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Wulandari, Arti, and Zulisih Maryani. "FOTOGRAFI POTRET WANITA PENAMBANG PASIR DFOTOGRAFI POTRET WANITA PENAMBANG PASIR DI LERENG SELATAN GUNUNG MERAPI, DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA." REKAM: Jurnal Fotografi, Televisi, dan Animasi 13, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/rekam.v13i1.1578.
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Ketegaran dan kesabaran yang luar biasa, sebagai sesama wanita, dari para wanita penambang pasir di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menjadi inspirasi bagi penulis untuk diungkapkan dalam karya fotografi dengan bentuk potret hitam putih karena potret bisa mewakili keadaan sebenarnya dari objek. Penciptaan ini bertujuan mengungkapkan kehidupan wanita penambang pasir di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam fotografi potret hitam putih dikaitkan dengan aspek teknis kreatif dan fungsi nilai sosialnya.Proses perwujudan mencakup tahap-tahap penciptaan dan media yang digunakan untuk mewujudkan karya seni fotografi potret yang tentunya membutuhkan bahan, alat, dan teknik. Prosedur pelaksanaan meliputi persiapan, pemotretan, proses editing, penentuan lay out, dan pencetakan hasil akhir. Karya penciptaan ini menampilkan karya-karya yang merupakan serangkaian fotografi potret wanita penambang pasir di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Melalui foto-foto yang ditampilkan diharapkan dapat memberikan sudut pandang bagi masyarakat dalam mengapresiasi sosok wanita penambang pasir, melalui ketegaran dan kesabarannya yang luar biasa. Keunggulan karya ini adalah menampilkan foto potret wanita penambang pasir dengan hitam putih sehingga tampak lebih dramatis. Obstinacy and remarkable patience, as a fellow woman, from the women sand miners in South Slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta became the inspiration for the author to be expressed in the form of photographic works with black and white portrait because a portrait can represent the actual state of the object. The aim of this creation reveals a woman's life sand miners in South Slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta in black and white portrait photography associated with the creative and technical aspects of the function of social value. The embodiment process includes the stages of creation and media that are used to create works of art portrait photography that will require materials, equipment, and techniques. Implementation procedures covering the preparation, shooting, editing, determination lay out, and print the final results. This creative work featuring the works is a series of photographic portraits of women sand miners in South Slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta. Through the photographs displayed are expected to provide viewpoints for society to appreciate the female figure sand miners, through fortitude and patience were outstanding. The advantages of this work is to show a portrait photo woman sand miners with black and white so that it looks more dramatic.
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Neretin, Nikolai Y., Anna E. Zhadan, and Alexander B. Tzetlin. "Aspects of mast building and the fine structure of “amphipod silk” glands in Dyopedos bispinis (Amphipoda, Dulichiidae)." Contributions to Zoology 86, no. 2 (July 18, 2017): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08602003.
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In the present study, we investigated the biology of Dyopedos bispinis, a mast-building amphipod that is abundant near the N. Pertsov White Sea Biological Station. To examine the peculiarities of mast building in Dyopedos bispinis, we studied the social structure of individuals inhabiting the masts and identified the preferred substrata through underwater photography and direct observations, characterized the internal and external structures of the masts, and studied the ultrastructure of pereopodal silk glands using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). The most frequent substrata for mast building are other fouling organisms, including hydroids, bryozoans, ascidians and sponges. As in other corophiids, each Dyopedos bispinis mast represents the territory of one female and, occasionally, one male, but unique collective masts occupied by three or more (up to 23) adults were also observed. Masts comprise one or 2-4 central cylinders and a laminated cortex that contains detritus and amphipod silk layers. The pereopodal glandular complex of Dyopedos bispinis is composed of two distinct gland groups, proximal and distal, in each pereopod 3-4, and ducts in the glandular complex lead into a common chamber in the dactylus. The proximal glands are multicellular; their secretory cells are uninuclear, unlike in certain other amphipods; and the cell membrane is deeply invaginated. The invaginations are filled with extensions of the cytoplasm of lining cells, but the origin of the lining is unclear. Axon terminals were observed adjacent to the secretory cells, and it is assumed that these axons regulate amphipod silk glands. The proximal silk glands of Dyopedos bispinis have similarities with the lobed and rosette glands of isopods, but they have strongly elongated forms. We refer to these glands as pseudotubular glands. Such glands are rarely observed in Crustacea and have only been described in silk-producing pereopodal systems of marine Peracarida and in the antenna of terrestrial Malacostraca.
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GANDER, CATHERINE. "Black and White Landscapes: Topographies of Disorientation in the Works of Carrie Mae Weems and Claudia Rankine." Journal of American Studies 54, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581900094x.
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In this essay, I explore how the contemporary black female artists Carrie Mae Weems and Claudia Rankine work with photography and text to develop what I call, after the famous 1975 American landscape photography exhibition, a new, anticolonial, topographics. Connecting the geographical and anatomical meanings of the word “topography,” I approach their works via the phenomenology of Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, tracing how the two artists decentre and throw into relief what Ahmed terms “whiteness as orientation.” Enacting an affective, visual politics of discomfort and disorientation, Weems and Rankine, this essay contends, open new terrain from which to encounter the American landscape in visual, corporeal, and phenomenological terms.
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Davis, Stephanie C., Patrick J. Leman, and Martyn Barrett. "Children's implicit and explicit ethnic group attitudes, ethnic group identification, and self-esteem." International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, no. 5 (September 2007): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407081461.
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An increasing amount of research explores how children distinguish different aspects of ethnic group attitudes. However, little work has focused on how these aspects tie in with other social and psychological processes. In the present study, 112 black and white children aged 5-, 7- and 9-years completed tests of implicit and explicit ethnic group attitudes, racial and ethnic identification, and self-esteem. Whereas all children exhibited coherent identification with ethnicity defined in terms of family ancestry, only black children identified with ethnicity as defined by racial colour terms. There were no differences in black and white children's self-esteem. Children from both ethnic groups stereotyped only the black character. This stereotyping was stable with age. Positivity was greater towards the black than the white target on implicit and explicit tasks. Negativity towards the white target was evidenced on the implicit task. Positivity, but not stereotyping, was greater on the explicit task compared with the implicit task. Black but not white children's in-group identification was associated with implicit in-group stereotypes. Self-esteem was related to in- and out-group stereotyping and positivity for white but not black children. The implications of these results for social identity development theory and social identity theory are discussed.
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Perry-Parrish, Carisa, Lindsey Webb, Janice Zeman, Sarah Spencer, Celeste Malone, Sarah Borowski, Elizabeth Reynolds, Jessica Hankinson, Matt Specht, and Rick Ostrander. "Anger Regulation and Social Acceptance in Early Adolescence." Journal of Early Adolescence 37, no. 4 (July 27, 2016): 475–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431615611255.
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Anger regulation among adolescents is important to investigate given theoretical and empirical support for its critical association with peer relationships. This study examined two aspects of anger regulation (i.e., inhibition, dysregulation) using self-report and peer-nominations and their associations with social acceptance among 163 Black and White adolescents ([Formula: see text] = 13.87 years). We explored gender and ethnicity differences in anger regulation predicting peer acceptance. Self-reports and peer-nominations of anger regulation were significantly correlated. Within-gender ethnicity differences in anger regulation were found: White girls reported higher levels of anger inhibition than Black girls, and Black girls reported higher levels of anger dysregulation than White girls. For all adolescents, self-reports and nominations of anger inhibition were associated with higher levels of social acceptance, whereas nominations of anger dysregulation predicted lower social acceptance. The results indicate the importance of considering gender and ethnicity in adolescents’ anger management within peer contexts.
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Snyder, Robert E. "Margaret Bourke-White and the Communist Witch Hunt." Journal of American Studies 19, no. 1 (April 1985): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800020028.
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Margaret Bourke-White (1904–1971) has been called “the most famous woman photographer” and “the finest woman photographer of our times.” Indeed, in a photographic career that spanned nearly five decades, Bourke-White demonstrated great professional versatility, registered many photographic firsts, and in a male-dominated field set standards by which others were measured. During the 1920s, Bourke-White carved out her first reputation in architectural and industrial photography. Her pictures of steel mills, shipyards, packing houses, logging camps, quarries, auto plants, skyscrapers, banks, and terminals captured the atmosphere of the industry and the dynamics of the capitalist system. Her industrial photography was of such outstanding quality that, as one critic observed, it “transformed the American factory into a Gothic cathedral.”Henry Luce was so impressed by her early work that he hired her as the first photographer for his business magazine Fortune. Under a unique arrangement she was allowed six months out of the year to pursue her own private studio practice for advertising agencies and corporations. When Henry Luce added the pictorial magazine Life to his growing publishing empire in the 1930s, he selected Margaret Bourke-White to become one of the four original staff photographers. At Life she established the tradition of negatives printed full frame and proved by black borders, and pioneered the synchronized multiple flash picture. Bourke-White revealed the range of her photographic talents in photo essays, murals, and documentary travelogues. “As a result of her twelve- and fourteen-page essays,” Carl Mydans noted, “her monumental work became known throughout the world — beyond that of any other photographer.”
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Broady, Kristen E., Curtis L. Todd, and William A. Darity. "Passing and the Costs and Benefits of Appropriating Blackness." Review of Black Political Economy 45, no. 2 (June 2018): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644618789182.
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The socioeconomic position of Blacks in America cannot be fully contextualized without considering the marginalization of their racialized social identities as minorities who have historically combated subjugation and oppression with respect to income, employment, homeownership, education, and political representation. It is not difficult to understand why the historical reference to “passing” primarily has been associated with Blacks who were able to—and many who did—claim to be White to secure the social, educational, political, and economic benefits that were reserved for Whites. Therefore, the majority of passing narratives have focused on Black to White passing. This article departs from the tradition in the literature by considering appropriation of various aspects of Black culture and White to Black passing. We evaluate the socioeconomic costs and benefits of being Black and inequalities in citizenship status between Blacks and Whites. Furthermore, we examine the socioeconomic and political capital of Blackness versus Whiteness in an attempt to explore the rationality of passing for Black.
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Hamlin, Abbey, A. Zarina Kraal, and Laura Zahodne. "Social Engagement and Episodic Memory in Non-Hispanic Black and White Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1101.
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Abstract Social engagement may confer cognitive benefits in older adulthood, but studies have typically been restricted to largely non-Hispanic White (NHW) samples. Levels of social engagement vary across race such that NHW report larger social networks, more frequent participation in social activities, and greater social support than non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB). Associations between social engagement and cognition may also vary by race, but research is sparse. The current cross-sectional study examined associations between different aspects of social engagement and episodic memory performance, as well as interactions between social engagement and race among NHB and NHW participants in the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project (N = 247; 48.4% NHB; age = 64.19 ± 2.92). Social engagement (network size, activities, support) was self-reported. Episodic memory was a z-score composite of immediate, delayed, and recognition trials of a list-learning task. Separate hierarchical linear regression models quantified interactions between race and each of the three social engagement variables on episodic memory, controlling for sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, and health conditions. Results showed a main effect of more frequent social activity on better episodic memory, as well as an interaction between race and social support indicating a significant positive association in NHB but not NHW. These preliminary findings suggest that participating in social activities may be equally beneficial for episodic memory across NHB and NHW older adults and that social support may be particularly beneficial for NHB. Future research is needed to determine the potential applications of these results in reducing cognitive inequalities through the development of culturally-relevant interventions.
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Hauschildt, Katrina, and Sarah A. Burgard. "Informal and Formal Social Integration Shape Eating and Drinking of Older Black and White Americans." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 9 (December 21, 2019): 1145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264319893486.
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Objective: Health behaviors are seen as one possible pathway linking race to health outcomes. Social integration has also been consistently linked to important health outcomes but has not been examined as a mechanism accounting for racial differences in health behaviors among older U.S. adults. Method: We use data from the American’s Changing Lives (ACL) Study to explore racial differences in measures of social integration and whether they help account for racial differences in several dietary behaviors and alcohol use. Results: We find differences by race and social integration measures in dietary behaviors and alcohol use. Net of socioeconomic status, health status, and reported discrimination, variation in social integration helps to account for racial differences in some health behaviors. Discussion: Our results highlight the nuanced role of social integration in understanding group differences in health behaviors. Interventions should consider such complexities when including aspects of social integration in their design.
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Schultz, Jennifer R., and Keith B. Maddox. "Shooting the Messenger to Spite the Message? Exploring Reactions to Claims of Racial Bias." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 3 (January 31, 2013): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212475223.
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Two experiments examined aspects of the communicator, message, and audience in producing evaluative backlash toward minorities who make claims of ongoing racial bias. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated a White or Black confederate who gave a speech expressing no claim, a mild claim, or an extreme claim of racial bias. Results indicated a race-specific evaluative backlash: Participants more negatively rated Black compared with White communicators, but only when the claim was extreme. Experiment 2 found that participants more negatively rated Black (vs. White) communicators when they used low-quality arguments, but this backlash was eliminated when Black communicators used high-quality arguments. Furthermore, participants who held stronger meritocracy beliefs and who heard low-quality arguments were more likely to evaluate Black communicators harshly. These findings clarify the conditions under which people from advantaged groups are more likely to recognize claims of racial bias as legitimate and respond favorably to the communicator.
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Miller, Arlene Michaels, JoEllen Wilbur, Andrew C. Montgomery, and Peggy Chandler. "Social Role Quality and Psychological Well Being." AAOHN Journal 46, no. 8 (August 1998): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999804600802.
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This study examined relationships among job, partner, and parent role quality and psychological well being in midlife black (n = 51) and white (n = 56) women employed in occupations varying by socioeconomic status (SES). Oversampling for black women ensured balanced occupational representation, allowing investigation uncontaminated by SES. Instruments included Baruch and Barnett's Rewards and Concerns Scales, Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Better well being scores were reported by black women than whites, and by professionals than non-professionals. However, when race, occupational group, and menopausal status were held constant in a multiple regression analysis, partner role quality was significantly related to both well being scores, parent role quality was related to life satisfaction only, and job role quality was not related to either. Nurses in the workplace can help women identify problematic aspects of their multiple social roles, and facilitate resolution of problems to improve worker health.
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Spriggs, M. "IVF mixup: white couple have black babies." Journal of Medical Ethics 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.29.2.65.
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Carley, Robert. "Riotous Epistemology: Open Referentiality and Reconfigured Temporalities in AK Thompson’s Black Bloc, White Riot." Theory in Action 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2105.
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This paper suggests that AK Thompson’s text be viewed through the twin lenses of what I describe as “open referentiality” and “reconfigured temporalities” in order to broadly understand the pedagogical and epistemological contributions of his work. I argue that Thompson’s work, at the pedagogical level, provides several reference points through which readers are invited to consider how theories, concepts, and the traditions that they are embedded in can be reinterpreted in the context of contemporary forms of social struggle, protest, demonstrations, and direct action. I connect the pedagogical aspects of Thompson’s work to their epistemological underpinnings arguing that Thompson’s work produces a phenomenology of thought and action that, taken in consort with his pedagogical invitation to reconsider aspects of radical and critical traditions, provides a riot in the epistemological frameworks that settle or partition (radical and critical) traditions of thought. I explore this idea by discussing how Black Bloc White Riot provided a means for me to rethink the contributions of Antonio Gramsci to contemporary social movement studies. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2021 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.] KEYWORDS: AK Thompson, Black Bloc White Riot, Critical Theory, Radical Theory, Direct Action, Antonio Gramsci.
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Nelson, M., M. Atkinson, and S. Darbyshire. "Food Photography I: the perception of food portion size from photographs." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 5 (November 1994): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940069.
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Fifty-one male and female volunteers aged 18–90 years from a wide variety of social and occupational backgrounds completed 7284 assessments of portion size in relation to food photographs. Subjects were shown six portion sizes (two small, two medium and two large) for each of six foods, and asked to compare the amount on the plate in front of them to (a) a series of eight photographs showing weights of portions from the 5th to the 95th centile of portion size (British Adult Dietary Survey), or (b) a single photograph of the average (median) portion size. Photographs were prepared either in colour or in black and white, and in two different sizes. The order of presentation of foods; use of black and white or colour; the size of photographs; and presentation of eight or average photographs were each randomized independently. On average, the mean differences between the portion size presented and the estimate of portion size using the photographs varied from -8 to + 6g (-4 to + 5%) for the series of eight photographs, and from -34 to −1g (-23 to + 9%) for the single average photograph. Large portion sizes tended to be underestimated more than medium or small portion sizes, especially when using the average photograph (from -79 to -14g, -37 to -13%). Being female, 65 years and over, or retired, or seeing photographs in colour, were all associated with small but statistically significant overestimations of portion size. Having a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 was associated with an 8% underestimate of portion size. We conclude that use of a series of eight photographs is associated with relatively small errors in portion size perception, whereas use of an average photograph is consistently associated with substantial underestimation across a variety of foods.
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Iruka, Iheoma U., Tonia R. Durden, Nicole Gardner-Neblett, Nneka Ibekwe-Okafor, Amber Sansbury, and Nicole A. Telfer. "Attending to the Adversity of Racism Against Young Black Children." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322211029313.
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The first 1,000 days is one of the most consequential times for children’s development. As a hugely ignored adversity embedded in all aspects of black children’s lives before birth and throughout their life course, racism in all forms deserves more attention in the developmental science literature. Racism—including structural, institutional, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and cultural—negatively impacts the health, learning, and well-being of black children, their families, and their communities. Using the Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies for Minority Children and Critical Race Theory frameworks, this article elucidates how racial disparities in every opportunity and outcome connected to black children and their ecosystem are due to white supremacy and anti-black racism. We call for urgent action focused on preservation, protection, and promotion to address white supremacy and combat anti-black racism through racial equity and culturally grounded science and policymaking.
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Dudareva, M. A. "The Apophatic Dimension of Color in B. Zaitsev's Stories “Mist” and “White Light”: Its Ontological and Cultural Aspects." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2021.2.160-170.
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This article is timed to coincide with the 140th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer B. Zaitsev and it is devoted to the apophatic dimension of Russian artistic culture, namely, the phenomenon of color in the stories “Mist” and “White Light”, which are included in the collection “White Light” (1922). The works are analyzed from a cultural-philosophical point of view. The research object in its widest sense is the apophatic dimension of verbal culture, manifested through a thanatological discourse and liminal states of the heroes, expressed by the author through a special color. Death is a priori apophatic, but this does not mean that its meaning cannot be approached. The focus is on the colors “white” and “black”, which are used by Zaitsev in a dominant and symbolic sense: white correlates with Light, and black – with Darkness. Both colors are considered from cultural-philosophical positions not only as achromatic, but also as apophatic: black enters into a paradigmatic relationship with white, spiritualizing it – to use the terms of the anthroposophical teaching, known to the writer. The ontogermeneutical reconstruction of the ethos of life and death in these stories allows us to approach the apophatic horizon of Russian verbal culture. This study gives the reader a holistic cultural and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of color in the stories of B. Zaitsev. The main images, their nature and functions in the work are discussed. The results obtained may be of interest both to cultural scientists for the subsequent social and philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of color, and to philologists studying the poetics of B. Zaitsev.
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WOLFER, LOREEN T., and PHYLLIS MOEN. "Staying in School." Journal of Family Issues 17, no. 4 (July 1996): 540–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251396017004006.
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Most research examining the influences of maternal employment focuses on the mother and the child at only one stage of the child's life. By contrast, this study examines how temporal and status aspects of mothers' jobs during daughters' early childhood (aged 0 to 6), preadolescence (aged 7 to 12), and adolescence (aged 13 to 18) affect a key transition: the rate that daughters leave school. The sample consists of 246 White and 188 Black daughters aged 18 to 23 in 1990, drawing on data from both mothers and daughters from the 1968-1990 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Findings suggest that part-time maternal employment during any point in childhood increases the likelihood that Black, but not White, daughters will remain in school. Maternal employment characteristics have little influence in determining whether White daughters remain in school.
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Fuscaldo, G. "What makes a parent? It's not black or white." Journal of Medical Ethics 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.29.2.66.
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Vickerman, Milton. "RECENT IMMIGRATION AND RACE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 1 (2007): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070087.
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AbstractContemporary immigration is affecting U.S. society in many ways, particularly with respect to racial dynamics. Three aspects of these dynamics stand out: the conceptualization of race, the meaning of assimilation, and racial relations between groups. Although contemporary immigration, being largely non-White, is challenging U.S. society's entrenched conceptualization of race as revolving around a Black/White framework, this framework is not being rapidly overturned. Instead, immigrants are increasing social complexity by both adapting to the Black/White dichotomy and seeking alternatives to it through multiculturalism. The conceptualization of race is pivotally important because it determines the shape of assimilation, and, consistent with growing immigration-driven complexity, no one model of assimilation dominates the society. Instead, Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism are competing for preeminence. Blacks, because of U.S. society's failure to completely absorb them, helped to originate multiculturalism, but immigration is strengthening the model's appeal. Blacks and immigrants are adapting to U.S. society by utilizing both Anglo-conformity and multiculturalism. Immigration, increasingly, is also influencing race relations because of its volume and character. Even though Black/White conflict remains unresolved, future race relations will go beyond this nexus to incorporate other groups in complex interactions, revolving around the formation of coalitions and conflict situations as groups pursue particular interests.
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Porter, Jeremy R., Emory Morrison, Sriram Chintakrindi, and Derrick Shapley. "The historically enduring gap in death penalty support." Kriminologija & socijalna integracija 26, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 136–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/ksi.26.2.1.
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This paper evaluates four racial‑ecological theories regarding the historically enduring racial divide in public opinion regarding death penalty support. Using geo‑coded data from the 20th century, this research examines the relative representation of African Americans, the level of black‑white economic inequality, and the extent of racial residential segregation on race‑spe‑ cific odds of supporting the death penalty. The research finds support for aspects of racial social context accounting for a portion of the black-white gap in death penalty support at the time. We find differential effects, by race, of representation and segregation as mediators of public opinion regarding the death penalty.
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Williams, N. J., M. Butler, J. Roseus, J. Blanc, A. Barnes, O. M. Bubu, M. Ebben, A. Krieger, and G. Jean-Louis. "0377 A Strengths-Based Approach to Examine Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Black and White Patients." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A144—A145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.374.
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Abstract Introduction The majority of studies on race/ethnic disparities in OSA are derived from a deficit-based perspective (i.e. >BMI, non-adherence to PAP). It would prove useful to identify which aspects are protective to inform potential treatment approaches. We focused on two potential factors: resilience and social support, in patients newly diagnosed with OSA. Given the high prevalence of insomnia complaints in patients with OSA, insomnia was our outcome of interest. Methods 91 patients newly diagnosed with OSA provided demographic and socioeconomic status, sleep measures (Epworth, DBAS), resilience (Connor Davidson Resiliency Scale), social support (MOS Social Support Scale) and completed the Insomnia Severity Index. The cross-sectional associations between ISI, race/ethnicity, resilience, social support and their interaction effects were examined using linear regression models with covariate adjustment for participant age, sex and BMI. We ascertained total ISI score and individual items. Results The sample was 34.1% black (n=31), mean age of 57.6 years, SD=13.6, 64.8% male (n=59), and mean BMI of 32.4, SD=7.04. Mean sleep duration (as reported by sleep diary) was 6.64, SD=1.35. Black, white differences were not observed for sleepiness (M=8.60; 10.43, p=0.11) or DBAS (M=4.61; M=5.04, p=0.30). Blacks, reported clinically significant insomnia (M=15.00, SD=7.17) compared to whites (M=12.02, SD=6.83, p=0.05). On the individual ISI items, blacks were significantly more likely to endorse difficulty falling asleep (M=1.58, SD=1.54; M=0.75, SD=0.93,p=0.002) and waking up too early (M=2.09, SD=1.26; M=1.45, SD=0.93,p=0.021) compared to whites. Resilience (M=30.04, SD=6.42) and social support scores (M=74.13, SD=21.36) did not differ by race/ethnicity. In adjusted linear analysis, resilience had significant effect on ISI score (b=-0.36, SE=0.12, p=0.003) but not social support (b=-0.06, SE=0.08, p=0.31). Conclusion In this study we did not observe race/ethnic differences for sleepiness and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. With respect to the protective factors, race/ethnic differences were not observed. Resilience, not social support, was related to insomnia complaints. Future studies should examine a variety of factors that may serve black and other racial/ethnic groups with OSA, and help elucidate protective processes. Support K23HL125939
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Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. "Diagnostic and Treatment Differences among Five Ethnic Groups." Psychological Reports 58, no. 1 (February 1986): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.219.
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This study compared the diagnosis and treatment of white American psychiatric patients to those of black, Mexican, Vietnamese, and Filipino American psychiatric patients ( N = 293) in four public mental health agencies. Aspects of diagnosis examined were primary psychiatric diagnosis, somatic complaints, and social, legal, and economic problems. Aspects of treatment studied were treatment modality, duration of treatment, frequency of treatment, number of visits, and therapists' disciplines. Although important differences among groups emerged, the pronounced differences in diagnosis and treatment reported in the literature between whites and ethnic minorities were not supported. This might be partially attributed to the similarity of economic class among these samples.
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Sweeney, Kathryn A. "How White Parents of Black and Multiracial Transracially Adopted Children Approach Racial Exposure and Neighborhood Choice." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 2 (August 11, 2016): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216661851.
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Although past research on racial socialization tends to concentrate on providing cultural knowledge and pride, this paper focuses on exposure to environments as a means of understanding preparation for racial discrimination, specifically in regard to transracial adoption. This article looks at how 19 white adoptive parents of black and multiracial adopted children perceive their neighborhood choice and decisions of where to send their kids to school and whom to befriend in order to understand how they approach racial socialization. Analysis of data from in-depth interviews illustrates how those who adopted transracially both domestically and internationally stressed that they did not want their children to be in environments where they would be the only person of color because they were concerned about their child experiencing racism and feeling isolated. Even so, they tended to live in white neighborhoods and send their children to predominantly white schools. Parents expressed being conflicted by what they saw as opposing measures and perceptions of school quality and racial-ethnic diversity. The parents in this study said that they sought out social support through organizations and friendships to expand their social networks for themselves and their children. Findings are not meant to challenge or support transracial adoption but rather to gain insight into perceptions of racial diversity, neighborhood and school choices, and friendship networks as a way to understand aspects of racial socialization associated with environmental exposure and preparation for racism.
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Fiori, Katherine L., Amy J. Rauer, Kira S. Birditt, Christina M. Marini, Justin Jager, Edna Brown, and Terri L. Orbuch. "“I Love You, Not Your Friends”." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 9 (May 3, 2017): 1230–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517707061.
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Research on the merging of social networks among married couples tends to focus on the benefits of increased social capital, with the acknowledgment of potential stressors being limited primarily to in-law relationships. The purpose of the present study was to examine both positive (i.e., shared friend support) and negative (i.e., disapproval and interference of partner’s friends) aspects of friend ties on divorce across 16 years. Using a sample of 355 Black and White couples from the Early Years of Marriage project, we examined these associations with a Cox proportional hazard regression, controlling for a number of demographic and relational factors. Our findings indicate that (1) the negative aspects of couples’ friend ties are more powerful predictors of divorce than positive aspects; (2) at least early in marriage, husbands’ negative perceptions of wives’ friends are more predictive of divorce than are wives’ negative perceptions of husbands’ friends; (3) friendship disapproval may be less critical in the marital lives of Black husbands and wives than of White husbands and wives; and (4) the association between disapproval of wives’ friends at Year 1 and divorce may be partially explained by wives’ friends interfering in the marriage. Our findings are interpreted in light of possible mechanisms to explain the link between partner disapproval of friends and divorce, such as diminished interdependence, less network approval, and increased spousal conflict and jealousy.
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Samuel, Cleo A., Jennifer Schaal, Linda Robertson, Eugenia Eng, Jemeia G. Kollie, Christina Yongue, Karen Foley, et al. "Equity in patient-provider communication regarding treatment-related symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among breast cancer survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 26_suppl (October 9, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.127.
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127 Background: Compared with white breast cancer patients, black patients more often report inadequate symptom control and decrements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Racial differences in patient-provider communication (PPC) are well-documented and linked to worse health outcomes for minorities; however, less is known about inequities in symptom and HRQOL discussions among cancer patients and providers. As part of an NCI-funded systems change intervention to improve racial equity in treatment completion among Black and White cancer patients, we assessed racial differences in PPC regarding treatment-related symptoms, HRQOL issues (e.g., physical, psychosocial, financial, and spiritual well-being), and symptom management among breast cancer survivors (BCS). Methods: We conducted 6 focus groups (FGs) and semi-structured interviews with 22 stage 1-3 BCS (3 black FGs; 3 white FGs) from 2 cancer centers. Guided by a community-based participatory research approach, our diverse community-academic-medical team facilitated FGs and conducted qualitative analyses. Results: Although both black and white BCS reported multiple treatment-related symptoms and changes in HRQOL, perspectives on PPC differed. Some black and white BCS described positive aspects of PPC, including providers’ thorough explanations of treatment side effects and responsiveness to symptom concerns. However, white BCS expressed greater satisfaction with PPC, while black BCS more often described concerns regarding providers’ verbal (e.g., nondisclosure, dismissiveness) and non-verbal communication (e.g., unapproachability, poor eye contact) skills in the context of symptom management. Most BCS, regardless of race, indicated that providers typically discussed physical symptoms/HRQOL issues, but often failed to mention non-physical side effects of treatment (e.g., social isolation, financial toxicity). Conclusions: Racial differences in PPC exist among BCS and may contribute to inequities in symptom management and HRQOL. Inadequate communication regarding non-physical symptoms likely represents a critical missed opportunity for improving the quality and equity of palliative care.
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Palmer, Fileve T. "Racialism and Representation in the Rainbow Nation." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016673873.
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Despite a commitment to non-racialism in the South African Constitution and anthropology’s steadfast position that race is a social construction, race is still a highly valued ideology with real-life implications for citizens. In South Africa, racialism particularly affects heterogeneous, multigenerational, multiethnic creole people known as “Coloureds.” The larger category of Coloured is often essentialized based on its intermediary status between Black and White and its relationship to South Africa’s “mother city” (Cape Town, where the majority of Coloured people live). Through research on Coloured identity in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, I show how the nuances of personal and collective histories, spatial constraints, and education affect the identities of youth and elders differently from their Cape counterparts. By incorporating a photo-voice methodology, which I called Photo Ethnography Project (PEP), participants produced their own visual materials and challenged essentialized versions of themselves (specifically) and South Africa (in general). Through three public displays of photography and narratives, youth in three communities answered the question of what it means to be Coloured in today’s rainbow nation.
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Zahodne, Laura B., Caitlin W. M. Watson, Sonia Seehra, and Michelle N. Martinez. "Positive Psychosocial Factors and Cognition in Ethnically Diverse Older Adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000935.
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AbstractObjectives: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from largely non-Hispanic White cohorts suggests that positive psychosocial factors, particularly self-efficacy and social support, may protect against late-life cognitive decline. Identifying potentially protective factors in racial/ethnic minority elders is of high importance due to their increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The overall goal of this study was to characterize cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognitive domains among Black, Hispanic, and White older adults. Methods: A total of 548 older adults (41% Black, 28% Hispanic, 31% White) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project completed cognitive and psychosocial measures from the NIH Toolbox and standard neuropsychological tests. Multiple-group regressions were used to compare cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognition across racial/ethnic groups, independent of demographics, depressive symptoms, and physical health. Results: Positive associations between self-efficacy and language did not significantly differ across race/ethnicity, although the bivariate association between self-efficacy and language was not significant among Hispanics. Additional positive associations were observed for Whites and Blacks, but not Hispanics. Negative associations between emotional support and purpose in life and working memory were seen only in Hispanics. Conclusions: Results confirm and extend the link between self-efficacy and cognition in late life, particularly for White and Black older adults. Previous studies on positive psychosocial factors in cognitive aging may not be generalizable to Hispanics. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to determine whether negative relationships between certain psychosocial factors and cognition in Hispanics reflect reverse causation, threshold effects, and/or negative aspects of having a strong social network. (JINS, 2018, 24, 294–304)
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Burman, Erica. "Fanon’s Lacan and the Traumatogenic Child: Psychoanalytic Reflections on the Dynamics of Colonialism and Racism." Theory, Culture & Society 33, no. 4 (August 11, 2015): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276415598627.
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This paper revisits Fanon’s relationship with psychoanalysis, specifically Lacanian psychoanalysis, via a close reading of his rhetorics of childhood – primarily as mobilized by the ‘Look, a Negro!’ scenario from Black Skin, White Masks, the traumatogenic scene which installs the black man’s sense of alienation from his own body and his inferiority. While this scene has been much discussed, the role accorded the child in this has attracted little attention. This paper focuses on the role and positioning of the child to reconsider Fanon’s ideas, in relation to his contribution to the social constitution of subjectivity, arguing that reading Fanon alongside both his citations of Lacan and some aspects of Lacanian theory opens up further interpretive possibilities in teasing out tensions in Fanon’s writing around models of subjectivity. Finally, it is argued that it is where Fanon retains an indeterminacy surrounding the child that he is most politically fruitful.
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Boyko, V., and M. Vasilenko. "CYBERSECURITY OF "SMART CITIES": SOCIAL ASPECTS, RISKS OF DEANONYMIZATION AND DOXING." Municipal economy of cities 6, no. 159 (November 27, 2020): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-6-159-181-190.
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The paper analyzes possible risks and threats posed by the transition from modern cities to smart cities. The concept and scheme of doxing implementation are analyzed. Moreover, the essence of deanonymization is revealed and threats to the privacy and security of smart city residents associated with these processes are identified. Furthermore, the reasons for the growth of doxing practice are clarified. The social aspect of the cybersecurity of a smart city is seen primarily in the increased risks of privacy disclosure, which can lead to deanonymization, which can later be used for doxing, cyberbullying, blackmail or social engineering schemes. This demands that personal data must not only be protected by reliable cryptographic and technical measures but also - where it allows by work tasks - be specifically or partially impersonalised. Also, when planning personal data protection in smart city informational ecosystems, it should be considered that such protection will be existing in the context of an overall eco-information system of the city. Therefore, the one's always set priorities balanced between data protection, identify threats, measures and mechanisms for their implementation and daily routine tasks of system administration. The article analyzes cases and schemes of deanonymization, shows the vulnerability of modern information and communication systems to obtain data that can be used by an attacker. Based on the analysis and taking into account the specifics of the functioning of information ecosystems of smart cities, the main recommendations for protecting data stored in information systems are developed and systematized, which will reduce the risks of hacking such data and minimize harm from deanonymization and doxing. Finally, the authors proved that deanonymization is a sequential hacking process, and doxing is a hacking process and publishing private information. Such information can be obtained by collecting and analyzing open ("white"), stolen ("black") and stolen by third parties, but conditionally freely available ("Gray") sources of information. With the development of the smart city infrastructure, the amount of information collected, stored and processed will grow. This will lead to an increase in the "digital footprint" of every user of information system, that is, almost everyone who lives in the city.
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Chalcraft, David. "Biblical Literacy and Two Classical Sociologists." Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 7, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v7i2.225.
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This article explores aspects of the biblical literacy of two classical sociologists, Max Weber (1864–1920) and William Dubois (1868–1963) and after discussing two examples in some depth and drawing comparisons, briefly reflects on what kinds of biblical literacy is required of contemporary readers of Weber and Dubois, if they are to make sense of their sociology given the continuing legacy of the Bible in their work. The examples of their use of biblical ideas, themes and figures are taken from Weber’s lectures, “Politics as a Vocation and Science as a Vocation,” and from Dubois’ The Souls of Black Folk. It is argued that whilst Weber uses biblical quotation to share with his audience a situation with some sociological analogy to their own case, Dubois utilises the continuing authority of the Bible amongst his White and Black audiences to affect social change and to provide an identity and purpose for Black folk post emancipation in the American South.
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Dorling, Danny, and Phil Rees. "A Nation Still Dividing: The British Census and Social Polarisation 1971–2001." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 7 (July 2003): 1287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3692.
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This paper presents an analysis of the degree to which the population of Britain has become more or less geographically polarised as compared with 1991 and earlier censuses. We use the Key Statistics for local authorities from the 2001 Census, released on 13 February 2003 by the census authorities. All of the variables from the 26 Key Statistics tables which can be compared over time with the 1991 Census are examined. The analysis is then extended for a subset of variables that were similarly measured in 1971 and 1981. We conclude that for key aspects of life in Britain, as recorded by the censuses, the nation has continued in the 1990s to divide socially geographically, often at a faster rate than was occurring in the 1980s or 1970s. Where there appears to have been a reduction in polarisation it tends to have been for those aspects of life which are now poorly measured by the census. The paper concludes with speculation about the possible reasons for the continued division of the country into areas now more easily than ever typified as being old and young, settled and migrant, black and white, or rich and poor. Finally the potential for the continued sociospatial polarisation of Britain is discussed. The paper begins with a fictional vignette.
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Sestakova, Natalia, Angelika Puzserova, Michal Kluknavsky, and Iveta Bernatova. "Determination of motor activity and anxiety-related behaviour in rodents: methodological aspects and role of nitric oxide." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0020.
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ABSTRACT In various areas of the bio-medical, pharmacological and psychological research a multitude of behavioural tests have been used to investigate the effects of environmental, genetic and epi-genetic factors as well as pharmacological substances or diseased states on behaviour and thus on the physiological and psycho-social status of experimental subjects. This article is reviewing the most frequently used behavioural tests in animal research (open field, elevated plus maze, zero maze, and black and white box). It provides a summary of common characteristics as well as differences in the methods used in various studies to determine motor activity, anxiety and emotionality. Additionally to methodological aspects, strain, sex and stress-related differences as well as the involvement of nitric oxide in modulation of motor activity and anxiety of rodents were briefly reviewed.
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Woody, Ashley. "“They Want the Spanish but They Don’t Want the Mexicans”: Whiteness and Consumptive Contact in an Oregon Spanish Immersion School." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218803966.
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Drawing from in-depth interviews with 18 white, black, Latinx, and multiracial parents whose children attend a Spanish immersion elementary school, the author examines the politics of race, class, and resistance in a historically white community that is experiencing an influx of nonwhites. Parental narratives reveal that many whites enrolled their children in Spanish immersion to capture cultural and economic benefits they associate with bilingualism and diversity. Interviews also suggest that white support for diversity is contingent on the condition that nonwhites provide carefully controlled diversity: one that benefits whites without threatening race and class hierarchies. The maintenance of white spatial and social segregation allowed whites to engage with families of color at the school primarily through consumptive contact, a form of interracial contact predicated upon whites’ perceptions about the material benefits their children will acquire through exposure to diversity and bilingualism. Consumptive contact allows whites to selectively consume aspects of Latin American cultures without facilitating the social and institutional inclusion of the groups associated with those cultures. Findings illuminate distinct economic motivations behind whites’ engagement communities of color, adding a material dimension to our understanding of whites’ racialized consumptive practices.
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James, Keturah, and Ayana Jordan. "The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 2 (2018): 404–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782949.
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While much of the social and political attention surrounding the nationwide opioid epidemic has focused on the dramatic increase in overdose deaths among white, middle-class, suburban and rural users, the impact of the epidemic in Black communities has largely been unrecognized. Though rates of opioid use at the national scale are higher for whites than they are for Blacks, rates of increase in opioid deaths have been rising more steeply among Blacks (43%) than whites (22%) over the last five years. Moreover, the rate of opioid overdose deaths among Blacks already exceeds that of whites in several states. The lack of discussion of Black overdose deaths in the national opioid discourse further marginalizes Black people, and is highly consistent with a history of framing the addictions of people of color as deserving of criminal punishment, rather than worthy of medical treatment. This article argues that, because racial inequalities are embedded in American popular and political cultures as well as in medicine, the federal and state governments should develop more culturally targeted programs to benefit Black communities in the opioid crisis. Such programs include the use of faith-based organizations to deliver substance use prevention and treatment services, the inclusion of racial impact assessments in the implementation of drug policy proposals, and the formal consideration of Black people's interaction with the criminal justice system in designing treatment options.
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Robertson, Julia M., and Barbara E. Kingsley. "Sexually Dimorphic Faciometrics in Black Racial Groups From Early Adulthood to Late Middle Age." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 147470491881105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704918811056.
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An increasing body of research focusing on gender-related traits has utilized faciometrics in order to consider sexual dimorphism: Aspects as diverse as social heuristics, facial attractiveness, sexual orientation, aggression, and trustworthiness have all been investigated. However, the majority of these studies have tended to focus on White or Caucasian student populations and have paid little regard to either older populations or racial background. The current study therefore investigated sexual dimorphism in 450 participants (225 women) from a Black population across four age groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s). In line with much previous research using White or Caucasian faces, the expected sexual dimorphism was seen in the younger age-group in three of the four indices (cheekbone prominence, facial width to lower facial height, and lower face height to full face height). However, consistent with more recent literature, the facial width to height ratio (fWHR) was not found to be significantly different between men and women in this age-group. Contrary to previous research, when considering broader age groups, the three established measures of facial sexual dimorphism, when looked at independently, remained static over time, but this was not true for fWHR. It is concluded that facial structure does not follow the same aging trajectory in all populations and care should be taken in choice of facial metric, depending on the nature of the sample under investigation.
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Peake, Linda. "‘Race’ and Sexuality: Challenging the Patriarchal Structuring of Urban Social Space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 4 (August 1993): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110415.
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The topic of patriarchy has received little direct attention by geographers but it is addressed in this paper as a central tenet of the structuring of urban social space. Drawing on an outline of the various ways in which the city has been treated as a site embodying patriarchal principles, the author teases out the heterosexist and white cultural constructions that permeate our treatment of patriarchy, A call is made for explicit attention to be paid to constructions of sexuality and “race”. The contributions to these topics by lesbian feminists and black and African-American feminists are drawn into a framework for a reinvigorated conceptualization of patriarchy. Two aspects of empirical work carried out in Grand Rapids, MI, in 1989 are analyzed in relation to this framework, namely living arrangements among low-income Anglo-American and African-American women and the creation of a lesbian residential area. The paper concludes with an assessment of the extent to which our constructions of “race”, gender, and sexuality help us understand whether empirical changes in the social and spatial constitution of households are challenging the patriarchal structuring of urban social space.
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Karl, Kristyn L., and Timothy J. Ryan. "When are Stereotypes about Black Candidates Applied? An Experimental Test." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 1, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2015.6.
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AbstractPast research shows that candidates' racial identities influence the assumptions that voters draw about how they will behave in office. In a national survey experiment examining televised candidate advertisements, we find evidence that stereotypes differ both in their potency and how vulnerable they are to disconfirmation. Consistent with previous work, black candidates are broadly assumed to be more liberal than white candidates, although the effect is notably small in magnitude. Yet when it comes to more specific stereotypes—how black candidates will behave on individual issues—effects are not only much larger, but also more contingent on what information is available. We find that by providing a small bit of ideological information, black candidates can overcome the assumption that they will enact liberal policies as concerns taxation and non-racialized aspects of social welfare policy. But it is much more difficult for them to overturn the assumption that they will prioritize aid to minorities while in office.
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Sturdivant, Toni Denese, and Iliana Alanís. "Teaching through culture." Journal for Multicultural Education 13, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-03-2019-0019.
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Purpose Oftentimes, attempts at culturally relevant early childhood practices are limited to diverse materials in the physical environment. The purpose of this study is to document the culturally relevant teaching practices, specifically for African American children, within a culturally diverse preschool classroom with a Black teacher. Design/methodology/approach The researchers used qualitative methodology to answer the following question: How does a Black preschool teacher enact culturally relevant practices for her African American students in a culturally diverse classroom? Data sources included field notes from classroom observations, transcripts from both formal and informal semi-structured interviews with a Master Teacher and photographs. Findings The authors found that the participant fostered an inclusive classroom community and a classroom environment that reflected the range of human diversity. She was intentional in her integration of culturally representative read alouds and lessons designed to incorporate students’ interests. Finally, she engaged families by facilitating their involvement in her curriculum. However, social justice aspects were absent during the time of the study. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature in that it documents a high-quality early childhood classroom with a teacher, that is, actively trying to incorporate the cultures of her African American students. Many extant studies provide examples of superficial culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) being enacting in early childhood classrooms or the focus is not specifically on African American children.
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Rashid, Samory. "Islamic Aspects of the Legacy of Malcolm X." American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i1.2524.
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Spike Lee's 1992 film, ''Malcolm X," is the most recent evidence ofthe increased popularity of Malcolm X (El Haj Malik El Shabazz). Thefilm, based on a screenplay by James Baldwin and Arnold Perl, sparkedcontroversy over "X" memorabilia and also a debate over the appropriateinterpretation of Malcolm X's legacy. For example, black nationalistAmiri Baraka opposed Lee's portrayal and criticized the film as an attemptto "make middle class Negroes sleep easier." Yet when the currentcontroversy and debate end, the Islamic aspects will remain, as before,the most significant and least recognized elements of Malcolm X'slegacy. This paper briefly examines this phenomenon in order to offer amore accurate and meaningful analysis of the significance of Malcolm X.Although Alex Haley's Autobiography of Malcolm X climbed to theNew York Times' best-seller list in 1992, popular media accounts, suchas Lee's film, have stimulated even greater social interest. As one writernotes, "if many blacks did not listen when he was alive, young blacks arelistening now." It is also interesting to note how "Malcolm X's appealhas crossed racial barriets in a way that would have been unthinkableduring his life." Nevertheless, the emergent popularity of Malcolm X inthe 1990s is a direct result of the lingering presence of racism and of hisown martydom in the struggle against it.Most mainstream analyses associate Malcolm X's message with vielence and hatred of white America. For example, his oft-quoted phrase,"by any means necessary," and his advocacy of martial arts proficiencyand rifle club formation for defenseless black victims of racial violence ...
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Darvill, Timothy, and Kevin Andrews. "Polychrome Pottery from the Later Neolithic of the Isle of Man." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 2014): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431400078x.
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This article reports the discovery of colour-decorated pottery dating to the third millennium bc from the Isle of Man, the earliest yet known from the British Isles. Scientific studies of the vessel highlight technical aspects of its manufacture which are then used to situate the vessel in a wider social and cultural context through a brief review of its wider biography. The choice of colours — white, black and red — and their arrangement on the vessel walls are linked to wider north European symbolic schemes reflected also in contemporary pottery, mobiliary and rock art.
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Cramer, Emily, Nicole Krauss, Tricia Rowlison, and Pierre Comizzoli. "Sperm Morphology and Male Age in Black-Throated Blue Warblers, an Ecological Model System." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071175.
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Extra-pair paternity may drive selection on spermatozoa and ejaculate characteristics through sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Here, we examine sperm morphology in the black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), an ecological model species where extra-pair paternity is frequent and is linked with male age. We test whether sperm morphology relates to several aspects of male phenotype known or suspected to affect extra-pair paternity success. Sperm morphology did not correlate with the size of the white wing spot, a social status signal, nor with the volume of the cloacal protuberance. However, older males tended to have longer sperm cells. Although the sample size was limited, this pattern is intriguing, as longer cells may be advantageous in post-copulatory sexual selection and older males have larger testes and higher extra-pair paternity success in this species. Changes in sperm morphology with age are not observed in other birds, though they have been observed in insects and fishes. More research on sperm morphology is needed to clarify its role in extra-pair fertilizations in this well-studied species.
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Assari, Shervin. "Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students: Diminished Returns of Blacks." Brain Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110193.
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Background. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, the health returns of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for Blacks compared to Whites. Less is known, however, about trans-generational aspects of such diminished gains. For example, the differential impact of parental educational attainment on differences in mental well-being between White versus Black college students remains unknown. Aims. With a national scope, this study explored racial differences in the effect of parental educational attainment on the mental well-being of college students in the United States. Methods. The Healthy Mind Study (HMS), 2016–2017, is a national telephone survey that included 41,898 college students. The sample was composed of Whites (n = 38,544; 92.0%) and Blacks (n = 3354; 8.0%). The independent variable was highest parental educational attainment. The dependent variable was mental well-being (mentally healthy days in the past month) which was measured using a single item. Age and gender were covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results. In the pooled sample, high parental educational attainment was associated with better mental wellbeing, independent of race, age, and gender. Race, however, showed a significant interaction with parental educational attainment on students’ mental wellbeing, indicating a smaller effect of parent education on the mental wellbeing of Black compared to White college students. Conclusions. The returns of parental educational attainment in terms of mental well-being is smaller for Black college students compared to their White counterparts. To minimize the diminished returns of parental education in Black families, policies should go beyond equalizing SES and reduce the structural barriers that are common in the lives of Black families. Policies should also aim to reduce extra costs of upward social mobility, prevent discrimination, and enhance the quality of education for Blacks. As the mechanisms that are involved in MDR are multi-level, multi-level solutions are needed to minimize the racial gaps in gaining mental health benefits from higher socioeconomic levels.
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El Rahma, Vicky Izza. "Signifikansi Pendekatan Sosiologis Terhadap Studi Keislaman." Syaikhuna: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pranata Islam 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/syaikhuna.v10i1.3470.
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The sociology approach in Islamic studies has a significant contribution. The object of sociological studies in religious studies is that humans are devoted to the social aspects of their religions (religious communities). In the context of Islam, the dialectical relationship between the immaterial-sacred revelation of God and material-profane social processes is reflected in the decline of the verses of the Mākiyyah and Madāniyyah. By reading religion through a sociological approach, religion will not be reduced only as a set of normative-theological rules that produce black-and-white, right-wrong, halal-haram products, and so on. Religion will always be actual because it is not only applied as a song of revelation and is not ignorant of the real problems faced by society.
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Mertania, Yanggi, and Dina Amelia. "Black Skin White Mask: Hybrid Identity of the Main Character as Depicted in Tagore's The Home and The World." Linguistics and Literature Journal 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i1.233.
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This research paper describes the analysis of a literary work entitled The Home and The World by Rabindranath Tagore. This novel illustrates Tagore’s inner battle about his ideas on the Western culture and on the revolution against Western culture when India was colonized by the British. These ideas portrayed in one of the main characters, Nikhil. Tagore represents himself as Nikhil, the hybrid, who is positioned between British and Indian cultures. The main purpose of this research is to describe the hybrid identity of Nikhil as one of the main characters in the novel within the context of colonized society and the Swadeshi movement. This research applied the post-colonial approach and hybrid identity theory by Homi. K. Bhabha and also applied the descriptive qualitative method to depict the problem by using the words. Library research was applied in the context of the data collecting process. The data are dialogues and narrations about the hybrid identity of Nikhil in The Home and The World novel. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the impact of British colonialism led to the formation of a hybrid identity process in Indian society. First, there was a hybrid identity of Nikhil as a part of the colonized society in education, lifestyle, culture, and social aspects. The second was the hybrid identity of Nikhil in the Swadeshi movement.Keywords: Black skin white mask, colonialism, hybrid identity, post-colonial, rabindranath tagore, swadeshi movement, the home, and the world.
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Strom, Sharon Hartman. "Spiritualist Angels, Masonic Stars, and the Douglass Temple of Universal Brotherhood." California History 95, no. 2 (2018): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2018.95.2.2.
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Between 1900 and 1930, Los Angeles attracted thousands of white and black migrants from the Midwest and the South. Many had attachments to Protestant churches. But they also arrived with commitments to Freemasonry, Spiritualism, and social reform causes. This paper argues that these religionists in Los Angeles covered a broad spectrum of faiths, including Free Thought, innovative versions of Protestantism, and Freemasonry, and that traditional accounts of religion in the city have ignored these aspects of religious life and civic engagement. As World War I ushered in conservatism in every aspect of public life, the Los Angeles Times, the City Council, and the Protestant churches combined in an effort to squash these challenges to orthodoxy. In profiling two prominent Spiritualists, African American George W. Shields and white midwesterner Cynthia Lisetta Vose, this article illustrates the wide ranging civil and religious engagement of two committed Spiritualists. By the end of the 1920s, the fragmentation of Los Angeles neighborhoods and the growing racism of the city had nearly destroyed what had been a vigorous religion and a thriving commitment to progressive reform. Segregated white women's clubs and Freemasonry organizations turned the worship of California into a replacement for older forms of religious practice and civic engagement.
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Brown, Kevin J. "A Neo-Rawlsian Approach to Residential Integration." Social Inclusion 1, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v1i1.105.
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Over the past 40 years, the United States has engaged in various policies to integrate otherwise segregated black and white households within a shared space. However, little work has been done to fully articulate a moral argument for residential integration among black and white households. This paper offers what I refer to as the normative argument, which possesses two morally-impelled arguments for residential integration. Since the ethical appeal to integrate is often couched in the language of justice, I begin with a framework—based upon the work of the late philosopher John Rawls—for considering the moral aspects of residential integration. However, I go on to point out intractable problems related to the Rawlsian framework that would fail to flesh out all ethical considerations of the normative argument. From here, I provide a revised, or neo-Rawlsian, framework for understanding residential integration which addresses the aforementioned problems. This exercise is both important and necessary for the future of residential mixing, as better understanding the moral and ethical attributes of this discussion is, perhaps, the best means to lubricate the fundamental shift from 'spatial' to 'social' integration.
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Matar Fili, Assist Prof Dr Abdulamir. "Color Sociology as an Iconic Pattern in the Qur'anic Discourse." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 227, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v227i1.685.
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The study was taken from the color sociology as a pattern of the Quran desecration as a symbol of social aspects expressed by the Color icon. The color represented a wide presence in the Quran code by employing White color with a social multiple sign of religious, social, miraculous , description trends and case of stubborn human. The use of green color in many ways in the description of the plant is a symbol of fertility , life, miraculous ability and description of clothes and furniture of the people of paradise. While the yellow color is an icon color represents the non-obedience and , stinginess and description the fire of hell, miraculous ability, Torment and death. While the black color signifies the social group , doctrine , miracle and description of the case of unbelievers. While the recruitment of red color indicates the statement of ability of miracle aesthetics. The implications of the Blue color are to the description and loss of the eyes of the unbelievers.
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Slifkin, Lawrence. "The Improbability of the Photographic Process." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 5 (May 1989): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062904.
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The very high sensitivity of silver halide photographic emulsions is the result of a surprisingly high quantum efficiency in the formation of the latent image, combined with a large amplification of the stored optical signal upon photographic “development.” The efficient formation of the latent image can be traced to the effects of an unusual set of physical properties of silver bromide and silver chloride, involving the electron energy band structure, the dynamics of photoelectrons, the nature and mobilities of the ionic point defects, and the existence of a sub-surface electric field.Despite the current availability of a wide variety of optical recording systems, the standard silver halide photographic emulsion continues to offer a unique combination of sensitivity, resolution, tone quality, convenience, and economy. This article will outline the physical processes that operate in forming the image. It will emphasize the unusual set of properties of silver bromide and silver chloride that are involved, and that impart to the process its extraordinary efficiency. Only black-and-white images will be considered, but the same basic imaging process is involved in color photography as well.This discussion is, of necessity, brief and often qualitative, but more complete treatments of the scientific aspects of the photographic process can be found in the other articles in this issue of the MRS BULLETIN, as well as in the bibliography.
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Anderson, Katie Elizabeth. "Film as a reflection of society: interracial marriage and Stanley Kramer’s Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner in late 1960s America." SURG Journal 4, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v4i1.1105.
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This paper explores the debate of whether Hollywood films act as influential and progressive forces in a society, or do they serve as a larger reflection of that society. I examine Stanley Kramer’s film Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967), about an interracial marriage between a black man and a white woman. Was the film progressive for its time, or was it reflective of the social attitudes in late 1960s America? I argue that although there are aspects of the film that can be construed as progressive and influential for the era, the film more accurately serves as a reflection of the larger socio-political context of 1960s America in regards to both attitudes of opposition and acceptance of interracial marriage. Furthermore, a brief comparison is also made between the film and contemporary issues surrounding race relations in 21st Century America.
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Koffman, J., M. Morgan, P. Edmonds, P. Speck, and I. J. Higginson. "Vulnerability in palliative care research: findings from a qualitative study of black Caribbean and white British patients with advanced cancer." Journal of Medical Ethics 35, no. 7 (June 30, 2009): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2008.027839.
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