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1
Ye, Guanqiong, Ying Lin, Cuicui Feng, Loke Ming Chou, Qutu Jiang, Panpan Ma, Shengyun Yang, et al. "Could the wild population of Large Yellow Croaker Larimichthys crocea (Richardson) in China be restored? A case study in Guanjingyang, Fujian, China." Aquatic Living Resources 33 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020025.
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Over 90% of the world's fisheries have been fully exploited or over-fished. Included is the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), an important commercial fish species in China whose population was nearly depleted prior to the 1980s. Although overfishing and natural resources collapse present a daunting issue, some studies indicate that improved management strategies could aid in natural stock restoration to prevent depletion. We developed an integrated assessment method grounded on an ecosystem-based approach and deigned an integrated index with three key aspects of habitat suitability, natural population status and government & social interventions, to evaluate the potential restoration capacity of the species in a designated “national aquatic germplasm resource protected area” in Guanjinyang based on a data set spanning 1987 to 2015. The results show that although restoration efforts on research and rehabilitation have increased greatly since late 1990s, the effectiveness stays moderate and the natural population remains near depletion.
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Maynou, Francesc. "Coviability analysis of Western Mediterranean fisheries under MSY scenarios for 2020." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 7 (April 16, 2014): 1563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu061.
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An ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) seeks to manage fisheries sustainably, including all dimensions of fisheries: biological, social and economic aspects. The separate management of these aspects may lead to conflicting objectives. Coviability analysis helps us to rank a set of choices (alternative management measures) objectively, allows us to explore which policies will ensure strong sustainability, and formally recognizes the multi-objective nature of fisheries management. The coviability of the main Western Mediterranean Spanish fisheries was examined with a bioeconomic simulation model under alternative management strategies that implement strong fishing mortality reduction policies. Based on a joint (biological and economic) viability assessment, it has been shown that Western Mediterranean fisheries require the reduction of fishing effort to ∼10% of the 2010 levels. This strong conservation measure would need to be applied as soon as possible in order for European Mediterranean fisheries to be managed at MSY, as required by legally binding international agreements, which may be unrealistic. Large reductions in fishing mortality for stocks that have been subject to high exploitation rates for decades are difficult to achieve with the current paradigm of effort control in the Mediterranean. Instead, reorienting the exploitation of Mediterranean fish stocks with management measures that combine changes in exploitation patterns with seasonal or spatial area closures, should help meet the policy goals of fishing mortality levels compatible with MSY by 2020.
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Hammer, Cornelius, Olav Sigurd Kjesbu, Gordon H. Kruse, and Peter A. Shelton. "Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: biology, ecology, social science, and management strategies." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 9 (May 13, 2010): 1825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq039.
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Abstract Hammer, C., Kjesbu, O. S., Kruse, G. H., and Shelton, P. A. 2010. Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: biology, ecology, social science, and management strategies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1825–1829. This is an introduction to an ICES/PICES symposium entitled as in the title of this manuscript. During the symposium, five theme sessions embraced the subject material under the headings “Impact of fisheries and environmental impacts on stock structure, reproductive potential, and recruitment dynamics”, “Trophic controls on stock recovery”, “Methods for analysing and modelling stock recovery”, “Social and economic aspects of fisheries management and governance”, and “Management and recovery strategies”. A panel discussion provided a valuable overview of current understanding and research focus.
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Cámara, Angeles, and Rosa Santero-Sánchez. "Economic, Social, and Environmental Impact of a Sustainable Fisheries Model in Spain." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 6311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226311.
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In recent decades, fishing sustainability has been subject to intense international debate. Overfishing and contamination of the marine environment are elements that contribute to a reduction in fish stock and catches, often leading to declining income and employment, especially in rural areas. We present a sustainable fisheries model that promotes artisanal fishing while incorporating replacement rates of fish stock and actions that benefit the fishing industry. First, the sustainable fisheries model defines the guidelines and actions that may apply either together or independently, sequentially, or simultaneously, according to a defined budget. These concrete actions are quantified and incorporated into an environmentally extended input-output model to evaluate the economic impact on the Spanish fishing industry. The impact is complemented with an assessment of social impact (employment) and environmental impact (estimated reduction of CO2 emissions).
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Ziegler, Philippe Eric. "Influence of data quality and quantity from a multiyear tagging program on an integrated fish stock assessment." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 7 (July 2013): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0413.
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Using a modeling framework for toothfish (Dissostichus spp.) population dynamics, fishing, and data collection, this study investigated how the bias and precision of biomass estimates from an integrated tag-based assessment are influenced by various aspects of a multiyear tagging program, particularly the effects of the size of tagged fish compared with the size of fish in the catch (tag size-overlap), numbers of tagged fish, duration of the tagging program, using catch-at-length or catch-at-age data as auxiliary data, and stock depletion levels. Biomass estimates generally improved with more and better-quality tagging data. The results showed that even when tag releases were distributed over a relatively large number of size classes, low recapture numbers collected in short tagging programs with a 100% tag size-overlap were sufficient for robust and unbiased assessments. Particularly in the early stages of the tagging program, a high tag size-overlap was imperative to maximize the likelihood of a robust assessment. Biomass estimates were largely unaffected by the stock depletion level; however, using catch-at-age compared with catch-at-length improved recruitment estimates and resulted in more conservative biomass estimates.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Andrei Fedotov, Mikhail Makarov, Pavel Anoshko, Alina Kolesnikova, Yakov Sukhodolov, and Polina Sorokina. "Eco-legal and economic aspects of developing Malomorsky fishing area of Lake Baikal." Fisheries 2021, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2021-1-20-26.
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Lake Baikal is the largest fresh water reservoir of our planet and a unique natural site included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Meanwhile, Baikal is not only Russia’s largest freshwater fishing reservoir. Large-scale commercial fishing started here at the beginning of the 19th century and, with small breaks caused by bans imposed on industrial fishing due to depletion of valuable commercial fishery species stock, continued until October 2017, when once again restrictions in the fishing industry were imposed. One of the reasons for this was the increasing of the illegal unreported and unregulated fishing which led to depletion of harvestable stock of omul. However, these restrictions neither eliminated extensive unreported fishing, nor solved the problem of rapid fish stock rebuilding in the unique lake. Using methods of mathematical analysis and modeling this article examines factors facilitating breach of law in the fishing industry and unreported fishing for Baikal omul. The article provides a brief characteristic of the Baikal oldest Malomorsky fishing area as well as an eco-economic assessment of the possibility to rebuild the fishing stock within this water zone taking into account the increasing tourist flow in the Baikal region.
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Melnyk, Viktor, Maksym Zhytar, Roman Shchur, Nataliia Kriuchkova, and Tetiana Solodzhuk. "Assessment of the Performance of the Financial Architecture of Ukrainian Economy: Budgetary, Stock and Social Aspects." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (January 27, 2021): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.39.
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The article describes the scientific and methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of the financial architecture of Ukraine's economy on the basis of recommended values of the system of indicators, determining their type, allowable intervals of values taking into account micro- and macrofinancial levels of the hierarchy. The comparative analysis of the corresponding indicators on the countries of the EU and Ukraine for 2009-2018 is presented. The future directions of dynamics of indicators of efficiency of functioning of financial architecture of economy of Ukraine are offered
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Möllmann, Christian, Martin Lindegren, Thorsten Blenckner, Lena Bergström, Michele Casini, Rabea Diekmann, Juha Flinkman, et al. "Implementing ecosystem-based fisheries management: from single-species to integrated ecosystem assessment and advice for Baltic Sea fish stocks." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 5 (August 24, 2013): 1187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst123.
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Abstract Theory behind ecosystem-based management (EBM) and ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is now well developed. However, the implementation of EBFM exemplified by fisheries management in Europe is still largely based on single-species assessments and ignores the wider ecosystem context and impact. The reason for the lack or slow implementation of EBM and specifically EBFM is a lack of a coherent strategy. Such a strategy is offered by recently developed integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs), a formal synthesis tool to quantitatively analyse information on relevant natural and socio-economic factors, in relation to specified management objectives. Here, we focus on implementing the IEA approach for Baltic Sea fish stocks. We combine both tactical and strategic management aspects into a single strategy that supports the present Baltic Sea fish stock advice, conducted by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). We first review the state of the art in the development of IEA within the current management framework. We then outline and discuss an approach that integrates fish stock advice and IEAs for the Baltic Sea. We intentionally focus on the central Baltic Sea and its three major fish stocks cod (Gadus morhua), herring (Clupea harengus), and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), but emphasize that our approach may be applied to other parts and stocks of the Baltic, as well as other ocean areas.
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Gilliland, Ted E., James N. Sanchirico, and J. Edward Taylor. "An integrated bioeconomic local economy-wide assessment of the environmental impacts of poverty programs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 15, 2019): 6737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816093116.
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A new generation of poverty programs around the globe provides cash payments to poor and vulnerable households. Studies show that these social cash transfer programs create income and welfare benefits for poor households and the local economies where they live. However, this may come at the cost of damaging local environments if cash payments stimulate food production that conflicts with natural resource conservation. Evaluations of the economic impacts of poverty programs do not account for the welfare consequences of environmental impacts, which are potentially large for poor communities closely tied to natural resources. We use an ex-ante policy simulation tool, a bioeconomic local computable general equilibrium model parameterized with microsurvey data, to analyze the expected welfare consequences of environmental degradation caused by a cash transfer program. For a Philippine fishing community that is a net importer of fish, we show that a government cash transfer program initially increases real incomes for all households. However, increased demand for fish leads to a decline in the local fish stock that reduces program benefits. Household groups experience declines in real income benefits of 2–63%, with fishing households suffering the largest declines. Impacts on local fish stocks depend on the extent to which markets link fishing communities to outside regions through trade. Greater market integration can mitigate the fish stock decline, but this reduces the local income benefits of cash transfers.
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Kerr, Lisa A., Steven X. Cadrin, David H. Secor, and Nathan G. Taylor. "Modeling the implications of stock mixing and life history uncertainty of Atlantic bluefin tuna." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 11 (November 2017): 1990–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0067.
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Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is currently managed as two separate eastern and western stocks, despite information indicating considerable stock mixing. Using a simulation model, we explored how scenarios of population-specific migration and uncertainty in aspects of bluefin tuna biology affect the magnitude, distribution, and mixed stock nature of the resource and catch of its associated fisheries. The analytical framework was a stochastic, age-structured, stock-overlap model that was seasonally and spatially explicit with movement of eastern- and western-origin tuna informed by tagging and otolith chemistry data. Alternate estimates of movement and assumptions regarding maturity and recruitment regime for western-origin fish were considered. Simulation of the operating model indicated considerable stock mixing in the western and central Atlantic, which resulted in differences between the stock and population view of western bluefin tuna. The relative biomass of the western population and its spatial and temporal distribution in the Atlantic was sensitive to model assumptions and configurations. Simulation modeling can provide a means to ascertain the potential consequences of stock mixing on the assessment and management of fishery resources.
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Zygmunt, Marcin, and Marcin Piczulski. "Economic, environmental and social aspects of buildings’ refurbishment – a case study." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 27, no. 4 (January 10, 2019): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2018.27.4.52.
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The aim of the article is to presents the results of calculations regarding the: economic – based on the life cycle costing (LCC) approach, environmental – based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach and social aspects of modeled refurbishment of residential and non-residential stock of buildings. Particular emphasis was placed on the impact of energy efficiency of the modeled buildings on environmental aspects and the selection of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The article presents an analysis of an area of energy cluster in terms of environmental aspects and a detailed analysis of an offi ce building using advanced energy simulations. The calculations for energy cluster was made using Polish energy certifi cate methodology (monthly calculations) while analysis of an office building was performed using dynamic hourly simulations with use of Energy Plus software. Performed analysis results in reaching energy efficiency scenarios for both cases according to meeting sustain development idea.
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Mercader-Moyano, Pilar, Paula M. Esquivias, and Radu Muntean. "Eco-Efficient Analysis of a Refurbishment Proposal for a Social Housing." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176725.
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In recent years, the building sector has been turning towards intervening in the existing city building stock. In fact, it is generally accepted that the refurbishment of buildings based on sustainability must form the axis of reformulation of the building sector. Although energy refurbishment is commonly accepted and recommended towards decarbonization of the building stock, an integral assessment towards implementing the principles of the circular economy must incorporate the environmental impact of the materials in order to get an eco-efficient refurbishment. The article presents the environmental analysis of a social housing located in Cadiz (Spain) and the improvements achieved by its refurbishment. This intervention is improved by incorporating eco-efficient materials based on the environmental and life cycle analysis (LCA). Those analyses are performed using EnergyPlus, Radiance, LCA standards, and Environmental Product Declaration of the products. The results shown that although an energy rehabilitation intervention can fulfil other eco-efficient aspects, an integral assessment should always be carried out in order to ensure that indoor comfort is achieved, daylighting and solar heat gains are balanced, and the environmental impact at product, use, and end-of-life stages of a building is minimized. Considering the constrains and limitations of the tools and databases, higher efforts should be done to solve them and provide useful resources for a decarbonized and circular building stock.
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Mulyadi, Hanung Agus, Augy Syahailatua, and Zainal Arifin. "THE CO-OPERATIVE STUDY OF KUROSHIO (CSK): IS IT BENEFICIAL FOR INDONESIA?" Marine Research in Indonesia 44, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v44i2.562.
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The Cooperative Study of Kuroshio and its marginal seas (CSK) is one of the international joint research project conducted in the Western Pacific region. Many Asian countries had been involved in this project from 1965 to1979. Data and information from the CSK are enormous and cover wide-ranging aspects of marine science from the Kuroshio and adjacent regions (e.g. physical aspects, biological aspects and biogeochemical aspects). Indonesia had committed to participate actively in several marine research programs in the area linked to the CSK program by conducting marine research in its internal waters. This essay explained the CSK from biological aspects and Indonesia perspective. During the CSK, biological aspects (e.g. primary productivity, zooplankton biomass, and fisheries) were studied intensively. Indonesia conducted research in internal waters (Natuna Sea and the Java Sea) for oceanography monitoring and fish stock assessment. Participation in the CSK program allowed Indonesia to pursue the establishment of the National Center for Ocean Research (NCOR), develop human capacity building, research properties and standardized all techniques and procedures related to oceanography aspects. After the CSK, Indonesia has continued to conduct marine research linked to the previous study. We learn a lot from the past CSK that a key to succeeding in running this program depending on co-operative spirit, enthusiastic in understanding marine science from the region and enhancing human capacity for doing better marine research.
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Hilborn, Ray, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Bridget S. Green, Klaas Hartmann, Sean R. Tracey, and Reg A. Watson. "When is a fishery sustainable?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 9 (September 2015): 1433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0062.
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Despite the many scientific and public discussions on the sustainability of fisheries, there are still great differences in both perception and definition of the concept. Most authors now suggest that sustainability is best defined as the ability to sustain goods and services to human society, with social and economic factors to be considered along with environmental impacts. The result has been that each group (scientists, economists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc.) defines “sustainable seafood” using whatever criteria it considers most important, and the same fish product may be deemed sustainable by one group and totally unsustainable by another one. We contend, however, that there is now extensive evidence that an ecological focus alone does not guarantee long-term sustainability of any form and that seafood sustainability must consistently take on a socio-ecological perspective if it is to be effective across cultures and in the future. The sustainability of seafood production depends not on the abundance of a fish stock, but on the ability of the fishery management system to adjust fishing pressure to appropriate levels. While there are scientific standards to judge the sustainability of food production, once we examine ecological, social, and economic aspects of sustainability, there is no unique scientific standard.
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Sherman, Kenneth. "Sustaining the world's large marine ecosystems." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 9 (September 15, 2015): 2521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv136.
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Abstract In this essay, I review nearly six decades of a career in marine science and fisheries considering scientific contributions, successes, failures, and changes in my field of practice. My body of work has been in plankton research to support fisheries assessments, and in ecosystems programme development and implementation. I describe my early studies on Pacific plankton oceanography in relation to fisheries assessment, and subsequent studies of plankton oceanography and fisheries in relation to coastal ocean fisheries and management. Early in my career, realizing that applications of my published results and those of other fisheries ecologists were generally not included in fish stock assessments, I participated in a national planning group that introduced a system for marine resources monitoring, assessment, and prediction (MARMAP) that included primary productivity, ichthyoplankton, zooplankton, and oceanographic assessments as important components for large-scale fisheries ecology assessment. I joined with European colleagues in ICES to advance fisheries ecology studies in fish stock assessments in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1983, I conceived with Professor Lewis Alexander of the University of Rhode Island a system for assessing and managing marine resources within the spatial domain of ecologically delineated large marine ecosystems (LMEs). On behalf of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and in partnership with developing countries, international financial organizations, UN agencies, and NGOs, I am currently contributing scientific and technical advice to a global network of assessment and management projects in 22 LMEs with 110 developing countries and $3.1 billion in financial support. The participating countries are applying a modular framework of natural science and social science indicators for assessing the changing states of LMEs. I conclude the essay with a retrospective viewpoint on my career and changes over half a century of practicing the application of marine science in relation to sustaining the goods and services of the ocean Commons.
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Pearson, Melissa, Anthony B. Zwi, Amanda K. Rouse, Ravindra Fernando, Nicholas A. Buckley, and Duncan McDuie-Ra. "Taking Stock – What Is Known About Suicide in Sri Lanka." Crisis 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000244.
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Background: Suicide is and has been a major public health problem in Sri Lanka and has generated a wide range of literature. Aims: This review aimed to systematically appraise what is known about suicide in Sri Lanka. The patterns and content of articles were examined and recommendations for further research proposed. Method: The paper describes the systematic search, retrieval, and quality assessment of studies. Thematic analysis techniques were applied to the full text of the articles to explore the range and extent of issues covered. Results: Local authors generated a large body of evidence of the problem in early studies. The importance of the method of suicide, suicidal intention, and the high incidence of suicide were identified as key foci for publications. Neglected areas have been policy and health service research, gender analysis, and contextual issues. Conclusion: The literature reviewed has produced a broad understanding of the clinical factors, size of the problem, and social aspects. However, there remains limited evidence of prevention, risk factors, health services, and policy. A wide range of solutions have been proposed, but only regulation of pesticides and improved medical management proved to be effective to date.
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Ryer, Clifford H. "Laboratory evidence for behavioural impairment of fish escaping trawls: a review." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 7 (January 1, 2004): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.004.
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Abstract It is now widely accepted that for some species a proportion of the undersized fish escaping trawl codends die as a direct result of stress, with 10% to 30% mortality commonly cited. It has also been suggested that there may be indirect or behaviourally mediated mortality; fish that encounter and escape the trawl, only to experience stress-induced behavioural deficits and succumb to predators in the hours or days afterwards. The goal of this review was to evaluate the plausibility of this behaviourally mediated, yet unobserved mortality. Three laboratory studies utilizing cod (Gadus morhua), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) have assayed for behavioural impairment in fish following application of stressors designed to simulate entrainment and escape from trawls. Where impairments in anti-predator capabilities occurred, it was determined that trawl-stressed fish exhibited reduced swimming speed, reduced shoal cohesion, and reduced predator vigilance compared to control fish. Although stressed fish appeared to rapidly recover their ability to avoid being eaten by predators, measurements of more subtle aspects of escapee behaviour suggest that impairments may persist for days after stressor application. Although these studies demonstrate that more investigation is required, when combined with a more extensive literature demonstrating that a variety of stressors can impair fish anti-predator behaviour, it is reasonable to conclude that many fish species escaping trawl codends will likely suffer behavioural deficits that subject them to elevated predation risk. As such, there is probably mortality associated with trawl fisheries that is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock assessment models. Further, these studies demonstrate that behavioural competency needs to be considered in the design and implementation of by-catch reduction devises and strategies.
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Merino, Gorka, Hilario Murua, Josu Santiago, Haritz Arrizabalaga, and Victor Restrepo. "Characterization, Communication, and Management of Uncertainty in Tuna Fisheries." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 8245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198245.
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Tunas sustain important fisheries that face sustainability challenges worldwide, including the uncertainty inherent to natural systems. The Kobe process aims at harmonizing the scientific advice and management recommendations in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) toward supporting the sustainable exploitation of tunas globally. In this context, we review the similarities and differences among tuna RFMOs, focusing on stock assessment methodologies, use of information, characterization of uncertainty and communication of advice. Also, under the Kobe process, tuna RFMOs have committed to a path of adopting harvest strategies (HSs), also known as management procedures (MPs), which are the series of actions undertaken to monitor the stock, make management decisions, and implement the management measures. The adoption of HSs for tuna stocks is supported by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE), which is considered the most appropriate way to assess the consequences of uncertainty for achieving fisheries management goals. Overall, notable progress has been made in achieving some of the Kobe objectives, but there are still some aspects that are inconsistent and need to be agreed upon, due to their management implications. First, not all RFMOs report on stock status based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) as a reference. Instead, some use depletion level to represent the available fish biomass. Also, the definition of overexploited is not common in all oceans. Finally, very few stock assessments characterize all major sources of uncertainty inherent to fisheries. With regards to HSs, two different approaches are being followed: One is designed to adopt an automatic decision rule once the stock status and management quantities have been agreed upon (harvest control rules (HCRs), not strictly an HS) and the other aims at adopting all the components of HSs (data, use of information and decision rule).
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Patz, Richard J., Brian W. Junker, Matthew S. Johnson, and Louis T. Mariano. "The Hierarchical Rater Model for Rated Test Items and its Application to Large-Scale Educational Assessment Data." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 27, no. 4 (December 2002): 341–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986027004341.
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Open-ended or “constructed” student responses to test items have become a stock component of standardized educational assessments. Digital imaging of examinee work now enables a distributed rating process to be flexibly managed, and allocation designs that involve as many as six or more ratings for a subset of responses are now feasible. In this article we develop Patz’s (1996) hierarchical rater model (HRM) for polytomous item response data scored by multiple raters, and show how it can be used to scale examinees and items, to model aspects of consensus among raters, and to model individual rater severity and consistency effects. The HRM treats examinee responses to open-ended items as unobsered discrete varibles, and it explicitly models the “proficiency” of raters in assigning accurate scores as well as the proficiency of examinees in providing correct responses. We show how the HRM “fits in” to the generalizability theory framework that has been the traditional tool of analysis for rated item response data, and give some relationships between the HRM, the design effects correction of Bock, Brennan and Muraki (1999), and the rater bundle model of Wilson and Hoskens (2002). Using simulated and real data, we compare the HRM to the conventional IRT Facets model for rating data (e.g., Linacre, 1989; Engelhard, 1994, 1996), and we explore ways that information from HRM analyses may improved the quality of the rating process.
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Parammal Vatteri, Ahsana, and Dina D’Ayala. "Classification and seismic fragility assessment of confined masonry school buildings." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 5 (March 2021): 2213–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01061-9.
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AbstractSchool buildings being a critical social infrastructure, assessment of their seismic behaviour is of utmost importance in ensuring safe schooling facilities in locations of high seismicity. This study presents two important aspects in analysing any existing building stock for seismic behaviour: the development of an appropriate taxonomy system and an appropriate analytical method to conduct fragility assessment. A detailed desk study of existing schools’ databases and tailored field investigation in Guwahati, Assam, situated in India’s highest seismic zone, reveal that the majority of school buildings can be categorised within the confined masonry (CM) typology. This study discusses first, the addition to the World Bank promoted Global Library of School Infrastructure taxonomy of the specific category relating to CM as to include the buildings under study, which are non-engineered CM buildings with flexible roofs. Identifying the density of confinement and quality of connections as critical parameters for the seismic response of these buildings, varying seismic design levels are defined in relation to these indicators. Secondly, the paper presents an approach for carrying out nonlinear static pushover analysis of these buildings with flexible diaphragms and elaborates on the criteria adopted for determining the performance drift limits in buildings with varying levels of seismic design. Numerical analysis for the capacity assessment of selected index buildings is carried out using a commercial software that enables nonlinear extreme loading analysis. Different failure mechanisms as a function of the level of confinement are identified and the performance range for three damage states for three index buildings is obtained by using the N2 method. The study shows the influence of both choices of performance indicators and intensity measure on the resulting fragility functions. Given the consistency of the educational building stock in Guwahati, the results can be used for investment on retrofit decision making at regional level.
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Ndarathi, John, Cosmas Munga, Jean Hugé, and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. "A socio-ecological system perspective on trade interactions within artisanal fisheries in coastal Kenya." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 19, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v19i2.3.
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Assessments of coastal artisanal fisheries are progressively adopting a social-ecological system (SES) approach as an effective means to accumulate knowledge and integrate findings on different aspects of the fisheries. Ostrom’s SES framework was used to guide assessment of interactions between and within the harvesting and supply-chain processes and the effect of external drivers, seasonal monsoons and tourism, on both processes in a coastal artisanal fishery system in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Specific analyses focused on seasonal catch composition, key resource user groups involved in the fish trade and the resource units traded by each user group. The snowball method was used to identify key resource user groups within the fishery sector, who were then interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires (n = 60). Additionally, existing annual shore-based catch assessment and monthly fish landings data for the years 2014 and 2015 were incorporated for analysis of artisanal catch properties (species composition and weight). Comparison of seasonal catch composition was carried out using sample-based rarefaction curves. Higher fish landings and higher species diversity were recorded during the North-East Monsoon season. Further, a simple fish harvesting-supply network comprising of six key resource user groups (i.e. hotels, fish processing companies, dealers, small-scale fish processors (mama karanga), fish mongers and fishers) was outlined. The tourism industry, through hotels, creates a high demand for fish coinciding with a higher catchability and supply during the calm North-East Monsoon season and consequently, dealers hire migrant fishermen to target pelagic fish. Evidence of interactions within and between different fishery sub-systems, as well as the effect of monsoon seasons and tourism on the exploitation and market dynamics of the multispecies fishery, highlight the need for comprehensive management plans to strengthen self-organization among resource users and to increase adaptive capacity within the fishery system.
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Samusamu, Andrias S., and Lukijanto. "Assessment of lobster resources management with ecosystem approach in Pangandaran Water." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187411005.
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The development of lobster production in pangandaran during the last decade (2006-2013) is in the range of 0.5 to 12 ton/year with an increasing trend in 2010-2013, but then increasingly decline since 2014. Pressure on lobster populations followed by a decrease in environmental carrying capacity may threaten the lobster's sustainability capacity to grow and develop naturally. This paper aims to analyze the reference values of the components required in the application of EAFM (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management) to manage lobsters in Pangandaran. The six domains in EAFM include: a) resource domain, b) fishing techniques, c) habitat and ecosystem, d) economy, e) social, and f) institutional domain in general it will affect the sustainable management of lobsters in the Pangandaran. The method used in this research is AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Research results show that the coral cover is an important aspect that cannot be separated from the management of lobster resources. Thus, the right management option is that both central and local governments need to reassure the effectiveness of the regulatory tools for the management of lobsters and conduct continuous and comprehensive lobster stock assessments while considering socioeconomic aspects in the context of sustainable lobster management in the Pangandaran.
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Gudmundsson, Gudmundur, and Thorvaldur Gunnlaugsson. "Selection and estimation of sequential catch-at-age models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 11 (November 2012): 1760–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-095.
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Fish stock assessment by catch-at-age and survey data is affected by many stochastic elements: measurement errors; sampling variations; natural variations in mortality, catchability and migrations; technological and social effects on fishing intensity and selectivity. Estimation of simulated models shows that the bias in estimation by linear approximation of the Kalman filter or automatic approximation of the marginal likelihood function is much smaller than the errors produced by the stochastic elements. In time series modelling, they are represented by residuals in the equations. Strong simplifying assumptions about these effects are common in catch-at-age analysis, but estimation of models for Icelandic cod ( Gadus morhua ) and pollock ( Pollachius virens , herein referred to as saithe) demonstrates that the relative importance of different random elements can vary greatly between stocks. These assumptions include exact catch-at-age measurements, no irregular migrations or variations in natural mortality, separable fishing mortality rates, and no permanent variations in survey catchability. Inappropriate simplificactions can have a strong effect on stock estimates. It is possible and important to test simplifying assumptions by comparison with more general models. Estimation of the magnitude of natural mortality is also examined.
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Fujita, Misao, and Keiichi Tabuchi. "A rebuttal to Akabayashi and colleagues’ criticisms of the iPSC stock project." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 7 (January 11, 2019): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105248.
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In the October edition of the Journal of Medical Ethics, Akabayashi and colleagues state that ’to establish a heterogeneous [induced pluripotent stem cell] iPSC bank covering roughly 80% of Japan’s population…the Japanese government decided to invest JPY110 billion (US$ 1.1 billion) over 10 years in regenerative medicine research; a quarter of this was to be allocated to the iPSC stock project'. While they claim this amount of money to be an unfair distribution of state resources, we believe their assessment is based on a misunderstanding of the facts. Similarly, other criticisms by them are based on mistaken interpretations. This article is a rebuttal to the arguments that form the basis of Akabayashi and colleagues’ five criticisms by explaining their misinterpretations.
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Olschewski, Roland. "Bewertung von Ökosystemleistungen: eine Bestandsaufnahme." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0003.
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Valuing ecosystem services: taking stock Since the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005, the number of studies on the economic valuation of ecosystem services has increased. At the same time manifold doubts are raised concerning the concept of ecosystem services. On the one hand there are knowledge gaps related to the biophysical provision of such services, on the other hand methodological problems exist concerning 1) the determination of individual and social preferences as well as 2) the valuation approach in general. The present article addresses critical aspects of economic valuation methods. It concludes that it should not be striven for the one perfect method, but rather to look for ways to improve and integrate the different approaches. Promising initiatives are the comprehensive assessment of the available knowledge within the framework of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, and the development of common valuation standards.
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Vima-Grau, Sara, Còssima Cornadó, Pere-Joan Ravetllat, and Pilar Garcia-Almirall. "Multiscale Integral Assessment of Habitability in the Case of El Raval in Barcelona." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094598.
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The understanding of habitability conditions of existing housing stock plays a central role in the quantification and qualification of sustainability from the architectural field. This research assessed habitability as a fundamental social benefit by means of a multiscale approach to the case study of the Raval neighborhood that can be replicated in other settings. We described a sample of six hundred dwellings located in two urban blocks spatially and typologically. This analysis of architectural features incorporated information on the current occupancy and use of spaces and the assessment of the state of conservation and maintenance of building envelopes and common elements. Although the scale of most analyzed aspects was larger (building, urban block or urban fabric), the discussion of results by housing unit provided a close picture of the existing diversity and heterogeneity of socio-spatial and architectural realities within buildings and urban blocks. Results from this paper allow for the valuation and discussion of substandard housing cases that call for an immediate improvement and adaptation, while providing evidence that most dwellings fail to fulfill residents’ right to adequate housing. In conclusion, the results obtained highlight the importance of designing rehabilitation programs and instruments to improve existing spaces with a focus on current use, occupancy, and residents’ needs.
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Guest, J. S., S. J. Skerlos, G. T. Daigger, J. R. E. Corbett, and N. G. Love. "The use of qualitative system dynamics to identify sustainability characteristics of decentralized wastewater management alternatives." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.880.
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In order to pursue more sustainable alternatives in wastewater management, it is vital that we understand how a given infrastructure alternative will impact the various aspects of sustainability. A set of qualitative tools (force field diagrams and causal loop diagrams (CLDs)) for the assessment of wastewater management alternatives is proposed and demonstrated in the context of a decentralized wastewater infrastructure upgrade. The objective for the application of these tools is to improve decision makers' understanding of how a given alternative will impact the economic, environmental/ecological, social, and functional aspects of sustainability. In the proposed method, each aspect of sustainability is treated as a stock, and its movement (up or down) can be inferred using both qualitative and quantitative data. By incorporating these tools into a participatory planning process, project-specific CLDs can be developed and loops of interest can be identified to help elucidate stakeholder values. The ultimate goal of this methodology is to facilitate the pursuit of sustainability in wastewater management by allowing decision makers to address specific sustainability challenges without creating new ones.
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Rachmawati, Puput Fitri, and Sri Turni Hartati. "ASPEK BIOLOGI IKAN LAYUR (Lepturacanthus savala Cuvier, 1829) DI PERAIRAN PANGANDARAN, JAWA BARAT." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 9, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.9.2.2017.133-143.
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Sumberdaya ikan demersal di perairan Pangandaran mendominasi hasil tangkapan sebesar 32,90 % dari total produksi ikan secara keseluruhan, pada tahun 2015 jenis ikan layur (Lepturacanthus savala) berkontribusi sebanyak 47,31 % dari total produksi ikan demersal, merupakan salah satu jenis ikan demersal yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek biologi dan parameter populasi L. savala di perairan Pangandaran. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni – Desember 2015, data yang terkumpul meliputi panjang dan berat ikan, jenis kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad, berat gonad, serta data statistik perikanan. Analisis parameter populasi didasarkan pada data length-frequency panjang dan dilakukan dengan bantuan program FiSAT II (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assesment Tools II). Hasil menunjukkan hubungan panjang-berat bersifat alometrik negatif dengan nilai b = 2,92; nisbah kelamin jantan terhadap betina 1,0:3,2. Panjang rata-rata ikan tertangkap lebih besar dari panjang pertama kali matang gonad (L50% = 57,19 cmTL > Lm = 47,23 cmTL). Panjang asimtotik (L) sebesar 111,00 cmTL, laju pertumbuhan (K) sebesar 0,56/tahun. Selanjutnya laju kematian total (Z) sebesar 3,46/tahun, laju kematian alami (M) sebesar 0,85/tahun, dan laju kematian akibat penangkapan (F) sebesar 2,61/tahun; sehingga laju eksploitasi (E) sebesar 0,75, terindikasi kondisi fully exploited. Jika dibiarkan kondisi tersebut dapat mengarah pada recruitment overfishing. Untuk menjaga keberlangsungan kelestarian sumberdaya L. savala, pengelolaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara membatasi intensitas penangkapan, memperbesar ukuran mata jaring, dan penetapan kawasan reservat terhadap sejumlah stok induk yang memadai. The fish production in the Pangandaran waters dominated demersal fish resources by 32.90% of total landed in 2015. Savalai hairtail contributes 47,31% to total demersal fish production. This study aims to determine the biological aspects and population parameters of Lepturacanthus savala in Pangandaran waters. Data collection conducted in June - December 2015, with data collected including length and weight, sex, the maturity level of gonads, gonad weight, and fishery statistics data. Population parameter analysis based on length-frequency data was done by using FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II) program. The result shows a negative allometric growth pattern (b = 2,92) and sex ratio of male to female has a ratio of 1,0: 3,2. The average length of the fish is caught is greater than the length of the first mature gonad (L50% = 57,19 cmTL> Lm = 47,23 cmTL). Analysis of fish population parameter obtained asymptotic length (L) = 111,00cmTL, growth rate (K) = 0,56/year, total mortality rate (Z) = 3,46/year, natural mortality rate (M) = 0,85/year, catch mortality rate (F) = 2,61/year, so that the rate of exploitation (E) = 0,75, indicated fully exploited condition. If left unchecked, the condition may lead to recruitment overfishing. To maintain the sustainability of L. savala resources, management can be done by limiting the intensity of catching, maximazing the mesh size, and determining the reserved area against a sufficient number of parent stocks.
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Mertzanis, Charilaos. "Short selling regulation, return volatility and market volatility in the Athens Exchange." Studies in Economics and Finance 34, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-06-2015-0157.
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Purpose The relationship between short selling, market volatility and liquidity remains an object of intensive research. However, empirical evidence is yet to provide a conclusive elucidation of this relationship by examining aspects of market fragmentation in the form of different market settings, different timing and different stocks under coverage, among others. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by investigating the impact of short selling on market volatility and liquidity in the Athens Exchange (ATHEX) under three different periods of short sales restrictions. Design/methodology/approach Two hypotheses are tested using econometric methodologies (co-integration and Granger-causality tools). Findings The empirical results indicate that when short selling is allowed, aggregate stock returns are in the short-term more volatile, but the liquidity of the market is not significantly affected. This might be the result of significant imbalances between supply and demand of stock caused by short-selling restrictions, leading to market price fluctuations. Research limitations/implications The analysis of empirical evidence needs further expansion and association with institutional firm-level and country-level elements to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of short selling on market volatility and liquidity. Practical implications Stock market regulation involving short-selling restrictions have different implications according to extent and degree of stringency of the restrictions as well as the market on which they are imposed. That is especially important for the assessment of the market impact of the recent European Union regulation on short selling that has been imposed upon all EU member-States alike. Social implications Financial regulation policy must balance the benefits and costs for retail investors of imposing short-selling restrictions on stock market trading. Originality/value First-time empirical evidence is provided on the impact of short selling regulations on market volatility and liquidity of ATHEX highlighting the potential effectiveness of regulation policy.
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Sutrisno, Dewayany. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FLOATING FISH NET CULTURE." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52.
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Marine spatial planning has become the crucial issues for an archipelagic state such as Indonesia. The global market demand on marine economic species has been initiated the exploitation of the marine species which will become the hindrance in maintaining the sustainable marine biodiversity. Besides that, the degradation of marine species will also become the problem for traditional fishermen. Therefore, a model has to be employed to spatially manage the coastal waters as the alternative for fishermen activities during closed seasons, such as floating fish net culture. The aim of this study was to develop marine spatial planning model based on ecological approach in order to identify the potentiality of marine waters for marine culture such as floating fish net culture. The method for the model consisted of social assessment using the Delphi for developing the rule of marine planning for floating fish net culture and the spatial analysis technique for determining the model of marine spatial planning for floating fish net culture. The area of Kupang Bay waters, East Nusa Tenggara was used as the study area. The result indicated that the model can be used to sustainable marine spatial planning, especially for floating fish net culture. The model considered the aspects of potential area for marine culture, the management of zonation and transportation lanes, the conservation and protected area and the strategic area. Application in Kupang bay illustrated the aspect of technology input such as raceways since the majority of the area of Kupang Bay waters is classified as medium potential. Further research still needs to optimum the application of model to others marine area.
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Alioua, Zakia, Soumia Amira, Ghollame Ellah Yacine Khames, Ulla Fernandez-Arcaya, Beatriz Guijarro, Francesc Ordines, Enric Massutí, and Fatiha Zerouali-Khodja. "Population structure, reproduction and exploitation of the greater forkbeard Phycis blennoides (Brünnich, 1768) from the Algerian basin." Aquatic Living Resources 33 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020021.
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The objective of this study was to determine the population distribution and some biological aspects for fish stock assessment of the greater forkbeard Phycis blennoides along the Algerian basin. The distribution of P. blennoides (3418 individuals) was studied using data collected between 170–779 m depth during two bottom trawl surveys developed on 2003 and 2004. Additionally, some biological parameters were obtained from 1050 individuals sampled from commercial fisheries in Algerian ports (i.e. Annaba, Azeffoun, Dellys, Cap Djinet, Zemmouri, Bouharoun, Algiers, La Madrague, Cherchell, Tenes and Mostaganem) during the period 2013–2017. P. blennoides sampled from bottom trawl surveys showed a depth related distribution with the largest individuals being found at 600–800 m depth and the smallest at shallower depths. Density and biomass varied with depth and density also with longitude, while biomass showed no pattern with longitude. Recruitment was recorded in the eastern sector of Algeria during winter, for individuals sampled by bottom trawl surveys. Young P. blennoides entered commercial fisheries in summer, with an overall sex ratio skewed towards males (1F:2.18M). The size at first maturity (L 50) was 24.30 cm and 30.39 cm for males and females, respectively. The age at 50% maturity was 2–3 years for specimens collected by a bottom trawl survey in 2003 and commercial fisheries, but 3–4 years for the bottom trawl survey in 2004.
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Mulyawan, Irwan, Achmad Zamroni, and Fatriyandi Nur Priyatna. "KAJIAN KEBERLANJUTAN PENGELOLAAN BUDIDAYA IKAN BANDENG DI GRESIK." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 6, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v6i1.2607.
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Perikanan budidaya bandeng telah lama menjadi bagian dari usaha masyarakat pesisir. Permasalahan pengelolaan budidaya bandeng semakin hari menjadi semakin kompleks. Sedikitnya ada lima aspek yang terlibat: ekologi, ekonomi, sosial, teknologi dan kelembagaan. Oleh karena itu, kajian singkat (rapid) terhadap pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng dilakukan untuk melihat keterkaitan lima aspek tersebut. Dengan penggunakan analisis Rapid Appraisal Of Fisheries (Rapfish) diuraikan tingkat keberlanjutan pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng berdasarkan dimensi (aspek) dan atribut (variable) yang dikembangkan. Dihasilkan bahwa keberlanjutan pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng berada pada kondisi cukup (cenderung buruk) sehingga perlu re-orientasi pengelolaan. Perlu melakukan penyeimbangan aspek ekologi dan ekonomi, dengan mengurangi tekanan pada ekosistem mangrove dan memperbanyak tujuan pasar / orientasi pemasaran produk bandeng.Title: Study On Sustainable Management Of Milkfish Fish Farming In GresikMilkfish aquaculture has been part of the efforts of coastal communities for a long time. Milkfish aquaculture management issues become more complex. There are at least five aspects involved: ecological, economic, social, technological and institutional. Therefore, a brief assessment (rapid) for the management of aquaculture of milkfish is done to see how the five aspects. By using an analysis Rapid Appraisal Of Fisheries (Rapfish) described the level of sustainability of aquaculture of milkfish by dimensions (aspects) and attributes (variables) were developed. Produced that the sustainability of aquaculture of milkfish in condition enough (likely worse) that need re-orientation of management. Need to do a balancing ecological and economic aspects, by reducing the pressure on the mangrove ecosystem and increase market destination / product marketing orientation for milkfish.
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Leip, A., G. Marchi, R. Koeble, M. Kempen, W. Britz, and C. Li. "Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen and carbon losses from arable soils in Europe." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (January 28, 2008): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-73-2008.
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Abstract. A comprehensive assessment of policy impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural soils requires careful consideration of both socio-economic aspects and the environmental heterogeneity of the landscape. We developed a modelling framework that links the large-scale economic model for agriculture CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact assessment) with the biogeochemistry model DNDC (DeNitrification DeComposition) to simulate GHG fluxes, carbon stock changes and the nitrogen budget of agricultural soils in Europe. The framework allows the ex-ante simulation of agricultural or agri-environmental policy impacts on a wide range of environmental problems such as climate change (GHG emissions), air pollution and groundwater pollution. Those environmental impacts can be analyzed in the context of economic and social indicators as calculated by the economic model. The methodology consists of four steps: (i) definition of appropriate calculation units that can be considered as homogeneous in terms of economic behaviour and environmental response; (ii) downscaling of regional agricultural statistics and farm management information from a CAPRI simulation run into the spatial calculation units; (iii) designing environmental model scenarios and model runs; and finally (iv) aggregating results for interpretation. We show the first results of the nitrogen budget in croplands in fourteen countries of the European Union and discuss possibilities to improve the detailed assessment of nitrogen and carbon fluxes from European arable soils.
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Ciaramella, Andrea, and Alberto Celani. "Production and production over-supply in construction: estimating unsold stock in Italy." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 506–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-07-2013-0042.
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Purpose – The aim of the article is to identify the limitations and critical issues in the way information in the real estate sector in Italy is currently managed, and propose the principles of a method that would provide information and comparison of the phenomenon of over-supply and non-rational land use. This study is based on a series of assumptions, the first of which is a definition of “unsold”, deemed to mean “the amount of new housing units neither occupied nor sold nor rented”. In effect, unsold stock can be considered as over-supply of construction. Design/methodology/approach – The article identifies the critical aspects in the determination of unsold real estate in Italy, starting from the available data and research already carried out; the results are often contradictory. The comparison with programming systems of building production adopted in other countries allows identification of the guidelines that can be used to better understand and combat the phenomenon. Findings – The assessment of the state -of-the-art provides a clear picture of the shortcomings and potential of the tools used to date to meet the need of studying a complex phenomenon with many obscure points. Following the empirical analysis comes out a picture of inefficiencies due to the poor quality of information, as well as the reluctance of data-sharing and -integration procedures by the institutional and market players. Research limitations/implications – The research produces solutions addressed to the Italian situation, but it identifies systems and methods used in other countries. Practical implications – The article suggests the collection systems and management information that can be used for a more accurate knowledge of unsold real estate. Social implications – The article focuses on some of the limits of the Italian real estate market, highlighting the need for greater transparency and how this can contribute to a more conscious approach to the market. Originality/value – The article seeks to provide the necessary answers to those who must understand the reasons of harmful effects for the market, such as overproduction; besides some models focused on three areas – the procedures, the organization and the market – are also proposed.
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Koeshendrajana, Sonny. "KEBIJAKAN DAN STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP DI DANAU TOBA PASKA INTRODUKSI IKAN BILIH." Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.3.1.2011.1-12.
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Pengelolaan perikanan tangkap pada hakekatnya adalah pengendalian penangkapan (control of fishing) dan pengendalian upaya penangkapan (control of fishing effort) melalui sejumlah opsi pengelolaan yang diimplementasikan oleh pihak pengelola (management authority). Kajian kebijakan dan strategi pengelolaan perikanan tangkap di perairan Danau Toba pasca introduksi ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis Bleeker) dimaksudkan untuk memberikan panduan praktek pengelolaan yang mampu menjamin keberlanjutan perikanan ikan bilih di perairan Danau Toba. Metode survei penilaian cepat (rapid appraisal survey) dan review literatur digunakan dalam kajian ini; sedangkan metode analisis deskriptif tabulatif dan content analysis digunakan untuk membantu pengambilan kesimpulan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ikan bilih yang ditebarkan ke Danau Toba 2.840 ekor dengan ukuran panjang berkisar antara4,1-5,7 cm dan bobot 0,9-1,5 g pada tahun 2003 telah mampu memberikan dampak positif secara ekonomi dan sosial bagi masyarakat sekitar Danau Toba. Penggunaan alat tangkap yang kurang ataupun tidak terkontrol telah memberikan indikasi penurunan jumlah dan kualitas stok ikan bilih; sehingga implementasi opsi pengelolaan yang meliputi pengembangan kawasan konservasi dan pengaturan serta pengendalian penggunaan alat tangkap bagan untuk menjamin keberlanjutan perikanan ikan bilih perlu segera diterapkan oleh pihak pengelola.Fishery management is essentially a control of fishing and fishing effort through various management options implemented by a management authority. Studies on policies and strategies for fishery management in the Lake Toba water body post introducing or stocking of bilih fish (Mystacoleucus padangensis Bleeker)aimed at providing a sort of guidelines for management practice in order to ensure sustainability of such the fishery. Rapid appraisal survey method and literature review were used in this study. Analysis of the study used a descriptive method compounded by cross tabulated data techniques and a content anaysis method. Results show that introducing of bilih fish in the Toba Lake amounted of 2,840 piece with body length of 4.1-5.7 cm and body weight of 0.9-1.5 g in 2003 has been able to provide a positive impact to social and economic aspects of the society surrounding the Lake Toba. However, the use of uncontrolled fishing and fishing effort was led to indication of decreasing quantitatively and qualitatively such of the fish stock; therefore, implementation of management options of developing a protected or conserved area and controlled the use of bagan fishing gear has to be imposed by management authority.
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Caddy, J. F., and J. C. Seijo. "This is more difficult than we thought! The responsibility of scientists, managers and stakeholders to mitigate the unsustainability of marine fisheries." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1453 (January 29, 2005): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1567.
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The management of marine fisheries needs to undergo dramatic change in the new millennium, in response to the well–documented evidence of global overfishing and the general depletion of commercial fish stocks. The axioms of sustainable development and equilibrium productivity of wild ecosystems are identified as misleading concepts, which nonetheless underlie current approaches to the management of living marine resources. Current trends in marine fisheries landings worldwide provide little evidence of sustainability of marine resources under current management paradigms, where biological, economic and social aspects of fisheries are usually treated as different disciplines. While open–access conditions are less widespread than formerly, except for many straddling and highly migratory resources, fishers usually have access to the resource year–round throughout its range. Despite quotas, the nominal control of capacity and technical measures protecting juveniles, top–down management has generally been unable to prevent stock depletion, particularly of the older spawners that for demersal stocks often support recruitment. An integrated solution to the complexity of managing wild resources seems not to have been achieved. Any new paradigm should assert the basic unpredictability of fisheries at the system level and require a broader range of performance indicators to be incorporated into the decisional framework. This must reflect the non–equilibrium nature of marine systems, and give greater importance to resource (as opposed to harvest) continuity in the face of regime shifts, and promote habitat restoration and conservation of genetic resources. The new management framework requires co–management and collective decision–making to be incorporated within a precautionary and pre–negotiated management framework. This must explicitly recognize that decision–making occurs in conditions of model–based uncertainty and precautionary approaches should be incorporated at all levels, not least of which is to avoid the assumption that all resources can be harvested in a sustainable fashion through time. Redundancy in data inputs to management are needed to avoid the surprises that model–based sampling occasionally leads to, for example, when regime changes reduce productivity in response to climatic fluctuations. Emergency frameworks imposing non–discretionary rules must be invoked when overfishing and/or regime change trigger reference points indicating stock depletion. Non–discretionary recovery plans should then override rights–based systems and persist until fish populations recover to pre–established healthy levels, which may in turn need to await the return of a favourable regime. In fact, some stocks may require periodic rebuilding after regime–induced collapses or because of a combination of ecological or economic impacts, hence a constant harvest policy may not always be possible. It will probably also be necessary to discard the axiom that a stock should be available to harvesting throughout its range and seasonal cycle. Technological advances mean that time– and area–specific access rights are now practical options, through satellite monitoring of vessel operations, even offshore. More fundamentally, the basic axiom of ‘enlightened self interest’ underlying current methods of management will need to be tempered by an increased ethical concern for the fragility of natural ecosystems.
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Cochrane, Kevern L. "An integrated view of fisheries: tunnelling between silos." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw198.
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Global recognition of the need for an ecosystem approach to fisheries and its subsequent formalization in the 1990s and 2000s were, to me, natural and necessary developments that put a name and a clearer form to an approach that I have been pursuing throughout my career. During that progression, I have drifted from fisheries ecology into stock assessment and provision of advice for marine fisheries management and on to a stimulating mix of geographical areas and fishery themes while working for the Food and Agricultural Organization in Rome, with some detours along the way. My work has focused on supporting the application of scientific knowledge in fisheries and has broadly followed three themes: environmental influences on fish productivity, fisheries management and governance, and the role of politics and policy in fisheries. This paper reviews work on each of those themes and presents some conclusions that I have come to on the challenges and obstacles to sustainable and responsible fisheries. The more difficult of these challenges centre on conflicts between social and economic goals and the long-term need for sustainability. Unsurprisingly, I have not found any simple solutions for them, and hold the view that we can only achieve a sustainable and equitable future if we look at the big picture and address the fundamental causes of these problems.
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Beske, Felix, Ellen Haustein, and Peter C. Lorson. "Materiality analysis in sustainability and integrated reports." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 162–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-12-2018-0343.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the disclosure on materiality analysis in sustainability and integrated reports through the lenses of legitimacy and stakeholder theory. The following three research questions are addressed: to what extent do companies report on their materiality analysis, what are the methods used for the analysis of the stakeholders and their topics/aspects and is there a higher disclosure of information of materiality assessment because of G4. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an archival research approach and deploys content analysis. Thus, a binary disclosure index was developed that indicates whether materiality related information are mentioned and explained in detail. The sample contains 132 reports from 33 companies of the German 110 HDAX stock market index between 2014 and 2017. Findings The paper reveals that materiality analysis is a growing phenomenon. Nevertheless, companies disclose only a small amount of related information and fail to explain the methods for the stakeholder and topics/aspects identification. Thus, the underlying processes to define the report content remains unclear. Through the lenses of legitimacy theory, the study indicates that materiality analysis can strategically be misused to define report content without considering the interests of legitimized stakeholder groups and thus, does not improve the reports to those groups. Practical implications Managers are urged to regard the importance of reporting about ongoing materiality assessments, as otherwise, concerns about the overall reliability of the information presented may arise. Social implications Poor reporting about materiality assessments might lead to potential conflicts with stakeholders that do see their important topics not sufficiently reflected in the sustainability or integrated report. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature regarding materiality in sustainability and integrated reporting and uses the assumptions of disclosure theories to evaluate the disclosure of a specific disclosure item.
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Khan, Y. Yu, and О. P. Bala. "Actualization of growth parameters of vegetative origin Oak stands of the Ukrainian forest-steppe zone." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.053.
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Sustainable forest management, which based on the balance of ecological, economic and social aspects, requires a continuous updating and developing tools of objective assessment of the current state and further prediction changes of all elements of the forest ecosystem. Currently, questions related to the forecasting in the forestry is very important for actualization the databases in cases when using the continuous forest inventory. Vegetative origin oak stands play an important role in forming natural ecosystems in the Ukrainian forest-steppe zone. They represent 26 percent of all oak stands area, and, therefore, the question related to the growth modelling of biometric indices will be important in the future. The purpose of this research was to develop the growth models based on yield tables for the main biometric indices, such as: mean height, mean diameter, cross-sectional area per 1 ha and growing stock per 1 ha. Growth models for forecasting all specified biometric indices was based on the ratio of biometric index for the year ahead to the same index now taken from the forest growth tables for modal vegetative origin oak stands across dynamical site classes and the geographical location. The description of the obtained results was based on the lognormal density distribution function. The main parameters of mathematical models for the forecasting biometric indices were set using the nonlinear regression function via the IBM SPSS statistics software. Graphical and analytical methods were used for comparing the study results and analysing the obtained data. As a result of the study, the coefficients of the equation were obtained, which with sufficient accuracy describe the studied relations and forecasting the growth of stands according to the main biometric indices in the different age intervals. The deviation of growth modelling results for the main biometric indices, exhibit acceptable levels when compared to yield tables for vegetative origin Oak stands of the Ukrainian forest-steppe zone during all forecasting period and in percentage values are less than 1%, but for forecasting the stock per 1 ha for young forests the deviation can approach 4%. The forecasting period should preferably not exceed 10-15 years.
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Chávez -Ortíz, E. A. "UN MODELO NUMÉRICO PARA LA ADMINISTRACIÓN SUSTENTABLE DE LAS PESQUERÍAS." CICIMAR Oceánides 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v29i2.139.
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La evaluación de las pesquerías es a menudo problemática debido a que los parámetros de las poblaciones explotadas son poco conocidos o desconocidos. La mayoría de las evaluaciones se limitan al aspecto biológico, ignorando en la mayoría de los casos los aspectos económicos y sociales de la pesca. Los resultados de las evaluaciones tienen en cuenta los datos facilitados por el usuario, lo que debería ser una imagen precisa del aspecto socio-económico del caso de estudio. Así, en la actualidad se utiliza esta información para producir resultados que describen las consecuencias más probables después de cualquier cambio en la estrategia de manejo que se proponga. La evaluación de las poblaciones mediante el modelo FISMO (FIsheries Simulation MOdel) se basa en los principios generales de la evaluación de recursos pesqueros y se realiza con datos históricos de la captura en toneladas de peso fresco. Así, con el propósito de formular mejores opciones de administración, se realizó un meta-análisis de dato para evaluar el desempeño de las pesquerías con base en este modelo de simulación. En cada una de dichas opciones se utilizan datos históricos de la captura y los valores de los parámetros de población. Los costos asociados y los beneficios económicos de cada pesquería son tomados como referencia para el análisis bio-económico. El modelo propuesto permite la prueba de tantas posibilidades de explotación como la pesca y los datos lo permitan, en un ejercicio de programación dinámica que puede proporcionar respuestas a preguntas lógicas como ¿Qué pasará con la biomasa del stock y del rendimiento económico si la talla de primera captura se incrementa? ¿Cuáles serán las consecuencias biológicas y económicas si se duplica el esfuerzo de pesca? ¿Cuál es el esfuerzo máximo que puede soportar la pesquería y dejar de ofrecer beneficios de por lo menos el 10 por ciento por encima de los costos? y ¿Cuáles son las expectativas económicas de la próxima temporada si aumenta el costo de los combustibles en una proporción determinada? A numeric model for the sustainable management of fisheries Usual management targets of many fisheries worldwide are addressed to maintain exploitation at fishing intensities required for the maximum sustainable yield (FMSY). However, variability induced by climate variability and economic forces, often lead to over exploitation. Traditional assessment procedures are limited to the assessment of the biological aspect of fisheries and the socio-economic and social aspects of fishing activities are generally ignored; however, this is an economic activity and in contrast, stakes holders ignore the stock dynamics pursuing economic benefits only. This imposes a gap in the knowledge required for a complete management process. The FISMO is an assessment and management tool that allows forecasting the most likely outcome after the application of any feasible management decision by changing F and the age of first catch (tc). It uses as input historic records of catch data, parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model, and of the length-weight. Also, socio-economic variables of the last fishing season, such as the number of boats, length (days) of the fishing season, and number of fishers per boat. The model outputs of any target are catch, stock biomass, fishing effort, economic returns, benefit/cost ratio, number of boats, number of fishers and number of fishing days. FMSY , FMEY, and B/C at the economic equilibrium level are found combining F and tc and many management options, useful for planning and co-management, with very reasonable accuracy, can be chosen without compromising the sustainability of the fishery. The software is user-friendly and can be adapted to practically any fishery.
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Chávez -Ortíz, E. A. "UN MODELO NUMÉRICO PARA LA ADMINISTRACIÓN SUSTENTABLE DE LAS PESQUERÍAS." CICIMAR Oceánides 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v29i2.139.
Full textAbstract:
La evaluación de las pesquerías es a menudo problemática debido a que los parámetros de las poblaciones explotadas son poco conocidos o desconocidos. La mayoría de las evaluaciones se limitan al aspecto biológico, ignorando en la mayoría de los casos los aspectos económicos y sociales de la pesca. Los resultados de las evaluaciones tienen en cuenta los datos facilitados por el usuario, lo que debería ser una imagen precisa del aspecto socio-económico del caso de estudio. Así, en la actualidad se utiliza esta información para producir resultados que describen las consecuencias más probables después de cualquier cambio en la estrategia de manejo que se proponga. La evaluación de las poblaciones mediante el modelo FISMO (FIsheries Simulation MOdel) se basa en los principios generales de la evaluación de recursos pesqueros y se realiza con datos históricos de la captura en toneladas de peso fresco. Así, con el propósito de formular mejores opciones de administración, se realizó un meta-análisis de dato para evaluar el desempeño de las pesquerías con base en este modelo de simulación. En cada una de dichas opciones se utilizan datos históricos de la captura y los valores de los parámetros de población. Los costos asociados y los beneficios económicos de cada pesquería son tomados como referencia para el análisis bio-económico. El modelo propuesto permite la prueba de tantas posibilidades de explotación como la pesca y los datos lo permitan, en un ejercicio de programación dinámica que puede proporcionar respuestas a preguntas lógicas como ¿Qué pasará con la biomasa del stock y del rendimiento económico si la talla de primera captura se incrementa? ¿Cuáles serán las consecuencias biológicas y económicas si se duplica el esfuerzo de pesca? ¿Cuál es el esfuerzo máximo que puede soportar la pesquería y dejar de ofrecer beneficios de por lo menos el 10 por ciento por encima de los costos? y ¿Cuáles son las expectativas económicas de la próxima temporada si aumenta el costo de los combustibles en una proporción determinada? A numeric model for the sustainable management of fisheries Usual management targets of many fisheries worldwide are addressed to maintain exploitation at fishing intensities required for the maximum sustainable yield (FMSY). However, variability induced by climate variability and economic forces, often lead to over exploitation. Traditional assessment procedures are limited to the assessment of the biological aspect of fisheries and the socio-economic and social aspects of fishing activities are generally ignored; however, this is an economic activity and in contrast, stakes holders ignore the stock dynamics pursuing economic benefits only. This imposes a gap in the knowledge required for a complete management process. The FISMO is an assessment and management tool that allows forecasting the most likely outcome after the application of any feasible management decision by changing F and the age of first catch (tc). It uses as input historic records of catch data, parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model, and of the length-weight. Also, socio-economic variables of the last fishing season, such as the number of boats, length (days) of the fishing season, and number of fishers per boat. The model outputs of any target are catch, stock biomass, fishing effort, economic returns, benefit/cost ratio, number of boats, number of fishers and number of fishing days. FMSY , FMEY, and B/C at the economic equilibrium level are found combining F and tc and many management options, useful for planning and co-management, with very reasonable accuracy, can be chosen without compromising the sustainability of the fishery. The software is user-friendly and can be adapted to practically any fishery.
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Jakobsson, Jakob. "Monitoring and Management of the Northeast Atlantic Herring Stocks." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s207—s221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-275.
Full textAbstract:
The collapse of all the major herring stocks in the Northeast Atlantic in the late 1960s and the early 1970s was undoubtedly the most striking phenomenon in the history of the European fisheries. The events leading to the collapse show similar features for all the herring stocks: a sharp increase in catches over a few years, followed by a rapid decline and a fishing ban. During the period of declining stock abundance, management actions came too late and were not sufficiently restrictive. It appears that managers found it easier to accept a total fishing ban than to agree on severely reduced catches. In many cases it is clear that the fishing ban has been thoroughly enforced, while in other cases illegal fishing has seriously delayed the recovery of the stocks. This has been monitored by various fishery independent methods, such as tagging experiments, trawl surveys, larval surveys, and acoustic surveys. Before advising the reopening of the fishery it has been the general policy of the ICES Advisory Committee for Fishery Management that the spawning stock would be about to reach a minimum target abundance and that there should be firm evidence that recruitment should be on a similar level as it was prior to the collapse. Some stocks are about to or have already fulfilled these criteria, while others are still at a low level and suffering from recruitment failure. When reopening fisheries, setting of total allowable catches (TACs) and national quotas has been universal. Enforcement practices vary greatly within the European countries. In some countries, enforcement of fishing regulations is very strict and carried out on real time bases, while in other countries there appears to be very little enforcement of the existing regulations. Large quantities of herring are sometimes landed and even sold as sprat, whiting, or mackerel. Overshooting TACs is therefore common, and inadequate reporting of catches makes assessment difficult and less reliable than need be. In those cases where fishery regulations are enforced, management is mainly concerned with restricting the activities of the participating vessels so that they do not overfish. In doing so, the best fishing areas have in some cases been closed to fishing, because otherwise the catches would be far too large for the small quantity allocated to each boat. In other cases the catches per boat per night have to be so restricted (because of the large number of participating vessels) that large but unknown quantities of herring are dumped at sea. With the modernized fleets and the large number of boats participating, management has assumed the image of concentrating on "anti-effectiveness." Although the biological management objectives have been well defined and agreed to, the overall management objectives have neither been defined nor agreed to. These must take into account not only the biological objectives but also socioeconomic aspects. A management objective could be to fish the TACs with minimum expense, thus gaining maximum benefit in terms of profits from harvesting the resource. The traditionally free entry and free participation would then be the main obstacle to such an objective. This is especially acute in the case of a schooling species, which can be fished cheaply in large quantities. It is therefore important to develop new methods to restrict effort and investment. This leads to the basic problem of redefining the ownership of the fish stocks. Before an owner is firmly established, management will be under very severe constraints in limiting the entry to the fisheries.
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Leip, A., G. Marchi, R. Koeble, M. Kempen, W. Britz, and C. Li. "Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen losses from cropland soil in Europe." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 5, 2007): 2215–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2215-2007.
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Abstract. For the comprehensive assessment of the policy impact on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils both socio-economic aspects and the environmental heterogeneity of the landscape are important factors that must be considered. We developed a modelling framework that links the large-scale economic model for agriculture CAPRI with the bio-geochemistry model DNDC to simulate greenhouse gas fluxes, carbon stock changes and the nitrogen budget of agricultural soils in Europe. The framework allows the ex-ante simulation of agricultural or agri-environmental policy impacts on wide range of environmental problems such as climate change (greenhouse gas emissions), air pollution and groundwater pollution. Those environmental impacts can be analysed in the context of economic and social indicators as calculated by the economic model. The methodology consists in four steps (i) the definition of appropriate calculation units that can be considered as homogeneous in terms of economic behaviour and environmental response; (ii) downscaling of regional agricultural statistics and farm management information from a CAPRI simulation run into the spatial calculation units; (iii) setting up of environmental model scenarios and model runs; and finally (iv) aggregating results for interpretation. We show first results of the nitrogen budget in cropland for the area of fourteen countries of the European Union. These results, in terms of estimated nitrogen fluxes, must still be considered as illustrative as needs for improvements in input data (e.g. the soil map) and management data (yield estimates) have been identified and will be the focus of future work. Nevertheless, we highlight inter-dependencies between farmer's choices of land uses and the environmental impact of different cultivation systems.
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Alexander, David E. "L’Aquila, central Italy, and the “disaster cycle”, 2009-2017." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-01-2018-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a critical examination of the aftermath of the L’Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009. It considers the elements of the recovery process that are unique or exceptional and endeavours to explain them. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on a survey and synthesis of the abundant literature on the disaster, coupled with observations from the author’s many visits to L’Aquila and personal involvement in the debates on the questions raised during the aftermath. Findings Several aspects of the disaster are unique. These include the use of large, well-appointed buildings as temporary accommodation and the efforts to use legal processes to obtain justice for alleged mismanagement of both the early emergency situation and faults in the recovery process. Research limitations/implications Politics, history, economics and geography have conspired to make the L’Aquila disaster and its aftermath a multi-layered event that poses considerable challenges of interpretation. Practical implications The L’Aquila case teaches first that moderate seismic events can entail a long and difficult process of recovery if the initial vulnerability is high. Second, for processes of recovery to be rational, they need to be safeguarded against the effects of political expediency and bureaucratic delay. Social implications Many survivors of the L’Aquila disaster have been hostages to fortune, victims as much of broader political and socio-economic forces than of the earthquake itself. Originality/value Although there are now many published analyses of the L’Aquila disaster, as the better part of a decade has elapsed since the event, there is value in taking stock and making a critical assessment of developments. The context of this disaster is dynamic and extraordinarily sophisticated, and it provides the key to interpretation of developments that otherwise would probably seem illogical.
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Marx, John. "Capitalism after Globalization." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 2 (September 1997): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.6.2.253.
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Rarely do historical events cooperate with the work of cultural studies as readily as they appear to have done with Paul Smith’s Millennial Dreams: Contemporary Culture and Capital in the North. Several months after his book first appeared in stores, a worldwide stock market crisis seemed to provide corroborating evidence for Smith’s most audacious claim, that globalization’s promise of a stateless, borderless world is little more than an elaborate cover story told by capitalism’s apologists in a variety of fields. Smith identifies a tendency in cultural studies in particular to treat globalization as a revolutionary change in the way the world does business. In truth, he argues, it is nothing of the sort. Far from introducing a radically new mode of production, “the budding global economy simply nurtures the social relations of colonial business as usual” (10). The methodological upshot of this argument should be clear. High-profile theorists such as Stuart Hall and Saskia Sassen make a fatal error, Smith contends, if they assume that globalization has so changed capitalism that the old-fashioned tools of Marxist analysis no longer apply. Echoing ongoing debates over post-Fordism and postmodernity, Smith sets out to prove that “the fundamentally different descriptions of the world that Marxism can offer are still crucial” (3). Though certain aspects of Smith’s defense of Marxism are open to question, his assessment of late modern capitalism appears to be borne out by the historical narratives he reconsiders in Millennial Dreams. The market collapse of 27 October 1997, an event that happened well after his book went to press, lends further credence to his claims. Sparked in the markets of Asia, the crisis at first seemed to testify to a genuine shift in global economic power. Within a matter of days, however, the old imperial calculus of Northern management of Southern economies returned to the fore.
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Kam, Weng Y., Stefano Pampanin, and Ken Elwood. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the 22 February Christchurch (Lyttelton) earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 239–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.239-278.
Full textAbstract:
Six months after the 4 September 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake, a Mw 6.2 Christchurch (Lyttelton) aftershock struck Christchurch on the 22 February 2011. This earthquake was centred approximately 10km south-east of the Christchurch CBD at a shallow depth of 5km, resulting in intense seismic shaking within the Christchurch central business district (CBD). Unlike the 4 Sept earthquake when limited-to-moderate damage was observed in engineered reinforced concrete (RC) buildings [35], in the 22 February event a high number of RC Buildings in the Christchurch CBD (16.2 % out of 833) were severely damaged. There were 182 fatalities, 135 of which were the unfortunate consequences of the complete collapse of two mid-rise RC buildings.
This paper describes immediate observations of damage to RC buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Some preliminary lessons are highlighted and discussed in light of the observed performance of the RC building stock. Damage statistics and typical damage patterns are presented for various configurations and lateral resisting systems. Data was collated predominantly from first-hand post-earthquake reconnaissance observations by the authors, complemented with detailed assessment of the structural drawings of critical buildings and the observed behaviour.
Overall, the 22 February 2011 Mw 6.2 Christchurch earthquake was a particularly severe test for both modern seismically-designed and existing non-ductile RC buildings. The sequence of earthquakes since the 4 Sept 2010, particularly the 22 Feb event has confirmed old lessons and brought to life new critical ones, highlighting some urgent action required to remedy structural deficiencies in both existing and “modern” buildings. Given the major social and economic impact of the earthquakes to a country with strong seismic engineering tradition, no doubt some aspects of the seismic design will be improved based on the lessons from Christchurch. The bar needs to and can be raised, starting with a strong endorsement of new damage-resisting, whilst cost-efficient, technologies as well as the strict enforcement, including financial incentives, of active policies for the seismic retrofit of existing buildings at a national scale.
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Strelko, Oleh, and Oleh Pylypchuk. "Analysis of Klavdii Semyonovich Nemeshaev’s activities as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire." History of science and technology 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-1-233-261.
Full textAbstract:
The article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors attempt to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovich Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. There are numerous biographical studies devoted to K. S. Nemeshaev, but little is known about his activities as a minister, and to date the data are scattered and not systematized. The analysis of archival materials, scientific publications, memoirs of Nemeshaev's contemporaries and colleagues allowed us to conduct a detailed assessment of his activities and ministerial policy. It has been found that despite his short term of office, Nemeshaev's consistent policy and extensive managerial experience allowed him to carry out two significant reforms in a short time. The first one involved redistribution of the state-owned railway lines between separate local administrations and merging them into larger groups, which was important in terms of improving their operations and facilitating the cost efficiency, as well as speeding up freight traffic. In opinion of the authors of this article, another important achievement of Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways was the establishment in 1906 of the central, local and district committees regulating mass transportation of goods. This was the first centralized measure aimed at managing the rolling stock. Nemeshaev's extensive managerial experience, high erudition and energy also led to prominent outcomes in some other areas of the Ministry operation. Attempts were made to create syndicates of shipowners in river transport. Modernization of river and sea vessels was carried out. Works on projects for the development of the Northern Sea Route has begun. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It has been found out that K. S. Nemeshaev paid great attention to various social aspects of railway employees’ activities. The article also highlights the legislative policy of the Ministry of Railways of that period. Nemeshaev's participation in the preparation of the French scientist’s Paul Pelliot and the Russian officer’s Carl Gustaf Mannerheim joint trip to China has been analyzed. Due to the mass replacement of light and worn-out rails on state-owned railways with heavier ones and the need to discharge a significant number of steam locomotives built in the 1850s and 1860s, an introduction of more powerful steam locomotives was expedient. The article discusses K. S. Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. Nemeshaev's political views have also been assessed.
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Kovalivska, Svitlana, Andrii Shcherbyna, and Vsevolod Nikolaiev. "INTENSIFICATION OF INVESTMENT IN THE RENOVATION OF RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 5 (December 2, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-5-184-195.
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The subject of the paper є is to study the mechanisms for investing in residential renovation in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. At the same time, sustainable development is considered both from the point of view of safety and environmental friendliness of residential buildings, and from the social point of view of providing housing to citizens from strategic perspective. It is shown that the current sustainable development goals, the definition of indicators of their achievement do not cover the problem of housing deterioration, which is one of the most acute for national and social security, as well as the financial stability of the state. Therefore, the achievement of SDG-11 in Ukraine is in a high risk zone given the catastrophic state of housing, the scale of the problem, and the high cost of its renovation for insolvent households; this does not solve the problem only at the expense of homeowners as follows from the essence and functions of property owners. The situation in Ukraine differs from European countries in that the state is impossible to further subsidize the owners on a large scale. This requires a combination of public investment in renovation of residential real estate with property reform, transforming part of the housing stock into social housing. As the implementation of housing projects concerns the local level, the general shortcomings of strategic management are shown, where there is no vision of communities to solve the problem. Methodology. Based on the methodological developments of the authors on the insolvency of homeowners in Ukraine (A. Shcherbyna), criticism of unjustified approaches to co-financing by residents and local authorities of renovation projects in Kyiv (O. Popeko), and the need to justify and evaluate investment projects to achieve sustainable development goals (S. Kovalivska), the article forms a comprehensive approach to solving the problem in terms of all three aspects. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to deepen the formulation and analysis of methods to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" with the help of provisions on sustainable housing for citizens based on a projectoriented approach and mechanisms for financing projects using public-private partnerships of homeowners with local authorities, as well as taking into account sustainable development goals. Practical implications. The main directions of further progress in reforming property relations in the housing sector and creating tools for intensifying partnership mechanisms at the vertical and horizontal levels in the public administration system are identified. Results. The proposed methodology provides for the selection of projects for budget support and development of recommendations for their implementation, taking into account SDG in several stages: preselection based on cost-benefit analysis; assessment of the impact of the project on SDG (determination of the SDG identity of the project based on a quantitative assessment of the impact of its objectives on SDG and vice versa); determination of the volume and type of budget support (rating of projects based on a comprehensive analysis of their commercial, budgetary and social efficiency, adjusted for the level of manufacturability, export orientation, and SDG identity); development of recommendations for project implementation, which take into account the approaches to assessing the impact of the project on SDG and, conversely, the achievement of SDGs or the risks of their failure to achieve project objectives (4). Value. To link SDG with budget planning, it is proposed to introduce an additional classification of budget expenditures on SDG, which will help to reconcile strategic and budget planning with investment in order to achieve SDG, including in the process of ensuring state participation in programs and projects for renovation and construction of housing based on the concept of sustainable development.
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Budiarto, Aris, Lucky Adrianto, and Mukhlis Kamal. "STATUS PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN RAJUNGAN (Portunus Pelagicus) DENGAN PENDEKATAN EKOSISTEM DI LAUT JAWA (WPPNRI 712)." Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.7.1.2015.9-24.
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<p>Laut Jawa (WPPNRI 712) memiliki karakteristik permasalahan dalam pengelolaan perikanan rajungan yaitu berkurangnya stok sumberdaya rajungan dan tinggi nya jumlah armada penangkapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi pengelolaan perikanan rajungan di perairan Laut Jawa berdasarkan pada indikator pengelolaan perikanan dengan pendekatan ekosistem (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management-EAFM). Enam domain indikator EAFM yang digunakan sebagai dasar untuk analisis adalah (1) Sumber Daya Ikan; (2) Habitat dan Ekosistem; (3) Teknik Penangkapan; (4) Sosial; (5) Ekonomi; dan (6) Kelembagaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai skor komposit EAFM tergolong kategori sedang dengan kisaran antara 1,5 – 2,5. Hasil penilaian aggregat seluruh domain diperoleh nilai skor densitas berkisar antara 6,3 – 55,9. Domain memiliki densitas tertinggi adalah domain sosial dan domain kelembagaan sebesar 54,7 dan 55,9 dengan kategori sedang. Domain habitat/ekosistem dan domain ekonomi memiliki nilai skor 36,5 dan 20,7 dengan kategori kurang. Domain sumberdaya ikan dan domain teknik penangkapan memiliki nilai skor 6,3 dan 16,3 dengan kategori buruk. Secara keseluruhan hasil penilaian indikator EAFM menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan rajungan di WPPNRI 712 dalam kategori buruk hingga sedang. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah melaksanakan perbaikan pengelolaan perikanan rajungan secara bertahap dengan melakukan 5 (lima) langkah pengelolaan yaitu; pengaturan rajungan yang boleh ditangkap, pengaturan musim penangkapan, pengendalian alat tangkap dan daerah penangkapan, perlindungan dan rehabilitasi habitat serta melaksanakan restoking.</p><p> </p><p>Java Sea waters (Fisheries Management Area 712) is one of the main live crab habitat which is also the main blue swimming crab (BSC) production centers in Indonesia. FMA 712 has the characteristics of BSC fishery management problems is lower stock of crabs and the high number of fishing fleet. This study was aims to determine the condition of BSC fishery management in Java Sea waters, which developed based on performance indicators of ecosystem approach (EAFM). The six EAFM indicators used as the basis for analysis (1) Fisheries Resources; (2) Habitat and Ecosystem; (3) Fishing Technology; (4) Social; (5) Economic; and (6) Institutional. The results of each research domain indicates that the value of the composite score EAFM classified as category medium in the range of 1.5-2.5. The entire aggregate assessment results obtained domain scores density values ranging between 6.3 - 55.9. Domain which has high density is the domain of social and institutional domains of 54.7 and 55.9 in the medium category. Domain habitat /ecosystem and the economic domain has a score of 36.5 and 20.7 with less category. For domain domain fish resources and fishing techniques have a score of 6.3 and 16.3 with the bad category. The overall of EAFM indicators ranged between 6.3 - 55.9 Indicating that the management of BSC in FMA 712 under poor to moderate category. Recommendations of this study is to carry out repairs BSC fishery management gradually to perform five steps management; minimum legal size for capture, open closed fishing season, control gear and fishing areas, protection and rehabilitation of habitat and implement restoking.<br /><br /></p>
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Alimina, Naslina, Budy Wiryawan, Daniel R. Monintja, Tri Wiji Nurani, and Am Azbas Taurusman. "ESTIMASI TANGKAPAN PER UNIT UPAYA BAKU DAN PROPORSI YUWANA PADA PERIKANAN TUNA DI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Estimation of Standard Catch Per Unit Effort and Juvenile Proportion of Tuna Fishery in Southeast Sulawesi)." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 7, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.7.1.57-68.
Full textAbstract:
<p>ABSTRACT<br /><br />Tuna is an important fish commodity in Southeast Sulawesi. It valued as an export and interisland trade product as well as an important component of local fish consumption for coastal community around Southeast Sulawesi Waters (PSST). Indonesian fisheries management is currently adopting the concept of ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). EAFM implementation in Indonesia has continued by indicators establishment to assess the sustainability performance of fisheries. Catch per unit effort standard (Standard CPUE) and juvenile composition were implemented as indicators to assess resource sustainability. Data limitations are one of the issues in fisheries management at this time, however, management efforts remain to be implemented by utilizing the best available data. This study aimed to derived recent ten years coverage of standard CPUE and it trends as well as juvenile proportion in tuna fishery based on statistical data and field observation. Assessment results show that Standard CPUE in 2014 was 0,31 tons per trip and tends to increase in year coverage, while juvenile composition was 48,6%. Based on these results, the tuna fishery in Southeast Sulawesi is still sustainable. However, there is a need to have further control and monitoring, especially on a fishery that caught tuna under Lm. Management measure has to be selected carefully in line with social economic aspects of tuna fishery in this area.<br /><br />Keywords: EAFM, juvenile proportion, Standard CPUE, tuna</p><p>-------<br /><br />ABSTRAK<br /><br />Tuna merupakan komoditas perikanan penting di Sulawesi Tenggara baik sebagai produk ekspor, perdagangan antar pulau maupun pemenuhan kebutuhan lokal bagi masyarakat pesisir di perairan bagian selatan Sulawesi Tenggara (PSST). Untuk mempertahankan keberlanjutan perikanan tuna di daerah ini maka perlu adanya suatu upaya pengelolaan komprehensif yaitu pengelolaan perikanan dengan pendekatan ekosistem atau Ecosystem approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). Implementasi EAFM di Indonesia terus dikembangkan dengan tersusunnya indikator penilaian kinerja pengelolaan. Tangkapan per Unit Upaya atau Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) dan komposisi yuwana merupakan bagian dari indikator EAFM Indonesia khususnya dalam domain sumberdaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh nilai CPUE baku dan kecenderungannya selama sepuluh tahun terakhir, dan proporsi yuwana berdasarkan data statistik perikanan yang diintegrasikan dengan data yang diperoleh melalui pengamatan, wawancara dan pengisian kuesioner dengan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Hasil penilaian menunjukkan bahwa CPUE baku tahun 2014 adalah 0,31 ton/trip dengan kecenderungan meningkat, sedangkan komposisi yuwana adalah 48,6%. Berdasarkan nilai CPUE baku dan proporsi yuwana, maka kinerja perikanan tuna Sulawesi Tenggara masih dinilai baik. Perlu adanya upaya pengendalian dan pemantauan lebih lanjut terutama pada perikanan yang menangkap yuwana tuna. Namun demikian, pemilihan tindakan pengelolaan harus dilakukan secara hati-hati dengan memperhatikan pemenuhan kebutuhan sosial ekonomi lainnya dari perikanan tuna di daerah ini.<br /><br />Kata kunci: EAFM, proporsi yuwana, CPUE baku, tuna</p>