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Journal articles on the topic 'Social aspects of Cocaine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Ličanin, Ifeta, and Amira Redžić. "Psycho-Social Characteristics of Cannabis Abusing Youth." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2005): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3339.

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It is a well known fact that drug abuse is most common in early adolescence. The most popular substances among youth are cannabis products (made from Cannabis sativa L., Cannaba-ceae). The majority of heroin and cocaine addicts have started with marijuana. The aim of this study is to show some psycho-social characteristics of adolescents who abuse cannabis. Research conducted during the year 2001 was epidemiological and prospective. The study group included 600 adolescents of equal gender and age distribution. Q 2000 questionnaire was used, as a comprehensive tool for all aspects of adolescent life. The results show strong peer impact on one’s behavior. Youth who use cannabis had 2-3 friends of the same behavior, compared to others who had none. We found positive correlation between life stressful events and cannabis abuse. We also noticed tendency to delinquent behavior related to cannabis abuse (35%).

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Elk, Ronith, Lorna G. Mangus, Roxie J. LaSoya, Howard M. Rhoades, Robert L. Andres, and John Grabowski. "Behavioral Interventions: Effective and Adaptable for the Treatment of Pregnant Cocaine-Dependent Women." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 625–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700311.

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We examined the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in the treatment of cocaine-dependent pregnant women. The study was carried out in four stages: (1) the unique needs of substance-abusing women were examined to identify effective treatment factors, (2) behavioral interventions found to be effective in other cocaine-dependent populations were identified, (3) strategies from these two elements were combined in an ongoing treatment-study of cocaine-dependent pregnant women (the Pregnancy Project), and (4) outcome data in a group of 35 women who participated in the Pregnancy Project were examined. The rate of retention in treatment was high, as was compliance with prenatal care for those women who remained in treatment. A high rate of compliance with prenatal care was associated with good perinatal outcome. There was a relatively high rate of cocaine abstinence during treatment, at birth, and in the early period following birth of the baby. Many of the patients especially appreciated the individually based, self-empowering aspects of the behavioral counseling interventions. We concluded that behavioral interventions, within a woman-friendly treatment program, are an important treatment option to consider.

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Vigh, Henrik. "Life in the ant trails." Focaal 2019, no. 85 (December 1, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2019.850102.

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This article looks ethnographically at the cocaine trade in and through Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. It clarifies some of the less obvious aspects of illegal cross-border trade and ties the minor flow of drugs, often trafficked by the desperate and disenfranchised, to larger global dynamics. While international media and commentators alike frequently depict transnational organized crime as a pathogen attacking the healthy global order, a closer look at the Bissau cocaine trade clarifies that the trade is neither external nor parasitical but integral to it. The trade’s grasp of Bissau is anchored in enduring critical circumstance, stretching from the social to the political, and displays several ironic feedback loops and interdependencies linking misfortune in time and space. The article thus shows how negative conditions may travel and circulate in a manner that ramifies vulnerability across economic and political borders.

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Fisher, Dennis G., David P. MacKinnon, M. Douglas Anglin, and John P. Thompson. "Parental Influences on Substance Use: Gender Differences and Stage Theory." Journal of Drug Education 17, no. 1 (March 1987): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5ey5-6ne5-y7dx-eeva.

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The relationship between perceived parental drug use and offspring drug use was investigated. The subjects, 106 UCLA undergraduates, were evenly divided between psychoactive mushroom users and nonusers who completed a questionnaire regarding social and subjective aspects of drug use, including parental drug use. The data were analyzed using modern psychometric scaling techniques, including multidimensional unfolding and principal component analysis of qualitative variables (PRINQUAL). These techniques are advocated as preferable to discriminant analysis when variables, such as perceived parental use of different drugs, are highly correlated. Men's use of drugs was relatively independent of perceived parental drug use while women's use of drugs was strongly related to perceived parental usage. Guttman scaling and PRINQUAL analysis of the types of drugs indicate that the use of cocaine has changed since Kandel and Faust suggested the stage theory of adolescent drug use and that cocaine use has developed patterns similar to marijuana use.

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Blomqvist, Jan. "What is the Worst Thing you could get Hooked on?: Popular Images of Addiction Problems in Contemporary Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600404.

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Aims To investigate potentially crucial aspects of Swedes' perceptions of nine different addictions. Data and Methods Population survey, sent out to 2,000 adult Swedes (18–74 years), focusing on the perceived severity of, responsibility for, options to recover from, and character of addiction to cigarettes, snuff, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, medical drugs, and gambling. Results There are large differences in the ways in which various addiction problems are perceived. Whereas tobacco use, and to some extent gambling, are seen as relatively harmless “habits”, not particularly easy to get hooked on but easy to quit, the use of drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine is seen as a major societal problem, and users are seen both as “sinners” who need to mend their ways and as powerless “victims”. In between comes the use and misuse of alcohol, cannabis and medical drugs, about which perceptions are more divided. Conclusions Respondents tend to downplay the risks and dangers with addictive habits that are common and familiar in mainstream culture, and to dramatise the risks and dangers with such habits that are uncommon or “strange”. This may have unfortunate consequences for addicts' options to find a path out of their predicaments.

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Hall, W. "Ethical issues in using a cocaine vaccine to treat and prevent cocaine abuse and dependence." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.004739.

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Jos, Philip H., Mary Faith Marshall, and Martin Perlmutter. "The Charleston Policy on Cocaine Use During Pregnancy: A Cautionary Tale." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 2 (1995): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01341.x.

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The conflict between pregnant women freely using cocaine and the well-being of fetuses presents a difficult social problem. Since 1985, at least 200 women, in thirty states, have been criminally prosecuted for using illicit drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. Such policies enjoy considerable public and political support. Nonetheless, treatment programs that include referral to law enforcement officials raise serious ethical and legal issues for hospitals and health care providers. In this paper, we assess the development of one medical university's controversial treatment program for pregnant women addicted to cocaine.In October 1989, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) instituted a new program, called the Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy (Interagency Policy), designed “to ensure appropriate management of patients abusing illegal drugs during pregnancy.” This program required some pregnant women to seek drug counseling and prenatal care under the threat of criminal sanctions.

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Ashcroft, R. E. "Further ethical and social issues in using a cocaine vaccine: response to Hall and Carter." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.005017.

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LUTHAR, SUNIYA S., GRETTA CUSHING, KATHLEEN R. MERIKANGAS, and BRUCE J. ROUNSAVILLE. "Multiple jeopardy: Risk and protective factors among addicted mothers' offspring." Development and Psychopathology 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001333.

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Objectives of this study were to ascertain risk and protective factors in the adjustment of 78 school-age and teenage offspring of opioid- and cocaine-abusing mothers. Using a multimethod, multiinformant approach, child outcomes were operationalized via lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and everyday social competence (each based on both mother and child reports), and dimensional assessments of symptoms (mother report). Risk/protective factors examined included the child sociodemographic attributes of gender, age, and ethnicity, aspects of maternal psychopathology, and both mother's and children's cognitive functioning. Results revealed that greater child maladjustment was linked with increasing age, Caucasian (as opposed to African American) ethnicity, severity of maternal psychiatric disturbance, higher maternal cognitive abilities (among African Americans) and lower child cognitive abilities (among Caucasians). Limitations of the study are discussed, as are implications of findings for future research.

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Bouchard, Martin, Melvin Soudijn, and Peter Reuter. "Conflict Management in High-Stakes Illegal Drug Transactions." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa054.

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Abstract We draw from aspects of Black’s theory of conflict management to (1) provide a description of the types of disputes occurring at the highest levels of the drug trade and (2) examine whether conflicts that end in violence differed from those that found a peaceful resolution. A mixed-methods approach was used to analyse 33 incidents of smuggling transaction failures at the highest levels of the cocaine trade in the Netherlands. The results show that outcomes were determined by the way in which conflicts arose; lost product due to negligence and fraud increased the likelihood of violence. The fragile equilibrium between peaceful or violent resolution depended on whether the guilty party accepted blame or provided evidence that could account for losses.

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Lisboa Donoso, Cristian, and Valeria Stuardo Ávila. "Aspects associated with sexualised drug use among gay men and other men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study from the Latin America MSM Internet Survey 2018 – Chile." Sexual Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20089.

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Background Sexualised drug use has attracted interest due to the role it could play in increasing exposure to the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections. It also carries risks inherent to substance use and may influence psychosocial factors. This study characterised sexualised drug use among Latin America MSM Internet Survey (LAMIS) respondents in Chile, in order to identify aspects associated with the phenomenon. Methods: LAMIS data were used to analyse: drug use (in any context, in sexual context and sexualised drug use), epidemiological aspects and psychosocial aspects. In addition, the associations between the sexualised drug use and these aspects were estimated. Results: The prevalence of sexualised drug use was 24% (n = 4945). The drugs most used in a sexual context (n = 3365) were cannabis, poppers and viagra. Cocaine, ecstasy/MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and ketamine use were reported in sexual encounters with multiple partners. Living with HIV (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.92), having had sex with three or more casual partners in the past year (AOR = 2.02) and having engaged in sex without a condom with three or more casual partners in this period (AOR = 1.61) were aspects associated with sexualised drug use. Less social integration (AOR = 0.76) and internalised homonegativity (AOR = 0.85) were aspects associated with a decrease of possibility of practising sexual drug use. Conclusion: Sexualised drug use is an emerging phenomenon in Chile, whose complexity needs to be studied in all its dimensions to have a complete understanding of its effect on people’s health.

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Bevins, Rick A. "Novelty Seeking and Reward: Implications for the Study of High-Risk Behaviors." Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, no. 6 (December 2001): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00146.

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Novelty seeking and sensation seeking are constructs useful in predicting human risk-taking behaviors. This predictive relation purportedly reflects some rewarding aspect of experiencing novelty. Research has confirmed this assumption. Rats display an increase in preference for an environment that has been differentially paired with novel stimuli. The physiological mechanisms mediating this rewarding effect of novelty involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, whereas those controlling novelty seeking do not. The mechanisms involved in drug seeking and reward show parallel dissociations. This concordance between novelty and drug-abuse research suggests that novelty and drug stimuli may interact in biologically and behaviorally meaningful ways. Indeed, preliminary research examining cocaine and novelty and published work with amphetamines support this suggestion. There is clear need for further systematic research on novelty reward and related processes at all levels of analysis: genetic, biological, behavioral, and social.

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Faller, Sibele, Ana Carolina Peuker, Anne Sordi, Anderson Stolf, Maria Lucia Souza-Formigoni, Marcelo Santos Cruz, Sílvia Brasiliano, Flavio Pechansky, and Felix Kessler. "Who seeks public treatment for substance abuse in Brazil? Results of a multicenter study involving four Brazilian state capitals." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 4 (December 2014): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0040.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of alcohol and drug users who seek treatment at the Brazilian Unified Health System in Brazil.METHOD:A multicenter cross-sectional study involving five clinical and research centers located in four Brazilian state capitals was conducted with 740 in- and outpatients. The only exclusion criterion was the presence of neurological or severe psychiatric symptoms at the moment of the interview. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used to assess the severity of substance use and the problems related.RESULTS: There were significantly more men than women in the sample; mean age was 36 years. The drug most frequently used at all sites was alcohol (78%), followed by cocaine/crack (51%). Alcohol was the drug that most commonly motivated treatment seeking, at all centers. ASI-6 Summary Scores for Recent Functioning (SS-Rs) were quite similar among centers. SS-Rs were compared between users who had never received treatment for psychoactive substance abuse (n = 265, 36.1%) and those who had already been treated at one or more occasions (n = 470, 63.9%). This analysis revealed significant differences between the groups in the drug, psychiatric symptoms, legal, and family/social problems areas (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm previous evidence suggesting that the management of patients seeking drug abuse treatment should take several different aspects into consideration, e.g., education, employment, and family relationships, which often appear as areas of concern for these individuals.

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Cabral, Daniel, Vagner Tavares, Kell da Costa, Paulo Nascimento, Heloiana Faro, Hassan Elsangedy, and Eduardo Fontes. "The Benefits of High Intensity Exercise on the Brain of a Drug Abuser." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 6 (May 8, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n6p123.

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Chronic drug abuse has been shown to cause dysfunctions on the frontal lobe and affect cognition, cardiac autonomic control and psychosocial aspects. Despite physical exercise has been shown to improve cerebral functioning, the effects of a high intensity exercise training program needs to be further explored in a drug abuse condition. The patient was a 32-year-old male who has been an alcohol and crack/cocaine user for 20 years. The high intensity exercise training protocol consisted of four 30-second “all-out” bouts performed three times per week during four weeks. The participant had electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, cognition, cardiac autonomic control and psychosocial questionnaires evaluated before and after high intensity exercise training. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation during an incremental running exercise test was also recorded. EEG topographical analysis revealed greater PFC activation during the cognitive test. Performance on the cognitive test was enhanced (l number of total errors and reaction time). Parasympathetic cardiac indices, including RMSSD, SDNN, Pnn50% and HF power increased by 77.4%, 83.3%, 57.7% and 293.2%, respectively. Sleep quality increased 23% and anxiety levels decreased 52.6%. Psychological and social domains increased 5.3% and 13.7%, respectively. In addition, incremental treadmill running time increased 12.5% and PFC oxyhemoglobin increased 228.2% at the beginning of the treadmill test, 305.4% at the middle and 359.4% at the end of the test. Thus, high intensity exercise training improved PFC functioning, cardiac autonomic control and psychological parameters. These results might indicate high intensity exercise as an alternative and non-pharmacological tool to help the rehabilitation of a drug abuser.

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Tunving, Kerstin. "Cocaine Abuse: Clinical Aspects." Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 43, no. 4 (January 1989): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488909101968.

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YATES, WILLIAM R. "Cocaine: Clinical and Biobehavioral Aspects." American Journal of Psychiatry 145, no. 11 (November 1988): 1468—a—1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.11.1468-a.

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Wodak, A. D. "Cocaine: Clinical and Biobehavioural Aspects." Australian Drug and Alcohol Review 6, no. 4 (October 1987): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595238780000851.

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Evans Schultes, Richard. "Cocaine: Clinical and biobehavioral aspects." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22, no. 2 (February 1988): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90131-6.

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Sapkota, S., A. Khadka, and G. Akela. "Contributing factors to relapse of drug addiction among clients attending rehabilitation centres of Dharan, Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i3.16695.

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Relapse is the resumption of substance after a period of abstinence. It is frustrating but frequent part of recovery process. Several substance including opiates, cocaine and alcohol have particularly has high relapse rate with majority of client relapsing within 1 year following treatment. The first 90 days after treatment are very vulnerable time. Hence, the objective of the study is to assess the contributing factors to relapse of drug addiction since the aftercare services, the psycho-social aspect of the treatment has been ignored and high relapse is prevalent among the treated clients. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among clients attending three rehabilitation centres of Dharan using lottery method of simple random sampling among 72 respondents using structured questionnaires from 20th September to 4th October, 2015. Findings of the study showed that majority (63.9%) of the respondents had started taking drugs again due to lack of self confidence. In addition to this another contributing factor to relapse was peer pressure (50%) followed by inability to give old habits (44.4%), easy accessibility of drugs (30.6%). The finding also indicated that there was significant relationship (p value = 0.054) between peer pressure and employment status. Lack of self-confidence, peer pressure, easy accessibility of drugs, lack of acceptance in society and family, adjustment problems had increased the chance of relapse after treatment. So, the treatment centres of Dharan should develop program that incorporate the overall development and treatment of client to prevent from relapse of drug addiction.

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Peixoto, Marta. "Rio's Favelas in Recent Fiction and Film: Commonplaces of Urban Segregation." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.1.170.

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The metaphor of the cidade partida (fragmented or broken city), which has been used to characterize Rio de Janeiro's darker aspect—its stark inequality, its class conflicts and violence—is not new but has gained, in the last couple of decades, widespread circulation. Since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, when formal democratic practices such as free speech and open elec–tions were reestablished, it has become more obvious than ever that equal citizenship rights for all, de facto rather than on paper, are still an elusive ideal in Rio and in Brazil as a whole (as in many other places). The neoliberal economic policies of recent decades, with curtailed social spending and privatization of state-owned property, have increased poverty in Rio significantly. The arrival of the large-scale commercialization of cocaine since the late 1970s has deepened urban divisions and intensified violence. The retail end of the drug business often takes place in poor neighborhoods, or favelas. But the violence that prevails in Rio is not limited to warring drug factions or their conflicts with the police. It also inheres in unemployment and inadequate education and health care for the poor, as well as in severely flawed security, judiciary, and penal systems. All in all, the urban experience is fraught with violence and the fear of violence for all residents—though here too there is inequality, since this violence and fear affect some segments of the population far more than others.

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Green, A., H. Pickering, R. Foster, R. Power, and G. V. Stimson. "Who uses Cocaine? Social Profiles of Cocaine Users." Addiction Research 2, no. 2 (January 1994): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359409109139.

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Gmel, Gerhard, Christina Akre, Mariana Astudillo, Caroline Bähler, Stéphanie Baggio, Nicolas Bertholet, Carole Clair, et al. "The Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors – Findings of two Waves." SUCHT 61, no. 4 (August 2015): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000380.

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Abstract. Aim: To summarize published findings in peer-reviewed journals of the first two waves of the Swiss Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), a longitudinal study assessing risk and protective factors of 5,987 young men during the phase of emerging adulthood (20 years at baseline, followed-up 15 months later). Methods: Included were 33 studies published until November 2014 focusing on substance use. Results: Substance use in early adulthood is a prevalent and stable behavior. The 12-month prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (10.6 %) lies between that of cannabis (36.4 %) and other illicit drugs such as ecstasy (3.7 %) and cocaine (3.2 %). Although peer pressure in the form of misconduct is associated with increased substance use, other aspects such as peer involvement in social activities may have beneficial effects. Regular sport activities are associated with reduced substance use, with the exception of alcohol use. Young men are susceptible to structural conditions such as the price of alcohol beverages or the density of on-premise alcohol outlets. Particularly alcohol use in public settings such as bars, discos or in parks (compared with private settings such as the home) is associated with alcohol-related harm, including injuries or violence. Being a single parent versus nuclear family has no effect on alcohol use, but active parenting does. Besides parenting, religiousness is an important protective factor for both legal and illegal substance use. Merely informing young men about the risks of substance use may not be an effective preventive measure. At-risk users of licit and illicit substances are more health literate, e. g., for example, they seek out more information on the internet than non-at-risk-users or abstainers. Discussion: There are a number of risk and protective substance use factors, but their associations with substance use do not necessarily agree with those found outside Europe. In the United States, for example, heavy alcohol use in this age group commonly takes place in private settings, whereas in Switzerland it more often takes place in public settings. Other behaviors, such as the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, appear to be similar to those found overseas, which may show the need for targeted preventive actions. C-SURF findings point to the necessity of establishing European studies to identify factors for designing specific preventive actions.

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Hulka, L. M., C. Eisenegger, K. H. Preller, M. Vonmoos, D. Jenni, K. Bendrick, M. R. Baumgartner, E. Seifritz, and B. B. Quednow. "Altered social and non-social decision-making in recreational and dependent cocaine users." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (July 22, 2013): 1015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001839.

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BackgroundMaladaptive decision-making is assumed to be a core feature of cocaine addiction. Indeed, numerous studies have reported deficits in non-social decision-making tasks and reward-related impulsivity in dependent cocaine users. However, social decision-making has not been examined in cocaine users yet. Moreover, it is unknown if even recreational and non-dependent cocaine use is linked to decision-making deficits. Therefore, we investigated whether recreational and dependent cocaine users exhibit alterations in social and non-social decision-making.MethodThe performance of healthy controls (n = 68), recreational cocaine users (n = 68) and dependent cocaine users (n = 30) in classical decision-making paradigms (Iowa Gambling Task, Delay Discounting) and in social interaction paradigms (Distribution Game, Dictator Game) was assessed.ResultsDecisions in the social interaction tasks of both cocaine user groups were more self-serving compared with controls as cocaine users preferred higher monetary payoffs for themselves. In the Iowa Gambling Task, only dependent cocaine users were more likely to choose disadvantageous card decks, reflecting worse decision-making. They were also more likely to choose immediate smaller rewards over larger delayed rewards in the Delay Discounting task.ConclusionsOur results imply that both recreational and dependent cocaine users are more concerned with their own monetary gain when interacting with another person. Furthermore, primarily dependent cocaine users are less foresighted and more impulsive regarding immediate reward. Overall, social interaction deficits are already present in recreational users, while non-social decision-making deficits occur predominantly in dependent cocaine users. Thus, social interaction training and cognitive remediation strategies may improve treatment success and quality of life in cocaine dependence.

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Bogusz, Maciej J., Helmut Althoff, Manfred Erkens, Rolf-Dieter Maier, and Rainer Hofmann. "Internally Concealed Cocaine: Analytical and Diagnostic Aspects." Journal of Forensic Sciences 40, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 15390J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs15390j.

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Verdejo-Garcia, A. "Social cognition in cocaine addiction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 7 (February 5, 2014): 2406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1324287111.

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Ronald, P. J. M. "Cocaine: Scientific and Social Dimensions." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 47, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.47.3.251-b.

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Di Chiara, Gaetano. "Cocaine: Scientific and Social dimensions." Trends in Neurosciences 16, no. 1 (January 1993): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(93)90051-m.

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Cunningham, K. A. "Cocaine: Scientific and social dimensions." Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 6, no. 2 (March 1993): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(93)90032-y.

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Geradas, Claire. "Cocaine: Scientific and social dimensions." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 37, no. 5 (July 1993): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(93)90017-a.

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David, Sofia, Anton Knieling, Simona Irina Damian, Madalina Diac, Ion Sandu, and Tatiana Iov. "Study on Forms of Intoxication with Cocaine and Evolutionary Aspects." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 5 (June 15, 2018): 1216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.5.6292.

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Cocaine is an alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca. Cocaine sulfate, a brown paste, is obtained from coca leaves and from this, cocaine hydrochloride, a white substance, soluble in water and with a bitter taste that may be in the form of white crystals or powder. From cocaine hydrochloride crack is obtained by heating, a more purified form and with greater power of intoxication and addiction. Once in the organism, cocaine behaves like an indirect sympathomimetic amine and produces a blockade of the presynaptic reuptake of dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin, thus increasing their levels. At the cardiovascular level cocaine is responsible for malignant arrhythmias, sometimes responsible for sudden death. Other symptoms that can occur are aortic dissection, arterial hypertension and coronary vasoconstriction able to trigger an acute myocardial infarction. The authors present a case of sudden cardiac death due to cocaine intoxication in a young male without any cardiac risk factors. The autopsy, together with the results of the complementary tests, indicate that the most probable death mechanism has been a cardiogenic shock secondary to extensive myocardial necrosis due to cocaine intoxication.

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Carroll, F. Ivy, Leonard L. Howell, and Michael J. Kuhar. "Pharmacotherapies for Treatment of Cocaine Abuse: Preclinical Aspects." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, no. 15 (July 1999): 2721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm9706729.

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Myrick, Hugh, and Kathleen T. Brady. "Social Phobia in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals." American Journal on Addictions 6, no. 2 (January 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10550499709137020.

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Galanter, Marc. "Social Network Therapy for Cocaine Dependence." Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 6, no. 2 (December 1986): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j251v06n02_11.

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Myrick, Hugh, and Kathleen T. Brady. "Social Phobia in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals." American Journal on Addictions 6, no. 2 (April 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.1997.tb00558.x.

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Bedi, Gillinder, Ziva D. Cooper, Nicholas Van Dam, and Margaret Haney. "Social processing in aging cocaine smokers." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (November 2015): e17-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.966.

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Estelles, J., M. Rodríguez-Arias, C. Maldonado, M. A. Aguilar, and J. Miñarro. "Prenatal cocaine exposure alters spontaneous and cocaine-induced motor and social behaviors." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 27, no. 3 (May 2005): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2005.01.002.

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Soares, Rhaisa Gontijo, Pollyanna Santos da Silveira, Leonardo Fernandes Martins, Henrique Pinto Gomide, Thais Medeiros Lopes, and Telmo Mota Ronzani. "Distância social dos profissionais de saúde em relação à dependência de substâncias psicoativas." Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) 16, no. 1 (April 2011): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-294x2011000100012.

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A atribuição de características indesejáveis a alguém pode conduzir à rejeição da pessoa rotulada, ocasionando o distanciamento social. O presente estudo teve como objetivos, avaliar as diferenças entre o desejo de distanciamento social dos profissionais de saúde da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG, Brasil, em relação aos dependentes de álcool, maconha e cocaína, e possíveis relações entre o desejo de distanciamento social em cada um dos casos e variáveis sociodemográficas desses profissionais. Os resultados demonstraram que o distanciamento social foi maior para o dependente de cocaína, não havendo diferença significativa entre os escores das escalas para dependentes de álcool e maconha. Os julgamentos de distância social foram independentes de qualquer característica sociodemográfica da amostra, com exceção do aspecto "nível profissional" em relação ao dependente de álcool. O estudo do desejo de distância social dos profissionais de saúde pode contribuir para a implementação de estratégias de melhora dos serviços.

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Cole, Melissa, and Laurence Brooks. "Social aspects of social networking." International Journal of Information Management 29, no. 4 (August 2009): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.03.008.

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Uhlhorn, Susan Brunner, Daniel S. Messinger, and Charles R. Bauer. "Cocaine exposure and mother–toddler social play." Infant Behavior and Development 28, no. 1 (March 2005): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.11.001.

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Covington, Herbert, and Klaus Miczek. "Repeated social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine." Psychopharmacology 158, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130100858.

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Covington, Herbert, and Klaus Miczek. "Repeated social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine." Psychopharmacology 158, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-001-0925-x.

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42

Martyr, Philippa. "Quack Cocaine." Metascience 18, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-009-9295-5.

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Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., F. Carvalho, T. Magalhães, and A. Santos. "A cocaine body packer case report: Clinical and forensic aspects." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S290—S291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.917.

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Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Teresa Magalhães, Félix Carvalho, and Agostinho Santos. "A cocaine body packer case report: clinical and forensic aspects." Clinical Toxicology 47, no. 6 (June 30, 2009): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650902956423.

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Hall, Alexandra, and Georgios A. Antonopoulos. "“Coke on Tick”: exploring the cocaine market in the UK through the lens of financial management." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-07-2015-0037.

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Purpose This paper aims to offer detailed preliminary data and analysis that focuses specifically on the structures and financial aspects of the UK cocaine market. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on in-depth interviews with – among others – four active criminal entrepreneurs involved in powder cocaine supply in the UK. Furthermore, along with a review of relevant literature and open sources, in-depth interviews were undertaken with a range of experts with knowledge of the cocaine market. These experts include law enforcement agents and independent academics/researchers who have researched the cocaine market in the UK and internationally. Findings The cocaine market is a fragmented business dependent on networks of individual entrepreneurs and groups. At the core of collaborations often lie family, ethnic or kinship relationships and relationships forged within legal businesses and in prison. Capital investment practices in this market are flexible, “messy” and mutating, and money comes from a range of different sources. Credit is an integral feature of the cocaine business in the UK. The financial management of the cocaine trade is a result of (and reflects) a number of factors, such as the fragmented and decentralised nature of the trade. Originality/value Empirical research into financial aspects of organised crime manifestations is important for the assumptions that are part of public debate to be tested. In addition, understanding the broader range of financial aspects of organised crime is an important component of the process of crimes for gain and can contribute to both better investigation and better prevention.

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Haskett, Mary E., Janet W. Miller, Jay M. Whitworth, and Joseph M. Huffman. "Intervention with Cocaine-Abusing Mothers." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 73, no. 8 (October 1992): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949207300801.

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Increasingly, human services professionals are faced with the challenge of providing services to families of mothers who are addicted to cocaine and other drugs. The existing literature provides little guidance for meeting the needs of families in this emerging area of service provision. The authors describe a multidisciplinary approach to serving mothers who abuse cocaine, with the goal of providing a model for development of services for this population of high-risk parents and their vulnerable children. An overview of the problem of cocaine use by pregnant women is provided, followed by a detailed description of the specific services included in a hospital-based intervention program.

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Gainey, Randy R., Peggy L. Peterson, Elizabeth A. Wells, J. David Hawkins, and Richard F. Catalano. "The Social Networks of Cocaine Users Seeking Treatment." Addiction Research 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359509005218.

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Ghareh, Hussein. "Neural networks underlying cocaine addiction and social interaction." Intrinsic Activity 7, Suppl. 1 (September 11, 2019): A3.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25006/ia.7.s1-a3.20.

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Maharajh, Hari. "Cocaine and social transformation in Trinidad and Tobago." Psychiatric Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1997): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.21.3.184.

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Goldstein, Rachel A., Carol DesLauriers, Anthony Burda, and Kelly Johnson-Arbor. "Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity: a review." Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 26, no. 1 (February 2009): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2008.12.001.

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