styles, and health risks. The findings included a significant positive predictive relationship between lack of social support and the dependent variables of health risks and coping styles in participants who also scored high on the personality trait Neuroticism. There were no associations between social support and the dependent variables in individuals scoring high on the personality trait Conscientiousness. Positive social change implications include an increased knowledge that may allow individuals and health care providers to engage in treatment and programs that can be designed to help gay men deal more effectively with lack of social support, which may in turn reduce health care risks in this population.

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Hawkes, Candace L. "Effects of Imagined Social Rejection and Acceptance across Varying Relationships." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/12.

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Previous research (Tesser, Millar, & Moore, 1988) has shown that being close to one’s rejecter intensifies negative outcomes associated with rejection. Other research, however, has shown that people’s fundamental needs are threatened equally when they are ostracized by in-group members or despised groups (i.e., KKK members; Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007), suggesting that perhaps acceptance by close others may not differ from acceptance by strangers. In this study, we examined the effects of imagined rejection and acceptance across varying degrees of relationship intensity (close other, acquaintance, or stranger). Participants who imagined being rejected by a close other reported higher depressed mood than those who imagined being rejected by an acquaintance or by a stranger and more hurt feelings than those who imagined being rejected by a stranger. Interestingly, those who imagined being accepted by a close other reported higher anxiety than those imagining being accepted by an acquaintance or stranger.

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Lindsey, James. "The Relationship of the Authoritarian Personality & Social Identity Theory." TopSCHOLAR®, 1993. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2538.

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Since social identity theory and authoritarian personality theory have been presented as opposing theories of discrimination, the present experiment explored whether authoritarianism could explain discrimination in social identity theory's minimal group paradigm. High, high average, low average, and low authoritarians were given three measures of in-group favoritism in minimal groups (two point -distribution tasks and a group -rating task). An authoritarianism main effect and an authoritarianism by order interaction on the point -distribution tasks indicated that authoritarianism significantly enhanced discrimination, but only when these tasks followed the group-rating measure. This interaction indicates that authoritarianism has greater influence on discrimination as in-group/out-group distinctions are made more salient. Authoritarianism did not influence discrimination in group ratings. Social identity theory proposes that individuals use discrimination to enhance their self-esteem, but only high authoritarians appeared to do so in this study.

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Tucker, Fred D. "Influences of Food Availability and Social Context on Behavior and Behavioral Plasticityin Xiphophorus helleri Hybrids." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565280065733666.

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Billeck, Jillian L. "Investigation of Empathy-like Behavior in Social Housing." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1464882405.

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Garcia, Tracey Anne. "Context and the relationship between social anxiety and urge to drink." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3599.

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The study investigated how the type of social context (i.e., a) social interaction and b) speech challenge) affected the strength of the relationship between state social anxiety (SSA) and urge to drink (i.e., the subjective desire to drink; UTD) in women. The sample included 74 women (78% Hispanic; Mage =20.63; SD = 2.21). The participants completed both a and b “social task challenges” (STC) using a within-subjects design. Participants reported SSA level (as indicated by the Subjective Units of Discomfort on a scale from 0 -100) and their UTD (subjective desire to drink on a scale of 0 -100) in anticipation of the STC, during the STC, and after the STC. In both conditions, SSA and UTD were positively correlated at all time points. Contrary to hypotheses, type of STC did not moderate the relationship between SSA and UTD. Implications for early prevention of hazardous alcohol use are discussed, as is this research study’s findings In regards to current literature.

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La, Cava Edward. "Mining for a Gilded Age: Social Media and Social Phenomena." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/253.

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Tar, Nicholas L. K. "When Cyber Systems Crash: Attitudes Towards Cyber Utilization And Security." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/69.

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This research focused on examining attitudinal differences of Internet utilization and security with the objective of understanding the relationships that cyber usability have with cybercrime and then determine best practices needed to promote the secure use of the Internet. The research was designed as a quantitative study that used judgment sampling to survey 433 cases to explain the relationship that exists between cyber utilization and security. To achieve this objective, research questions and hypothesis were designed to guide the analysis. Cross tabulation analysis was used to compare the dependent and independent variables while Chi-square, Lambda and Gamma statistical tests were used to verify the relationship and identify statistical significance of the relationship. The findings revealed that while variables like being IT savvy, amount of financial loss, education, age, gender and residence location did not have evidence of a relationship with security, research participants had concern for secure cyber use and thought that cybersecurity awareness training and type of transaction conducted on the Internet were associated to security even though the strength of each relationship was weak. The study highlighted the damaging effects of cybercrime and recommended that cyber users should embrace best practice principles as they browse the Internet and utilize cybersecurity awareness training as an important function of secure IT utilization.

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Wilkes, Robert Jr. "A case study analysis of the attitudes of elected officials regarding quality of life ordinances that impact the street homeless in Atlanta, Georgia, and San Francisco, California." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2001. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/107.

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This study examines the attitudes of local elected officials regarding quality of life ordinances that impact the street homeless in Atlanta, Georgia, and San Francisco, California. The case study approach was employed. A closed and opened-ended questionnaire was employed to obtain data. Content and aggregate data analysis was also performed. Although the data indicates that there is political representation for the homeless in Atlanta and San Francisco, it is not substantive. That is, even though local government in Atlanta and San Francisco acknowledges the need and its willingness to build additional affordable housing, more energy, time, and resources must be utilized for the creation of affordable housing if governmental figures realistically expect to assist the homeless in securing permanent affordable housing. The data shows, however, that in addition to creating affordable housing, local government in Atlanta and San Francisco has devoted a significant amount of energy, time, and resources to control the behavior of the street homeless. The data analysis also shows that it is the residential and business communities leading the charge for enactment and strong enforcement of quality of life ordinances in both cities. This finding is consistent with Robert DeLeon’s study of local governance in San Francisco. DeLeon argues that San Francisco politics is best understood within the context of pluralism. My study basically shows that pluralism is at work regarding quality of life ordinances in San Francisco. On the other hand, this finding comes in opposition to what Clarence Stone found in his study of Atlanta: Stone concluded that Atlanta governance is best understood within a regime. Even though my study does not confirm that regime theory is inadequate in explaining governance in Atlanta, it does highlight that the residential and rank and file have a strong and significant voice in ensuring the creation and enforcement of quality of life ordinances in Atlanta. The data analysis also suggests that a relationship exists among council members who believe that the primary cause of homelessness in Atlanta and San Francisco, respectively, stems from personal defects and those who support quality of life ordinances. This finding is consistent when analyzing the attitudes of San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown regarding quality of life ordinances. Of respondents supporting quality of life ordinances, all indicated that the primary cause of homelessness in their respective cities falls within the personal perspective. At the other end of the spectrum, respondents who stated that the primary cause of homelessness is structural indicated opposition to quality of life ordinances.

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Foreman, Sean Daniel. "The politics of professional sports facility subsidies in Florida." FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3338.

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Political leaders in urban settings regularly confront difficult decisions over how to distribute public funds. Those decisions may be even more controversial when they involve public subsidies of professional sports facilities. Yet, state and local governments in the United States have granted billions of dollars in financial and land-based subsidies for professional sports facilities over the past two decades, raising questions about how these types of corporate welfare decisions are made by local leaders. Scholarship on urban politics and community power suggests a number of theories to explain political influence. They include elitism, pluralism, political economy and growth machines, urban regimes, coalition theory, and minority empowerment. My hypothesis is that coalition theory, a theory that argues that public policy decisions are made by shifting, ad hoc alliances within a community, best describes these subsidy decisions. To test this hypothesis I employ a public policy process model and develop a framework of variables that is used to methodically examine four sports facilities funding decisions in two Florida counties between 1977 and 1998: Joe Robbie Stadium and the American Airlines Arena in Miami-Dade, and the Ice Palace Arena and the Raymond James Stadium in Hillsborough County. The framework includes six variables that permit a rigorous examination of the actors involved in the decision, their interactions, and the political environment within which they operate. The variables are formal political structure, informal sector, subsidy proponents, subsidy opponents, public policy options, and public opinion. This research rests on qualitative data gathered from interviews of public and private officials involved in subsidy decisions, public records, and media reports Employing a case study analysis, I offer a rich description of the decision making process to publicly fond sports stadiums and arenas in Florida. My findings confirm that the best theory to explain decisions to subsidize sports facilities is one in which short term, temporary coalitions are formed to accomplish policy goals.

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Horning-Kossler, William. "A Critique of Ronald Inglehart's Theory of Cultural Shift." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625904.

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Tapia, Mosqueda Ricardo. "Perceptions of Effectiveness of Interpretation Services in the Washington County Court System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/69.

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In the United States, court interpretation services are as old as the country’s history. The cultural and rich ethnic diversity of the U.S. has continued to provide a need for interpretation services. However, it was not until 1978 under the Federal Court Interpreters Act that the federal government would institute a framework for the federal courts to follow (Public Law 95-539, 1978). State courts were left to establish their own methodologies for addressing the way in which court interpreters are used. As the U.S. continues to become more linguistically diverse, such services need to be made easily accessible whenever necessary. In the court of law, one of the most critical elements is communication. The interaction taking place amongst the attorneys, defendants, plaintiffs, judges, and so forth must be effectively communicated in order to ensure that no person’s rights are infringed upon. Without this vital element, plaintiffs and defendants cannot be equally protected and justice cannot be served. There are measures taken to ensure that those who are not proficient in the English language have the opportunity to be represented, but the fact that they need somebody else to be their voice in the courtroom poses various issues that will be addressed in this research. The following research presents the results of a case study of the Washington County Court System (hereafter referred to as WCCS) in East Tennessee. The purpose of the case study is to explore how court interpretation services are being addressed in this area. Study participants were asked about the relationship between Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Spanish speaking individuals and the courts, and their answers consistently suggested that the WCCS is going beyond the expectations set forth by the Administrative Office of the Courts of Tennessee.

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Grear, Teresa. "A study of the relationship between traditional and nontraditional social work in The State of Georgia." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2006. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3911.

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This study examined the relationship among social workers who were engaged in traditional social work practice and non-traditional social work practice. One hundred and forty two (142) survey participants were selected for the study utilizing non probability convenience sampling. The survey participants were composed of members of the Georgia Chapter of National Association of Social Workers who were either currently working or retired from the field of social work. The survey questionnaire was developed for the purpose of exclusive use of this study and employed the four point Likert Scale. The findings of the study revealed that regardless of the practice settings social workers showed little distinction in their adherence to social work mission, values, foundational knowledge and use of social work skill sets. The findings also indicated that social workers were accepting (85.8%) of non-traditional social work settings despite 65.7% of participants identifying themselves as traditional social workers in the study

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Reed-Fitzke, Kayla. "Changing Social Roles in the Context of Emerging Adulthood." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2019/schedule/35.

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Washburn, Sandra S. "Stress management training: Massed versus distributed practice for child care workers." Scholarly Commons, 1995. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2801.

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This study investigated two different training schedules for a stress management course offered to 36 child care workers. The study included three groups, a massed training group, distributed training group, and an untreated control group. Based on learning theory as presented in the paper, it was hypothesized that the distributed format (1 hour per week for 8 weeks) would yield greater changes in reported stress than would the massed format (4 hours in 2 sessions) or the wait-list control. Results indicated that statistically the training was effective in changing the number of hours absent from work, that the distributed format was superior to the massed in changing number of hours absent from work, and that the massed format was preferred by participants. Trends further tended toward support for the hypothesis that the distributed format would be more effective, particularly with the Emotional Exhaustion pre-/post-training scores. Critique and suggestions for further study are included in this paper.

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White, Garrick. "An exploratory study: school social workers' perceptions of effective truancy interventions for African American high school students." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/80.

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This embedded mixed methods study explored school social workers’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness of current truancy interventions, which truancy interventions are most effective in reducing truancy among African American high school students, and what makes the truancy interventions effective. The study population included school social workers from the state of Georgia who had at least one year of school social work practice with African American high school students. The independent variables were parental involvement, professional development for teachers, mentoring, collaboration with community partners and filing truancy petitions with the juvenile courts. To carry out the study, a questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data and focus groups were facilitated to collect the qualitative data. Descriptive analysis (mean, central tendency) was used to analyze the quantitative data with a paired t-test to determine any significance between the degree of importance and effectiveness of the truancy interventions in general. Discussion was used to analyze the qualitative results of the study. The findings of the study reveal that all of the truancy interventions were generally rated as important and effective truancy interventions. However, mentoring was rated specifically, as the most effective truancy interventions to reduce truancy among African American high school students. Implications for policy and social work practice are discussed.

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Wortmann, Joseph James. "The effects of differential verbal feedback given to collegiate volleyball players practicing the skill of passing." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2617.

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A three-group baseline-treatment case history design was used to compare the effectiveness of positive and corrective verbal feedback for improving the skill of passing for experienced male collegiate volleyball players. Sixteen players were blocked into two skill levels, high and low and then randomly assigned to one of three feedback groups, positive, corrective, or no feedback. The head coach gave feedback to the players during the four sessions they attended. Passing statistics were recorded to determine the effectiveness of the differential feedback on the players' skill of passing. Results show that there was not a significant overall decrease in the performance of the positive feedback group. The corrective group did not increase their passing performance in comparison to that of the other groups. There were mixed results with the high skilled corrective passers slightly declining in performance and the low skilled slightly increasing in their performance.

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Westerman, Jeffrey Joseph. "Domain specific refusal skill training with adolescents: Assessing generalization as a function of the number of domains trained." Scholarly Commons, 1995. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2802.

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The present study compared levels of cigarette smoking refusal skills, and assessed generalization to a novel behavior domain among three groups of fifth grade students. A total of 32 students where randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) a smoking refusal skills group; (b) a multiple domain (smoking, drug and alcohol, and gang activity) refusal skills group; and (c) a group that only discussed the negative health effects of smoking. It was predicted that both skill training groups, in relation to the discussion group, would score significantly higher for refusing cigarettes on self-efficacy and skill performance dependent variables. It was also predicted that the group receiving training in multiple high risk domains would perform best on the untrained measure of refusing an offer to get into a car with a drunk driver. Results did not support either of the two hypotheses. The reasons for this are discussed.

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Ek, Courtney. "Social Story TM and In-Situ Training at Home: Effects on Household Chemical Safety Skills in Young Children." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6831.

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The purpose of this study was to expand the literature on Social StoryTM and in-situ training by targeting household chemical safety skills in typically developing young children. The study involved three children, ages 2 and 3 years old who had difficulty performing household chemical safety skills at home. A multiple-baseline across participants design with an ABC sequence was used to examine the effects of the Social StoryTM and in-situ training interventions on the children’s household chemical safety skills. The investigation focused on examining whether the Social StoryTM alone would be effective in teaching targeted safety skills to children or whether adding in-situ training would be necessary to enhance the treatment outcomes. The results indicated that Social StoryTM with in-situ training was more effective than Social StoryTM alone in teaching household chemical safety skills to children, ages 2 and 3 years old.

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Hoffman, Melanie D. "The Impact of Canine Companion Service Animal (CSA) Use on Social Behaviors Between Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Who Use CSA and Those Who Do Not." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1000.

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According to theory of the mind, individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are unable to interpret the social cues of others, which results in anxiety and social behavior deficits . Individuals with ASD are currently using canine Companion Service Animals (CSAs) in order to practice developing attachment bonds ; however, no known quantitative studies have demonstrated the efficacy of CSA in improving social behaviors in ASD populations. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the extent to which exposure to CSA impacts social skills and social interaction in children and adolescents with ASD as measured by the parent self-reports on the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), respectively. MANOVA results of a matched-paticipant, equivalent, posttest-only design ( n = 122) showed that CSA users had fewer deficits in social skills and social interaction. There were no differences in age, IQ, or comorbidity CSA scores for social interaction or social skills based on MANOVA analysis. Results suggest that attachment bonds between the CSA user and an associated CSA provide an opportunity to engage in social interactions despite social skill deficits. This study contributes to social change by increasing awareness of the impact of CSA on the daily social functioning of children and adolescents with ASD.

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Berman, Jodie M. "An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis A Social Revolution: International Yogi PeaceBuilders." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/54.

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This study addressed a group of people called karma yogis who have been of service in the world. The population I analyzed are those assisting others in developing countries that are in communities that have been marginalized by war, political unrest, and unstable conditions. This study is an interpretative phenomenological analysis that illuminated the lived experience of karma yogis who volunteered in developing countries as peacebuilders. The research focused on understanding this group of international peacebuilders and their dedication to service which affected the social identity of the yogi. Exploring the experiences and what it meant to be an international karma yogi was at the core of this research. The theoretical underpinnings were based on Gandhian nonviolence, peace philosophies and human needs theory. A keen understanding of these international peacebuilders allowed for insight into why their philosophy is important within the field of peace studies. Three participants who are yogis were interviewed as to their experiences as peacebuilders in developing countries. The questions in this research were what is the lived experience of karma yogis as international peacebuilders? What does it mean to be an international karma yogi? What are the experiences of international karma yogis? What is the identity of the international karma yogi? Through conducting and analyzing the interviews this study revealed the lived experience of karma yogis as international peacebuilders. Defining the path of a peacebuilder, interpreting the impact of the international karma yogi, reviewing the life of service as an international karma yogi and reflecting on the identity of an international karma yogi were the main themes that addressed the questions being explored within this study.

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Wimbs, Malinda L. "Exploring Personal and Societal Expectations of Blind Veterans." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10279892.

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More U.S. men and women are returning from military service obligations with physical and mental disabilities which complicate their transition to civilian life. Few researchers, however, have examined the post service experiences of blind veterans and whether they are affected by societal expectations of people living with disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain knowledge about the experiences of U.S. veterans who suffered vision loss, and the influence of societal expectations on their lives. Hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was used to explore the personal meanings 8 veterans, who lost their vision during active service, attached to their experiences as they transition into daily routines. Using a 4 stage hermeneutic analysis and an interpretive lens resulted in the emergence of 6 major themes: (1) Never give up, (2) Mantras and declarations, (3) Previous beliefs and helping, (4) Struggles after vision loss (5) Current thought about disabilities and (6) Independence. Key findings suggested the veterans’ previous thoughts about disabilities hindered their initial adjustments to losing their vision. All of them experienced a time of distress that aligned with their previous thoughts concerning people living with obvious disabilities requiring help, and independent skills training programs greatly contributed to their increased confidence to live independently. Blind veterans’ personal descriptions of becoming blind may provide social workers, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and other human service professionals with information they can use to enhance programming and services for these individuals. Other implications for positive social change include the possible development of social change initiatives to change public perceptions of blind veterans.

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Kroytor, Anya. "Does behavioral treatment for children with social anxiety disorder change vocal characteristics?" Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/573.

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Children with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) characterized by persistent shyness and anxiety in social or performance situation, exhibit social skills deficits. These deficits include difficulty initiating conversations, maintaining eye contact, and taking turns when speaking, which in turn leads to impairments in their daily interactions and development of peer relationships (Greco, 2005; Miers, 2010). Although there are many subjective assessments for treatment outcomes for children with SAD, in order to become more thorough and effective when assessing treatment outcomes, more objective measures of actual behaviors are needed. This study uses digital vocal analysis to examine vocal parameters associated with anxiety such as pitch and volume in children with SAD pre and post treatment. Measuring vocal parameters during role-play behavioral assessment tasks allowed us to examine whether the software was capable of detecting differences in vocal characteristics that are consistent with the clinical presentation of the disorder. Children with SAD showed differences in vocal characteristics pre to post treatment, in regards to pitch, pitch variability, volume, and volume variability. There were significant changes in volume pre to post treatment, however the changes in pitch, pitch variability, and volume variability were not significant. These results suggest that post SET-C treatment, certain vocal characteristics, (one of the social skills deficits exhibited by children with SAD) improved. Implications of the findings are discussed.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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Balandra, Emily. "The Generalist Practice: Perceived Preparedness Among Social Workers." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/513.

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The purpose of this study is to assess the perceived preparedness among social workers who have graduated from a generalist social work practice program. By researching the preparedness of generalist practice social workers, the researcher will be able to gain insight regarding the self-efficacy and confidence among social workers with the generalist practice education and to better understand their commonalities as well as barriers. Due to the lack of research on the topic, is an exploratory research project. All data gathered in the interviews were analyzed with qualitative techniques. The interviews will aim to identify major themes and sub-themes to organize the data collected. Participants were asked about their perspective and lived experiences about their generalist practice education; the qualitative method used was phenomenology. Overall, the data collected from the research could possibly impact the outlook of generalist social work education as well as give future students the proper information to be able to decide on the type of education they would like to invest in. Through data collection, participants stated that previous work experience and their field placements had a major impact on their knowledge base going into the field. Secondly, most participants expressed that the generalist practice helped them obtain their first job upon graduation. Although most participants indicated a positive correlation with the generalist practice, they were able to highlight some suggestions for the generalist practice curriculum which include, having a DSM course and focusing on the student’s preferred theoretical orientation.

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Whang, Chloe. "Simultaneity Bias in Campaign Spending Games." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/770.

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In this paper, I replicate Erikson and Palfrey (2000) who propose that the simultaneity problem in measuring the effects of candidate spending can be resolved by restricting the sample to close elections. Vote-on-spending effects, which vary with the expected closeness of the election outcome in a systematic way, determine the extent of simultaneity bias. The simultaneity bias becomes progressively more severe as the anticipated vote margin decreases, plaguing the estimates of spending-on-vote effects on the full sample. In the range of a 50-50 expected vote, however, the vote-on-spending effects approach zero. Thus, by restricting the sample to extremely close races, I obtain unbiased estimates of candidate spending effects. I then extend their model using data that includes elections that took place after a pair of major campaign finance reforms: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling of 2010. The BCRA heightens the perceived effectiveness of candidate spending by removing the hidden substitute for candidates’ campaign funds, namely, soft money. After the Citizens United ruling, however, as soft money starts to play a crucial role in electoral campaigns, candidates’ own funds matter less. The ruling appears to amplify incumbency advantage, perhaps because incumbents take advantage of their non-monetary incumbency benefits to attract soft money donations. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate in academia over the causal connection between candidate spending and vote share by presenting evidence that campaign spending has significant effects on election outcomes.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social and Behavioral Sciences'

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