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1

Mironova, Liliya Valer’evna. "CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 5 (2018): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-5-242-250.

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Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.
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2

Mironova, Liliya Valer’evna. "CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 5 (2018): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-5-242-250.

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Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.
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3

Ramírez, Iván J., Sue C. Grady, and Michael H. Glantz. "Reexamining El Niño and Cholera in Peru: A Climate Affairs Approach." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 2 (2013): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-12-00032.1.

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Abstract In the 1990s Peru experienced the first cholera epidemic after almost a century. The source of emergence was initially attributed to a cargo ship, but later there was evidence of an El Niño association. It was hypothesized that marine ecosystem changes associated with El Niño led to the propagation of V. cholerae along the coast of Peru, which in turn initiated the onset of the epidemic in 1991. Earlier studies supported this explanation by demonstrating a relationship between elevated temperatures and increased cholera incidence in Peru; however, other aspects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their potential impacts on cholera were not investigated. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between El Niño and cholera in Peru from a holistic view of the ENSO cycle. A “climate affairs” approach is employed as a conceptual framework to incorporate ENSO’s multidimensional nature and to generate new hypotheses about the ENSO and cholera association in Peru. The findings reveal that ENSO may have been linked to the cholera epidemic through multiple pathways, including rainfall extremes, La Niña, and social vulnerability, with impacts depending on the geography of teleconnections within Peru. When the definition of an ENSO event is examined, cholera appears to have emerged either during ENSO neutral or La Niña conditions. Furthermore, the analysis herein suggests that the impact of El Niño arrived much later, possibly resulting in heightened transmission in the austral summer of 1992. In conclusion, a modified hypothesis with these new insights on cholera emergence and transmission in Peru is presented.
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4

Łysiak-Łątkowska, Anna. "Cholera w Paryżu w 1832 r. i jej rewolucyjna (anty)kontekstualność." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 2 (2021): 324–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.017.14999.

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Cholera in Paris in 1832 and its revolutionary (anti-)context Experience of the real threat to public health constituted by the cholera epidemic of 1832 in Paris is presented in this article in terms of its revolutionary import and significance. Among these, the following should be noted: the concept of an internal and external enemy, which, as many thought, led to the appearance of the disease; the significance of rumour, which contributed to violent events and disturbances; casting suspicion on persons who were seen as suspect poisoners; the collective dimension of death as a result of infection; and the general inspection of the dead and the printed lists of their names Events that shocked public opinion and dramatic images meant, on one hand, a calling up and contemporary realization of revolutionary imaginings. However, the essence of experience and post-revolutionary consciousness was concentrated on unwanted consequences: violence, disarray, chaos, and destruction. As a result, there was a reluctance to make a direct comparison between the cholera epidemic and various aspects of it to revolutionary events. Metaphors of and comparisons to the Jacobin terror were not supposed to encourage a repetition of this but rather to reflect the scale of horror felt at the appearance of cholera and its extent. At the same, one must note that alongside revolutionary echoes, there emerged a modern perspective resulting from an awareness of the consequences for urban life of the existence of great social differences. Harmful and unhealthy living conditions, especially in Parisian districts where there was want and poverty, produced hot-beds of cholera. There was a realization of the necessity of improving sanitation and hygiene, introducing city cleaning, building water and sewage systems, all of which marked the beginning of the re-building of Paris. In the press, memoirs, diaries, medical printed material and brochures, and in literature, there is a reflection of the variety of imaginings linked to the past and tradition of revolutionary Paris in the face of the appearance of cholera. Revolutions, with their myths, rituals, symbolism, and their ludic and carnivalesque elements, became a distinctive matrix, sometimes inverted, through which interpretations and definitions were offered of what animated the inhabitants of Paris. There is no doubt that the 1832 cholera epidemic became one of those experiences.
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5

Harpring, Russell, Amin Maghsoudi, Christian Fikar, Wojciech D. Piotrowicz, and Graham Heaslip. "An analysis of compounding factors of epidemics in complex emergencies: a system dynamics approach." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 11, no. 2 (2021): 198–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-07-2020-0063.

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PurposeThis study aims to describe the compounding factors in a complex emergency, which exacerbate a cholera epidemic among vulnerable populations due to supply chain disruptions. Basic needs such as food, medicine, water, sanitation and hygiene commodities are critical to reduce the incidence rate of cholera and control the spread of infection. Conflicts cause damage to infrastructure, displace vulnerable populations and restrict the flow of goods from both commercial and humanitarian organizations. This study assesses the underlying internal and external factors that either aggravate or mitigate the risk of a cholera outbreak in such settings, using Yemen as a case study.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a system dynamics methodology to analyze factors that influence cholera outbreaks in the context of the Yemeni Civil War. A causal loop diagram with multiple components was constructed to represent the complexities of humanitarian situations that require critical decision-making. The model was built using data from humanitarian organizations, non-governmental organizations and practitioners, along with literature from academic sources. Variables in the model were confirmed through semi-structured interviews with a field expert.FindingsCompounding factors that influenced the cholera outbreak in Yemen are visualized in a causal loop diagram, which can improve the understanding of relationships where numerous uncertainties exist. A strong link exists between humanitarian response and the level of infrastructure development in a country. Supply chains are affected by constraints deriving from the Yemeni conflict, further inhibiting the use of infrastructure, which limits access to basic goods and services. Aligning long-term development objectives with short-term humanitarian response efforts can create more flexible modes of assistance to prevent and control future outbreaks.Research limitations/implicationsThe model focuses on the qualitative aspects of system dynamics to visualize the logistics and supply chain-related constraints that impact cholera prevention, treatment and control through humanitarian interventions. The resulting causal loop diagram is bounded by the Yemen context; thus, an extension of the model adapted for other contexts is recommended for further study.Practical implicationsThis study presents a systematic view of dynamic factors existing in complex emergencies that have cause-and-effect relationships. Several models of cholera outbreaks have been used in previous studies, primarily focusing on the modes and mechanisms of transmission throughout a population. However, such models typically do not include other internal and external factors that influence the population and context at the site of an outbreak. This model incorporates those factors from a logistics perspective to address the distribution of in-kind goods and cash and voucher assistance.Social implicationsThis study has been aligned with six of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using their associated targets in the model as variables that influence the cholera incidence rate. Recognizing that the SDGs are interlinked, as are the dynamic factors in complex humanitarian emergencies, the authors have chosen to take an interdisciplinary approach to consider social, economic and environmental factors that may be impacted by this research.Originality/valueThis paper provides an insight into the underlying inter-relations of internal and external factors present in the context of a cholera outbreak in a complex crisis. Supply chains for food; water, sanitation and hygiene; and health products are crucial to help prevent, control and treat an outbreak. The model exposes vulnerabilities in the supply chain, which may offer guidance for decision makers to improve resilience, reduce disruptions and decrease the severity of cholera outbreaks.
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6

Susdarwono, Endro Tri. "Health Social Policy in Facing New Paradigm of Industrial Revolution 4.0." SOEPRA 6, no. 2 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/shk.v6i2.2277.

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Health is not a health ansich, since it is contextual, as society defines health differently, at least by four aspects : cultural pattern, cultural standard of health changes over time, technology affecting people’s health, social inequality affecting people’s health. Poor and wealthy countries have their own specific health’s issues. In poor countries, health problem are mostly famine, malaria, cholera/diaries, skin disease and infection. Health problems are mostly caused by bad environment, dirty water and bad sanitation. Health problems in rich countries, especially in the US, are mostly heart attack stroke, and obesity. There are two approaches of health social policy : the prevention and the cure. The prevention is sometimes called as the social well-being policy with objective to increase people’s health condition. Other understanding of prevention is social work, which has broader meaning that social life does not only refer to health. While the cure is commonly understood as “social health care system”, as noted by Johnson and Schwartz defined as system generally responsible for sickness and disability. Why government shall develop health policy, create mechanism for health care, and manage health prevention ?”. The first answer is that healthy society is an assurance for national productivity, and therefore competitiveness. The second answer is that healthy society generates additional disposable income. There is no single best way to develop health policy. There are many rooms and spaces to develop creative health policy.
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7

González Minero, Francisco José, and Luis Bravo Díaz. "PHARMACY AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE LITERATURE: CASE OF GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ." Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, no. 87(02) (2021): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2021.87.02.06.

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It is a bibliographic work that aims to obtain a “Pharmaceutical Look” at the work of García Márquez. It relates medicinal or associated plants, some medicinal and pharmaceutical aspects, with literary works that appear in a representative sample of the author’s novels, including One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Times of Cholera. These novels take place in imaginary or real places in Colombia in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Plant remedies and to a lesser extent chemical and animal remedies have been found. For each of them, observations and interpretations medical, social and histórical, have been made that value the pharmacy and medicinal plants, which the author has used as resources to build the novels, regardless of whether they have a scientific basis or not. For this they are accompanied by textual literary texts. In conclusion, we highlight the masterful way in which García uses these resources and we recommend their reading or re-reading, also taking into account that at the same time it can be done from a pharmaceutical point of view.
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8

Özkul, Ali Efdal, and Hasan Samani̇. "Diseases, Doctors and Patient-Doctor Relationships in Ottoman Cyprus as Revealed in Sharia Court Records." Belleten 84, no. 299 (2020): 261–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.261.

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Throughout history, Cyprus has hosted many civilizations and states due to its strategic location in the Mediterranean. One of them is the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans conquered the island in 1571 and maintained their rule until 1878. The scholarly attempt to grasp the Ottoman Empire with its all institutional, political, social, economic and cultural aspects has been one of the fields of interest for world historiography. It is obvious that local history studies in the countries experienced the Ottoman rule, would help and contribute to draw a general picture of the Ottoman Empire. In this context, the current work, mainly relying on the religious court records, aims to identify the diseases except the contagious ones such as cholera, plague and malaria. The other aim is to investigate and analyse the doctor-patient relations within social, economic and juridical contexts in Ottoman Cyprus. The results reveal that the overwhelming majority of the doctors operating in Cyprus were in private practice until the second half of the 19th century when the Ottomans started the centralization and modernization of its institutions including the health services, and thus to view the healthcare services as a public service. Although the state did not take responsibility for public healthcare services for public, it had a certain control mechanism on the doctors and their operations.
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9

Lantsov, E. V., A. V. Petrov, S. V. Moshchenko, A. A. Kuzin, G. V. Goncharov, and E. N. Kolosovskaya. "The value of laboratory monitoring of dangerous infectious diseases in the aspect of anti-epidemic protection in emergency situations of biological character." Journal Infectology 10, no. 4 (2018): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-116-123.

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The most important direction in the system of anti-epidemic protection of the population and military personnelfrom dangerous infectious and natural focal diseases is epidemiological monitoring with the obligatory use of laboratory methods of detection of pathogens and their markers. On separate territories of placement of the military units which are a part of the southern military district, there are centers of natural and focal infections of dangerous infectious diseases (plague, tularemia, cholera). The article presents the results of laboratory studies during epidemiological monitoring of natural focal and dangerous infectious diseases, which can be used by the military medical service as an information basis for decision-making on the organization of anti-epidemic protection of troops in the event of emergency situations of biological and social nature in these areas.
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10

Andrade Molinares, Malena. "Patriarcado y construcción social de la feminidad en la novela El amor en los tiempos del cólera." La Manzana de la Discordia 11, no. 1 (2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v11i1.1636.

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Resumen: El presente artículo analiza a una protagonista(Fermina Daza) de la novela de García Márquez, Elamor en los tiempos del cólera. Se la ve atada a ciertosvalores socio-culturales, impuestos por la herencia patriarcal;sin embargo, ella puede librarse de las cadenasdel poder opresor, en una ineluctable necesidad de lamujer de transcender situaciones en procura de consolidarsu identidad, su ideología y su preponderante alteridad.Se expone como idea central la construcción socialde la feminidad ligada a un patriarcado que se opone acualquier capacidad intelectual femenina, donde el matrimoniofue una de las pocas alternativas para la mujerde comienzo de siglo XX. El artículo también se proponemostrar la presencia de un feminismo incipiente en lanovela contra el dominio patriarcal en esa época, cuandola situación de la mujer correspondía a un esquemamental reducido, pues se le consideraba un objeto máspara ornamentar la casa, adornar la cocina con su trabajoy criar los hijos; cualquier otro dominio del espacioabierto y del afuera le estaba tácitamente prohibido. Deigual forma se analiza el aspecto de la maternidad comosujeción identitaria y la forma idiosincrática como fueasumida por Fermina y, a su vez la poca importancia quele concede el narrador en la vida de este personaje, pueses solo un artilugio necesario para recordar los convencionalismosde época.Palabras claves: patriarcado, literatura, feminismo,García Márquez, El amor en los tiempos del cólera.Patriarchy and the Social Construction of Femininity In the Novel Love in the Times of CholeraAbstract: This article analyzes a female character (FerminaDaza) in the García Márquez novel Love in theTimes of Cholera. She appears tied to certain socio-culturalvalues imposed by the patriarchal heritage. Nevertheless,she is able to throw off the shackles of oppressivepower in an ineluctable need for women to transcendtheir condition, as she seeks to consolidate her identity,her ideology and her dominant otherness. The centralidea revolves around the social construction of femininitylinked to a patriarchy that opposes any female intellectualpowers, at the beginning of the twentieth centurywhen marriage was the only alternative for women. Thearticle also proposes to show the presence of an incipientfeminism in the novel opposed to patriarchal dominationat the time, when woman was considered a decorativeobject, a kitchen drudge and someone to raise the children;any other domain of open space outside the homewas tacitly forbidden. The issue of motherhood as sourceof identity, idiosyncratically assumed by Fermina, is analyzed,as well as the slight importance given to it by thenarrator, who merely uses it to show the conventions ofthose times.Keywords: patriarchy, literature, feminism, GarcíaMárquez, Love in the Times of Cholera
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Hamada, Shigeyuki, Naokazu Takeda, and Taroh Kinoshita. "Japan-Thailand Collaboration Research on Infectious Diseases: Promotion and Hurdles." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (2014): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0784.

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The Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (RCC-ERI) was established in 2005 by the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Department of Medical Sciences (DMSc), Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Thailand. This was initiated based on the recognition that, with today’s highly developed transportation networks including those between Japan and Thailand, infectious disease outbreak and transmission are no longer limited to a single country. Indeed, such diseases are likely to be transmitted immediately to a third country. This makes it essential to cooperate globally in exchanging information fast and often. A dozen Japanese researchers are working regularly at RCC-ERI, where they conduct joint research with Thai researchers on bacterial and viral infectious diseases prevailing in Thailand that could conceivably affect Japan. Examples of such diseases include cholera, meningitis with Streptococcus suis, AIDS, chikungunya fever, and dengue fever. Conducting long-term research in other countries often reveals gaps in perception due to differences in national laws and regulations, in rules and operating customs within research institutions, in economic and cultural backgrounds, and in values and ways of thinking among individual researchers. RCCERI is being operated as fine adjustments are made to achievemaximumproductivity and developing human resources. Some of the many researchers stationed at the Center faced unpredicted situations such as social chaos due to political instability or evacuation due to flooding and had to take emergency response measures. In this article, we cover aspects related to these experiences.
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12

Zuhdi, Susanto, Irfan Ahmad, Andi Sumar Karman, Safrudin Abdulrahman, and Noor Fatia Lastika Sari. "COVID-19 and the Local Tradition of the People of North Maluku." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 6, no. 1 (2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v6i1.10397.

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Dealing with pandemics has never been a new issue, seen from the perspective of the history of mankind. It was a manifestation of l’histoire se répète. As an example, a few centuries prior to the Black Death and Cholera Outbreak, Galvao wrote that a respiratory disease had broken out in Ternate around 1553, while De Clercq mentioned a deadly plague in Bacan throughout 1706-1709. Traditionally, these issues were treated as a result of badly conducted supernatural rituals. They opted for herbal treatments, and exorcism, and even migrated to the hinterland as an act of self-quarantine. Today, COVID-19 has become a global pandemic and reached the islands of North Maluku province, with Ternate as the epicentrum of the outbreak. However, there has been a resolution, which facilitates another traditionally crafted effort, such as Liliyan, Barifola, and Rera, based on the oral tradition mentioned in Dora Bololo. We seek to discover how far cultural aspect would affect the economic and social life of the locals, as well as in what domain tradition and local practice should contribute to the current situation. Thus, this research aims to understand and analyze such a combination of traditionally generated solutions within a current scientific framework, especially on how history, anthropology, as well as archival, and memory study could understand the living aspect of the locals and therefore apply Vansina’s (1985) approach in oral tradition as historical sources.
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13

Andrade Molinares, Malena. "Patriarcado y construcción social de la feminidad en la novela El amor en los tiempos del cólera." La Manzana de la Discordia 11, no. 1 (2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lmd.v11i1.1636.

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<p><em><strong>Resumen:</strong> El presente artículo analiza a una protagonista</em><br /><em>(Fermina Daza) de la novela de García Márquez, El</em><br /><em>amor en los tiempos del cólera. Se la ve atada a ciertos</em><br /><em>valores socio-culturales, impuestos por la herencia patriarcal;</em><br /><em>sin embargo, ella puede librarse de las cadenas</em><br /><em>del poder opresor, en una ineluctable necesidad de la</em><br /><em>mujer de transcender situaciones en procura de consolidar</em><br /><em>su identidad, su ideología y su preponderante alteridad.</em><br /><em>Se expone como idea central la construcción social</em><br /><em>de la feminidad ligada a un patriarcado que se opone a</em><br /><em>cualquier capacidad intelectual femenina, donde el matrimonio</em><br /><em>fue una de las pocas alternativas para la mujer</em><br /><em>de comienzo de siglo XX. El artículo también se propone</em><br /><em>mostrar la presencia de un feminismo incipiente en la</em><br /><em>novela contra el dominio patriarcal en esa época, cuando</em><br /><em>la situación de la mujer correspondía a un esquema</em><br /><em>mental reducido, pues se le consideraba un objeto más</em><br /><em>para ornamentar la casa, adornar la cocina con su trabajo</em><br /><em>y criar los hijos; cualquier otro dominio del espacio</em><br /><em>abierto y del afuera le estaba tácitamente prohibido. De</em><br /><em>igual forma se analiza el aspecto de la maternidad como</em><br /><em>sujeción identitaria y la forma idiosincrática como fue</em><br /><em>asumida por Fermina y, a su vez la poca importancia que</em><br /><em>le concede el narrador en la vida de este personaje, pues</em><br /><em>es solo un artilugio necesario para recordar los convencionalismos</em><br /><em>de época.</em><br /><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Palabras claves:</strong> patriarcado, literatura, feminismo,</em><br /><em>García Márquez, El amor en los tiempos del cólera.</em><br /><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Patriarchy and the Social Construction of Femininity</strong></em><br /><em><strong>In the Novel Love in the Times of Cholera</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Abstract:</strong> This article analyzes a female character (Fermina</em><br /><em>Daza) in the García Márquez novel Love in the</em><br /><em>Times of Cholera. She appears tied to certain socio-cultural</em><br /><em>values imposed by the patriarchal heritage. Nevertheless,</em><br /><em>she is able to throw off the shackles of oppressive</em><br /><em>power in an ineluctable need for women to transcend</em><br /><em>their condition, as she seeks to consolidate her identity,</em><br /><em>her ideology and her dominant otherness. The central</em><br /><em>idea revolves around the social construction of femininity</em><br /><em>linked to a patriarchy that opposes any female intellectual</em><br /><em>powers, at the beginning of the twentieth century</em><br /><em>when marriage was the only alternative for women. The</em><br /><em>article also proposes to show the presence of an incipient</em><br /><em>feminism in the novel opposed to patriarchal domination</em><br /><em>at the time, when woman was considered a decorative</em><br /><em>object, a kitchen drudge and someone to raise the children;</em><br /><em>any other domain of open space outside the home</em><br /><em>was tacitly forbidden. The issue of motherhood as source</em><br /><em>of identity, idiosyncratically assumed by Fermina, is analyzed,</em><br /><em>as well as the slight importance given to it by the</em><br /><em>narrator, who merely uses it to show the conventions of</em><br /><em>those times.</em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> patriarchy, literature, feminism, García</em><br /><em>Márquez, Love in the Times of Cholera</em></p>
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Malafeev, A. V. "THE STATE OF MEDICINE IN THE PRISONS OF THE YENISEI PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX — EARLY XX CENTURIES." Northern Archives and Expeditions 6, no. 2 (2022): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2022-6-2-107-114.

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It is established that the penitentiary system in the Yenisei province was organized rationally, financed from a position of economy, which was caused by the decisions of the central authorities. This concerned unsuccessful attempts to introduce single-cell prisons for prisoners, difficulties with guaranteeing the supply of drinking water through the well system. Due to the trinity of state, public and social elements of the penitentiary system, there are corresponding difficulties of a full-fledged analysis of one of the spheres, without affecting all the others in the process. Sources testify to the positive and negative aspects of medical care in the prisons of the Yenisei province in the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries. So, at that time, a medical professional assessment of the diets of prisoners and prisoners was already used, centralized control over their health was carried out. This information is confirmed by a number of identified medical documents on the organization and implementation of the nutrition process and the provision of prisons with sets of medical instruments for surgical interventions. The plans of hospital wards restored on the basis of archival documents and projects for their expansion allow us to judge the attempts to introduce reform ideas in connection with the liberal transformations of the system of the 1860s and 1870s, which were still not implemented in the Yenisei province due to insufficient funding. The documents raised from the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region allow us to conclude that the main problem of hospitals at prison facilities was technical backwardness and time-related accident rate of buildings, there was a shortage of qualified personnel and housing for employees. At the same time, epidemics of typhus, cholera, smallpox in the prisons of the Yenisei province were not a frequent occurrence due to the responsible approach to the service of medical personnel.
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Nair, G. B. "Genomic aspects of cholera and its relevance to cholera control." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (April 2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.569.

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16

POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.

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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often shipped from countries with endemic or epidemic cholera. With one exception, no documented cases of cholera have been reported, as a result of the internationally regulated food trade. However, during the present Latin American epidemic, inadequately cooked seafood has been implicated as a source of cholera. As a result of the epidemic, over 100 cases of cholera have occurred in the United States related to seafood consumed during a visit to Latin America or after its noncommercial transport into the country. Furthermore, V. cholerae persists as a free-living organism in environmental reservoirs in Australia and the U.S. Gulf Coast; there have been 65 domestically acquired cases of cholera in the United States since 1973. Molecular typing methods have enabled us to identify and characterize endemic and epidemic strains, and to document transmission of cholera when food was implicated epidemiologically as a vehicle of transmission.
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Friedrich, M. J. "Cholera and Social Media." JAMA 307, no. 7 (2012): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.133.

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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.
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Titova, S. V., E. A. Menshikova, and E. M. Kurbatova. "Some aspects of ecology of cholera vibrios." Voda. Himiâ i èkologiâ 2018, no. 10-12 (2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/watchemec.11.10-12.91-98.

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Khan, Ashraful I., Fahima Chowdhury, Daniel T. Leung, et al. "Cholera in pregnancy: Clinical and immunological aspects." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 39 (October 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.08.006.

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Ndié, Justin, Isaac Bayoro, Isidore Takoukam, and Paul Wina. "Étude Des Aspects Épidémiologiques Du Choléra Dans Le District De Santé De Tcholliré (Nord- Cameroun)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 15 (2016): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n15p278.

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Cholera evolves in an endemo-epidemic mode in developing countries. In Cameroon, because of the weakness of our health system, mainly of the epidemiologic surveillance and inadequate timely response, many localities in our country are faced with intermittent cholera epidemics. This study was aimed at analyzing the epidemiological aspects of cholera in the Tcholliré Health District (North Region-Cameroon) in 2011. We therefore applied a retrospective cross-sectional study using data on cholera cases registered within the 27th and the 40th epidemiological weeks in the Tcholliré Health District in 2011. All patients infected with cholera were included. The demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables, as well as the origin and the evolution of cases were drawn from the cholera data base of the Tcholliré Health District. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Excel software. Between the 27th and 40th epidemiological weeks, 334 cases of cholera were notified in the Tcholliré Health District. The sex ratio was 1.27 (187M/147W), the men were most infected (56%). The mean age was 28±17 years, youths aged 16 to 34 were the age group that were most affected with 42.20%. The number of cases varied significantly based on the sex ratio and the health area (p = 0.012). The rate of relapse was 0.61 % and the mortality rate was 1.2%. All the patients had watery stools and vomiting. In addition, all patients were treated primarily with intravenous normal saline at 0.9% or Ringer Lactate and ORS for oral therapy. The antibiotic used was Doxycycline 100 mg. Cholera remains a diarrheal disease that threatens all regions in Cameroon. It comes about as a result of a deficiency in individual and collective hygienic practices, and a passive epidemiologic monitoring. Nevertheless, the institution of a monitoring system and also effective combat methods will significantly reduce the recurrence of cholera epidemics.
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Kelvin, Alyson Ann. "Outbreak of Cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo and the global picture." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 10 (2011): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2246.

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Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by infection of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Often manifested as a constant diarrhoeal disease, Cholera is associated with significant mortality as well as economic loss due to the strain on health care. Cholera often affects nations with lower economic status. The recent outbreak of cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo has affected thousands of people. Here we review the past cholera epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of the bacterium, and the political and environmental aspects that affect the treatment and eradication of this disease.
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23

Devakumar, D. "Cholera and Nothing More." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2008): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn036.

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Sorell, T. "'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2009): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/php023.

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Hunt, M. R. "'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2009): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/php027.

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Msyamboza, Kelias Phiri, Mathew Kagoli, Maurice M'bang'ombe, Sikhona Chipeta, and Humphrey Dzanjo Masuku. "Cholera outbreaks in Malawi in 1998-2012: social and cultural challenges in prevention and control." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 06 (2014): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3506.

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Introduction: Cholera still remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, although comprehensive surveillance data to inform policy and strategies are scarce. Methodology: A desk review of the national cholera database and zonal and districts reports was conducted. Interviews were conducted with district health management teams, health workers, and participants in communities in six districts affected by cholera in 2011/2012 to obtain data on water, sanitation, and sociocultural issues. Results: From 1998 to 2012, cholera outbreaks occurred every year in Malawi, with the highest number of cases and deaths reported in 2001/2002 (33,546 cases, 968 deaths; case fatality rate [CFR] 2.3%). In 2011/2012, cholera outbreak was widespread in the southern region, affecting 10 out of 13 districts, where 1,806 cases and 38 deaths (CFR 2.1%) were reported. Unsafe water sources, lack of maintenance of broken boreholes, frequent breakdown of piped water supply, low coverage of pit latrines (range 40%-60%), lack of hand washing facilities (< 5%), salty borehole water, fishermen staying on Lake Chilwa, cross-border Malawi-Mozambique disease spread, and sociocultural issues were some of the causes of the persistent cholera outbreaks in Malawi. Conclusions: Despite improvements in safe drinking water and sanitation, cholera is still a major public health problem. Introduction of a community-led total sanitation approach, use of social and cultural information in community mobilization strategies, and introduction of an oral cholera vaccine could help to eliminate cholera in Malawi.
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Baturina, N., and G. Anisimova. "The cholera spread Simulation." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022403024.

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One of the frequently used modern epidemiological methods is the Simulation of disease spread. We used AnyLogic simulation. During the model construction, we take into account the specific cholera features. They are: the pathways of infection transmission, the course duration and the duration of the incubation (latent) period, the possibility of vaccination, etc.Two approaches are presented here: system-dynamic model and agentbased one. The system-dynamic model is used for strategic modelling of the epidemiological situation, it reflects the global trends. The agent-based approach allows describing the individual behaviour of each agent person, who independently form events conditioning transitions between states.Used together they make it possible to reflect different aspects of the epidemiological process development. The combination of these two models gives more possibilities for their application in a real situation: give the opportunity to impose tactical nuances on strategic modelling.
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Edward, Frank. "Cholera: The Victorian Plague." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 13, no. 2 (2021): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211327.

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The Victorian Britain was swept by five cholera epidemics which led to evolution of sanitary culture that was punctuated by sanitary reforms and engineering. The epidemic made social, political and spatial relations to change. It also led to the emergence of a concept ‘sanitary city’ in the urban planning, a concept that circulated to other parts of the world. Victorian ideas were on the move. Many works on cholera epidemics and sanitary cities discuss mainly about the contributions of few actors, particularly Sir Edwin Chadwick, the main sanitation infrastructures and about a select of cholera epidemics that the swept across towns and cities during the Victorian era. On the contrary, the monograph by a historian Amanda J. Thomas sets out a novel departure by examining all five epidemics and explaining how knowledge and experience of each epidemic drew many actors as well as a series of interventions. It weaves together the social and epidemiological histories of cholera; biographical contributions of key Victorian figures particularly Sir Joseph Bazalgette, Dr. John Snow and William Farr; social history of urban poverty; and the critical accounts that portray reactions of people in the times of epidemics.
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Charnley, Gina E. C., Sebastian Yennan, Chinwe Ochu, Ilan Kelman, Katy A. M. Gaythorpe, and Kris A. Murray. "The impact of social and environmental extremes on cholera time varying reproduction number in Nigeria." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 12 (2022): e0000869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000869.

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Nigeria currently reports the second highest number of cholera cases in Africa, with numerous socioeconomic and environmental risk factors. Less investigated are the role of extreme events, despite recent work showing their potential importance. To address this gap, we used a machine learning approach to understand the risks and thresholds for cholera outbreaks and extreme events, taking into consideration pre-existing vulnerabilities. We estimated time varying reproductive number (R) from cholera incidence in Nigeria and used a machine learning approach to evaluate its association with extreme events (conflict, flood, drought) and pre-existing vulnerabilities (poverty, sanitation, healthcare). We then created a traffic-light system for cholera outbreak risk, using three hypothetical traffic-light scenarios (Red, Amber and Green) and used this to predict R. The system highlighted potential extreme events and socioeconomic thresholds for outbreaks to occur. We found that reducing poverty and increasing access to sanitation lessened vulnerability to increased cholera risk caused by extreme events (monthly conflicts and the Palmers Drought Severity Index). The main limitation is the underreporting of cholera globally and the potential number of cholera cases missed in the data used here. Increasing access to sanitation and decreasing poverty reduced the impact of extreme events in terms of cholera outbreak risk. The results here therefore add further evidence of the need for sustainable development for disaster prevention and mitigation and to improve health and quality of life.
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Landowski, Zbigniew. "Reakcje społeczne na pierwszą pandemię cholery w carskiej Rosji na podstawie przeglądu prasy i dokumentów z epoki (XIX w.)." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 2 (2021): 289–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.016.14998.

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Social reactions to the first cholera pandemic in Tsarist Russia on the basis of a review of the contemporary press and documents (XIXth century) This article presents the social context of the cholera epidemic in 1830 in Tsarist Russia, focusing on the reaction of the authorities, including imposed restrictions, as well as social reactions to the disease itself, along with official restrictions, embracing extreme forms of social protests, the so-called “Cholera Riots”. There are also descriptions of medical recommendations, prophylaxis, and the then recommended methods of treating cholera, the position and activities of the church and the role of the media via the example of the daily newspaper Сѣверная пчела.
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Giebultowicz, Sophia, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Yunus, and Michael Emch. "The Simultaneous Effects of Spatial and Social Networks on Cholera Transmission." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/604372.

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This study uses social network and spatial analytical methods simultaneously to understand cholera transmission in rural Bangladesh. Both have been used separately to incorporate context into health studies, but using them together is a new and recent approach. Data include a spatially referenced longitudinal demographic database consisting of approximately 200,000 people and a database of all laboratory-confirmed cholera cases from 1983 to 2003. A complete kinship-based network linking households is created, and distance matrices are also constructed to model spatial relationships. A spatial error-social effects model tested for cholera clustering in socially linked households while accounting for spatial factors. Results show that there was social clustering in five out of twenty-one years while accounting for both known and unknown environmental variables. This suggests that environmental cholera transmission is significant and social networks also influence transmission, but not as consistently. Simultaneous spatial and social network analysis may improve understanding of disease transmission.
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Sánchez, J., and J. Holmgren. "Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 65, no. 9 (2008): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-7496-5.

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Dureab, Fekri, Yasameen Al-Qadasi, Hani Nasr, Marwah Al-Zumair, and Taha Al-Mahbashi. "Knowledge on and preventive practices of cholera in Al-Mahweet – Yemen, 2018: a cross-sectional study." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 6 (2021): 1002–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.139.

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Abstract Yemen has experienced one of the world's worst cholera outbreaks in the recent history of cholera records. This study aims to identify knowledge and practices among people of Al-Mahweet governorate toward cholera infection, which can play a critical role in reducing cholera morbidity and shaping the public health response. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an area of high cholera prevalence in 2018 using structured questionnaires. Most community respondents were able to correctly identify the symptoms and risk factors of cholera. While 65% of the respondents in this study knew that proper disposal of human waste is an essential measure of cholera prevention, only 11% of the respondents knew that proper washing of fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of cholera infection. About 62.5% of households did not treat water for safe drinking. Water was scarce in about 30% of households and near-home defecation was observed in about 23%. In conclusion, this study reveals several gaps in different aspects of hygienic and preventive practices including water treatment, waste disposal, and defecation practices. Cholera response should contain comprehensive health promotion interventions to improve the public's knowledge and enhance healthy practices. Stakeholders should support communities with sustainable water and sanitation systems.
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34

Cole, Melissa, and Laurence Brooks. "Social aspects of social networking." International Journal of Information Management 29, no. 4 (2009): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.03.008.

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35

Penrith, M. L., W. Vosloo, and C. Mather. "Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera): Review of Aspects Relevant to Control." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 58, no. 3 (2011): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01205.x.

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36

Kanevskaya, Irina Yuryevna, and Sofiya Borisovna Kanevskaya. "Social aspects volunteering." Агрофорсайт, no. 5 (2021): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54697/24158666_2021_05_80.

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37

Murkens, Mayra, and Thijs Van Vught. "toplocatie aan het water? Een ruimtelijke analyse van de invloed van sociaaleconomische status en woonplaats op de verspreiding van en sterfte door cholera in Maastricht tijdens het epidemiejaar 1866." Studies over de sociaaleconomische geschiedenis van Limburg/Jaarboek van het Sociaal Historisch Centrum voor Limburg 67 (January 12, 2023): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.58484/ssegl.v67i13522.

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The final dreadful cholera epidemic of the nineteenth century, that of 1866, caused clear disparities in mortality across the different social classes in the city of Maastricht. The mayor of Maastricht recognized a clear causal link between the lifestyle of the lower classes and their disproportionally high mortality rates compared to the upper classes. However, the literature generally deems cholera a non-discriminatory disease – one that affects age groups, sexes, and social classes indiscriminately. The disease, once contracted, could be very lethal among the upper classes as well. Thus, the question remains, what caused higher mortality among the lower classes; was it the impact of social status, or did other, environmental, factors weigh in? To gain a more detailed understanding of the 1866 cholera epidemic and understand which factors were important in relation to socioeconomic disparities, this article uses unique data on the deceased and surviving victims. The analysis focuses on demographic and spatial characteristics of the victims. We conclude that residence close to the waterways was a high-risk factor for cholera. Socioeconomic status in itself was only slightly related to the spread of cholera because the poorest neighbourhoods were in the proximity of these waterways.
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Villafañe, Jorge Hugo. "Impact of the Cholera Epidemic of 1867–1868 on the Global Excess Deaths of the Resident Population in the Province of Córdoba." Societies 12, no. 5 (2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12050146.

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Cholera, a disease originating in India, until the beginning of the 19th Century had rarely manifested itself in the West. The disease arrived in Argentina for the first time in an epidemic form in 1859. Since that date, cholera has entered the country on other occasions and spread to the interior, causing serious disorders, which sometimes added to other tragic events, such as the War of Paraguay or the yellow fever epidemic. The aim of this study was to calculate the excess deaths associated with the cholera epidemic from 1867 to 1868 in the province of Córdoba, a population of more than 175,000 inhabitants. Parish data on excess deaths precisely respond to this need. The excess mortality associated with the cholera epidemic was calculated as being seven times higher than the previous year; that is, the number of deaths from the disease was 1767 cases in the province of Córdoba. During the peak of the disease, in January 1868, mortality rose to 12.2 times higher. Excess deaths are an essential measure to monitor the impact of the epidemic.
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Murnachev, G. P. "Epidemiological importance of etymology of the Greek word “χoλepa”". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, № 4 (2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40677.

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With the use a comparative historical and cartographic technique in an epidemiological study of materials on cholera, concomitant natural and social factors in the period up to 1817, this article considers the etymological carriers of the ancient Greek word "cholera" not as an infectious process, but as the epidemic process. This provided a clarification of the epidemiological characteristics of historical cholera in the Eurasian continent.
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40

Cooper, Donald B. "The New “Black Death”: Cholera in Brazil, 1855-1856." Social Science History 10, no. 4 (1986): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015583.

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On repeated occasions in the nineteenth century, Asian cholera irrupted from its traditional center in the great river basins of India and spread in pandemic waves throughout parts of Europe, North Africa, and North America. In Spain alone 600,000 deaths resulted from cholera during four great invasions (Cárdenas, 1971: 224). The United States experienced terrifying outbreaks beginning in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Rosenberg, 1962) which also touched parts of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Initially South America escaped the onslaught. Some Brazilians speculated that the intense heat of the equator, or the vast expanse of the Atlantic ocean, somehow offered an effective buffer to the southward spread of cholera (Rego, 1872: 84). But this “sweet illusion” was shattered in 1855. Indeed the first city in Brazil struck by Asian cholera was Belém, capital of the vast northern province of Pará located astride the equator at the mouth of the Amazon river.
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41

Awofeso, Niyi, and Kefah Aldabk. "Cholera, Migration, and Global Health – A Critical Review." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 6, no. 3 (2018): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijtmgh.2018.19.

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Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The causative agent of this disease was originally described by Filippo Pacini in 1854, and afterwards further analyzed by Robert Koch in 1884. It is estimated that each year there are 1.3 million to 4 million cases of cholera, and 21000 to 143000 deaths worldwide from the disease. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. A global strategy on cholera control with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017. Before 1817, cholera was confined to India’s Bay of Bengal. However, primarily following trade and migration between India and Europe, by the 1830s, cholera had spread internationally. The global spread of cholera was the driving force behind the first International Sanitary Conference in Paris, in 1851. The global health significance of cholera is underscored by its inclusion as one of four priority diseases in the 1969 and 2005 International Health Regulations. This article reviews the evolution of seven cholera pandemics and their reciprocal impacts on migration and global health. Also discussed are global efforts to address cholera, particularly the International Health Regulations, the 1969 and 2005 version of which stipulated that cholera epidemics require mandatory reporting to the IHR. This article concludes with a brief case study of Yemen’s unprecedented cholera epidemic.
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42

Braunack-Mayer, A. "Teaching Ethics with 'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2010): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phq007.

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43

Burrell, R. M. "The 1904 epidemic of cholera in Persia: some aspects of qājār society." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, no. 2 (1988): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00114570.

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Of all the diseases which afflicted mankind in the nineteenth century cholera has a good claim to the unenviable title of being the most dreaded. It was certainly the one which prompted the first sustained efforts to devise and implement international sanitary conventions. The reasons why cholera was so feared are many. Until the second decade of the century it was confined to the Indian subcontinent—where it had probably existed since ancient times—and medical knowledge of it elsewhere was practically nil. In 1817, however, maritime trade carried the infection to other lands and thus began the first period of diffusion which lasted for some six years. By the early years of the twentieth century a further five massive epidemics had occurred, almost every country in the world had been affected and the cumulative death toll was measured in millions. Persia, being so close to the original source of infection, suffered in every one of those epidemics and also from several other more limited and localized outbreaks.
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44

HARRISON, MARK. "A Dreadful Scourge: Cholera in early nineteenth-century India." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (2019): 502–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17001032.

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AbstractIn 1817–21, the Indian subcontinent was ravaged by a series of epidemics which marked the beginning of what has since become known as the First Cholera Pandemic. Despite their far-reaching consequences, these epidemics have received remarkably little attention and have never been considered as historical subjects in their own right. This article examines the epidemics of 1817–21 in greater detail and assesses their significance for the social and political history of the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, it examines the meanings that were attached to the epidemics in the years running up to the first appearance of cholera in the West. In so doing, the article makes comparisons between responses to cholera in India and in other contexts, and tests the applicability of concepts used in the study of epidemics in the West. It is argued that the official reaction to cholera in India was initially ameliorative, in keeping with the East India Company's response to famines and other supposedly natural disasters. However, this view was gradually supplemented and replaced by a view of cholera as a social disease, requiring preventive action. These views were initially rejected in Britain, but found favour after cholera epidemics in 1831–32. Secondly, in contrast to later epidemics, it is argued that those of 1817–21 did little to exacerbate tensions between rulers and the ruled. On the rare occasions when cholera did elicit a violent reaction, it tended to be intra-communal rather than anti-colonial in nature.
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Collins, Andrew E. "Vulnerability to coastal cholera ecology." Social Science & Medicine 57, no. 8 (2003): 1397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00519-1.

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46

de Almeida, J. R. "Cholera and Nation: Doctoring the Social Body in Victorian England." Social History of Medicine 22, no. 1 (2008): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkn108.

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47

Chavuma, Dr Roy, M. Masininga, and M. Kalubula. "Managing Cholera in Limited Resource Settings." Medical Journal of Zambia 45, no. 2 (2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.45.2.134.

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Purpose is to illustrate that even with limited resources cholera can still be managed adequately to controllable levels which significantly reduce on the morbidity, mortality and excess drain on resources. Material and methods
 A situational analysis was made upon whose basis interventions were constituted. These included contact tracing, social marketing and behavioral intervention. Communities were engaged on cholera and their contribution towards its negative impact and how they could help ameliorate the situation.
 Active intervention was done on the stagnant pools of water and to kill the cholera bug.
 Results: There was significant reduction in cholera cases which came down to zero over the three years that the interventions were instituted.
 Conclusion: Even in resource-limited settings, cholera can still be managed adequately if worked on proactively.
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White, Sian, Anna C. Mutula, Modeste M. Buroko, et al. "How does handwashing behaviour change in response to a cholera outbreak? A qualitative case study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0266849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266849.

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Background Handwashing with soap has the potential to curb cholera transmission. This research explores how populations experienced and responded to the 2017 cholera outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and how this affected their handwashing behaviour. Methods Cholera cases were identified through local cholera treatment centre records. Comparison individuals were recruited from the same neighbourhoods by identifying households with no recent confirmed or suspected cholera cases. Multiple qualitative methods were employed to understand hand hygiene practices and their determinants, including unstructured observations, interviews and focus group discussions. The data collection tools and analysis were informed by the Behaviour Centred Design Framework. Comparisons were made between the experiences and practices of people from case households and participants from comparison households. Results Cholera was well understood by the population and viewed as a persistent and common health challenge. Handwashing with soap was generally observed to be rare during the outbreak despite self-reported increases in behaviour. Across case and comparison groups, individuals were unable to prioritise handwashing due to competing food-scarcity and livelihood challenges and there was little in the physical or social environments to cue handwashing or make it a convenient, rewarding or desirable to practice. The ability of people from case households to practice handwashing was further constrained by their exposure to cholera which in addition to illness, caused profound non-health impacts to household income, productivity, social status, and their sense of control. Conclusions Even though cholera outbreaks can cause disruptions to many determinants of behaviour, these shifts do not automatically facilitate an increase in preventative behaviours like handwashing with soap. Hygiene programmes targeting outbreaks within complex crises could be strengthened by acknowledging the emic experiences of the disease and adopting sustainable solutions which build upon local disease coping mechanisms.
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Gál, Edina Tünde. "Impoverished by Cholera : Widows, Widowers, and Orphans after the 1873 Cholera Epidemic in Kolozsvár." Hungarian Historical Review 9, no. 4 (2020): 667–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2020.4.667.

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By analyzing the official sources produced during the communal management of a crisis due to the cholera epidemic, the study focuses on the official definitions of people in need of support as well as the survival strategies of ordinary widows and orphans in the city of Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár in the second half of the nineteenth century. Widows with children were more likely to be considered disadvantaged and receive aid than widowers. Poverty was closely related to a given individual’s ability or inability to work. Remarried widows were not considered eligible for aid, regardless of the family’s financial resources. The presence of small children was a strong motivating factor for remarriage: widows hoped to get financial support from a new spouse, while widowers needed a wife to care for children. The term orphan often referred not to the family position of a child, but rather to its place within the larger social network.
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Field, David, and Sheila Payne. "Social aspects of bereavement." Cancer Nursing Practice 2, no. 8 (2003): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp2003.10.2.8.21.c7555.

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