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1
Bolenz, Florian, Andrea M. F. Reiter, and Ben Eppinger. "Developmental Changes in Learning: Computational Mechanisms and Social Influences." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232296.
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Our ability to learn from the outcomes of our actions and to adapt our decisions accordingly changes over the course of the human lifespan. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using computational models to understand developmental changes in learning and decision-making. Moreover, extensions of these models are currently applied to study socio-emotional influences on learning in different age groups, a topic that is of great relevance for applications in education and health psychology. In this article, we aim to provide an introduction to basic ideas underlying computational models of reinforcement learning and focus on parameters and model variants that might be of interest to developmental scientists. We then highlight recent attempts to use reinforcement learning models to study the influence of social information on learning across development. The aim of this review is to illustrate how computational models can be applied in developmental science, what they can add to our understanding of developmental mechanisms and how they can be used to bridge the gap between psychological and neurobiological theories of development.
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Bolenz, Florian, Andrea M. F. Reiter, and Ben Eppinger. "Developmental Changes in Learning: Computational Mechanisms and Social Influences." Frontiers Research Foundation, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30736.
Full textAbstract:
Our ability to learn from the outcomes of our actions and to adapt our decisions accordingly changes over the course of the human lifespan. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using computational models to understand developmental changes in learning and decision-making. Moreover, extensions of these models are currently applied to study socio-emotional influences on learning in different age groups, a topic that is of great relevance for applications in education and health psychology. In this article, we aim to provide an introduction to basic ideas underlying computational models of reinforcement learning and focus on parameters and model variants that might be of interest to developmental scientists. We then highlight recent attempts to use reinforcement learning models to study the influence of social information on learning across development. The aim of this review is to illustrate how computational models can be applied in developmental science, what they can add to our understanding of developmental mechanisms and how they can be used to bridge the gap between psychological and neurobiological theories of development.
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Sundin, Sanna. "Djur i interaktion med barns lärande : En studie om samband mellan barns lärande och deras umgänge med djur." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2332.
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Syftet med den här studien syftar till att synliggöra möjliga samband mellan barns umgänge med djur och barnets lärande i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv.
Genom litteraturstudier analyserades vilka faktorer som påverkar barns utveckling och lärande. Vidare genomfördes en enkätundersökning i 2 klasser i år 6, vilket visade enskilda elevers kontakt med djur. Detta jämfördes med bedömningar av varje elevs lärande, gjorda av en lärare i teoretiska ämnen och en lärare i sociala och motoriska ämnen.
Resultaten diskuterades utifrån teorier om lärande, barns umgänge med djur samt barns behov att utvecklas psykologiskt, kognitivt och socialt. Genom teorin synliggjordes att barn tillsammans med djur har bättre chanser att erhålla ett starkt självförtroende, samt att de blir vana vid ansvar. Vidare bidrar umgänget med djur till fler kommunikativa situationer samt att barns hälsa främjas. Studier om barns behov visade att dessa fördelar i umgänget med djur torde göra att barns utveckling gagnas.
Resultat från analysen av enkäterna tillsammans med bedömningarna från lärarna, visar samband som tyder på att tiden barn tillbringar med djur skulle kunna påverka barns lärande positivt.
The purpose of this work is to show possible connections between children’s interaction with animals and the child’s learning in a sociocultural perspective.
Through literature studies proceeded analyses about what issues affect a child’s development and learning. Furthermore was an opinion poll made to discover the pupils contact with animals in two classes in the sixth grade. This was compared with a review on each pupil’s learning, made by one teacher in theoretical subjects and one teacher in social and mobility subjects.
The result was discussed from theories about learning, children’s interaction with animals and children’s needs for psychological, cognitive and social development.
The discussion showed that children together with animals get better opportunities to develop a stronger confidence, and get used to responsibility. It also showed that the interaction with animals also contribute to more communicative situations and a better health for the child. Studies about children’s needs indicated that these advantages could have good influence on the child’s development.
The results from the opinion-polls together with the teachers reviews, interprets that pupils who engage with animals for a longer period a day could possibly show a higher grade of adequate learning than the ones who didn’t.
4
Jartó, Marianna [Verfasser]. "Development of Social-Cognitive Abilities in the First Two Years of Life : Entwicklung sozial-kognitiver Fähigkeiten in den ersten zwei Lebensjahren / Marianna Jartó." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223621111/34.
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Häggström, Aino, and Emma Andersson. ""...och bena blir fulla med spring" : Pedagogisk grundsyn, barns rörelser och kognitiva lärande." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68493.
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Titel: ”... and legs that will joyfully run…” Pedagogical perspectives, children's movements and cognitive learning. ”...och bena blir fulla med spring”. Pedagogisk grundsyn, barns rörelser och kognitiva lärande. Syftet med studien är att synliggöra fem yrkesverksamma förskollärares inställning till barns rörelsebehov, hur de uppmärksammar betydelsen av barns rörelseaktiviteter för deras kognitiva lärande och hur de arbetar med barns rörelsebehov utomhus. Utifrån syftet har vi formulerat följande frågeställningar: Vad är förskollärarnas inställning till barns rörelsebehov? Vilka kopplingar ser förskollärarna mellan barns rörelseaktiviteter och barns kognitiva lärande? Hur arbetar förskollärarna med barns rörelsebehov utomhus? Studien är genomförd med semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med yrkesverksamma förskollärare utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod som ligger nära en fenomenografisk forskningsansats. Resultatet visar att förskollärares pedagogiska grundsyn, organisatoriska och miljömässiga faktorer påverkar innehållet i verksamheten och hur barn får stimulans i sin rörelseutveckling. De pedagogiska grundsyner som studien fördjupar sig i är förmedlingspedagogik och dialogpedagogik. Studien visar att förskollärare är medvetna om barns rörelsebehov för deras fortsatta rörelseutveckling, sociala och kognitiva lärande men att utevistelsen används på olika sätt beroende på den rådande pedagogiska grundsynen samt organisatoriska och miljömässiga faktorer.
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van, der Werf M., V. Thewissen, Maria-de-Gracia Dominguez, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Os Jim van. "Adolescent development of psychosis as an outcome of hearing impairment: a 10-year longitudinal study." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-117301.
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Background It has long been acknowledged that hearing impairment may increase the risk for psychotic experiences. Recent work suggests that young people in particular may be at risk, indicating a possible developmental mechanism.
Method The hypothesis that individuals exposed to hearing impairment in early adolescence would display the highest risk for psychotic symptoms was examined in a prospective cohort study of a population sample of originally 3021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years at baseline, in Munich, Germany (Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study). The expression of psychosis was assessed at multiple time points over a period of up to 10 years, using a diagnostic interview (Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CIDI) administered by clinical psychologists.
Results Hearing impairment was associated with CIDI psychotic symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–3.81], particularly more severe psychotic symptoms (OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.64–19.49). The association between hearing impairment and CIDI psychotic symptoms was much stronger in the youngest group aged 14–17 years at baseline (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.54–7.01) than in the older group aged 18–24 years at baseline (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.24–2.84).
Conclusions The finding of an age-specific association between hearing impairment and psychotic experiences suggests that disruption of development at a critical adolescent phase, in interaction with other personal and social vulnerabilities, may increase the risk for psychotic symptoms.
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van, der Werf M., V. Thewissen, Maria-de-Gracia Dominguez, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Os Jim van. "Adolescent development of psychosis as an outcome of hearing impairment: a 10-year longitudinal study." Technische Universität Dresden, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27012.
Full textAbstract:
Background It has long been acknowledged that hearing impairment may increase the risk for psychotic experiences. Recent work suggests that young people in particular may be at risk, indicating a possible developmental mechanism.
Method The hypothesis that individuals exposed to hearing impairment in early adolescence would display the highest risk for psychotic symptoms was examined in a prospective cohort study of a population sample of originally 3021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years at baseline, in Munich, Germany (Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study). The expression of psychosis was assessed at multiple time points over a period of up to 10 years, using a diagnostic interview (Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CIDI) administered by clinical psychologists.
Results Hearing impairment was associated with CIDI psychotic symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–3.81], particularly more severe psychotic symptoms (OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.64–19.49). The association between hearing impairment and CIDI psychotic symptoms was much stronger in the youngest group aged 14–17 years at baseline (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.54–7.01) than in the older group aged 18–24 years at baseline (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.24–2.84).
Conclusions The finding of an age-specific association between hearing impairment and psychotic experiences suggests that disruption of development at a critical adolescent phase, in interaction with other personal and social vulnerabilities, may increase the risk for psychotic symptoms.
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Olsson, Monica. "Hur ser en bra skola ut för elever med Aspergers syndrom?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-361.
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The purpose of my work is to investigate the experiences in school for pupils with Asperger syndrome around the question, what is a good school for them. I´m also interested in what experiences the staff has about this question. I made a qualitative interview study. I have interviewed three pupils with Asperger syndrome, a teacher and a pupil assistant. To give the reader background information I have written about what the researchers say about what it is like to have Asperger syndrome. I have also in the literature information about experiences from people with Asperger syndrome. The interviewed pupils are in senior level and the interviewed staff is their supporting staff. All the pupils in this investigation are included in “their own” class. They can leave the class to get support in a small group, either to get help in a special subject, or because they decide that they want help or peace and quiet. My results show that the interviewed pupils have it rather good at school, except in relations to friends. Both the staff and the pupils say that the relationship to the staff is very important. To get an even better school the pupils want that the teachers in the class listen carefully what pupils say to each other.
Syftet med mitt arbete är att undersöka skolerfarenheter hos elever med Aspergers syndrom kring frågan hur en bra skola ser ut för dem. Jag är också intresserad av uppfattningarna hos personalen. För att nå mitt syfte har jag gjort en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning, där jag har intervjuat tre elever med Aspergers syndrom, en lärare och en elevassistent. För att läsaren ska få en bakgrundsinformation har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om hur det är att ha Aspergers syndrom. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om hur personer med Aspergers syndrom själva upplever sitt funktionshinder. Eleverna går på högstadiet och den intervjuade personalen är deras stödpersonal. Alla elever i den här undersökningen är inkluderade i ”sin” klass. De går ifrån till en stödgrupp, antingen för att få hjälp i ett speciellt ämne, som är schemalagt, eller för att de själva bestämmer att nu behöver jag hjälp eller lugn och ro. Mitt resultat visar att de intervjuade eleverna har det ganska bra i sin skola, förutom när det gäller kamratrelationer. Relationen till skolpersonalen är mycket viktig, enligt både elever och personal. För att få en ännu bättre skola vill eleverna att lärarna i klassen ska vara mer vaksamma på vad som sägs mellan eleverna.
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Unger-Heitsch, Helga. "Kontinuität und Wandel im Widerstreit : kognitive Dissonanzen und ihre Verarbeitung in zwei Beduindörfern Jordaniens /." Sankt Augustin : Academia Verlag, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37652660d.
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Phaahla, Letuku Elias. "Development with Social Justice? Social Democracy in Mauritius." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4123.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the advent of independence in 1968, Mauritius’ economic trajectory evolved from the one of a monocrop sugar economy, with the latter noticeably being the backbone of the country’s economy, to one that progressed into being the custodian of a dynamic and sophisticated garment-dominated manufacturing industry. Condemned with the misfortune of not being endowed with natural resources, relative to her mainland African counterparts, Mauritius, nonetheless, was able to break the shackles of limited economic options and one of being the ‘basket-case’ to gradually evolving into being the upper-middle-income country - thus depicting it to be one of the most encouraging economies within the developing world. Indeed it is captivating that the fruits of the island’s prosperous sugar industry went a long way in meeting the island’s diversification agenda. Moreover, the ‘Mauritian miracle’ is glorified by the emergence and sustenance of a comprehensive welfare state which was able to withstand the harshest economic challenges the country ever faced. This thesis seeks to provide a broad historical over-view of the factors which aided the construction of the social democratic regime in Mauritius. It is of the premise that the social consciousness of the post-colonial leadership in Mauritius laid the foundation for the entrenchment of ideals of social justice into the Mauritian polity. Instead of letting market forces operate in their pure form, the state was propelled instead, to take the driver’s seat into the running of the economy so as to ensure the market and labour become partners in a bid to help the state meet its social development ideals. It is no wonder that current day welfare state in Mauritius is the one which is inextricably linked to elections, not just as tool to duck socio-ethnic disharmony.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert onafhanklikheidswording in 1968 het Mauritius se ekonomiese ontwikkeling gevorder van die van ’n enkel kommoditeit suiker uitvoerder as die basis van die ekonomie tot een met ’n dinamiese en gesofistikeerde tekstiel vervaardigingingssektor. Verdoem weens ’n tekort aan natuurlike hulpbronne in vergelyking met ander state in Afrika, het Mauritius nogtans daarin geslaag om sy tekortkominge te bowe te kom en geleidelik te ontwikkel tot ’n opper-middel inkomste staat. Suiker uitvoere het inderdaad ’n sleutelrol gespeel in die diversifikasie van die ekonomie. Die sukses van die ‘Mauritius wonderwerk’ is verder stukrag gegee deur die inwerkingstelling en voortbestaan van ’n omvattende welvaart staat wat gehelp het om die ergste ekonomiese uitdagings die hoof te bied. Hierdie tesis poog om ’n breë historiese oorsig te bied van die faktore wat die konstruksie van ’n sosiale demokratiese orde in Mauritius aangehelp het. Daar word gewerk van die premis dat die sosiale bewussyn van die na-koloniale leierskap in Mauritius die grondleggers was vir die vestiging van ideale van sosiale geregtigheid in die staat se politieke kultuur. In plaas van ’n ongebreidelde vrye mark ekonomie het die staat egter ’n sleutel rigtinggewende rol in die ontwikkeling van die ekonomie gespeel en om seker te maak dat die privaatsektor en arbeid vennote word om sleutel sosiale ekonomiese doelwitte te bereik. Dit is dus geen wonder dat die bestaande welvaartstaat in Mauritius nou verweef is met plaaslike verkiesingsverwagtinge nie en nie bloot ’n manier is om sosio-etniese onstabiliteit te verminder nie.
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Govender, Badroonesa. "The development of guidelines for social workers involved in early childhood development within the Department of Social Development." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4972.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDSocial workers employed by the Department of Social Development in South Africa are tasked with the provision of a broad spectrum of social services and may specialise in fields, such as welfare planning, which involves the capacity building, support and monitoring of welfare organisations. Early childhood development services fall in this category, as these services are monitored by social workers. Social workers employed by the Department of Social Development are the only group tasked with the mandate to capacitate, register partial care facilities and programmes, as well as monitor unregistered and registered facilities, on an on-going basis. Social workers adhere to these mandates amid many challenges. The aim of this study is to develop guidelines for social workers, who render services to Early Childhood Development (partial care) facilities. The objectives of this study are to explore the needs of social workers in the Early Childhood Development field in the Department of Social Development, identify challenges related to effective service delivery, explore the current methods of service delivery, develop guidelines and refined the draft guidelines, through a Delphi study. The Intervention Research design was used in this study, as it best suited the development of a tool; however, it was adapted to use only certain phases that were suitable for implementation for this study. The adaptation involved the use of the first four phases of the Intervention research method, combining of phase 1 and 2 to form a new phase 1 of the modified phases that linked to objectives one and two of the study. Therefore, this study only has three operational phases. A qualitative methodology was employed in this study to achieve the intended outcomes. Data collection occurred through semi-structured and telephonic interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select twenty (20) social workers from the Department of Social Development in the Western Cape and five (5) in the Eastern Cape. These participants engaged with Early Childhood Development facilities and interviews were conducted with them, while five (5) telephonic interviews were conducted with social workers in the Eastern Province. Conclusions from the analysed data were used to develop guidelines for DSD social workers within ECD settings. Two rounds of a Delphi study were employed to refine the proposed guidelines.
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Patchareeporn, Pluempavarn Niki Panteli. "Social identity development through blogging." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601676.
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Blogs, one of the latest emerging tools for communication, are gaining widespread popularity and becoming increasingly common. More and more people blog and use blogs as a way to share information about themselves with other participants or viewers. By doing so, they create their so-called 'virtual self. 810g was chosen to be the main theme of this study not only because of its increase in user number but also its uniqueness that differentiates it from other types of online communication. This study explores social identities in blogging communities. It argues that, though the use of Slogs has been studied, emphasis has remained primarily on its types and features, rather than on how it can create social identities. This research investigates how social identity is formed and developed within blogging communities, how people present themselves in virtual communities by using blogs and how the social identity of individual bloggers influences and is being influenced by the blogging community. In addition, this study also investigates how braggers' identities have changed over time. The result shows how individual members present their identities through different roles and how these roles change over time. These issues are explored in selected bragging sites by using participant observation as the main method of data collection, and allowing the researcher to gain rich data. The collected data includes logs based on observations, together with 40 bloggers' interviews. This resulted in an extensive amount of data being gathered, which was analysed, categorised, interpreted, and summarised in relation to the framework of the study. The findings from this interpretive work were used to develop the understanding needed to answer the research questions in the form of confirming, expanding and strengthening the conceptual framework of the study. In addition, analysis reveals that social identities are created in blogging communities while bloggers adopted different types of social roles within online communities, and these have an effect on members as well as on the community in general.
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Menzies, Gail. "Corporate Social investment and development." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3672.
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Can the Corporate Social Investment initiatives of small businesses contribute to development? Corporate Social Investment (CSI) and its counterpart Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are the terms used for the external and internal initiatives undertaken by companies to contribute to the upliftment of their stakeholders and communities. This research paper attempts to establish whether the CSI initiatives of small, local (Cape Town) companies have the potential to contribute to this upliftment or development. The literature review conducted on the relevant topic discovered three major arguments surrounding this debate. Firstly there are those authors that believe that CSI / CSR cannot contribute to development; secondly those authors that believe that CSI / CSR can contribute to development; and finally those authors that believe that more research on this topic is required before any such statements can be made. The outcome of the literature will reveal some issues surrounding this argument. They are: motivations, compatibility, implementation, business advantage, business and NGOs and community focus and research and sustainability. Following the establishment of the technical issues the paper will then propose that Amartya Sen's Development as Freedom theory be used to further investigate the development potential of CSI initiatives. Along with the technical suggestions, Sen's five 2 freedoms will be used to analyse whether any potential development successes can be observed from seven case studies. The freedoms are: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees and protective security. Each of these can contribute to development. The case studies are CSI initiatives selected from local small businesses and the required information was extracted by means of an openended qualitative questionnaire. These case studies will be analysed against the freedoms and the discoveries from the literature review. The conclusions drawn show that some potential does exist for CSI initiatives. It also shows that Sen's Development as Freedom can be effectively applied to small scale projects at the micro level.
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Ryan, Jeanne A. M. "Predicting positive youth development outcomes using the social development model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8141.
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Hopkins, N. "Adolescent social groups and social influence." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384707.
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Ondja'a, Bertin. "University Social Responsibility: Achieving Human and Social Development in Cameroon." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504792020919084.
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FOGEL, Alan. "Internationalizing the Study of Social Development." 名古屋大学教育学部, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3691.
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cc, ori@ashman, and Ori Ashman. "Lifespan Development: A Social-Cultural Perspective." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061020.101103.
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This thesis explores some of the social factors that may affect individuals as
they age. A lifespan developmental perspective is employed in investigating the
effects of societal aging stereotypes on will-to-live and risk-taking skills. Results
suggest negative aging stereotypes may have deleterious effects on the elderly, but
not young individuals in terms of will-to-live, but have no effect on risk-taking
abilities. Furthermore, a cross-cultural analysis of Americans and Japanese reveals
robust differences in self-concept between countries, which in turn partially mediate
the effects of culture and age on control strategies. It appears culture and age may
play important roles in determining individuals self-concept, motivation, and
regulation of behavior.
The first part of Study 1 examined whether stereotypes of aging contribute to
decisions the elderly make about when to die. Elderly and young participants (n =
64) were subliminally primed with either negative or positive stereotypes of old age
using a computer, and then responded to hypothetical medical situations involving
potentially fatal illnesses. Consistent with my prediction, the aged participants
primed with negative stereotypes tended to refuse life-prolonging interventions,
whereas those primed with positive age stereotypes tended to accept the
interventions. This priming effect did not emerge among the young participants for
whom the stereotypes were less relevant. The results suggest that sociallytransmitted
negative stereotypes of aging can weaken elderly will-to-live, or at the
very least, willingness to pursue medical intervention.
The second part of Study 1 examined whether the older adults demonstrate
similar risk-taking skills to the younger adults, and whether this ability is preserved,
even after exposure to age stereotypes. Sixteen young and 16 older participants were
tested on a risk-taking decision task following exposure to subliminal aging
stereotypes. In all conditions, both the old and young participants systematically and
equivalently increased their willingness to take risks as risk level decreased.
Furthermore, response times were an inverted U shape curve with slower response
times recorded at the medium risk level and faster times as risk levels shifted up or
down. The findings suggest the ability to make decisions based on risk level is
maintained into old age.
Study 2 investigated results reported by a number of studies finding that
primary control remains stable in old age, is lower in Asian countries, and that
secondary control increases in old age and is higher in Asian countries. I examined
whether these patterns may be due to the mediating influence of an interdependent
self-concept. In a sample of 557 young and older adults in Japan and the United
States, primary and secondary control, age, and interdependence were studied. I
found that interdependence partially mediated the influence of culture on secondary
control and interdependence partially mediated the influence of age on both primary
and secondary control. Findings suggest that interdependence is an important factor
that should be considered in trying to understand the determinants of control crossculturally
and developmentally.
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Ashman, Ori. "Lifespan development : a social-cultural perspective /." Ashman, Ori (2006) Lifespan development: a social-cultural perspective. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/150/.
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This thesis explores some of the social factors that may affect individuals as they age. A lifespan developmental perspective is employed in investigating the effects of societal aging stereotypes on will-to-live and risk-taking skills. Results suggest negative aging stereotypes may have deleterious effects on the elderly, but not young individuals in terms of will-to-live, but have no effect on risk-taking abilities. Furthermore, a cross-cultural analysis of Americans and Japanese reveals robust differences in self-concept between countries, which in turn partially mediate the effects of culture and age on control strategies. It appears culture and age may play important roles in determining individuals' self-concept, motivation, and regulation of behavior.
The first part of Study 1 examined whether stereotypes of aging contribute to decisions the elderly make about when to die. Elderly and young participants (n = 64) were subliminally primed with either negative or positive stereotypes of old age using a computer, and then responded to hypothetical medical situations involving potentially fatal illnesses. Consistent with my prediction, the aged participants primed with negative stereotypes tended to refuse life-prolonging interventions, whereas those primed with positive age stereotypes tended to accept the interventions. This priming effect did not emerge among the young participants for whom the stereotypes were less relevant. The results suggest that socially transmitted negative stereotypes of aging can weaken elderly will-to-live, or at the very least, willingness to pursue medical intervention.
The second part of Study 1 examined whether the older adults demonstrate similar risk-taking skills to the younger adults, and whether this ability is preserved, even after exposure to age stereotypes. Sixteen young and 16 older participants were tested on a risk-taking decision task following exposure to subliminal aging stereotypes. In all conditions, both the old and young participants systematically and equivalently increased their willingness to take risks as risk level decreased. Furthermore, response times were an inverted U shape curve with slower response times recorded at the medium risk level and faster times as risk levels shifted up or down. The findings suggest the ability to make decisions based on risk level is maintained into old age.
Study 2 investigated results reported by a number of studies finding that primary control remains stable in old age, is lower in Asian countries, and that secondary control increases in old age and is higher in Asian countries. I examined whether these patterns may be due to the mediating influence of an interdependent self-concept. In a sample of 557 young and older adults in Japan and the United States, primary and secondary control, age, and interdependence were studied. I found that interdependence partially mediated the influence of culture on secondary control and interdependence partially mediated the influence of age on both primary and secondary control. Findings suggest that interdependence is an important factor that should be considered in trying to understand the determinants of control crossculturally and developmentally.
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Holtzhausen, Marguerite. "Swartland social development policy and strategy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97399.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research question answered by this study is what policy and strategy would give the necessary direction to Swartland Municipality’s (SM’s) social development programmes to maximise its impact on the social well-being of the community? The motivation for the study is the need to prioritise social development projects in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency in this field. The methodology used was a qualitative study by means of a conceptual analysis of the term social development, a literature study of international, national and local legislation and policies as well as group interviews with internal and external stakeholders.
Social development was defined for the purposes of this study as the process of strengthening the relationships/ partnerships and linkages between people, resources and/or systems within the scope of poverty reduction, expansion of employment opportunities and social integration, with the goal to achieve well-being for individuals, groups and/or communities. Furthermore a literature study explored relevant legislation and policy documents to give clarity on the municipality’s role of social development. Main findings were that the SA Constitution as supreme law, clearly states the municipal objective is to promote social development and states four functions that relate to social development namely child facilities, basic infrastructure, public amenities and sports facilities. Furthermore social development functions in all municipal departments need to co-ordinate to maximise social development resources. Lastly the municipality’s social development programmes must be supplementary and supportive to the work of the Department of Social Development.
Furthermore, engagements were held with internal and external stakeholders of Swartland Municipality and the strategic direction was determined by means of a vision, mission and strategic focus areas. The vision identified is: We build and create sustainable social development partnerships with all our people for strengthening the social fabric of the Swartland community. The social development mission is: We initiate, build and promote social development opportunities with the focus on sustainability, which specifically refers to financial viability in the long term, forming partnerships with the community and service providers, not harming the environment and operating within legal powers and functions.
Five strategic focus areas flowing from the vision and mission were identified. To promote collaboration and co-ordination is the pivotal focus area. Social development has to be co-ordinated by means of a social development forum represented of all sectors (government, NGO, faith-based, business, agriculture). The other focus areas were: promoting child development/establishing child facilities, lobbying for the vulnerable, facilitating access to the economy and promoting youth development. The impact of service delivery according to the five focus areas must be measured in totality by means of the Human Development Index and reflected in the integrated development plan.
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Barrett, Helen. "Childminding experiences and early social development." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265868.
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Lutchmaya, Svetlana Natasha Susheila. "Foetal testosterone and social-communicative development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621048.
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Kirk, Edith Cordelia. "Undergraduate social workers and professional development /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487322984316042.
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Berger, Guy. "Social structure and rural economic development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643.
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New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
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Guido, Anthony, Hamideh Farzaneh, and JingJing Guo. "Social Actions of Strategic Sustainable Development." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5382.
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Sustainable Development was conceived as a visionary idea to have society meet the needs of the today while also considering those of future generations. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development was developed to provide an operational planning methodology to move society towards ecological and social sustainability. While abundant scientific research and project work have been completed in the ecological issues area - a significant gap remains regarding Social Sustainability. This research project sought to identify leading Actions of Social Sustainability that might strategically remove the systemic conditions (barriers) to Social Sustainability. Reducing the complexity of Social Sustainability for sustainability practitioners can be helpful for working within Strategic Sustainable Development. Using an assessment tool based on Social Sustainability Actions Criteria, leading Actions of Strategic Sustainable Development emerged from case studies and interviews research with social sustainability practitioners and experts. Although this research process was successful, the study of Social Sustainability Actions also resulted in two aspects of proposed discovery: a means to identify systems barriers within a Social Sustainability Actions Criteria Tool and a model of Core Characteristics of Social Sustainability Actions. Additionally proposed, 3 potential Universal Categories of Social Sustainability Actions.Actions speak louder than words - It means a lot more if we act on our beliefs than if we just talk about them. In this research project, the Action Level of The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development is researched with regards to possible leading actions, a strategic planning model for grass roots sustainability work, and 3 potential universal categories for Social Sustainability actions.
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Tarrant, Mark. "Music and social development in adolescence." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31290.
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This thesis investigated the role of the social context in adolescents' musical behaviour. Six studies were conducted to investigate how statements about music contribute to social relationships in adolescence. The studies assessed adolescents' behaviour at various levels of social psychological explanation (c.f. Doise, 1986). A literature review is presented in Section A. Section B addressed behaviour at individual and interpersonal levels of explanation. Chapter 6 investigated adolescents' individual reasons for listening to music. The study demonstrated that music has the potential to fulfil important individual motives concerning identity and mood regulation. Chapters 7 and 8 addressed the interpersonal behaviour of adolescents. Chapter 7 demonstrated that music has the potential to influence adolescents' friendship formation and help maintain existing peer relationships, and Chapter 8 revealed how adolescents use music in the process of social comparison. The final set of studies, reported in Section C, addressed behaviour at the intergroup level of explanation. Chapters 9 and 10 investigated the behaviour of adolescents in experimentally contrived 'minimal groups', and Chapter 11 examined behaviour in a more socially meaningful context. It was demonstrated that music makes an important contribution to social identity in adolescence, and that adolescents' intergroup behaviour is related to their self-esteem. Together, the studies presented in this thesis indicate that music is an intrinsic part of the adolescent process. Adolescents' musical behaviour contributes to their social development, and as such interacts ultimately with their status as members of social groups. Future research should continue to address the impact of this wider social context in developing a more theoretically informed understanding of adolescent involvement with music.
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Sakamoto, Kumiko. "Social development, culture, and participation : toward theorizing endogenous development in Tanzania /." Electronic version of summary Electronic version of examination, 2003. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/3489.pdf.
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Callahan, Emily Huber. "The development of norms for a new measure of social development." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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ELIASSON, ROBERT, and VEHN PONTUS TER. "Development study of KTH Social´sschedule function." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136766.
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The usage of KTH Social increases and professors are to a greater extent moving towards KTH Social in order to manage their courses. The purpose of KTH Social is to provide all course relevant information visualised in one single platform. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether there are development possibilities of the KTH Social schedule area and what these are. In a questionnaire, which was formed with theories of Human-computer interaction and Time management in mind, KTH students were to answer questions regarding the schedule area of KTH Social. Development suggestions were included in the questionnaire as well, in order to receive feedback from the students. The results were compiled and correlations were made and discussed. The students were positive to the development suggestions. Development suggestions within several sections of the schedule area could be presented.Användningen av KTH Social ökar och professorer börjar i större utsträckning att använda sig av KTH Social i sina kurser. Syftet med KTH Social är att tillhandahålla all nödvändig kursinformation på en och samma plattform. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka huruvida det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter till schemadelen av KTH Social och vilka dessa är. I en enkät, som var utformad utifrån teorier inom Människa-datorinteraktion och Time Management, fick KTH-studenter svara på frågor rörande schemadelen i KTH Social. Enkäten innehöll även utvecklingsförslag som studenterna fick tycka till om. Resultaten sammanställdes och korrelationer påvisades och diskuterades. Studenterna visade sig positivt inställda till utvecklingsförslagen. Utvecklingsförslag inom flera områden av schemadelen kunde presenteras.
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Pietrobon, Davide. "Essays on development, social networks, and information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669686.
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Esta tesis está formada por dos temas de investigación separados. El primero estudia como las instituciones de aseguración informal influyen sobre el comportamiento de los hogares en las economías rurales. El segundo se trata de como la confianza y la incertidumbre sobre los beneficios de la cooperación afectan a la formación de redes sociales.
Los subsidios al fertilizante son fundamentales en los países en desarrollo, donde el uso del fertilizante es bajo con respecto a las cantidades recomendadas por los expertos de agricultura. ¿Cuáles son los factores que impiden a los agricultores de utilizar las cantidades recomendadas de fertilizante?
En el primer Capítulo, demuestro la importancia de las instituciones de aseguración informal en bajar el uso de fertilizante en India rural, y analizo como el gobierno puede utilizar los subsidios al fertilizante para contrastar las ineficiencias asociadas a estas instituciones. Estudio un modelo de aseguración informal donde las decisiones de los hogares sobre esfuerzo y fertilizante son privadas. La información privada genera un problema de riesgo moral: la aseguración induce los hogares a disminuir sus esfuerzos. El esfuerzo está relacionado con el uso del fertilizante a través de una relación de complementariedad. Así la aseguración (que induce los hogares a esforzarse menos) disminuye la productividad del fertilizante, resultando en una menor demanda de fertilizante. Un subsidio al fertilizante puede incrementar el bienestar porque, como induce los hogares a comprar más fertilizante, los instiga a esforzarse más, por consecuencia debilitando el problema del riesgo moral. Testeo esta teoría en el contexto de 18 aldeas en los trópicos semi-aridos de India, con datos que vienen de encuestas conducidas entre 2009 y 2014. El efecto de la aseguración sobre el utilizo del fertilizante es grande: moviéndonos de una situación en la que no hay aseguración a una en la que hay aseguración completa, el utilizo del fertilizante baja de cuatro veces en promedio. Además, demuestro que un subsidio que reduciera a la mitad los precios del fertilizante generaría un incremento en el bienestar de un promedio del 51%.
Las redes sociales son muy importantes en la determinación de muchos efectos económicos. ¿Qué factores son importantes en la determinación de las relaciones que formamos?
En el Capítulo 2, analizo, junto con Juan Camilo Cardenas, Danisz Okulicz, y Tomás Rodríguez-Barraquer, como la confianza afecta a las redes sociales. Medimos la confianza de 72 estudiantes del primer año de carrera antes que tuvieran oportunidades de socializar. Cuatro meses después, obtuvimos información sobre cinco redes sociales entre los estudiantes. Utilizamos muchas preguntas de encuesta y un experimento de la confianza para medir la confianza. Además, obtuvimos información sobre muchas características que podrían tener un rol en las formaciones de redes y estar correlacionadas con la confianza. Encontramos que la confianza no explica la formación de las redes que obtuvimos. En particular, el efecto de la homofília en características socioeconómicas puede ser una orden de magnitud mayor más grande que el efecto de la confianza.
En el Capítulo 3, estudio teóricamente como la incertidumbre sobre los beneficios de la cooperación impacta a la formación de coaliciones. Dos agentes pueden cooperan y tienen una creencia común sobre la posibilidad de que el otro le pueda ayudar. Un planeador utilitario puede bajar esta incertidumbre con una señal. La señal puede reducir el bienestar esperado. Además, la relación entre la ganancia de la señal y su ruido puede tener hasta una discontinuidad y ser no-monótona.This thesis comprises two separate research interests. The first one deals with understanding how risk-sharing arrangements affect household behavior in village economies. The second one refers to how trust and uncertainty about the benefits of cooperation affect network formation. Fertilizer subsidies play a critical role in developing countries, where fertilizer use keeps lagging behind the rates recommend by agricultural experts. Which factors are restricting farmers from using the recommended amounts of fertilizer? In Chapter 1, I show the importance of risk-sharing arrangements in holding down fertilizer use in rural India and analyze how public policy can use fertilizer subsidies to fight the inefficiencies associated with these arrangements. I study a model of risk sharing in which households' choices of effort and fertilizer are private. Private information generates a moral hazard problem: risk sharing induces households to free-ride on each other's efforts. Moreover, effort provision is related to fertilizer use through a relationship of complementarity. Thus, risk sharing (which induces farmers to curtail their effort) decreases the productivity of fertilizer, ultimately leading to fertilizer being under-demanded. A fertilizer subsidy increases welfare because, by inducing farmers to buy more fertilizer, it pushes them to exert more effort, thereby weakening the bite of the moral hazard problem. I test this theory in the context of 18 villages in the Indian semi-arid tropics, with data coming from survey interviews conducted from 2009 to 2014. The effect of risk sharing on fertilizer used and hours worked is large: when going from no sharing to full insurance, average fertilizer used drops by four times and average hours worked drop by more than six times. Moreover, I show that a subsidy that would cut the observed prices of fertilizer in half would generate a consumption-equivalent gain in welfare of 51%. Social networks play a key role in shaping many economic outcomes, such as information transmission, trade in decentralized markets, and social learning. Which factors are important in determining the relationships that end up forming? In Chapter 2, I analyze, together with Juan Camilo Cardenas, Danisz Okulicz, and Tomás Rodríguez-Barraquer, how people's trust affects the social networks they form. We measure trust for 72 members of a cohort of first-year undergraduates before they had a chance to meet and socialize. We measure people's trust using both a standard trust experiment and survey questions. After four months, we elicit five social networks among the students. Moreover, we retrieve and control for a large set of observables, including many characteristics which are likely to play a role in network formation and may be correlated with trust. We find that trust poorly explains the formation of the networks we retrieve. In particular, the effect of homophily in socio-economic background can go so far as being one order of magnitude bigger than the effect of trust. In Chapter 3, I study theoretically how uncertainty about the benefits of cooperation affects coalition formation. Two agents can agree to cooperate while holding a common prior belief about whether the other is a lemon or a peach. Each agent prefers cooperating with a peach to autarky but would stay in autarky rather than cooperating with a lemon. A utilitarian social planner can draw a noisy public signal of whether the agents are lemons before they might agree to cooperate. Drawing a signal can decrease expected welfare. Moreover, the relationship between the welfare gain of drawing a signal and the noise of the signal can have at most one discontinuity and be non-monotonic.
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Laribee, Lena. "Development of methodical social engineering taxonomy project." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FLaribee.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Craig H. Martell, Neil C. Rowe. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52). Also available in print.
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Giroux, Anna Michelle. "Sexting: Connections to Sexual and Social Development." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144355.
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Tacon, Richard Charles. "Social capital development in voluntary sports clubs." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2013. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/37/.
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This thesis seeks to understand how social capital develops within voluntary sports clubs. It adopts a micro-perspective to examine how social capital, defined as ‘the ability to secure resources by virtue of membership in social networks or larger social structures’ (Portes and Landolt, 2000: 532), emerges from social interaction within voluntary sports club contexts. The thesis is informed by a critical realist perspective that focuses on the underlying social mechanisms involved and how they operate differently for different groups and individuals in different circumstances. The empirical analysis, which represents the main contribution of the thesis, is based on three case studies of voluntary sports clubs in the UK. These case studies were carried out over 18 months and involved a number of in-depth interviews with members and organisers and periods of observation at each of the clubs. The analysis shows that members accessed a range of resources through the social ties they formed at the clubs. Interestingly, the analysis demonstrates that, as well as forming strong and weak ties, as standard network models would predict, members formed ‘compartmentally intimate’ ties at the clubs: strong ties that were domain-specific. The analysis reveals that several core mechanisms – reciprocity exchanges, enforceable trust, value introjection and bounded solidarity – operated at the clubs to develop social capital for members, but that these mechanisms were influenced in multiple ways by various elements of context. In particular, the analysis focuses on the socio-organisational context of the clubs and identifies several key elements, including the nature of the focal activity, the voluntariness of participation, the co-operative nature of engagement, the relative absence of hierarchy and the diversity of membership. Overall, the thesis provides support for an organisationally embedded view of social capital development and offers a rare example of critical realist research on social capital.
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Quinn, Louise. "The development of social identity in children." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553878.
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Social Identity Theory (SIT) (Tajfel & Turner 1979) is a widely accepted theoretical perspective on intergroup behaviour in adults. SIT, however, does not take account of the development of prejudice in children. Plethoras of research have investigated the development of this social construct in children. Given the unique social and political situation, many studies have focused on prejudice and in-group awareness in Northern Ireland. There remains, however, a lack of consensus regarding the age at which prejudice develops in children. Therefore this research study aimed to investigate if there was a consensus among children, young people, parents and teachers as to what age children become aware of their social identity in terms of ethnic/religious group affiliation and when this becomes salient. A mixed methods approach, incorporating questionnaires, focus groups and a quasi-experimental design was employed. The questionnaire participants included a convenience sample of Catholic and Protestant parents (97), teachers (74) and young people (221) and the focus groups comprised parents (15), teachers (12) and young people (22) from mixed ethnic/religious groups. The quasi- experiment involved 201 children, aged 7-11 years, from Maintained and Controlled schools. Results indicated a general consensus amongst parents, teachers and young people; children become aware of their social identity between 8.4 and 8.9 years, and social identity becomes salient between 10.6 and 11.7 years. One third of young people felt that social identity never becomes a salient issue. Interestingly, although Protestant children displayed a significant in-group preference, the Catholic children did not. Protestant children also rated the out-group artist higher than the Catholic children. In conclusion, this study would provide evidence to support the notion that prejudice in children in Northern Ireland is not as prevalent as some might suggest and not all children brought up in a divided society necessarily develop prejudiced attitudes towards the out-group.
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Gillian, MacNaughton. "Equality rights, social spending and human development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567727.
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Equality rights have the potential to play an important role in realizing social rights, as well as in preventing and eliminating poverty. All governments have undertaken legal obligations - both international and domestic - to protect and promote the rights to equality and nondiscrimination. Yet, our societies are generally characterized by growing economic and social inequalities that adversely impact on many dimensions of people's lives, including health, life expectancy, personal security and political participation, implicating a myriad of human rights. This thesis examines the relationship between equality and social rights in the International Bill of Human Rights. It argues that minimum threshold approaches that focus on basic capabilities or core obligations are insufficient to fully realize social rights and eliminate multi-dimensional poverty. Because inequality prevents full enjoyment of social rights, as well as other human rights, invoking equality rights is a logical step toward realizing these rights. Considerable scholarship and jurisprudence addresses status-based inequalities, however, it generally fails to address economic status. Moreover, there is little discussion of the right-based equality in the context of social rights. Drawing on the drafting history and the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two International Covenants, as well as the work of the United Nations human rights bodies, scholarly commentary and domestic law, the thesis proposes that the International Bill of Human Rights should be reinterpreted to encompass the right to nondiscrimination on the basis of economic status as well as the right to social equality. Examining specific examples of unequal health care and education systems, it argues that both status-based and rights- based equality are necessary complements to social rights in the holistic framework of the International Bill of Human Rights guaranteed under article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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Esteve-Volart, Berta. "Gender and social norms in economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1872/.
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Gender and social norms in economic development' analyses gender related issues throughout the development process from an economics point of view. Different issues are examined for countries at different stages of the development process. The issues examined here have a gender component and have to do with participation and social norms. In some cases, the motivation for this differential participation or inequality is the focus of the study; in others, we focus on the economic consequences of this differential participation. In the first chapter, we investigate participation in dowry in a very poor area, namely rural Bangladesh. In that chapter we explore the different possible economic motivations for dowries using household survey information from the Matlab area in rural Bangladesh spanning 1930-1996. We find that dowry participation in the area has increased in recent decades. We also find that religion, coupled with social norms, seems to be an important component in explaining the evolution of dowry. In the second chapter we examine the economic consequences of different participation by gender in the labour market in a poor country - India. We develop a model that suggests distortions in the allocation of talent which we then test with aggregate information by sector using panel data from India's states over 1961-1991. Results suggest that even though implications are different by sector, gender inequality in labour participation in several categories hinders development. In the third chapter, we indirectly study participation of women in top level positions, by analising the different hiring by gender in Spanish public exams. The analysis constitutes a relevant randomised experiment with implications for gender parity rules, or gender quotas. We use information about 75,000 candidates to the judiciary over 1995-2004 who were randomly allocated to evaluating committees. Contrary to expectations behind gender parity rules, we find that recruitment committees with a higher share of women hire fewer women than committees with a higher share of men, suggesting that taste discrimination is not behind the low numbers of women in top level positions.
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Ramanatha, Iyer Sundara Rajan. "Social development in Kerala, India: illusionor reality?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214575.
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Mitchell, Ryan A. "Bisexual Identity Development| A Social Cognitive Process." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1600585.
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This study explored how bisexual individuals used media and other frames of reference to understand their own sexuality. It also sought to understand how bisexual individuals felt about the representation in the media and if they had a preferred image in mind. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six individuals recruited from universities and LGBT-oriented groups and their answers were analyzed through social cognitive theory and sexual identity development models. The study found that, for the participants interviewed, media examples of bisexuality and bisexual individuals were not completely accepted and other representations were preferred. For this sample, an educational setting played an important role in acquiring the language used to describe their sexuality. Also, the participants mostly agreed that the media did not often portray bisexuality in ways that resonated with them.
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Nieman, A. J. "Social development and women : theory and practice." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53057.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research investigates the social development approach from the viewpoint of developing an understanding of the applicability thereof in a social work environment in a South African context. Based on the level of underdevelopment in the country, the social development process, which involves a dynamic multi-disciplinary approach with a strong emphasis on the positive outcomes of growth and empowerment, is thought to offer a wide range of possible fields of application. To provide clarity and gain insight into the dimensions and elements involved, different aspects of the South African and international scenarios provide a background for the arguments promoting the social development approach as a positive intervention for the helping professions. The purpose of this research is to broaden the field of knowledge for practitioners and organisations dealing with poverty and deprivation by providing an extension of options in practice models. The research report includes an investigation of the elements and concepts associated with social development, with particular emphasis on the role of women. Knowledge and understanding of these concepts will assist in widening the horizons of field workers and assist in deciding on appropriate responses when faced with the problems of South Africa and its apartheid legacy. Development in the South African context is examined with the focus on the main role players, namely government and the welfare sector. Recurring themes in development programmes that have been identified as elements for success are described by means of case examples from good international practice models. The applicability of many of these cases should serve as stimuli for instituting initiatives in local situations of need. The empirical research used the qualitative method to examine, by means of focus groups, the effects of the identified elements in five social development projects in the Western Cape. The focus groups were conducted with the aid of open-ended question guides. The findings and responses of the focus group respondents were analysed and discussed in relation to findings described in the literature by various authors. It is believed that the findings of this research can be utilised as practical guidelines for instituting and running social development projects by social workers, as well as practitioners from other fields, to address the problems of poverty and underdevelopment in the country by paying special attention to the role of women in such projects.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die maatskaplike ontwikkeling benadering met die oog daarop om 'n begrip te kry van die toepaslikheid daarvan in 'n maatskaplike werkomgewing in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Die toestand van onderontwikkeling in die land het tot gevolg dat die maatskaplike ontwikkelingsproses, wat 'n sterk multi-dissiplinêre benadering behels en positiewe gevolge van groei en bemagtiging beklemtoon, waarskynlik 'n wye veld van toepassingsgeleenthede bied. Ten einde duidelikheid en insig te kry oor die omvang van die veld en die beginsels wat ter sprake is, word die argumente wat die maatskaplike ontwikkeling benadering ondersteun teen die agtergrond van verskillende aspekte van Suid-Afrikaanse en internasionale toestande bespreek. Die doel van die navorsing is om die kennisveld van maatskaplike werk en organisasies wat te doen het met armoede en verwaarlosing te verbreed en die keuses van praktykmodelle uit te brei. Die navorsingsverslag sluit 'n ondersoek in van konsepte en elemente waarmee maatskaplike ontwikkeling geassosieer word, met die klem op die rol van vroue. Kennis en begrip van die toepassing van hierdie konsepte sal veldwerkers se horisonne verbreed en help met besluitneming oor gepaste diensleweringsmodelle wanneer met die probleme van Suid-Afrika en die gevolge van apartheid gekonfronteer word. Ontwikkeling in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks word ondersoek met die klem op die hoof rolspelers in die veld, nl. die regering en die welsynsektor. Herhalende temas in internasionale ontwikkelingsprogramme as elemente van sukses is geïdentifiseer en word beskryf d.m.v. gevallestudies van internasionale goeie praktyke. Die toepaslikheid van baie van hierdie gevallestudies behoort as aanmoediging te dien vir inisiatiewe op plaaslike vlak. Vir die empiriese ondersoek, is gebruik gemaak van die kwalitatiewe metode om, d.m.v. fokusgroepe by vyf projekte in die Wes-Kaap, die effektiwiteit van die geïdentifiseerde elemente vir sukses te toets. Die fokusgroepe is gelei aan die hand van 'n oop vraelys. Die reaksies van die deelnemers aan die fokusgroep is verwerk en in die konteks van die literatuurstudie bespreek. Dit word aanvaar dat die bevindings van die navorsing deur maatskaplike werkers en ander dissiplines gebruik kan word as praktiese riglyne by die beplanning en loodsing van maatskaplike ontwikkeling projekte in die bekamping van armoede en onderontwikkeling, met spesiale aandag aan die rol van vroue.
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Abd, Rashid Abd Rahim. "Education, schooling and social development in Malaysia." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282634.
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Sharp, L. Kathryn. "Social Development and Literacy for Pre-K." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4287.
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Chandrasekhar, Arun Gautham. "Essays on social networks in development economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72932.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-210).
This thesis examines the role that social networks play in developing economies. The first two chapters analyze econometric issues that arise when researchers work with sampled network data. The final two chapters study how the embedding of agents in a network affects a group's ability to overcome weak contracting institutions and what models of social learning are important in describing the diffusion of information. These chapters make use of experiments that I conducted in rural Karnataka, India. The first chapter (co-authored with Randall Lewis) examines the econometric difficulties that applied researchers face when using partially observed network data. In applied work, researchers generally construct networks from data collected from a partial sample of nodes. Treating this sampled network as the true network of interest, the researcher constructs statistics to describe the network or specific nodes and employs these statistics in regression or GMM analysis. This chapter shows that even if nodes are selected randomly, partial sampling leads to non-classical measurement error and therefore bias in estimates of the regression coefficients or GMM parameters. We provide analytical and numerical examples to illustrate the severity of the biases in common applications and discuss possible solutions. Our analysis of the sampling problem as well as the proposed solutions are applied to rich network data of Banerjee et al. (2012) from 43 villages in Karnataka, India. In the second chapter, 1 develop an econometric method to cope with sampled network data. I develop a method, graphical reconstruction, by which a researcher can consistently estimate the economic parameters of interest. Graphical reconstruction uses the available (partial) network data to predict the missing links and uses these predictions to mitigate the biases. As each network may be generated by a different network formation model, the asymptotic theory allows for heterogeneity in the network formation process across graphs. The third chapter (co-authored with Cynthia Kinnan and Horacio Larreguy) analyzes how social networks affect the provision of informal insurance. Social networks are understood to play an important role in smoothing consumption risk, particularly in developing countries where formal contracts are limited and financial development is low. Yet understanding why social networks matter is confounded by endogeneity of risk-sharing partners. This chapter, first, examines the causal effect of close social ties between individuals on their ability to informally insure one another. Second, we examine how the interaction of social proximity and access to savings affects consumption smoothing. Theoretically, they could be complements or substitutes. Savings access may crowd out insurance unless social proximity is high, in which case it benefits the highly connected. Or savings may crowd out risk sharing among the highly connected while helping the less connected smooth risk intertemporally. By conducting a framed field experiment in Karnataka, India, we study the relationships between inability to commit to insurance, ability to save, and social proximity. We find that limited commitment reduces risk sharing, but social proximity
(cont.) substitutes for commitment. On net, savings allows individuals to smooth risk that cannot be shared interpersonally, with the largest benefits for those who are weakly connected in the network. The final chapter (co-authored with my classmates Horacio Larreguy and Juan Pablo Xandri) attempts to determine which models of social learning on networks best describe empirical behavior. Theory has focused on two leading models of social learning on networks: Bayesian and DeGroot rules of thumb learning. These models can yield greatly divergent behavior; individuals employing rules of thumb often double-count information and may not exhibit convergent behavior in the long run. By conducting a unique lab experiment in rural Karnataka, India, set up to exactly differentiate between these two models, we test which model best describes social learning processes on networks. We study experiments in which seven individuals are placed into a network, each with full knowledge of its structure. The participants attempt to learn the underlying (binary) state of the world. Individuals receive independent, identically distributed signals about the state in the first period only; thereafter, individuals make guesses about the underlying state of the world and these guesses are transmitted to their neighbors at the beginning of the following round. We consider various environments including incomplete information Bayesian models and provide evidence that individuals are best described by DeGroot models wherein they either take simple majority of opinions in their neighborhood.
by Arun Gautham Chandrasekhar.
Ph.D.
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Dohl, Adriane Hannah. "Managing anxiety through childhood social-emotional development." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45406.
Full textAbstract:
School professionals are implementing a universal social-emotional learning program for children in Kindergarten and Grade 1 (aged 4-6 years) in many schools across the province with training and funding provided by the government. The Fun FRIENDS (Barrett, 2007) program focuses on increasing social-emotional learning and promotes coping techniques and resiliency in order to prevent the onset of behavioural and emotional disorders (Pahl & Barrett, 2007). Preliminary results (Pahl & Barrett, 2007, 2010) have highlighted the effectiveness of the Fun FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety in children. The present study utilized a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fun FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety and promoting social-emotional competence among a sample of Kindergarten and Grade 1 students (N = 33) in a British Columbia school district. Results revealed a significant decrease in program participants’ anxiety symptoms as rated by teachers when compared with those in the control group. Teachers also reported that children who participated in the program had significant increases in social-emotional skills, while those in the control group’s skills remained the same. However, overall, children in the control group had significantly higher social-emotional skills, as rated by teachers. No significant results were found for parent rated levels of anxiety or social-emotional skills of children enrolled in either condition. Despite limitations of the study, the overall results demonstrate promising outcomes for students who participate in the Fun FRIENDS program.
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Fincher, Jennie. "Decentering and the Theory of Social Development." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149590/.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of decentering originated with Piaget, who defined decentering as a feature of operational thought, the ability to conceptualize multiple perspectives simultaneously. Feffer applied Piaget’s concept of decentering to the cognitive maturity of social content. This study used Feffer’s Interpersonal Decentering scoring system for stories told about TAT pictures to investigate the developmental hierarchy of decentering for children and adolescents. The participants originated from the Berkeley Guidance Study, a longitudinal sample of more than 200 individuals followed for more than 60 years by the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley. The hypotheses tested were: (1) chronological age will be positively related to Decentering as reflected in Feffer’s Interpersonal Decentering scores obtained annually between ages 10 and 13 and at 18; (2) children born into higher class homes would have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (3) children born later in birth order will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (4) children whose parents were observed to have closer bonds with their children at age 21 months will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; (5) adolescents with higher scores from the Decentering Q-sort Scale (derived from adolescent Q-sorts) will have higher Age 12 Decentering scores; and (6) participants who have higher Age 12 Decentering scores will self-report higher CPI Empathy scale scores at Age 30. A repeated measures ANOVA tested Hypothesis 1. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients tested Hypotheses 2-6. Age and Decentering scores were unrelated, as was birth order; social class findings were mixed. Parents’ bonds with child and Age 12 Decentering were negatively correlated (closer bonds predicted higher Decentering), as were Age 12 Decentering and Age 30 Empathy (higher early Decentering predicted lower adulthood Empathy). Girls (age 12) tended to decenter more consistently and had higher Decentering scores than boys.
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Papadopoulou, Kalliroi. "Acquisition and development of reflective social emotions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358814.
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Choudhury, S. "The development of social cognition during adolescence." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445392/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to investigate the development of social cognition during adolescence. Neuroimaging research has provided new evidence for significant developments of the brain during adolescence, contesting old notions that the human brain reaches maturity by childhood. The prefrontal, parietal and superior temporal cortices have been highlighted as the regions that undergo the most prolonged and profound structural change. Given the association of these brain areas with social cognitive tasks, including perspective taking, intention understanding and motor imagery, this series of studies have sought to investigate the social cognitive consequences of these brain developments. The first study in this thesis investigated the development of perspective taking between late childhood and adulthood and found that perspective taking develops in terms of efficiency and possibly strategy during adolescence. The second study investigated perspective taking in adult patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions of persecution, and suggested differences in processing one's own and other people's perspectives in patients compared to normal controls. The third study used fMRI to investigate the development of the neural circuitry for intentional causality during adolescence and found a shift from relatively higher activity in superior temporal cortex during adolescence to relatively higher activity in medial prefrontal cortex in adulthood. In light of motor theories of social cognition, the fourth study comprised three motor imagery experiments that investigated the development of action representation during adolescence. Results suggested that the action representation system is refined during adolescence. The final study compared action representation in typically developing adolescents and those with autism spectrum disorders and found no differences in performance between groups. Together, these studies have shown that certain social cognitive abilities develop during adolescence. The relation between social and motor cognition is discussed from a developmental perspective, as well as the link to brain maturation during adolescence. Finally speculations are made about how these processes may become dysfunctional in psychopathology.
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Missimer, Merlina. "The Social Dimension of Strategic Sustainable Development." Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00555.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable development most prominently entered the global political arena in 1987 in a report from the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland report. In response to the concept of sustainable development, a vast array of ideas, concepts, methods and tools to aid organizations and governments in addressing the socio-ecological problems has been developed. Though helpful in many contexts, the multitude of such support also risks creating confusion, not the least since there is no generally endorsed overriding and operational definition of sustainability. Thus, there is a growing need for such a definition and for an understanding of how these ideas, concepts, methods and tools relate to sustainability and to each other. A framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD) has been developed over the last 20 years to create such a unifying structure. The aim of this research is to contribute specifically to the social sustainability definition of this framework. The research follows the Design Research Methodology. First, the social dimension of the FSSD as it stands currently was examined and described as was the general field of social sustainability. Then, a new approach to the social side of the FSSD was created. The studies revealed that the field of social sustainability, in general, is vastly under-theorized and under-developed, and that a clear framework is important and desired. They also laid out in which ways specifically the structure of the FSSD could be used to further develop the social dimension of strategic planning and innovation, and that currently this aspect of the FSSD is relatively under-developed. This assessment was followed by a first attempt at a clearer definition of social sustainability. Based on these explorations, this research suggests five principles as a hypothesis to be used as a definition of social sustainability, the key-terms of which being ’integrity’, ‘influence’, ‘competence’, ‘impartiality’ and ‘meaning’. For validity purposes the results were cross-checked with other approaches and theories. The validity check shows that similar key-terms have been found by other researchers. In conclusion, this research contributes with a hypothesis for a clearer definition of social sustainability, which is general enough to be applied irrespective of spatial and temporal constraints, but concrete enough to guide decision-making. This is a contribution to systems science in the sustainability field and it is a step to creating an enhanced support for strategic planning and innovation for sustainability. Further testing and refinement of this theoretical foundation, and bringing it into practical use, will be the subject of the continued studies.
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FORSTROM, MARTIN DYLAN. "CUBAN SOCIALISM: A MODEL OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612936.
Full textAbstract:
As the only developed country with a mostly publicly-owned and centrally-planned economy, sociological study of Cuba offers profound opportunities for theoretical and practical consideration of the viability of that model. Hitherto unseen levels of support for socialism among Americans and a renewed European Left in the wake of the Great Recession and worsening human-caused climate change provide a context of renewed interest. Cuba’s geographic location, high standard of living, ethnic/racial diversity, and relative cultural liberalism, further, make it the uniquely best-suited counterexample to the “end of history” model of (neo)liberal democratic consensus. While limited, partial analyses of the Cuban system abound, attempts to synthesize this information and meaningfully address its unique development of the Marxist-Leninist single-party state as a legitimate form of society are nearly nonexistent. I will argue that the system’s survival and significant adaptations from its past as a Soviet client state warrant a second look as a viable alternative type of social organization. A review and synthesis of the social scientific literature in addition to notions of democracy and attempts to quantify utilitarian function like Happy Planet Index demonstrates that, more so than untested models, the Cuban one presents a viable if very imperfect example of equitable sustainability.
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Kassem, Dana. "Electrification and industrial development in Indonesia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3788/.
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Economists and policymakers have long believed that access to electricity is essential for industrial development, and ultimately growth. Despite this consensus, there is limited evidence of this relationship. In this thesis, I ask whether electrification causes industrial development. I study the effect of the extensive margin of electrification (grid expansion) on the extensive margin of industrial development (firm entry and exit). I combine newly digitized data from the Indonesian state electricity company with rich manufacturing census data. To deal with endogenous grid placement, I build a hypothetical transmission grid based on colonial incumbent infrastructure and geography. The main instrumental variable is the distance to this hypothetical grid. I examine the effect of electrification on local industrial development. To understand when and how electrification can cause industrial development, I shed light on an important economic mechanism - firm turnover. I find that electrification causes industrial development, represented by an increase in the number of manufacturing firms, manufacturing workers, and output. Electrification increases firm entry rates, but also exit rates. Overall, electrification creates new industrial activity, as opposed to reorganizing it across space. I then evaluate the impact of electrification on firm-level performance. I find that connected firms are larger, more likely to exit, and younger. This is consistent with higher turnover at the market level. I look at the implications of the previous results on industry productivity. Higher turnover rates lead to higher average productivity and induce reallocation towards more productive firms. This is consistent with electrification lowering entry costs, increasing competition and forcing unproductive firms to exit more often. Without the possibility of entry or competitive effects of entry, the effects of electrification are likely to be smaller. I use detailed product-level production data to structurally estimate a quantity-based production function, which when combined with price data, allows me to estimate marginal cost. Electrification substantially reduces the cost of production of existing products and their prices. While mark-ups don’t change for incumbent firm-product pairs, the average markup increases in the market. This is due to a selection effect where products produced post access have higher mark-ups. These products are "new" and are more likely to be differentiated.
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Carlman, Alison. "Development 2.0? : the case of Kiva.org and online social lending for development." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4226.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH SUMMARY: This study explores the application of Web 2.0 thinking to development studies. It specifically addresses ‗online social lending for development' as an example of ‗Development 2.0,‘ the subject of an ongoing conversation between the fields of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and international development. The paper has two aims: to develop a definition of Development 2.0, and to explore an empirical example of a Web 2.0 model that seeks to alleviate poverty. Reflecting on the literature pertaining to ICT for development (ICT4D), the investigator establishes preliminary principles of Development 2.0: facilitating citizen participation and voice, encouraging collaboration, increasing transparency and enabling relationships. These principles are then considered in the context of online social lending for development, with a particular look at Kiva.org, the microlending website at the center of the study. The empirical research for this case involved several months of interaction with some of Kiva‘s primary stakeholders in San Francisco, CA and Kisumu, Kenya. As a Kiva Fellow, the investigator engaged in participant observation, focus groups, analysis of secondary data, email interviews and weblog interviews with various people involved in the Kiva system. Stemming from this investigation, the author offers a descriptive and exploratory case study of Kiva‘s operations and its level of Development 2.0 integration. With reference to this Kiva case study and the initial Development 2.0 principles, the investigator offers a new definition: Development 2.0 is the application of Web 2.0 thinking to development studies. Development 2.0 practice takes advantage of networked social interaction and data generation, reaching the ‘long tail’ of the world’s poor; it actively employs transparency, collaboration, and citizen participation with the aim of continual, reflexive improvement in sustainable human-centered development. The author concludes that Kiva is a relevant example of Development 2.0, but it does not offer full transparency to all stakeholders, nor does it take advantage of the full possibilities of networked social interaction, which could lead to more holistic development for Kiva borrowers. The author argues that Development 2.0 principles have intrinsic value, and should be pursued as both a means and an end for ICT4D practice. The paper ends with a call for further research into Kiva, Development 2.0, and the practice of online social lending for development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die toepassing van Web 2.0 beginsels vir ontwikkelingstudies. Dit spreek spesifiek ‗aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling‘ aan, 'n onderwerp wat debat ontlok tussen die velde van Inligting en Kommunikasie Tegnologie (IKT) en Internasionale Ontwikkeling. Die verhandeling het twee doelwitte: om 'n definisie vir Ontwikkeling 2.0 te ontwikkel en om ondersoek in te stel na 'n empiriese voorbeeld van 'n Web 2.0 model wat die verligting van armoede nastreef. Na 'n refleksie oor die literatuur wat met IKT‘s verband hou, stel die navorser die voorwaardelike beginsels van Ontwikkeling 2.0 vas: die fasilitering van burgerlike deelname en inspraak, bevordering van samewerking, verhoogde deursigtigheid en instaatstellende verhoudings. Hierdie beginsels word dan oorweeg in die konteks van aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling, met spesifieke ondersoek na Kiva.org, 'n mikro-lening webwerf wat sentraal tot hierdie studie staan. Die empiriese ondersoek vir hierdie gevallestudie het verskeie maande van navorser-interaksie met van Kiva se primêre rolspelers in San Francisco (VSA) en Kisumu (Kenia) behels. Die ondersoeker het as 'n 'Kiva Fellow‘ deur middel van deelnemende waarneming, fokusgroep onderhoude, benutting van sekondêre bronne, e-pos- en webblog onderhoude met verskeie persone betrokke in die Kiva stelsel in wisselwerking getree. Na aanleiding van hierdie studie, bied die navorser 'n beskrywende en verklarende gevallestudie van Kiva se werksaamhede en vlak van Ontwikkeling 2.0 integrasie aan. Met verwysing na hierdie Kiva gevallestudie en die aanvanklike Ontwikkeling 2.0 beginsels, bied die ondersoeker ‗n hersiene definisie aan: Ontwikkeling 2.0 is die toepassing van Web 2.0 beginsels tot ontwikkelingstudies. Ontwikkeling 2.0 praktyk trek voordeel uit netwerk-sosiale interaksie en data-generering, wat die ‘verste punt’ van die wêreld se armes bereik; dit streef aktief deursigtigheid, samewerking en burgerlike deelname na; tot die bevordering van die aaneenlopende, refleksiewe verbetering in volhoubare mens-gesentreerde ontwikkeling. Die ondersoeker kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Kiva 'n relevante voorbeeld van Ontwikkeling 2.0 is, maar dat dit nie volwaardige deursigtigheid vir alle rolspelers bied nie, en nog minder van die geleentheid gebruik maak om voordeel te trek van die volle moontlikhede van netwerk-sosiale interaksie, wat tot meer holistiese ontwikkeling vir Kiva leners kan lei. Die ondersoeker argumenteer dat Ontwikkeling 2.0 beginsels 'n intrinsieke waarde het en nagestreef behoort te word in die praktyk as beide ‗n middel tot en ‗n einde vir ‗IKT vir Ontwikkeling‘ (ICT4D). Die verhandeling word afgesluit met 'n oproep vir verdere navorsing oor Kiva, Ontwikkeling 2.0 en die gebruik van aanlyn sosiale lenings vir ontwikkeling.