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Journal articles on the topic 'Social aspects of Plant genetic engineering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Hadi, Joshua, and Gale Brightwell. "Safety of Alternative Proteins: Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Aspects of Cultured Meat, Plant-Based Meat, Insect Protein and Single-Cell Protein." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061226.

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Food security and environmental issues have become global crises that need transformative solutions. As livestock production is becoming less sustainable, alternative sources of proteins are urgently required. These include cultured meat, plant-based meat, insect protein and single-cell protein. Here, we describe the food safety aspects of these novel protein sources, in terms of their technological backgrounds, environmental impacts and the necessary regulatory framework for future mass-scale production. Briefly, cultured meat grown in fetal bovine serum-based media can be exposed to viruses or infectious prion, in addition to other safety risks associated with the use of genetic engineering. Plant-based meat may contain allergens, anti-nutrients and thermally induced carcinogens. Microbiological risks and allergens are the primary concerns associated with insect protein. Single-cell protein sources are divided into microalgae, fungi and bacteria, all of which have specific food safety risks that include toxins, allergens and high ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The environmental impacts of these alternative proteins can mainly be attributed to the production of growth substrates or during cultivation. Legislations related to novel food or genetic modification are the relevant regulatory framework to ensure the safety of alternative proteins. Lastly, additional studies on the food safety aspects of alternative proteins are urgently needed for providing relevant food governing authorities with sufficient data to oversee that the technological progress in this area is balanced with robust safety standards.

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Bhandari, Devashish, Rupak Karn, Bipin Neupane, and Dinesh Marasini. "A review on corn breeding for insect pest resistance." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 4, no. 02 (November 15, 2019): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2019.4.2.1.

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Significant yield reduction and effect on almost every aspect of the plants by insect pests have been a mega problem in agricultural crops. Scientist tackle with many challenges to develop highly efficient techniques either through conventional breeding or modern genetic engineering to understand the mechanism of resistance and its application for benefit of human kind. Antibiosis, antixenosis and tolerance are the resistance mechanisms which have been developed for successful control of economically important insect pests in corn. Plant morphology and allelochemicals, induced resistance, callus tissue culture and genetic transformation were used as major tools to advance resistance by corn breeders. Insect pest resistant corn has been attributed for social, economical as well as environmental benefits. However, outcome of these achievements are not reflected due to low use of insect resistant corn by farmers in many developing countries of the world.

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Paul, P. K., R. R. Sinha, A. Bhuimali, P. S. Aithal, and Ricardo Saavedra. "A Study on Emerging Methods and Ways in Agricultural Sciences: With Reference to Organic Farming." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2020.9.1.1081.

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Agricultural Sciences is an Applied Science but has its touch with social science due to its nature. It uses various kinds of tools, techniques, procedure, methods, principles of science; that is responsible for the cultivation of plants, crops, vegetables, livestock as well as animals. Agriculture is dedicated to the sedentary human civilization and by this people can meet their food demand. As far as the history of agriculture it is noted that agriculture as a concept emerged thousands of years before about 105,000 years ago and regarding the nascent farmers, it was about 11,500 years ago. Initially, animals were not considered within this but gradually various animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle became part of agricultural sciences since 10, 000 years ago. Farming normally considered as the cultivation in a small area whereas Agriculture is treated for a large area with huge place and expenditure. In today’s context, about 11 regions of the world are cultivating commercially. Agriculture as an interdisciplinary field is concerned with various disciplines and subjects; and this trend is growing rapidly. There are diverse areas and emerging nomenclatures emerged in Agriculture viz. Chemical Agriculture, Green revolution & Agriculture, Genetic engineering-based Agriculture, Organic Agriculture /Farming, Corporate Agriculture /Farming, Vertical Farming /Agriculture, etc. This paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. It analyzed various aspects of agriculture with special reference to the aspects, features, role, and emergence of three emerging types of agriculture viz. Organic Agriculture.

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Hameed, Abdul, Syed Asif Raza, Qadeer Ahmed, Faisal Khan, and Salim Ahmed. "A decision support tool for bi-objective risk-based maintenance scheduling of an LNG gas sweetening unit." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-04-2017-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a decision support tool for risk-based maintenance scheduling for a large heavily equipped gas sweetening unit in a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant. Two conflicting objectives, i.e., total maintenance cost and the reliability, are considered in the tool. The tool is tested with the real plant data and suggests several Pareto-optimal schedules for a decision maker to choose from. The financial impacts are assessed. Design/methodology/approach A bi-objective scheduling optimization model is developed for maintenance scheduling using a risk-based framework. The model is developed integrating genetic algorithm and simulation-based optimization to find Pareto-optimal schedules. The model delivered true Pareto front optimal solutions for given plant-specific data. The two conflicting objectives: the minimization of total expenditures incurred on maintenance-related activities and improving the total reliability are considered. Findings For large and complex processing facilities such as LNG plant, a shutdown of facility generates a significant financial impact, resulting in millions of dollars in production loss. The developed risk-based equipment selection strategy helps to minimize such an event of production loss by generating a thorough maintenance strategy for inspection, repair, overhaul or replacement schedule of the unit without initiating the shutdown. The proposed model has been successfully applied to obtain an optimize maintenance schedule for a gas sweetening unit. Research limitations/implications A future work may consider the state-dependent models for various failure modes that will result in obtaining a better representation of the model. The proposed scheduling can further be extended to multi-criteria scheduling including availability, resource limitation and inflationary condition. A comparative analysis with other meta-heuristic techniques such as harmony search algorithm, tabu search, and simulated annealing will further help in confirming the schedule obtained from this application. Practical implications Maintenance scheduling using a conventional approach for special equipment generally does not consider the conflicting objectives. This research addresses this aspect using a bi-objective model. The usefulness of risk-based method is to assist in minimizing the financial and safety risk exposure to the operating companies, but some variation in results is expected due to varying risk matrix for different organizations. Social implications Managing two objectives, i.e., minimizing the cost of maintenance-related activities, while at the same time maximizing the overall reliability dramatically, helps in mitigating adverse safety and financial risk due to fires, explosions, fatality and excessive maintenance cost. Originality/value Research develops a decision support tool for managing conflicting objectives for an LNG process. This research highlights the impact of utilizing the simulation-based approach coupled with risk-based equipment selection for complex processing unit or plant maintenance scheduling optimization.

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5

Bhattacharjee, Abhishek Rajesh, Shreya Das, and Stuti Aastha. "The Role of IPR in Plant Genetic Engineering." International Journal of Law and Public Policy 2, no. 2 (September 27, 2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0202.136.

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The role and status of Patent laws in the protection of plant species which have been genetically modified is currently uncertain in India. Discussions and debates regarding the same are rife and experts have different views regarding the whole aspect concerning economical and ethical considerations. Genetically engineered plants and modified crop plants are of significant economic value. In India, they face critical challenges, for instance, the requirement of dependable public policies and vigorous frameworks for regulatory control. This becomes much more vital since India desires to be an economic superpower primarily based on innovation. It is very important for a person from the legal field, especially those interested in the field of IPR, to have clarity regarding the protection of genetically modified plants. This humble attempt at a research paper seeks to clarify the same and discusses the various aspects on which one should think while concluding their views on the topic.

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6

Walter, Christian. "Genetic engineering in conifer forestry: Technical and social considerations." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 40, no. 5 (September 2004): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ivp2004542.

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7

Rispler-chaim, Vardit. "Genetic Engineering in Contemporary Islamic Thought." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003215.

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The ArgumentMuslims share with others both the interest in and the concern about genetic engineering. Naturally their reactions and views stem from general Islamic dogma and from Islamic medical ethics, but they are not unaware of Western scientific data. Particularly relevant is the Islamic religious prohibition against “changing what Allah has created.” Muslim muftis try to offer practical solutions for individuals. Islamic law is concerned about maintaining pure lineage. Consanguineous matings are very common, but induced abortions are usually ruled out. Cloning has reawakened among Muslims an old debate over the positive as well as hazardous aspects of genetic engineering.

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8

Hampel, Jürgen, Uwe Pfenning, and Hans Peter Peters. "Attitudes towards genetic engineering." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687604.

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Schenk, Michael, and Deziderio Šonje. "Journalists and genetic engineering." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687610.

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Dobson, Andrew. "Genetic Engineering and Environmental Ethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 2 (1997): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007817.

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When God gave humankind dominion over the earth he may not have known exactly what we would be able to do with it. The technical capacities to which the production and reproduction of our everyday life have given rise have grown at an astonishing and, it seems, ever-increasing rate. The instruments that we use to do work on the world have become sharper and more refined, and the implications of human interventions in the nonhuman environment are much more far-reaching than could have been imagined even forty years ago. It has become something of a cliche to say that our technical abilities have outstripped the wisdom to know when, where, and how we should appropriately use them, but techniques such as genetic engineering invite the dusting-off of the cliche and the asking of the question implicit in it: We know we can splice genes, but should we splice them? We might of course come to the conclusion that we should only splice some of them some of the time, but even arriving at that conclusion presupposes that the ethical question has been asked and answered.

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Boone, C. Keith. "Bad Axioms in Genetic Engineering." Hastings Center Report 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3563221.

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12

Alam, Iftekhar, and Md Salimullah. "Genetic Engineering of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): Progress, Controversy and Potential." Horticulturae 7, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7040078.

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Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is the third most important vegetable in Asia and of considerable importance in the Mediterranean belt. Although global eggplant production has been increasing in recent years, productivity is limited due to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. Genetic engineering offers new traits to eggplant, such as seedless parthenocarpic fruits, varieties adapted to extreme climatic events (i.e., sub- or supra-optimal temperatures), transcription factor regulation, overexpressing osmolytes, antimicrobial peptides, Bacillusthuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins, etc. Such traits either do not occur naturally in eggplant or are difficult to incorporate by conventional breeding. With controversies, Bt-expressing eggplant varieties resistant to eggplant fruit and shoot borers have already been adopted for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh. However, to maximize the benefits of transgenic technology, future studies should emphasize testing transgenic plants under conditions that mimic field conditions and focus on the plant’s reproductive stage. In addition, the availability of the whole genome sequence, along with an efficient in vitro regeneration system and suitable morphological features, would make the eggplant an alternative model plant in which to study different aspects of plant biology in the near future.

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13

Bayly, R. C., A. Duncan, J. W. May, M. Schembri, A. Semertjis, G. Vasiliadis, and W. G. C. Raper. "Microbiological and Genetic Aspects of the Synthesis of Polyphosphate by Species of Acinetobacter." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0525.

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Strains of Acinetobacter which showed marked variation in their ability to accumulate intracellular polyphosphate (Pn) were isolated from a pilot-plant which was removing phosphate biologically. Variants which could not accumulate Pn under the same growth conditions were derived from two of the isolates which accumulated high levels of Pn. The activities of five enzymes reported to have a role in Pn synthesis showed no significant differences between the two variants, their parent strains and two other natural isolates. In the presence of 20 µm N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), growth of the variant strains was suppressed, whereas the parent strains were still able to grow and form polyphosphate. A mechanism which depends upon the trans-membrane proton gradient of the cell is proposed to account for the high levels of polyphosphate formed by some strains of Acinetobacter. Each of the Acinetobacter strains isolated from the pilot-plant carried several plasmids. Comparison of one strain, which accumulated a high level of Pn, and its variant, showed that a deletion of approximately 20 kb of plasmid DNA from the parent strain had occurred.

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14

Atanassov, At. "Some Aspects of the Development and Application of the Genetic Engineering Methods in Plant Breeding in Bulgaria." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 4, no. 5-6 (January 1990): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.1990.10818611.

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Hampel, Jürgen, and Ortwin Renn. "Introduction: Public understanding of genetic engineering." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687605.

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Izutkin, Dmitriy, and Tatyana Volkova. "Ethical and Philosophical Aspects of Anthropogenetics." Glavvrač (Chief Medical Officer), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-03-2008-05.

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The article is devoted to the ethical and philosophical issues of anthropogenetics, in particular, genetic engineering, eugenics and human genome modelling. It points out the importance of social, philosophical and ethical aspects in anthropogenetic studies. The possible risks that can lead to loss of individuality and variability of a human as a biosocial phenomenon are of particular focus.

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17

Delaney, J. J. "Possible people, complaints, and the distinction between genetic planning and genetic engineering." Journal of Medical Ethics 37, no. 7 (April 21, 2011): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2010.039420.

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18

Somerville, Chris. "Deciphering the Parts List for the Mechanical Plant." Daedalus 141, no. 3 (July 2012): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00164.

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The development of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies has revolutionized all aspects of biological research. The proliferation of plant genome sequences, in conjunction with the parallel development of robust tools for directed genetic manipulation, has given momentum and credibility to the goal of understanding several model plants as the sum of their parts. A broad inventory of the functions and interrelationships of the parts is currently under way, and the first steps toward computer models of processes have emerged. These approaches also provide a framework for the mechanistic basis of plant diversity. It is hoped that rapid progress in this endeavor will facilitate timely responses to expanding demand for food, feed, fiber, fuel, and ecosystem services in a period of climate change.

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Jensen, Pamela. "Genetic Privacy: The Potential for Genetic Discrimination in Insurance." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6035.

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The threat of modern genetics has been perceived as coming, rather dramatically, from genetic engineering, but the less flashy field of medical genetic testing poses significant and immediate issues. This article discusses the potential for breach of confidentiality or invasion of privacy through the acquisition of information, the disclosure of information, and the potential for prejudicial use of that information by third parties. The author concludes that New Zealand's ethical and legal aspects of human genetics needed a review at the time of writing, recommending an advisory group to be set up to monitor developments in human genetics, facilitate discussion with all relevant persons, groups and bodies, and report on issues arising from new developments in human genetics that can be expected to have wider ethical, social, economic, and legal consequences. However, the author does not find it necessary to enact genetic-specific legislation.

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Calvol, M. D., J. Peris, and D. Ramón. "Some aspects about food, genes, and legislation Algunos aspectos relacionados con los alimentos, genes y legislacion." Food Science and Technology International 4, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329800400101.

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During the last few years, several novel foods produced by genetic engineering techniques have appeared on the market raising various social and ethical problems. Questions related to the safety, legislation and labelling of these novel foods and also the attitude of the consumer against them are discussed here.

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Polkinghorne, J. C. "The person, the soul, and genetic engineering." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.004077.

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Pfister, Hans-Rüdiger, Gisela Böhm, and Helmut Jungermann. "The cognitive representation of genetic engineering: Knowledge and evaluations." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687603.

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Koeppel, Iris, Christian Hertig, Robert Hoffie, and Jochen Kumlehn. "Cas Endonuclease Technology—A Quantum Leap in the Advancement of Barley and Wheat Genetic Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112647.

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Domestication and breeding have created productive crops that are adapted to the climatic conditions of their growing regions. Initially, this process solely relied on the frequent occurrence of spontaneous mutations and the recombination of resultant gene variants. Later, treatments with ionizing radiation or mutagenic chemicals facilitated dramatically increased mutation rates, which remarkably extended the genetic diversity of crop plants. However, a major drawback of conventionally induced mutagenesis is that genetic alterations occur simultaneously across the whole genome and at very high numbers per individual plant. By contrast, the newly emerging Cas endonuclease technology allows for the induction of mutations at user-defined positions in the plant genome. In fundamental and breeding-oriented research, this opens up unprecedented opportunities for the elucidation of gene functions and the targeted improvement of plant performance. This review covers historical aspects of the development of customizable endonucleases, information on the mechanisms of targeted genome modification, as well as hitherto reported applications of Cas endonuclease technology in barley and wheat that are the agronomically most important members of the temperate cereals. Finally, current trends in the further development of this technology and some ensuing future opportunities for research and biotechnological application are presented.

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De Los Santos-Briones, César, and S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor. "Coffee biotechnology." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, no. 1 (March 2006): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202006000100015.

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In the last three decades, interest has turned to in vitro cell culture in different areas of coffee research. In vitro techniques have been applied not only for coffee improvement through genetic transformation but also to study various aspects in coffee cells such as chemical (caffeine synthesis and the production of coffee aroma), physiological and more recently, biochemical aspects. The most important advances obtained to date on in vitro coffee techniques in fields like biochemistry, physiology, regeneration systems and genetic engineering, are presented and discussed.

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Kulkarni, R. N., K. Baskaran, and Tripta Jhang. "Breeding medicinal plant, periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don]: a review." Plant Genetic Resources 14, no. 4 (May 2, 2016): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000150.

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AbstractPeriwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don] has become one of the very extensively investigated medicinal plants after the discovery of two powerful anti-cancer alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, in its leaves more than 50 years ago. These alkaloidal drugs are still in clinical use. Also, periwinkle is still the only source of these alkaloids and their precursors, catharanthine and vindoline. Low concentrations of these alkaloids in the plant and, therefore, high costs of their extraction have led to tremendous efforts towards understanding their biosynthesis and exploration of alternate ways of their production such as, chemical synthesis, cell, tissue and hairy root cultures, and metabolic engineering of heterologous organisms. Literature on this plant is quite voluminous, with an average of about 80 publications per year during last three decades (1985–2015). Nearly 60% of these publications are on physiology, biochemistry, cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects. In spite of these efforts, an economically viable alternative to field-grown periwinkle plants as a source of these alkaloids has not yet been found. Biosynthesis ofC. roseusalkaloids is a complex process involving many genes, enzymes, regulators, inter- and intra-cellular transporters, cell types, organelles and tissues and its current understanding is still considered to be incomplete to produceC. roseusalkaloids through metabolic engineering/synthetic biology. Till such time, breeding periwinkle varieties with higher concentrations of anti-cancer alkaloids for cultivation can be an alternate approach to meet the demand for these alkaloids and reduce their costs. While literature on cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects of periwinkle has been reviewed periodically, crop production and plant breeding aspects have received little attention. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring together published information on genetics and breeding of periwinkle as a medicinal plant. Some probable constraints which may have hindered taking up periwinkle breeding are identified. Initially, quite a few attempts have been made at genetic improvement of periwinkle through induced polyploidy, and subsequently through induced mutagenesis. Mutations, both natural and induced, provide a valuable resource for use in breeding and in functional and reverse genomics research. It is only during last 6–7 years, genetic diversity has been assessed using molecular markers and very recently molecular markers have been identified for marker-assisted selection for alkaloid yield.

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Botelho, Flávia Barbosa Silva, Cinthia Souza Rodrigues, and Adriano Teodoro Bruzi. "Ornamental Plant Breeding." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/rbho.v21i1.770.

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World’s ornamental plant market, including domestic market of several countries and its exports, is currently evaluated in 107 billion dollars yearly. Such estimate highlights the importance of the sector in the economy of the countries, as well as its important social role, as it represents one of the main activities, which contributes to income and employment. Therefore a well-structured plant breeding program, which is connected with consumers’ demands, is required in order to fulfill these market needs globally. Activities related to pre-breeding, conventional breeding, and breeding by biotechnological techniques constitute the basis for the successful development of new ornamental plant cultivars. Techniques that involve tissue culture, protoplast fusion and genetic engineering greatly aid conventional breeding (germplasm introduction, plant selection and hybridization), aiming the obtention of superior genotypes. Therefore it makes evident, in the literature, the successful employment of genetic breeding, since it aims to develop plants with commercial value that are also competitive with the ones available in the market.

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Zwick, Michael M. "Genetic engineering: Risks and hazards as perceived by the German public." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687607.

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Flinter, F. A. "The ethical problems of genetic engineering of human beings." Journal of Medical Ethics 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.18.4.221.

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Matthew Liao, S. "The ethics of using genetic engineering for sex selection." Journal of Medical Ethics 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.005983.

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Brooke, J. H. "Commentary on: The person, the soul and genetic engineering." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.006254.

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Chappell, T. "Improving Nature? The Science and Ethics of Genetic Engineering." Journal of Medical Ethics 23, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.23.5.329-a.

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Kohring, Matthias, and Alexander Görke. "Genetic engineering in the international media: An analysis of opinion-leading magazines." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687600.

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Hein, Peter Ulrich, and Maria Eva Hein. "Human, mutant, machine. On the relationship of body cult and genetic engineering." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687602.

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Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. "Property rights and genetic engineering: Developing nations at risk." Science and Engineering Ethics 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-005-0065-5.

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LeBaron, Homer M. "Genetic Engineering for Herbicide Resistance Proceedings of a Symposium of the Weed Science Society of America February 1985." Weed Science 35, S1 (1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450006094x.

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Those who study the history of science and technology understand the important symbiotic relationships that exist between the various disciplines, and how a breakthrough in one area can trigger a chain reaction that leads to even more important progress in another area of science. This has certainly occurred in the discovery of triazine-resistant weeds in the late 1960's, followed in 1973 when Stanley Cohen of Stanford University and Herbert Boyer of the University of California at San Francisco found a simple way to combine DNA from two different organisms and then to clone identical copies of these recombined DNA molecules in bacteria. In 1975, Steven Radosevich made the important observation that isolated chloroplasts from triazine-resistant weeds were not inhibited in their rate of photosynthesis when treated with atrazine. With the use of triazine-resistant weeds and their chloroplasts, our knowledge of the structure of chloroplasts (herbicide binding genes that control the various peptides and amino acid sequences) and many other aspects of photosynthesis has expanded greatly during the past 10 years, with major contributions by Charles Arntzen and many other scientists.

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Yang, Xiaohan, June I. Medford, Kasey Markel, Patrick M. Shih, Henrique C. De Paoli, Cong T. Trinh, Alistair J. McCormick, et al. "Plant Biosystems Design Research Roadmap 1.0." BioDesign Research 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/8051764.

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Human life intimately depends on plants for food, biomaterials, health, energy, and a sustainable environment. Various plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding, along with limited modification via genetic engineering, yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs, in terms of both quantity and quality, resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living. A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design approaches. This represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological systems. Plant biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant genomes. From this perspective, we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories, principles, and technical methods, along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology research. We highlight current challenges, future opportunities, and research priorities, along with a framework for international collaboration, towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of research. Finally, we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception, trust, and acceptance.

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Urban, Dieter, and Uwe Pfenning. "Attitudes towards genetic engineering between change and stability: Results of a panel study." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687611.

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van den Daele, Wolfgang. "Dealing with the risks of genetic engineering as an example of ‘reflexive modernization’?" New Genetics and Society 18, no. 1 (April 1999): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636779908656890.

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Muzammil, Khursheed, Nazim Nasir, Atiq Hassan, Preeti Padda, Zeba Siddiqui, Syed Esam Mahmood, Khwaja Zafar, and Hashim Abbas. "Epidemiological Aspects of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 36 (September 6, 2021): 3178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/645.

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BACKGROUND A new-born baby having a cleft lip alone or a cleft lip with cleft palate is definitely painful to the parents. Such cases must be referred to a multi-disciplinary medical team having expertise in craniofacial defects. The role of a family doctor is significant in these cases as he / she is the one who can minimize the sufferings of the parents and their family members by ensuring antenatal diagnosis and extending support for the whole family post-diagnosis, during initial days of breastfeeding as well as bonding issues and also throughout an extended period of months and years of surgical interventions and speech therapies. These cleft lip and palate deformities are the most typical facial defects in children at birth. This leads to not only the altered appearance, defective speech, improper hearing, retarded growth of the baby but also deranged psychosocial well-being and disrupted social integration of the parents and family members. This article presents an overall epidemiological aspect of the said anomalies in the immense interest & benefit of all the concerned professionals. Patients with cleft lip or palate have significant problems in communication, and face difficulties with deglutition. The understanding of the anatomy and associated pathophysiology play a vital role in the management of these patients. The surgical correction remains the mainstay of treatment to date. This article describes common problems related to kids having cleft lip and palate anomalies and provides the latest surgical options available in such congenital cleft care. The genetic basis of the disease and recent advances in the developmental defects of this congenital abnormality is also discussed. In addition to physical corrections, psychological effects on the family need to be addressed at priority. The treating physician must consider the mental health of the parents. The current concepts of treatment will continue to evolve because of continuous developments in the fields of foetal surgery, genetic and tissue engineering. KEY WORDS Cleft, Lip, Palate, Aperture, Folic Acid, Congenital, Abnormality, Orofacial, Correction, Surgery

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Mrzljak, Vedran, Nikola Anđelić, Ivan Lorencin, and Sandi Sandi Baressi Šegota. "The influence of various optimization algorithms on nuclear power plant steam turbine exergy efficiency and destruction." Pomorstvo 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.35.1.8.

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This paper presents an exergy analysis of the whole turbine, turbine cylinders and cylinder parts in four different operating regimes. Analyzed turbine operates in nuclear power plant while three of four operating regimes are obtained by using optimization algorithms – SA (Simplex Algorithm), GA (Genetic Algorithm) and IGSA (Improved Genetic-Simplex Algorithm). IGSA operating regime gives the highest developed mechanical power of the whole turbine equal to 1022.48 MW, followed by GA (1020.06 MW) and SA (1017.16 MW), while in Original operating regime whole turbine develop mechanical power equal to 996.29 MW. In addition, IGSA causes the highest increase in developed mechanical power of almost all cylinders and cylinder parts in comparison to the Original operating regime. All observed optimization algorithms increases the exergy destruction of the whole turbine in comparison to Original operating regime - the lowest increase causes IGSA, followed by GA and finally SA. The highest exergy efficiency of the whole turbine, equal to 85.92% is obtained by IGSA, followed by GA (85.89%) and SA (85.82%), while the lowest exergy efficiency is obtained in Original operating regime (85.70%). Analyzed turbine, which operates by using wet steam is low influenced by the ambient temperature change. IGSA, which shows dominant performance in exergy analysis parameters of the analyzed turbine, in certain situations is overpowered by GA. Therefore, in optimization of steam turbine performance, IGSA and GA can be recommended.

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Dapkevicius, Maria de Lurdes Enes, Bruna Sgardioli, Sandra P. A. Câmara, Patrícia Poeta, and Francisco Xavier Malcata. "Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: A Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040821.

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As a genus that has evolved for resistance against adverse environmental factors and that readily exchanges genetic elements, enterococci are well adapted to the cheese environment and may reach high numbers in artisanal cheeses. Their metabolites impact cheese flavor, texture, and rheological properties, thus contributing to the development of its typical sensorial properties. Due to their antimicrobial activity, enterococci modulate the cheese microbiota, stimulate autolysis of other lactic acid bacteria (LAB), control pathogens and deterioration microorganisms, and may offer beneficial effects to the health of their hosts. They could in principle be employed as adjunct/protective/probiotic cultures; however, due to their propensity to acquire genetic determinants of virulence and antibiotic resistance, together with the opportunistic character of some of its members, this genus does not possess Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status. It is, however, noteworthy that some putative virulence factors described in foodborne enterococci may simply reflect adaptation to the food environment and to the human host as commensal. Further research is needed to help distinguish friend from foe among enterococci, eventually enabling exploitation of the beneficial aspects of specific cheese-associated strains. This review aims at discussing both beneficial and deleterious roles played by enterococci in artisanal cheeses, while highlighting the need for further research on such a remarkably hardy genus.

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Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka, and Józef Mosiej. "ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ON SHORT ROTATION PLANTATIONS (SRP) IN POLAND." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2007.9636927.

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The use of wastewater on short rotation plantations (SRP) can be an effective way of wastewater treatment as well as a source of water and nutrients for growing plants. Wastewater nutrient reusing is necessary, especially in the case of nutrients which come from non‐renewable resources, as phosphorus. The production of mineral fertilisers is usually a resource‐consuming and energy‐consuming process. Nutrient removal from wastewater in conventional wastewater treatment technologies is also energy‐consuming and expensive. That's why the reuse of nutrients from the waste streams is very important from both economic and environmental point of view. Taking into consideration climatic conditions (annual precipitation, temperature, length of vegetation period), environmental goals (concerning reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, increase of share of renewable energy in total energy production and protection of water resources) and other social and economic aspects, there is a large potential of fast‐growing plant species development in Poland. To obtain high and stable energy biomass production, irrigation and fertilisation will be needed, what in simple and low‐cost way, can be realised by irrigation with wastewater.

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Barrett, Luke G., Mathieu Legros, Nagalingam Kumaran, Donna Glassop, S. Raghu, and Donald M. Gardiner. "Gene drives in plants: opportunities and challenges for weed control and engineered resilience." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1911 (September 25, 2019): 20191515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1515.

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Plant species, populations and communities are under threat from climate change, invasive pathogens, weeds and habitat fragmentation. Despite considerable research effort invested in genome engineering for crop improvement, the development of genetic tools for the management of wild plant populations has rarely been given detailed consideration. Gene drive systems that allow direct genetic management of plant populations via the spread of fitness-altering genetic modifications could be of great utility. However, despite the rapid development of synthetic tools and their enormous promise, little explicit consideration has been given to their application in plants and, to date, they remain untested. This article considers the potential utility of gene drives for the management of wild plant populations, and examines the factors that might influence the design, spread and efficacy of synthetic drives. To gain insight into optimal ways to design and deploy synthetic drive systems, we investigate the diversity of mechanisms underlying natural gene drives and their dynamics within plant populations and species. We also review potential approaches for engineering gene drives and discuss their potential application to plant genomes. We highlight the importance of considering the impact of plant life-history and genetic architecture on the dynamics of drive, investigate the potential for different types of resistance evolution, and touch on the ethical, regulatory and social challenges ahead.

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Chander, Subhash, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Parvender Sheoran, Gbemisola Oluwayemisi Ige, Marta W. Vasconcelos, and Ana Luisa Garcia-Oliveira. "Prospects for Durable Resistance Against an Old Soybean Enemy: A Four-Decade Journey from Rpp1 (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi) to Rpp7." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070348.

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Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora spp., is a major global concern for soybean producers. SBR causing fungi are polycyclic and obligate biotrophs, rendering the study of their biology particularly tedious. Over the past four decades, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the epidemiology of the disease, the identification of sources of resistance, and the mapping of soybean loci conferring resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp genes), since this species is particularly well established and widespread in many soybean growing areas. Although host-plant resistance is generally considered as the most desirable solution from an environmental, economic, and social perspective, other disease control approaches such as agronomic practices and chemical application are also important, and influence rust epidemiology as well as the durability of host plant resistance. This review focusses primarily on genetic aspects of SBR management and summarizes the research in the following areas: SBR symptoms, aetiology, pathogenic variation and population structure of Phakopsora populations, expression of soybean resistance to Phakopsora infection, genetics and molecular diagnostics of host resistance to pathogen, and resistance gene deployment approaches. Finally, the role of multidisciplinary strategies is discussed for achieving higher durability of SBR resistance in soybean.

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Mameli, M. "Reproductive cloning, genetic engineering and the autonomy of the child: the moral agent and the open future." Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2006.016634.

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Szewczuk-Krypa, Natalia, Marta Drosińska-Komor, Jerzy Głuch, and Łukasz Breńkacz. "Comparison Analysis of Selected Nuclear Power Plants Supplied With Helium from High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." Polish Maritime Research 25, s1 (May 1, 2018): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0043.

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Abstract The article presents results of efficiency calculations for two 560 MW nuclear cycles with high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). An assumption was made that systems of this type can be used in so-called marine nuclear power plants. The first analysed system is the nuclear steam power plant. For the steam cycle, the efficiency calculations were performed with the code DIAGAR, which is dedicated for analysing this type of systems. The other system is the power plant with gas turbine, in which the combustion chamber has been replaced with the HTGR. For this system, a number of calculations were also performed to assess its efficiency. Moreover, the article names factors in favour of floating nuclear power plants with HTGRs, which, due to passive safety systems, are exposed to much smaller risk of breakdown than other types of reactors which were in common use in the past. Along with safety aspects, it is also economic and social aspect which make the use of this type of systems advisable.

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Zivanovic, Tomislav, Maja Vracarevic, Sasa Krstanovic, and Gordana Surlan-Momirovic. "Selection on uniformity and yield stability in maize." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 49, no. 1 (2004): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0401117z.

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Historically speaking, both the introduction of double-cross hybrids and use of single crosses have caused the increase in grain yield and significantly improved agricultural practice. Nowadays, the uniformity of crops is regarded as an advantage of modern agriculture, since the uniformity of products is crucial in global market. Thus, uniformity of crop maturation provides both planning and efficient mechanized harvest. F1 single-cross hybrids of maize, which is an allogamous species, not only exploit heterosis, but also impose homogeneity. Basically, the uniformity of hybrids has been regarded as their crucial advantage. There are two aspects of hybrid maize uniformity: (i) genetic homogeneity and (ii) genetic stability. Genetic homogeneity refers to presence of identical genotypes, whereas genetic stability refers to phenotypic uniformity (homeostasis) in different environments. At present, yield performance of inbreds has not advanced as rapidly as performance of hybrids, especially in stressful environments. Focusing on inbred productivity combined with stability may be more appropriate strategy in the future. Poor farmers are not able to employ superior genotypes because they require considerable financial investment and farmers survive not due to high yield in good seasons, but due to enduring extreme ones. Breeding process may create genotypes in favorable seasons when genetic variance is maximal and environmental influence is minimal, which should be followed by breeding for different environments. The aim of such breeding are, most probably, genotypes intended for a specific set of conditions which, in fact, represents a convergence of two strategies of plant breeding. One should probably bear in mind the strategy of both yield improvement and survival of farmers in extreme conditions without decreasing yield of best genotypes, especially those adapted only to favorable conditions. Solution to this problem should be: financial (best possible loans), social (education), and technological (breeding improved genotypes and advanced agricultural production).

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Arias, Mario Lobo, and Clara Inés Medina Cano. "Conservación de recursos genéticos de la agrobiodiversidad como apoyo al desarrollo de sistemas de producción sostenibles." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 10, no. 1 (June 28, 2009): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol10_num1_art:126.

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<p>El crecimiento poblacional y los cambios en el entorno requieren de la disponibilidad de diversidad genética para el desarrollo de sistemas de producción sostenibles, eficientes y competitivos. Esto implica colectar, conservar y conocer los atributos de las poblaciones en mantenimiento de especies de valor actual y taxones relacionados, al igual que entidades biológicas con potencial de desarrollo, lo cual cobra importancia dada la creciente erosión genética. Esto plantea la necesidad de estrategias complementarias de conservación ex situ e in situ, dando prioridad a la variabilidad genética a ser incluida en el proceso, debido a los costos de mantenimiento, y considerar factores no sólo económicos sino también sociales, así como los limitantes actuales para acceder a la diversidad internacional. Este artículo presenta una revisión sobre la importancia de la conservación de los recursos genéticos vegetales, animales y de microorganismos de la agrobiodiversidad, e incluye una discusión y algunos aspectos requeridos para la priorización de taxones y tipo de materiales que se deben incluir en el proceso. Para ello, se parte de la premisa de que la conservación de la diversidad genética sirve para la realización de procesos de valor agregado y de utilización posterior. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Agrobiodiversity genetic resources conservation for the development of sustainable production systems</strong> </p><p>Human population growth and environmental changes require the availability of genetic diversity for the development of sustainable, efficient and competitive production systems. This means collection, conservation and characterization of the attributes present in the genetic resources of current important taxa and wild related, and promising species with development potential, which is magnified for a current genetic erosion. It requires complementary ex situ and in situ conservation strategies as well as prioritization of the diversity to be included in the process, due to the conservation costs, considering not only economic values, but also social aspects and the access limitations to genetic resources at international level. The current paper includes a revision related to the importance of the conservation of the plant, animal and microorganisms genetic resources, concerned to agrobiodiversity, with some discussion related to this topic, as well as aspects to be considered for the priorities of species and type of materials to be conserved. For such purpose, the premise is that such diversity, after added-value processes, could be used for the development of sustainable agricultural production systems. </p>

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Lantukh, A. P., N. F. Merkulova, G. O. Solomennyk, and O. I. Mohylenets. "Dialectics of medical and society interaction: development prospects." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.3.33.

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The article reveals that on the basis of modern interaction of medicine and society, the nature of human’s disease is increasingly determined by social causes, so the Hippocratic model has already been worked out and the transition to a self-regulatory and preventive model becomes relevant. However, modern society more and more requires genetic engineering. It is interested in genomic analysis, gene therapy, and hence the issue of genetic safety is becoming even more acute, especially in aspects of identifying the risk factors for genetic pathology and preparing recommendations for their prevention. Therefore, in the depths of self-regulatory and preventive model, predictive medicine emerges as a protection of human life that prevents the risk of disease and the transmission of diseases to subsequent generations. This encourages further transformation of medicine model, namely, the preventive. In comparison with preventive medicine, it has a larger volume, more filled with social content. Preventive medicine must prevent unwanted illnesses; respond instantly to all technical inventions that are directly related to the person, protection and preservation of his health. Therefore, precisely in preventive medicine some efforts of not only physicians can and should be merged, but also of other specialists: physicists, chemists, biologists, philosophers, theologians and other specialists.

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Peters, Hans Peter. "The committed are hard to persuade. Recipients' thoughts during exposure to newspaper and TV stories on genetic engineering and their effect on attitudes." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 3 (December 2000): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687608.

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