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Journal articles on the topic 'Social archaeology – europe, northern'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Thomas, Julian. "Gene-flows and social processes: The potential of genetics and archaeology." Documenta Praehistorica 33 (December 31, 2006): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.33.7.

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During the past four decades, genetic information has played an increasingly important part in the study of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Europe. However, there sometimes seems to be a degree of disjunction between the patterns revealed by genetic analysis and the increasingly complex social and economic processes that archaeology is starting to identify. In this contribution, I point to the multiplicity of identities, subsistence regimes and patterns of social interaction involved in the introduction of the Neolithic into northern and western Europe, and consider the implications for

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Nielsen, Poul Otto, and Lasse Sørensen. "THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL RANK IN THE EARLY NEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN EUROPE." Acta Archaeologica 89, no. 1 (2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0390.2018.12190.x.

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Bergman, Ingela. "Roasting Pits as Social Space: The Organisation of Outdoor Activities on an Early Mesolithic Settlement Site in Northern Sweden." Current Swedish Archaeology 16, no. 1 (2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2008.01.

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The interior of northern Sweden was thc last area in Europe to become icefree and pioneer settlers arrived soon aftcr deglaciation. Early Mesolithic settlement sites in the Arjeplog area, Sweden, provide evidence of rapid colonization. This paper highlights the significance of the overall site arena as an interpretative unit for analyses of social life among the pioneer settlers in interior Northern Sweden. Results from the excavation of the Dumpokjauratj site dating to c. 8,600 BP (9,600 cal BP) are presented. The distinct spatial outline implies conformity in cultural codes during the initia

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Zhulnikov, A. "EXCHANGE OF AMBER IN NORTHERN EUROPE IN THE III MILLENNIUM BC AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS." Estonian Journal of Archaeology 12, no. 1 (2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2008.1.01.

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Bogucki, Peter. "Disruption, Preference Cascades, Contagion, and the Transition to Agriculture in Northern Europe." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (2021): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0155.

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Abstract The transition to agriculture in northern Europe around 4000 BC presents an unresolved question. Explanations have vacillated between the adoption of Neolithic things and practices by indigenous foragers to the displacement of Mesolithic populations by immigrant farmers. The goal of this article is to articulate some thoughts on this process. First, it would have been necessary to introduce food production practices, by acculturation or immigration, to disrupt not only the forager economy but also their values of sharing and social relations. The use of milk for dairy products is a pr

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Starling, N. J. "Social change in the Later Neolithic of Central Europe." Antiquity 59, no. 225 (1985): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00056568.

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Profound changes occurred in central and northern Europe towards the end of the 3rd millennium bcX, when a uniform pattern of settlement, burial and material culture-the Corded Ware complexreplaced the diversity of the middle neolithic groups of the TRB (or Funnel Beaker Culture). Collective graves and large settlement sites gave way to individual burials in a largely dispersed pattern of settlement based on small sites. This was accompanied by a spread of sites into hitherto uncolonized areas, and a greater variety of locations used for settlement. This major change might at first seem to ind

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Canning, Victoria. "Degradation by design: women and asylum in northern Europe." Race & Class 61, no. 1 (2019): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396819850986.

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The increasingly punitive measures taken by European governments to deter people seeking asylum, including increased use of detention, internalised controls, reductions in in-country rights and procedural safeguards, have a hugely damaging impact on the lives and wellbeing of women survivors of torture, sexual and domestic violence. This article, based on a two-year research project examining Britain, Denmark and Sweden, involved more than 500 hours speaking with people seeking asylum, as well as interviews with practitioners. It highlights among other issues non-adherence to the Istanbul Conv

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Gaimster, David. "The Hanseatic Cultural Signature: Exploring Globalization on the Micro-Scale in Late Medieval Northern Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 17, no. 1 (2014): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000044.

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The Hansa formed the principal agent of trade and cultural exchange in northern Europe and the Baltic during the late medieval to early modern periods. Hanseatic urban settlements in northern Europe shared many things in common. Their cultural ‘signature’ was articulated physically through a shared vocabulary of built heritage and domestic goods, from step-gabled brick architecture to clothing, diet, and domestic utensils. The redevelopment of towns on the Baltic littoral over the past 20+ years offers an archaeological opportunity to investigate key attributes of late medieval society on the

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Vandkilde, Helle. "Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC." European Journal of Archaeology 17, no. 4 (2014): 602–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000064.

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The breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age (NBA) c. 1600 BC as a koiné within Bronze Age Europe can be historically linked to the Carpathian Basin. Nordic distinctiveness entailed an entanglement of cosmology and warriorhood, albeit represented through different media in the hotspot zone (bronze) and in the northern zone (rock). In a Carpathian crossroad between the Eurasian Steppes, the Aegean world and temperate Europe during this time, a transcultural assemblage coalesced, fusing both tangible and intangible innovations from various different places. Superior warriorhood was coupled to belie

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Hall, Mark A. "Board Games in Boat Burials: Play in the Performance of Migration and Viking Age Mortuary Practice." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 3 (2016): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1175774.

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This contribution explores an aspect of boat burials in the second half of the first millennium AD across Northern Europe, specifically boat burials that included equipment for board games (surviving variously as boards and playing pieces, playing pieces only, or dice and playing pieces). Entangled aspects of identity, gender, cosmogony, performance, and commemoration are considered within a framework of cultural citation and connection between death and play. The crux of this article's citational thrust is the notion of quoting life in the rituals surrounding death. This was done both in the

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Pluskowski, Aleks. "The Tyranny of the Gingerbread House: Contextualising the Fear of Wolves in Medieval Northern Europe through Material Culture, Ecology and Folklore." Current Swedish Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2021): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2005.08.

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In this paper, I propose to contextualise the popular perception ofthe "fairy tale wolf" as a window into a normative past, by focusing on responses to this animal in Britain and southern Scandinavia from the 8th to the 14th centuries, drawing on archaeological, artistic and written sources. These responses are subsequently juxtaposed with the socio-ecological context of the concept of the "fairy tale wolf" in early modern France. At a time when folklore is being increasingly incorporated into archaeological interpretation, I suggest that alternative understandings ofhuman relations with anima

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Goldhahn, Joakim. "Engraved Biographies: Rock Art and the Life-Histories of Bronze Age Objects." Current Swedish Archaeology 22, no. 1 (2021): 97–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2014.09.

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This article deals with engravings depicting some times lifesized Bronze Age metal objects from “closed” burial contexts and “openair” sites in northern Europe. These rock art images have mainly been used for comparative dating with the purpose of establishing rock art chronologies, or interpreted as a poor man’s” substitute for real ob jects that were sacrificed to immaterial gods and goddesses. In this article, these rock art images are pictured from a perspective that highlights the mu tual cultural biography of humans and objects. It is argued that the rare engravings of bronze ob je

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Stutz, Liv Nilsson, Lars Larsson, and Ilga Zagorska. "The persistent presence of the dead: recent excavations at the hunter-gatherer cemetery at Zvejnieki (Latvia)." Antiquity 87, no. 338 (2013): 1016–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049838.

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The well-known Mesolithic cemeteries of Northern Europe have long been viewed as evidence of developing social complexity in those regions in the centuries immediately before the Neolithic transition. These sites also had important symbolic connotations. This study uses new and more detailed analysis of the burial practices in one of these cemeteries to argue that much more is involved than social differentiation. Repeated burial in the densely packed site of Zvejnieki entailed large-scale disturbance of earlier graves, and would have involved recurrent encounters with the remains of the ances

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Halikowski Smith, Stefan. "Lisbon in the sixteenth century: decoding the Chafariz d’el Rei." Race & Class 60, no. 2 (2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396818794355.

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An anonymous sixteenth-century painting of the King’s Fountain in the Lisbon Alfama, Chafariz d’el Rei, recently the subject of speculation over its provenance and date, has also been of interest because of its depiction of so many black and white figures together, from all social strata and walks of life and in many (often water-related) trades in a public square. It very obviously suggests that black residents of Lisbon at that time, if originating from the trade in slaves, had been able to make their way as freedmen and women into Portuguese society. With careful reading of the figures in t

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Brozio, Jan Piet, Johannes Müller, Martin Furholt, et al. "Monuments and economies: What drove their variability in the middle-Holocene Neolithic?" Holocene 29, no. 10 (2019): 1558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619857227.

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In the regions of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, within the Neolithic ( c. 4100–1700 BCE), two episodes of intensified monumental burial construction are known: Funnel Beaker megaliths mainly from c. 3400–3100 BCE and Single Grave burial mounds from c. 2800–2500 BCE. So far, it remains unclear whether these boom phases of monumental construction were linked with phases of economic expansion, to phases of economic changes or to periods of economic crisis: do they precede and stimulate periods of economic growth? Or are they a social practice that results from social changes within t

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Scull, Christopher. "Lotte Hedeager. Iron Age societies: from tribe to state in northern Europe, 500 BC to AD 700. (Social Archaeology). Translated by John Hines. ix + 274 pages, 95 figures. 1992. Oxford: Basil Blackwell: ISBN 0-631-17106-1 hardback £30." Antiquity 66, no. 253 (1992): 989–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00044975.

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Groß, Daniel, Henny Piezonka, Erica Corradini, et al. "Adaptations and transformations of hunter-gatherers in forest environments: New archaeological and anthropological insights." Holocene 29, no. 10 (2019): 1531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619857231.

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Like any other living being, humans constantly influence their environment, be it intentionally or unintentionally. By extracting natural resources, they shape their environment and also that of plants and other animals. A great difference setting people apart from all other living beings is the ability to construct and develop their own niche intentionally, and the unique tool for this is cultural behaviour. Here, we discuss anthropogenic environmental changes of hunter-gatherers and present new palaeoecological and palynological data. The studies are framed with ethnoarchaeological data from

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Santa Cruz del Barrio, Angélica, Germán Delibes de Castro, Rodrigo Villalobos García, and Miguel Ángel Moreno Gallo. "Las prácticas funerarias dolménicas a través del testimonio de los monumentos de La Lora (Burgos)." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 12 (June 28, 2023): 16–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2023.12.01.

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RESUMENEl culto a los muertos es una práctica documentada en el ser humano desde tiempos prehistóricos. Uno de los fenómenos funerarios que revisten mayor popularidad dentro de la Prehistoria Reciente es el megalitismo, desarrollado en amplios territorios de Europa desde mediados del v milenio cal BC, y caracterizado por la construcción de grandes tumbas colectivas cuyo imaginario permanece en el folclore popular hasta nuestros días. En este trabajo se ofrece una interpretación de las prácticas funerarias que engloban dicho fenómeno a partir del estudio regional del conjunto megalítico de la L

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Shydlovskyi, Pavlo, та Oleksii Lyzun. "Ландшафтні зміни в Київському Подніпров'ї на межі плейстоцену-голоцену: археологічні свідчення. Landscape changes in Kyiv Dnieper region on the border of Pleistocene-Holocene : archaeological evidences". VITA ANTIQUA, ISSN:2522-9419 9, HUMAN AND LANDSCAPE: Prehistoric Archaeology of Eastern Europe (30 травня 2017): 127–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1186887.

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One of the most important issues in the study of ecological systems is to determine the nature of the changes that occurred during the transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Paleoecological research involves the study of interaction between the three types of environments - physical, biotic and social in different chronological epochs. Detection of continuity or discontinuity of transitional periods is possible with involving the analysis of data of several related disciplines - in this case and prehistory archaeology and paleogeography. Geological data claims the presence in th

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Jaskanis, Paweł Olaf. "JAN KAZIMIERZ JASKANIS (1932–2016) – A SON’S MEMORY OF HIS FATHER." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1581.

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A primeval archaeologist (MA 1955, PhD 1971), an organiser of protection for monuments in the Białystok province (1954–1980), Director of the Regional Museum in Białystok (1974–1980) and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (1980–2000). He dealt with archaeology, museology and the protection of monuments. He also popularised related knowledge and linguistic and religious issues. He established the provincial record of archaeological monuments as well as conservation archives, both of which were then developed at the museum. From 1959 to 1975 he was Scientific Secretary to the Yotvingia Sc

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Andersen, Michael. "Archaeology and Sigillography in Northern Europe." Medieval Globe 4, no. 1 (2018): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17302/tmg.4-1.8.

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Medieval seals, traditionally considered from the perspective of their documentary function, may also be studied as archaeological artefacts. Pilgrim badges were seal-shaped, and seal matrices and seal impressions can be found on church bells, in altars, and in burial sites. The context in which matrices are excavated provides valuable information on the practices of sealing and on the values attached to seals. This article also reveals a hitherto undescribed late medieval practice whereby papal and Scandinavian royal correspondents exchanged seal matrices.

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Dolukhanov, Pavel, and Anvar Shrukov. "Modelling the Neolithic dispersal in northern Eurasia." Documenta Praehistorica 31 (December 31, 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.31.3.

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Comprehensieve lists of radiocarbon dates from key Early Neolithic sites in Central Europe belonging to the Linear pottery Ceramic Culture (LBK) and early pottery-bearing cultures in the East European Plain were analysed with the use of the x2 test. The dates from the LBK sites form a statistically homogeneous set, with a probability distribution similar to a single-date Gaussian curve. This implies the rate of expansion of the LBK in Central Europe being in excess of 4 km/yr. Early potter-bearing sites on the East European Plain exhibit a much broader probability distribution of dates, with a

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Broadbent, Noel D. "Comments on transition to farming in Northern Europe: Evidence from Northern Sweden." Norwegian Archaeological Review 18, no. 1-2 (1985): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1985.9965418.

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Robson, Harry K. "The early settlement of Northern Europe." Antiquity 93, no. 367 (2019): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.264.

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This three-volume publication presents an up-to-date overview on the human colonisation of Northern Europe across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Scandinavia, the Eastern Baltic and Great Britain. Volume 1, Ecology of early settlement in Northern Europe, is a collection of 17 articles focusing on subsistence strategies and technologies, ecology and resource availability and demography in relation to different ecological niches. It is structured according to three geographic regions, the Skagerrak-Kattegat, the Baltic Region and the North Sea/Norwegian Sea, while its temporal focus is La

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Gregory, Jon. "Estate Landscapes in Northern Europe." Landscapes 19, no. 2 (2018): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2018.1776009.

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Böse, Margot, Christopher Lüthgens, Jonathan R. Lee, and James Rose. "Quaternary glaciations of northern Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews 44 (June 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.017.

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Olsen, John Andreas. "Introduction: Security in Northern Europe." Whitehall Papers 93, no. 1 (2018): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681307.2018.1508942.

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Bonsall, Clive, Mark G. Macklin, David E. Anderson, and Robert W. Payton. "Climate change and the adoption of agriculture in north-west Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 5, no. 1 (2002): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2002.5.1.9.

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Farming can be shown to have spread very rapidly across the British Isles and southern Scandinavia around 6000 years ago, following a long period of stasis when the agricultural ‘frontier’ lay further south on the North European Plain between northern France and northern Poland. The reasons for the delay in the adoption of agriculture on the north-west fringe of Europe have been debated by archaeologists for decades. Here, we present fresh evidence that this renewed phase of agricultural expansion was triggered by a significant change in climate. This finding may also have implications for und

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Benecke, Norbert. "Studies on early dog remains from Northern Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 14, no. 1 (1987): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4403(87)80004-3.

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Editorial board. "Foreword." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 6 (February 11, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/vol6isspp1.

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Making Archaeology Public. A View from the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Beyond The concept of Public Archaeology has profoundly changed since Mc Grimsey’s first formulation in the early 1970s, as it developed a solid conceptual and practical framework along the years that makes it now an independent branch of archaeology. However, in English-speaking and Northern European countries, the perception of archaeology as a common good was widely spread even before the actual formalization of Public Archaeology as a specific curriculum offered by several universities. Not surprisingly, suc

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Zvelebil, Marek, and Peter Rowley‐Conwy. "Reply to comments on transition to farming in Northern Europe." Norwegian Archaeological Review 18, no. 1-2 (1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1985.9965422.

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Riede, Felix, and Mads Thastrup. "Tephra, tephrochronology and archaeology – a (re-)view from Northern Europe." Heritage Science 1, no. 1 (2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2050-7445-1-15.

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Lind, Lennart. "The Monetary Reforms of the Romans and the Finds of Roman Denarii in Eastern and Northern Europe." Current Swedish Archaeology 1, no. 1 (1993): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1993.12.

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Monetary measures undertaken inside the Roman Empire might be responsible for the composition of finds of Roman coins made ontside the Empire. A possible link between the composition of the denarius finds in Barbarian Europe, on the one hand, and the monetary reforms of Nero (54—68) and Septimius Severus (193—211), on the other hand, has long been recognised. There is however a third Roman monetary reform which has put its imprint on the denorius finds in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe, the one of Domitian (81—96).

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Stylegar, Frans-Arne, and Oliver Grimm. "Boathouses in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 34, no. 2 (2005): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00058.x.

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Mikkelsen, Egil, and Olav Sverre Johansen. "Comments on transition to farming in Northern Europe: A Norwegian perspective." Norwegian Archaeological Review 18, no. 1-2 (1985): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1985.9965419.

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Moe, Dagfinn. "Comments on transition to farming in Northern Europe: Some palynological remarks." Norwegian Archaeological Review 18, no. 1-2 (1985): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1985.9965420.

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Becker, C. J. "Comments on transition to farming in Northern Europe: The Danish perspective." Norwegian Archaeological Review 18, no. 1-2 (1985): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1985.9965421.

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Byron, Reginald. "The Maritime Household in Northern Europe." Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, no. 2 (1994): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019058.

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The forms and processes of local-level social organisation seen today in fishing communities in northern Europe can be fully appreciated only after their history is recognized and explored. Until the middle of this century, the predominant form of organisation was the joint maritime household, which involved men and women in separate sets of collaborative activities. With changing technology, rising standards of living, and the intervention of the institutions of modernity, women everywhere in northern Europe have been able to disengage themselves from their former obligations, doing so largel

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Gurova, Maria, and Clive Bonsall. "‘Pre-Neolithic’ in Southeast Europe: a Bulgarian perspective." Documenta Praehistorica 41 (December 30, 2014): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.41.5.

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This paper discusses why large areas of the central and northern Balkans lack evidence of Mesolithic settlement and what implications this holds for future research into the Neolithization of the region. A marked shift in site distribution patterns between Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic is interpreted as a response to changing environmental conditions and resource availability. It is suggested that some important questions of the pattern, processes and timing of the transition to farming across the Balkan Peninsula may only be answered through new archaeological surveys of the Lower Danube

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Dooley, Brendan, and Shearer West. "Italian Culture in Northern Europe in the Eighteenth Century." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (2001): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693146.

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Perry, David. "IX. Canada and Security in Northern Europe." Whitehall Papers 93, no. 1 (2018): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681307.2018.1508968.

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Taçon, Paul. "Rock Art and the Wild Mind. Visual Imagery in Mesolithic Northern Europe." Norwegian Archaeological Review 52, no. 2 (2019): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2019.1669696.

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Ericson, Per G. P., Tommy Tyrberg, Anna Stina Kjellberg, Leif Jonsson, and Inga Ullén. "The Earliest Record of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Northern Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 24, no. 2 (1997): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0102.

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Mundy, John Hine, and William Chester Jordan. "The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century." American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (1999): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649696.

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Woodbridge, Jessie, Neil Roberts, and Ralph Fyfe. "Vegetation and Land-Use Change in Northern Europe During Late Antiquity: A Regional-Scale Pollen-Based Reconstruction." Late Antique Archaeology 11, no. 1 (2015): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340055.

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Abstract This chapter presents an overview of land cover and land use change in northern Europe, particularly during Late Antiquity (ca. 3rd–8th c. AD) based on fossil pollen preserved in sediments. We have transformed fossil pollen datasets from 462 sites into eight major land-cover classes using the pseudobiomisation method (PBM). Through using pollen-vegetation evidence, we show that north-central Europe, lying outside the Roman frontier (the so-called ‘Barbaricum’ region), remained predominantly forested until Medieval times, with the main clearance phase only starting from ca. AD 750. Thi

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Ivanovaitė, Livija, Kamil Serwatka, Christian Steven Hoggard, Florian Sauer, and Felix Riede. "All these Fantastic Cultures? Research History and Regionalization in the Late Palaeolithic Tanged Point Cultures of Eastern Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 23, no. 2 (2019): 162–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.59.

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The Late Glacial, that is the period from the first pronounced warming after the Last Glacial Maximum to the beginning of the Holocene (c. 16,000–11,700 cal bp), is traditionally viewed as a time when northern Europe was being recolonized and Late Palaeolithic cultures diversified. These cultures are characterized by particular artefact types, or the co-occurrence or specific relative frequencies of these. In north-eastern Europe, numerous cultures have been proposed on the basis of supposedly different tanged points. This practice of naming new cultural units based on these perceived differen

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Van Dyke, Ruth M. "Archaeology and Social Memory." Annual Review of Anthropology 48, no. 1 (2019): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011051.

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This review provides a road map through current trends and issues in archaeological studies of memory. Many scholars continue to draw on Halbwachs for collective memory studies, emphasizing how the past can legitimate political authority. Others are inspired by Bergson, focusing on the persistent material intrusion of the past into the present. “Past in the past” studies are particularly widespread in the Near East/Classical world, Europe, the Maya region, and Native North America. Archaeologists have viewed materialized memory in various ways: as passively continuous, discursively referenced,

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Skeates, Robin. "Nils Anfinset and Melanie Wrigglesworth (eds):Local Societies in Bronze Age Northern Europe." Norwegian Archaeological Review 46, no. 1 (2013): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2013.779318.

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Janik, Liliana. "The ontology of praxis: hard memory and the rock art of the Northern Europe." Time and Mind 12, no. 3 (2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1751696x.2019.1645527.

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Nordqvist, Kerkko, and Vesa-Pekka Herva. "Copper Use, Cultural Change and Neolithization in North-Eastern Europe (c. 5500–1800 BC)." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 3 (2013): 401–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000036.

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Abstract:

In the context of northern Europe, copper use started early in eastern Fennoscandia (Finland and the Republic of Karelia, Russia), sometime after 4000 BC. This article explores this Stone Age copper use in eastern Fennoscandia in relation to broader cultural developments in the region between the adoption of pottery (c. 5500 BC) and the end of the Stone Age (c. 1800 BC). Stone Age copper use in north-eastern Europe has conventionally been understood in terms of technology or exchange, whereas this article suggests that the beginning of copper use was linked to more fundamental changes in the p

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