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1
McFarlin, Gavin L. "Sports television viewing and value acceptance." Scholarly Commons, 2005. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/611.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the ability to learn values while watching sports programming on television. Sports are seen as a huge influence in our lives and helping to spread that influence and bring the games right to our living rooms is television. A total of 360 surveys were collected from three universities, one in the West, one in the Midwest, and one in the South. What was found was there is a direct connection between the exposures to the values seen in sports to the evaluation of those values in our society, which led to individual acceptance of the values personally. It was found that almost half of the viewing by respondents of television was watching sports. By watching these events, respondents were able to see these values first-hand and then personally accept them into their own values.
2
Zeiss, Christopher Andrew. "Siting waste disposal facilities in host communities : impacts and acceptance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29223.
Full textAbstract:
The siting of municipal solid waste disposal facilities is often unsuccessful or delayed because of host community opposition. Physical, economic, social and political impacts of landfill and an incinerator site are identified, assessed and combined in a rational model to explain the cause of opposition.
Residents' beliefs about facility impacts correspond well with the assessed physical impacts at the landfill in identifying odor, birds, traffic, water emissions and explosion risks as negative impacts and convenient disposal as a benefit. At the incinerator, common resident beliefs comprise odors, noise, traffic and air emissions as negative impacts and energy recovery as a benefit. Underlying these obvious physical impacts, however is a group of non-physical beliefs about the harm to community image, loss of control, unfairness, and property value losses in the host community. These non-physical impacts influence the attitude about the facility as strongly as the physical impacts.
Finally, exposure to obvious physical impacts is shown to negatively influence the beliefs about physical and non-physical (economic, social and political) impacts. Thus, by screening the host community from obvious physical impacts (nuisances), the beliefs about community image, control, fairness and property values can be enhanced.
Since negative attitude and opposition action are strongest prior to facility construction, the siting efforts need to be focused on this period. After construction, the host community adapts to the new situation.
The facility impacts are combined into a model to define a criterion for acceptance. The net value of facility impacts and benefits must reach or exceed in value the narrow tolerance range at the original host community reference point to avoid significant host community opposition. Impact reduction rather than compensation is theoretically shown to be the more effective approach to fulfilling the acceptance criterion. This approach is empirically tested at typical waste facility sites.
Despite higher costs for prevention and emission control methods to reduce physical and non-physical impacts, these methods are shown to be superior to mitigation and compensation in gaining community acceptance.
Based on the conclusions, the policy statement on waste facility sitings recommends first, defining entitlements and rules for the siting process, establishing increasing waste reduction and separation in a waste management plan, and using participative community planning as long-term, preventive facility siting measures. Short term siting measures comprise, the negotiation of siting agreements, the use of best available technical emission controls and continued monitoring by an overview committee. The focused use of prevention and control measures to address host community concerns can substantially enhance community acceptance of municipal solid waste facilities.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
3
Kaye, Fern V. (Fern Victoria). "Status Determinants for Professional Sports and Professional Athletes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279295/.
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The purposes of the investigation were to determine if status of professional sports and professional athletes increases as male participation increases, if perceived status of 'athlete' increases with participation in sports that contain 'male' attributes, and if gender differences are related to status indicators. Sixty-eight students were administered a status-determinants questionnaire. A one-way ANOVA (gender) and a 2 x 12 ANOVA (gender x sport) were employed to determine status ratings of sports. A 3 x 2 (increase/decrease/no change x gender) Chi square was employed to determine status of sports, perceived masculinity of males/femininity of females, and status of the athlete related to gender attributes of sports.
4
Gibbs, Chris. "Twitter's impact on sports media relations." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/18588.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction of Social Media (SM) into sports communications in professional leagues is disrupting the traditional methods of sports media relations. In the past, teams used websites to post information for fans, but it was strictly a one-way format of communication whereby a story was posted for fans to read. To fully engage with this new communication channel, the sports communications departments in professional leagues have begun to use SM to communicate directly with fans through platforms like Twitter and Facebook. Currently, SM like Twitter allows the team communication departments to communicate directly with fans in an interactive two-way format that is not mediated by a reporter or someone from a traditional media outlet. In addition, the open format of SM means that media relations staff are no longer the only intermediary between the media and the players; through the use of SM like Twitter, a professional athlete can now communicate directly to fans without gatekeepers like the media or the sports communications department of the team. This thesis will explore how SM has changed media relations from several different perspectives. The first perspective is related to the risks that are associated with the use of SM by professional athletes: without an intermediary or a filter for athlete-fan communication, many athletes have caused irreparable damage to their reputation and the reputation of their team. The second perspective is related to the benefits for teams that use SM as a platform to connect with fans: the ability to connect with fans using SM is new to sports communications and represents an interactive one-to-one and one-to-many mode of communication through which the fan can directly communicate with the team. Finally, this research will look at how Twitter has changed media relations in sports from the perspective of the lived experiences of people who work in sports media. To explore the risks associated with athletes’ use of social media, this research used Situational Crisis Communication Theory as a theoretical framework to explore reputation-damaging incidents that occurred through social media. The study reviewed national media stories reported in North America from 2009 to 2010 that were perceived to have negative impact on athletes’ reputation. In total, 17 incidents were reviewed — seven incidents in particular demonstrated the athlete as the source of the SM crisis. Through the review and categorization of these 17 situations, the study was able to identify four broad categories of situations that a sports communication manager needs to be prepared for. The four categories identified were “Rookie Reporter”, “Team Insider”, “Opportunist”, and “Imposter”. Each of these categories are invaluable for team communication managers to recognize in order to address the risks associated with social media. To explore the benefits associated with the communications department’s use of social media, this research used Uses and Gratification theory as a theoretical framework to explore how and why fans followed team Twitter accounts. This study was conducted in partnership with the Canadian Football League (CFL) and a total of 526 people responded to an online survey that was tweeted out to them for their feedback. The results of the survey indicated several significant findings — in particular, the phenomenon of converged sports fan consumption was identified, which has not been previously acknowledged in academic research. The phenomenon of converged sports fan refers to the multi-screen environment whereby a sports fan decides where, when, and how they want to consume sporting content. This research identified that in-game consumption of SM while watching television and the mobile consumption of SM are both dominant ways for fans to interact with their teams. This multi-modal format of connecting with the team supports the idea of Henry Jenkins’s Black Box Fallacy (2006, p. 13): as teams move forward in developing communications platforms to reach their fans, they will need to recognize that all channels can and do work together. In order to further understand how Twitter has changed sports media relations, the study used long semi-structured interviews with a phenomenological research design to understand how Twitter has impacted sports media relations. The phenomenological analysis of the informant interviews suggested that Twitter is the source of three themes of change: general media relations, mechanical job functions, and other changes specific to sports media relations. The significance of Twitter’s impact on sports media relations cannot be understated. With the ubiquitous use of SM like Twitter, it is important to understand how sports media relations can use SM to manage the image of their respective teams and athletes. After looking at SM and sports from three different perspectives, the pivotal finding was the role that Twitter and mobile communications play in ‘flattening’ sports media relations. Similar to how Friedman (2006) argued that the convergence of the personal computer drove globalization, Twitter and the increased adoption of mobile communications have flattened the role of sports media relations. This research will explain how the flattening of sports media relations happened and what the implications might be for sports media professionals.
5
Schroeder, Monica Denney. "Women's sports coverage and female sportswriters : a content analysis of the sports sections of six Indiana newspapers." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917020.
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The impact of a female sportswriter's presence on a newspaper staff was examined by content analysis, studying photo and copy space devoted to both male and female sports coverage. Composite weeks, one each from each quarter of the year following the woman's date of hire were selected from the only four newspapers in the state of Indiana hiring female sportswriters. Compared to similar Indiana newspapers without female sportswriters, those with female staffers were found to devote more copy and photo space to women's coverage in the entire sports section, and on the sports section front page, papers with female sportswriters used more photos of women and devoted more total space (photos and copy) to women's sports coverage. The effect was consistent regardless of the newspaper's market size.Department of Journalism
6
Badenhorst, Cécile Marie. "The geography of sport as a cultural process : a case study of lacrosse." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28575.
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Over the past two decades, the geography of sport has become a rapidly expanding body of literature. Although a potentially dynamic field of research, there are at present several theoretical weaknesses. First, enquiry has focused on diffusion patterns to the exclusion of the processes that create these patterns. Second, sports scholars in the discipline tend to participate in an isolated discourse with few connections to the broader scope of geography or with the expansive non-geographical sports literature.
One key focus of debate outside the discipline centres on the role of the city in the modernisation of sporting activities. 'Modernisation' theory is valuable for
establishing the intricate links between sport, as a process, and the social fabric. Despite this advantage, critics have argued that these links are analytically weak and the relationship between cities and sport should be more broadly theorised. In an attempt to provide a broader theoretical basis for analyzing sport as a cultural process, as well as a means of overcoming the failings of modernisation theory, Raymond Williams' 'cultural materialism' is examined. Williams Identifies three cultural elements in society, which constantly interact through the process of hegemonic control: the dominant, residual and emergent cultures. The case-study of lacrosse, examined through the lens of 'cultural materialism', illustrates the interaction between these three elements of culture. Among the residual North American Native cultures, lacrosse was one of the most widespread of outdoor games. Shrouded in religious symbolism and ritual, lacrosse was closely tied to economic provision and group protection. Escalating contact with European culture and the Imposition of foreign values and ideas resulted in the modification and eventual transformation of lacrosse. Increasingly, the ritual assumed a purely recreational function. During the early nineteenth century, Europeans began organising lacrosse as a 'modern' sport. The early clubs remained socially- exclusive and membership was strictly reserved for the social elite. Submerged in a legacy of British values, this dominant cultural element also left an Impression on the sport.
As the dominant British cultural Influence waned, an emerging Canadian culture became a decisive factor in the history of lacrosse. Further modifications to the game were made as spectators and gate-receipts became increasingly important. Changing values and attitudes led lacrosse on a path towards professionalism. Despite the widespread acceptance of 'play for gain', the dominant amateur ideal prevailed. Lacrosse remained nationally amateur and
suffered a serious decline after the first few decades of the twentieth century. The Interplay between the dominant British, the residual Native and emerging Canadian cultures, presents a view of the struggle for hegemony over control of a cultural process. This study's primary conclusion is that Williams' theory of 'cultural materialism' is a powerful interpretive framework for the geography of sport. It overcomes the theoretical weaknesses of geographical sports research as well as addressing the problems of the modernisation theory. In addition, 'cultural materialism' provides an invaluable interpretation of the concept of hegemony. Williams' theory places sport firmly in the context of particular social, economic and cultural heritages. It leads geographers away from a narrow concern with pattern to a fuller exploration of process.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
7
Pollastro, Brittany. "NCAA injured student athletes' perception of social support." Scholarly Commons, 2013. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/855.
Full textAbstract:
Social support has a great impact on injured NCAA athletes' complete psychological and physical recovery. When individuals, such as the coach, athletic trainer, teammates, and family, incorporate social support in the recovery process the injured athlete's attitude and belief system is positively influenced. The coach and athletic trainer have been specifically researched and proven to be influential in certain types of social support, but the family has not been significantly studied in the past.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the six different types of social support given by the family in comparison to the social support given by the head coach, athletic trainer, and teammates to the injured NCAA Dl athlete regarding the athlete's satisfaction level of each type of support provided, as well as how each support contributed to the athlete's recovery. An additional purpose is to examine the quality of the six different types of social support given by the family.
This study was carried out by a quantitative survey (Modified Form of the Social Support Survey) in which NCAA athletes from a private, Dl institution who met specific criteria were the subjects. The results were analyzed through inferential statistics using multiple one-way ANOV As. The results showed according to the athlete, the family and athletic trainer provided the highest levels of all six types of social support compared to the coach and teammates. The coach was the least influential in the social support network according to the athlete. In conclusion, the family provides an integral role within all types of social support. The family should be included in the rehabilitation process of the athlete for a healthy psychological and physical recovery of the injured NCAA athlete.
8
Wright, Shernel A. "Accessibility of recreational sports for students with disablilities at the University of the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2759_1257328493.
Full textAbstract:
Participation in recreational sports can play a vital role in enhancing a student's life. Recreational sports are esepecially beneficial for students with disabilities as it aids in the facilitation of integration into mainstream society. The University of the Western Cape offers a range of recreational sports to their students but the question posed is, are these recreational sports accessible to students who are physically, auditory and/or visually disabled? The aim of this research project was therefore to explore the extent to which the University of the Western Cape's recreational sport was accessible to male and female studnets with disabilities.
9
Collard, Luc. "Risques sportifs, prises de risques et science de l'action motrice : aspects sociologiques." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H008.
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Les risques sportifs peuvent servir d'indicateur des risques tels qu'ils sont consentis par leur société d'accueil. Aujourd'hui, la majorité des sports ne présente plus que des enjeux compétitifs. Dans les règles, il est interdit de porter atteinte à l'intégrité corporelle. Dans les faits, les écueils physiques sont mineurs. Ces pratiques, consacrées dans les duels d'équipes ou de personnes, traduisent une <> des conduites interpersonnelles. Leur risque se réduit à l'incertitude du résultat. Et son étude relève plus de la théorie des jeux que de la traumatologie. A cette campagne générale "d'aseptisation" de la motricité répliquent des jeux sportifs sans enjeu compétitif, mais avec enjeux corporels. Bien que restes jusqu'ici minoritaires, ils bénéficient depuis les quinze dernières années d'un engouement significatif. Il s'agit de quasi-jeux de pleine nature, pratiques seul ou avec partenaire(s) et utilisant des technologies d'avant-garde pour la locomotion. Leur forte dangerosité tolérée est sans doute le signe d'une accoutumance moderne aux dysfonctionnements de l'interface "homme/machine". Les joueurs qui s'y adonnent rejettent pourtant le trait "risque" au dernier rang de leurs motivations. Preuve que les façons de s'exposer à des risques ne sont pas réductibles a des pulsions organiques ou à des tendances psychologiques. Ils sont d'abord le produit d'un <> que les acteurs peuvent subir "à leur corps défendant"The risks of sports may be used as an indicator of the risks such as their society consents to them. Today, most of the sports present no more than competitive stakes. According to the rules, it is forbidden to inflict corporeal injuries. In actual fact, physical injuries are minor. These practices used in teams or individuals duels show a <> of the interpersonnal behaviours. Their risk is reduced to the incertainty of the result. And its study is more in the field of the theory of games than of traumatology. Facing this general campaign of diminution of motricity violence appearsports with no competitive but corporeal stakes. Although they have remained a minority up to present, they have benefied during the last fifteen years of an important increase. They are, in fact, "quasi-games" in the open spaces that are practised alone or with one or several partners using technologies of the future concerning the locomotion. Their high level of risk which is tolerated, is certainly the sign of a modern habit with the disfunctions of the interface "human/machine". The players who take on the quasi-games, however, put the risk factor in last position of their motivations. Proof that the ways to expose oneself to risks are not reductible to organic instincts or to psychological tendencies. They are firstly the result of a <> that the players can endure "in self-defence"
10
Thompson, Glyde Edward. "Sport-specific psychological skills : a comparison between professional and social basketball players in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51919.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the present study the psychological skills of professional and social basketball players were compared. A literature review has highlighted the need for domain specific and sport specific psychological skills research, from countries outside the United States of America. The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) was administered to professional (n=60) and social (n=67) basketball players. The ACSI-28 is a multidimensional scale that measures seven specific psychological skills and also yields a global psychological skills score. The results showed that professional basketball players rated their global psychological skills significantly higher than social basketball players. The results also showed that the professional basketball players scored significantly higher on five of the seven specific psychological skills namely: coping with adversity, peaking under pressure, goal setting, concentration and self-confidence. Cross-cultural differences were found between South African and Greek basketball players. The assumption that psychological skills is domain specific was not verified as baseball and basketball players from different countries showed remarkably similar ACSI-28 profiles. The results can be used to develop a psychological skills training programme which is relevant for elite and pre-elite basketball players in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sielkundige vaardighede van professionele- en sosiale basketbalspelers is in die huidige studie onderling vergelyk. 'n Literatuurstudie het die behoefte aan domeinspesifieke, sowel as sport-spesifieke sielkundige-vaardigheidsnavorsing beklemtoom, veral vir lande buite die Verenigde State van Amerika. Die Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) is toegepas op professionele (n=60) en sosiale (n=67) basketbalspelers. Die ACSI-28 is 'n multidimensionele skaal wat sewe spesifiek sielkundige vaardighede meet. Hierdie vaardighede kan gekombineer word om 'n globale sielkundige vaardigheidstelling te kry. Volgens die resultate het die professionele basketbalspelers hul globale sielkundige vaardighede beduidend hoër as sosiale basketbalspelers geëvalueer. Die professionele basketbalspelers het hoër tellings as sosiale basketbalspelers behaal op vyf van die sewe spesifiek sielkundige vaardighede naamlik: hantering van terugslae, prestasie onder druk, doelwitstelling, konsentrasie vermoë en self vertroue. Kruis-kulturele verskille is gevind tussen Suid-Afrikaanse en Griekse basketbalspelers. Die aanname, dat sielkundige vaardighede domein-spesifiek is, is nie ondersteun nie, aangesien bofbal en basketbalspelers van verskillende lande ooreenstemmende ACSI-28 profiele getoon het. Die resultate kan aangewend word om 'n sielkundige vaardigheidsopleidingsprogram te ontwikkel wat relevant vir elite and preelite basketbalspelers in Suid Afrika is.
11
Collinson, Jacquelyn Allen. "Occupational and sporting identities : knowledge, practices and performance." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2004. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/occupational-and-sporting-identities(bf469f5b-3f51-4da6-adfa-f851b65ee1fe).html.
Full textAbstract:
The work which is submitted for the degree of PhD by publication comprises eleven papers published in peer-reviewed journals: six sole-authored papers and five jointauthored. The publications span the years 1995 to the present, and the qualitative research projects from which the data and publications are derived were undertaken over a period of approximately ten years, commencing in 1994/95. The publications are included in full and are examined, both individually and within a more general context, in an overview. The overarching focus of the research coheres around the construction and maintenance of occupational and leisure identities, and more specifically in the case of the latter, on sporting identities. All the research projects from which the publications derive were qualitative in nature, apart from the earliest work on doctoral students in the social sciences, which was based predominantly on documentary analysis of the relevant literature. Whilst the unifying theme of the research and the PhD submission might be termed 'identity work', three principal strands can be delineated and these are described in some detail in the overview: 1) Occupational identities: contract researchers in the social sciences; 2) Occupational identities: doctoral research students; 3) Sporting identities: distance runners.
12
Méry, Stéphane. "Sociomotricité et sports de franchissement de filet : approche comparative et aspects sociaux." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H055.
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La courte paume, tennis, le tennis de table, le badminton et le volley : un projectile doit franchir un filet. Leur histoire est commune mais leur destinée est variée. Leur règle, leur recrutement social et la manifestation d'émotions du joueur au cours de la partie sont autant de divergences qui intéressent les sciences humaines. Nous analysons les comportements et les conduites sociomotrices du joueur dans le champ des sciences sociales que sont la sociologie et l'éthologie. Nous utilisons les concepts de la praxéologie motrice que développe Pierre Parlebas. Nous comparons les universaux et notamment les rapports des joueurs avec l'espace, le temps, autrui et les objets. L'analyse minutieuse des matches montre le diversité des comportements suivant diverses situations. En conclusion le sport est un média de communication porteur d'affectivité. Les modifications de la logique interne de ces sports sont dues aux attentes des pratiquants et des spectateurs. Les pratiques sportives interagissent avec la société, elles en sont le refletThe courte paume, tennis, tennis table, badminton and volley : a projectile is thrown above a net. Rules, social distribution and emotional reactions of players during games appear to be very different from one sport to another which makes things very interesting from a human science perspective. Then, using psychology and etiology methods, each sport is studied in details. Relationships between players and space, time, others or objects are then compared. Spatial and gestural transformations are also examined. A detailed analysis of games shows a large diversity of behaviour related to the different situations. Finally, a prospective analysis is performed studying the evolution of these different sports with a particular emphasis in tennis which is perceived as the lead sport. In conclusion, sport is a communication media full of emotion. The modifications of these different sports are due to the expectations of players and spectators. Sports do not evolve independently but with the changes in society
13
Pollastro, Brittany. "NCAA injured student athletes' perception of social support : a thesis." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/855.
Full textAbstract:
Social support has a great impact on injured NCAA athletes' complete psychological and physical recovery. When individuals, such as the coach, athletic trainer, teammates, and family, incorporate social support in the recovery process the injured athlete's attitude and belief system is positively influenced. The coach and athletic trainer have been specifically researched and proven to be influential in certain types of social support, but the family has not been significantly studied in the past.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the six different types of social support given by the family in comparison to the social support given by the head coach, athletic trainer, and teammates to the injured NCAA Dl athlete regarding the athlete's satisfaction level of each type of support provided, as well as how each support contributed to the athlete's recovery. An additional purpose is to examine the quality of the six different types of social support given by the family.
This study was carried out by a quantitative survey (Modified Form of the Social Support Survey) in which NCAA athletes from a private, Dl institution who met specific criteria were the subjects. The results were analyzed through inferential statistics using multiple one-way ANOV As. The results showed according to the athlete, the family and athletic trainer provided the highest levels of all six types of social support compared to the coach and teammates. The coach was the least influential in the social support network according to the athlete. In conclusion, the family provides an integral role within all types of social support. The family should be included in the rehabilitation process of the athlete for a healthy psychological and physical recovery of the injured NCAA athlete.
14
Benjamin, Heinrich Neil. "Perceptions of community leaders of the role sports participation in dealing with psychosocial problems amongst adolescent in a rual area." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3067_1298628551.
Full textAbstract:
Participation in recreational and formal sports can play a vital role in enhancing adolescents&rsquo
wellbeing. Research indicates that involvement in different forms of recreation and physical activities offer beneficial effects on the physical and mental health status of individuals. Sports participation has also been associated with lowered obesity, multiple risk behaviours, smoking and substance abuse. In South Africa rural and urban areas are increasingly affected by violence and a range of psychosocial problems such as youth crime, substance abuse and alcohol abuse. The aim of this research project was to explore the perceptions of community leaders of the role of sports participation in dealing with psychosocial problems amongst adolescents in a rural area. A qualitative approach was adopted to explore the perceptions of community leaders. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants according to the criteria set by researcher. The data was collected through the process of 10 indepth, semi-structured interviews with Afrikaans speaking community leaders, male and female from the two rural towns in the Cederberg region namely, Lamberts Bay and Clanwilliam. The semi-structured interview schedule consisted of five open-ended questions. A thematic content analysis was used to interpret the information. The study revealed that community leaders perceived sports participation as a protective factor against psychosocial problems within the community. They discussed sports benefits under three broad themes namely, health benefits, societal benefits and emotional benefits. The study further revealed poor financial resources, transport and poor facilities to be the major constraints for sports participation in their area. Future studies which explore the role of sports participation should include more information from a female&rsquo
s perspective, to enrich and understand the benefits of sports participation amongst females in the community.
15
Sheridan, Daragh Martin. "The role of social support in youth sport." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25213.
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This thesis aimed to extend knowledge concerning the role of social support in youth sport. A literature review was conducted to identify the current status of knowledge in the area through a systematic review of studies applicable to social support in youth sport. The findings provided up-to-date knowledge in the study area and informed a two-part intervention-based study designed to determine the feasibility of whether an intervention has the potential to be run again in a controlled trial. The first (quantitative) part of the study aimed to determine the effect of the intervention on participants and to address theoretically important considerations relating to the specific role of perceived and received support in a youth sport context. Results demonstrated that changes in pre and post intervention values (i.e. intentions to drop out, social identity, received support, encountered, basic needs satisfaction) were non significant except for perceived support. The findings relating to a change in perceived support demonstrated that higher perceived available support was significantly associated with lower levels of intentions to drop out at the end of the study. Furthermore, social identity emerged as a significant mediating factor in explaining the association between changes in perceived support and intentions to drop out. The first part of the study also examined the stress buffering effect of received support. Findings demonstrated that stress encountered had a significant main effect on intentions to drop out. Moreover, received support was shown to exert a significant but small buffering effect on the relationship between stress encountered on intentions to drop out. The purpose of the second (qualitative) part of the study was to examine whether the intervention needed to be refined or adapted to make it more acceptable to users or more relevant to the specific context in which it was delivered. The findings revealed a range of key factors relating to perceived (e.g., access to games, games format) and received support (e.g., peer to peer support, increased confidence to participate, stress encountered, stress removed). The results of the pre and post analyses combined with the qualitative findings in the study suggest that the social support intervention has the potential to be tested in a controlled trial. The discussion focuses on the current status of the research area, limitations, suggested practical implications and future research directions. The findings highlight the importance of developing perceived support and social identity in youth sport and received support in buffering stressors typically associated with youth sport drop out.
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Omar, Muhammed Saadig. "Stimulating vitality : facilities for the promotion of healthy living in Olievenhoutbosch." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31478.
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This dissertation aims to promote healthy living for people residing in a disadvantaged area. Physical activity, social interaction a connection with nature are key aspects in this project. The proposed facility would thus include amenities for recreation and health services to assist in achieving this goal. The architecture will be used to stimulate the senses and thus bring into consciousness the presence of the human body in its interaction with the surroundings. The motivation for the project is the fact that many of the health problems experienced by the population of the country are caused by obesity. A lack of physical activity and poor eating habits has resulted in obesity and its associated illnesses being quite common in all communities around the world. Another reason for the project is the accelerated damages that are occurring to the natural environment. People have become unaware of the importance of natural environment and this ignorance has lead to polluting and general mistreatment becoming common place. The proposed site is in the township of Olievenhoutbosch, south of Tshwane. The township lacks many public facilities so the proposed design should also consider the intervention being more than just a health and recreation centre, but one that serves as a hub for the people of the community.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Architecture
Unrestricted
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Smith, Shelley Elizabeth. "How Does Sport Team Identification Compare to Identification with Other Social Institutions?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/122.
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As social beings, people naturally form identifications with various social groups within their environment. Individuals gain benefits by forming identifications with groups, such as increased self-esteem and psychological support. Past research has examined the identification people form with various social groups, but no research has examined with which of these social groups people form the strongest identification. This study examines the strength of identification with various social groups within one’s life. It is predicted that individuals will indicate a stronger identification with a sport team than with any other social group. Secondly, it is predicted that identification with a sport team will provide better psychological benefits than identification with another social group. The analysis of 226 participants’ responses indicated that individuals form a stronger identification with a sport team than with a religious group, a school activity, or with a form of community involvement. A similar level of identification was found between identification with a sport team and a social activity as well as one’s occupation. The study’s results also indicated that identification with a sport team contributed slightly more to one’s social psychological health than identification with another form of social group.
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Videll, Albin. "Bristen på ytor för organiserad idrott i Stockholms stad : En studie i vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som finns för att etablera nya idrottsytor i en stads planeringsarbete." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278553.
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Från många håll inom idrottsrörelsen hörs röster om att det råder en brist på idrottsytor i Sverige, allra främst i Stockholm. Denna studie har fokuserat på varför behovet av nya idrottsytor är så stort i Stockholm och vilka de största utmaningarna är för att planera för dessa. Både idrottsrörelsen och Stockholms stad är relativt eniga om att behovet är stort, framförallt i jämförelse med städer som Göteborg och Malmö. Tidigare forskning och litteratur har utgjort en grund för förståelsen av hur situationen utvecklats och ser ut idag. För studien har Stockholms stad och idrottsrörelsen givit sina perspektiv på vilka utmaningar som finns och hur de bör hanteras. Utifrån intervjuer har sex stycken huvudsakliga utmaningar kunnat identifieras, bestående av ekonomiska hinder, markbrist, otillräcklig samverkan, ej tillämplig lagstiftning, synen på idrott som olägenhet och ojämlika villkor. Med hjälp av ekonomiska teorier och teorier om maktutövning har utmaningarna analyserats och diskuterats med ambitionen att hitta lösningar. Detta har utmynnat i slutsatser om att det måste till nya modeller för finansiering, innovativa lösningar och effektivisering av idrottsytor, en utvecklad samverkan, en större förståelse för idrottens nyttovärde och möjligen ny lagstiftning.Within the swedish society of sports, voices are being raised that there is a general lack of sports facilities in Sweden, especially in the city of Stockholm. This report focuses on why there is such a need for sports facilities in Stockholm and what the actual challenges consist of in terms of municipal planning. A comparison of cities in Sweden tells that Stockholm is far behind Gothenburg and Malmö when it comes to the offering of sports facilities. Previous research and literature have formed the basis for understanding how the situation has developed and how it appears today. Interviews have been conducted with planners from the municipality of Stockholm and as well as certain sport federations in order to get their perspectives on the challenges that exist and how they should be taken care of. Based on these interviews, six main challenges have been identified, consisting of financial obstacles, lack of land, insufficient collaboration, legal barriers, unequal conditions and the view of sport as disturbing. By using theories of economy and power, the identified challenges have been analyzed and discussed with the ambition to present various solutions. This has resulted in conclusions that include new models for financing, innovative solutions and efficient use of sports facilities, a developed collaboration, a greater understanding of the value of physical activity and possibly new legislation.
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Tench, Elizabeth. "The nature of social cognition in high-performance adolescent team athletes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0006/NQ38987.pdf.
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Miller, Marleen L. "The lived experience of pet visitation among residents of long term care facilities." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020155.
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Moving into an institutional environment may cause feelings of anxiety, depression, grief or loss in the increasing number of elderly residents in long term care facilities. The lived experience of pet visitation was explored as a possible remedy. This study is significant because findings provide information about intervention strategies to assist residents in comfort and adjustment.Five themes, identified in ten interviews of residents in three midwest long term care facilities, illustrated that pet interaction: (a) contributed a sense of responsibility, environmental control, (b) afforded unconditional caring, companionship, (c) provided a connection with family and home. (d) furnished a sense of identity in the facility community, and (e) provided a sense of being protected within the facility. Evidence supports that pet visitation is a beneficial experience to the residents in long term care facilities. Study results are available for facility administrators as encouragement and justification to establish pet visitation programs.School of Nursing
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Clippert, Courtney A. "Potential Factors That Influence Team Identification: A Desire to be Similar or Different?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/148.
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The purpose of the current study is to determine whether eliciting the need for assimilation or the need for differentiation influences individuals’ identification with a given team. Team identification is defined as a fan’s psychological connection to a team; that is, the extent to which the fan views the team as an extension of him or herself (Wann, Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001). It is important to understand potential factors that may motivate and potentially increase one’s identification with a particular team.
The sample consisted of 106 participants attending Western Kentucky University. The participants completed the Sport Fandom Questionnaire (SFQ) and the Need for Affiliation (nAff) scale. Participants were presented with one of three randomly assigned scenarios, and were asked to transcribe two memories, dependent upon the previously assigned scenario. Following this, the gambling scenario was described. Participants rated how identified they were with both the underdog and favored team, regardless of their choice. It was hypothesized that those who are primed to experience the feelings of assimilation will wager more money on and be more highly identified with a team that is a prohibitive favorite. Also, it was hypothesized that those who are primed to experience the feelings of differentiation will wager more money on and be more highly identified with a team that is a large underdog.
Results indicated that the hypotheses were not supported; however, significance was approached, as participants who were primed for feelings of differentiation tended to choose the underdog football team. Regardless of condition, participants tended to wager more money on the favorite football team, as opposed to the underdog football team.
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Mxunyelwa, Siyabonga. "The socio-cultural impacts of sport events tourism on selected local communities in East London, with specific reference to the Spec-Savers Ironman South Africa Triathlon." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2120.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Events Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.In recent years, events have shown rapid growth as types of attraction within destinations, with such events creating a favourable image of a host destination, expanding the traditional tourist season, spreading tourist demand more evenly through an area and attracting foreign and domestic visitors (Keyser, 2002:18). As such, events are starting to become an established element and major part of tourism growth and marketing strategies. East London (in the Eastern Cape, South Africa) has hosted a number of successful events (Buffalo City Tourism, 2010) however no known social impact studies related to the community of East London are known to have been conducted. The purpose of this study was to address this gap and to evaluate the social impacts of events tourism on the East London community. The overall research question in this study was, What are the socio-cultural impacts of events tourism on East London? This was a quantitative study that utilised a survey to collect the data. The sampling frame was the community at the Spec-Savers Ironman South Africa Triathlon 2010 held in East London. Potential participants were included in the sample through utilising a random sampling method. The research instrument consisted of four sections, namely demographic profiling (age, gender, race, marital status, education and income), overall event impact perceptions, reasons for spectator participation, and the social impact perceptions of the respondents. The event attendees were interviewed. No incentive was offered for participation, and participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.
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Molapo, Rachidi Richard. "Sports, festivals and popular politics : aspects of the social and popular culture in Langa township, 1945-70." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15984.
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Bibliography: pages 233-237.The rapid industrialization which transformed South African Society after the discovery of minerals, had a profound impact on the lives of most South Africans. The process of urbanization escalated during and after the Second World War because of better wages and job opportunities in the urban areas. South African urbanization was characterized by the brutal manner in which the state dealt with the Black people. The White middle and working classes' fear of being engulfed by this Black tide led to the multi-pronged strategies which were devised to contain and co-opt the Africans, hence the creation of townships like Langa. This study looks at how the journey from the rural areas to the cities became part of the 'making of Black working class'. Material conditions in the cities were characterized by social squalor and overcrowding. Ghetto-like conditions created ethnic identities and working class culture, consciousness and community struggles came to reflect capitalist domination in the twentieth century township of Langa. Many residents in the township indulged in leisure pursuits such as dance and music which had their origins in the rural areas and this indicated an important cultural resource which they adhered to so as to cope with the alienating and corrosive compound and hostel life. Some of the residents found pleasure in leisure pursuits whose roots and ethos could be traced to the Victorian period such as cricket, soccer and rugby. All these leisure pursuits however, came largely to be influenced by the realities of township life and the general national and economic exploitation. The working class in Langa was not a homogeneous block as there were intense struggles between the migrants and immigrants over township space and resources. Therefore festivals and sporting activities played an important part in the cultural history of Langa township's effort to create "communities". The last part of the study looked at how the conditions in the city led to the realization by the dominated classes that the solution towards the alleviation of the conditions that they were confronted with was through the formation of structures which aimed at overthrowing institutions of oppression, such as the pass laws.
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Crawford, Phillip M. "Culture and Consensus: The Use of Mathematical Models to Examine a Culture of Sports in the Portland Metropolitan Area." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4721.
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The question of what constitutes a culture has often been answered in one phrase: shared knowledge. Recent developments in both the theory and mathematics of examining this shared cultural knowledge allow researchers to produce mathematical models of informants' knowledge and perceptions of the culture they belong to. Many studies in cognitive anthropology have utilized these theoretical and mathematical tools: the present research sought to integrate a research design (based on the theory and mathematics mentioned above) with a relatively new cultural domain: the culture of sports. Three main question pertaining to cultural knowledge were addressed in this research: 1) Did an informant's behavioral embeddedness in sports correspond to their cognitive embeddedness? 2) Did informants' behavioral embeddedness (as a qroup) affect their perceptions of the sports culture they belonqed to? 3) Did informants' coqnitive embeddedness (as a qroup) affect their perceptions of the sports culture they belonged to? Behavioral embeddedness was measured using an instrument that contained 96 bioqraphical variables primarily designed to investigate an informant's participation in sports. Cognitive embeddedness was measured using an instrument based on consensus theory. Subjects' perceptions (called "world view" in this study) of sports were based on their judgements of similarities and differences among 10 sports. These judgements were evoked by triadic analysis. Both consensus theory and triadic analysis followed the framework laid out in Romney and Weller's systematic Data Analysis. Sixty-six informants completed a self-administered survey containing the three parts mentioned above. Because of the nature of the sample used, this study was treated as an ethnography. It was hypothesized that a) behavioral and cognitive embeddedness were correlated and, b) more culturally embedded individuals would have more "sophisticated" perceptions of sports culture. The first hypothesis was not supported: only weak correlations were found between cognitive embeddedness and variables measuring behavioral embeddedness. For the second hypothesis, the exact opposite was found: the more culturally embedded groups of informants had less "sophisticated" perceptions of the sports culture they belonged to.
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Festeu, Dorin. "Social learning programme through physical education lessons in Romania." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714447.
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Råman, J. (Joonas). "The multimodal and collaborative aspects of demonstrations in the teaching of budo sports." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526223124.
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Abstract This dissertation, and the three original articles on which it is based, explore the nature of teaching physical skills in the particular context of three budo sports: judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and aikido. In particular, this dissertation examines the way demonstrations of budo techniques are conducted in collaboration between the teachers, their partners and the students. Particular focus is on ‘whole class demonstrations’, situations where all the participants in the class are gathered in a shared participation framework, either to observe the demonstration or perform in it. This dissertation reveals how and by whom demonstrations are conducted by examining their depictive, supportive and annotative aspects. By using video recordings of naturally-occurring budo demonstrations and employing a multimodal conversation analytic method, the ‘demonstration’ is defined as a social event comprising of a physical depiction and context-establishing interactional aspects. The three original articles introduce and examine interactional phenomena directly related to the aforementioned three aspects. The first article explores the employment of communicative moves necessary to establish the physical, temporal and participatory space for the demonstration. The second article explores the way in which the teacher and the partner can facilitate easier observation of the technique through interactional parsing, the return-practice and phase-clarifying actions. The third article explores the interaction between the teacher and the partner, by illustrating the different modalities in which the partner can be guided through the demonstrationTiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja, sekä kolme alkuperäistä tutkimusartikkelia joihin se perustuu, tutkivat fyysisten taitojen opetusta kolmen budolajin, judon, Brasilialaisen jujutsun ja aikidon kontekstissa. Väitöskirja perehtyy multimodaalisiin ja kollaboratiivisiin tapoihin, joilla budo-opettajat, heidän partnerinsa, ja oppilaansa esittelevät budotekniikoita koko luokan kattavissa demonstraatiossa, eli tilanteissa, joissa jokainen osallistuja on osa yhteistä osallistujuuskehikkoa, joko tekniikka suorittamassa tai seuraamassa. Väitöskirja paljastaa kuinka, ja kenen toimesta demonstraatiot toteutetaan tarkastelemalla niiden esittäviä, tukevia, ja selvittäviä piirteitä. Väitöskirja hyödyntää multimodaalisen keskustelunanalyysin tutkimusmetodia ja määrittää ’demonstraation’ sosiaalisena tapahtumana, joka muodostuu kehollisesta näytöstä ja kontekstia-rakentavista vuorovaikutuksellista piirteistä. Väitöskirjan kolme alkuperäistä tutkimusartikkelia tarkastelevat yllämainittuihin kolmeen demonstraation piirteeseen liittyviä vuorovaikutuksen ilmiötä. Ensimmäinen artikkeli tarkastelee kommunikatiivisia siirtoja, joita hyödynnetään, kun luodaan demonstraatioiden vaatima fyysinen ja ajallinen tila sekä osallistumiskonfiguraatio. Toinen artikkeli tutkii opettajien ja heidän partnereidensa hyödyntämiä budotekniikan tarkkailua helpottavia vuorovaikutuksellisia ilmiötä: vuorovaikutuksellista jäsentämistä, paluu-käytännettä, sekä budotekniikan vaiheita selventäviä toimintoja. Kolmas artikkeli perehtyy erityisesti opettajan ja tämän partnerin väliseen vuorovaikutukseen paljastamalla eri modaliteetit, joilla partneria voidaan ohjata demonstraation aikana
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Sverduk, Kevin L. "The development of a conceptual model and definition of quality practice from the perspectives of expert coaches." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2337.
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An investigation of. quality practice in sport had the dual purposes of developing a conceptual model of quality practice arid proposing a definition of quality practice from the perspectives of expert coaches. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five expert coaches. The coaches were considered experts because they bad coached teams to World or National championships and worked with athletes who had attained recognizable excellence in their sports (All-American, Olympic Gold Medalist, or All-Pro). In addition the coaches represented individual team, male, and female sports.
Analysis of the interviews was conducted using the qualitative methodology known as "grounded theory" (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) . Analysis of the interviews identified 138 meaningful bits of information ("meaning units" Tesch, 1990) . Results recommended a quality practice model consisting of four general dimensions. eight categories and 16 properties. The four general dimensions of the quality practice model were; a. personal factors of athletes, b. coaching philosophy, c. components of practice, and d. effort of athletes. The quality practice model that emerged represented a more comprehensive understanding of quality practice than had previously existed.
The second purpose of the study was to propose a definition of "quality practice". The interviews with expert coaches suggested that quality practice as it pertained to sport was: "Quality practice is an effortful activity which is highly structured with specific goals and tasks aimed at thorough performance preparation. It is carried out with a total commitment of optimal intensity, energy, focus, awareness, enthusiasm and competitiveness. Results of the study suggested that "quality practice" existed in a conceptual and definable way.
Expert coaches when discussing quality practice recognized the personal factors of athletes, had distinct coaching philosophies, carefully planned the components of practice; and consistently monitored the effort of the athletes.
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Cash, Carol-Anne. "The use of Facebook and Twitter in sports public relations in the 2012 Olympics." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020640.
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The purpose of this study was to provide professionals practising sports public relations in South Africa with insight into the use of social media platforms Facebook and Twitter. The secondary data from this study was drawn from the fields of communications, public relations, new media, social media, sport and marketing. South African Paralympic swimmers Kevin Paul and Shireen Sapiro were selected as the case studies and their Facebook and Twitter sites were analysed. The data was analysed leading up to, during and after the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. Content analysis using quantitative and qualitative data was utilized to conduct this study. During the period 27 July to 30 September 2012, the study was able to evaluate data by identifying the reach, frequency, interaction of the stakeholders and the positive or negative impact social media had on these athletes. The study established that there were correlations between the secondary and primary research that was undertaken. The findings revealed that social media platforms Facebook and Twitter can be useful tools to communicate with stakeholders. Social media can also create support for the athletes, create two-way interaction, create unity and enhance reputation. It was identified that social media could only be effective if it enticed stakeholders to engage with the brand and create two-way communication. Immediate feedback by responding to comments as soon as possible to build and maintain relationships with stakeholders is essential. This can be done through comprehensive planning, monitoring and proactively seeking ways to satisfy stakeholder needs.
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Amini, Reza. "Health-related Quality of Life and Social Engagement in Assisted Living Facilities." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804930/.
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This research project aims to clarify the factors that impact successful aging in Assisted Living facilities (ALFs) in Denton County, Texas. We hypothesize that social disengagement decreases physical and mental components of quality of life. This exploratory research project employed standardized questionnaires to assess residents in the following domains; HRQOL, social engagement status, level of cognition, depression, and the level of functioning. This study collected data from 75 participants living in five ALFs. The average of Physical Component Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Scale (MCS) was 35.33, and 53.62 respectively. None of the participants had five or more social contacts out of facilities, and two-third of them had two or less social contacts. On average, those participants who were more socially engaged had higher score of MCS compared with disengaged counterparts. The level of physical function significantly affects social engagement, when people with more disabilities are more likely to be socially disengaged. Social engagement and depression significantly impact MCS, when depression is a mediating factor between social engagement and mental component of quality of life. Considering the expansion in aging population in the United States within the next three decades, the demand for high quality long-term care will skyrocket consequently. This study reveals that external social engagement can sustain HRQOL of residents in assisted living facilities.
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Brunette, Chantal. "A social network study to identify the user features required for an online sports community network site." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80644.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.The purpose of this study is to identify the user features for an online sports community network. Social networks sites are on a rapid increase. Designers of these sites need to consider what features are critical to optimally facilitate their users’ behaviour on these sites. This identification of features will seek to enhance the growth and development of a site’s social communities and allow for its ultimate success. This study focuses on establishing the social networking ecosystem by identifying the role of social networks in society, the user behaviour trends on social network sites and the key features required for a social network site. Furthermore, the study establishes the role of sports fans in society and digital trends for online sports fans visiting sports sites. This study met the research objectives from the findings gained from relevant literature and the employment of an empirical research study. The latter was carried out by means of an online questionnaire targeting an audience that qualified to be both social media lovers and online sports fans. The research disclosed fundamental findings with regards to the user behaviour and frequency of usage of both social network sites and sports sites. Specifically, it was determined that the technological behaviours in the social technographic profile for online users were aligned to those of the social technographic profile for social media lovers and online sports fans. Consequently, the key features of social network sites and most frequently-used features on sports sites could be used to identify the features required for an online sports community network. The main conclusion drawn from this research was a list of features required for a sports community network. These features were determined for the initial launch phase of a sports community network. Enhancement and development of new features would be required to facilitate the user requirements as the site grows. It is therefore important for the success of the sports community site that the owners or designers continuously review the user requirements and adapt, enhance and develop features as the site gains traction. This research study recommends that the list provided be used for the initial design and launch phase of an online sports community network. This list should be constantly evaluated from a usercentric perspective as the site grows.
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Solomon, Ghebremedhin Asihel. "Perceptions of constraints to recreational sports participation :a case study of the University of the Western Cape (UWC) undergraduate female students." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1342.
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Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES)The effects of attitudes and perceived constraints on behavior and the choices females make about involvement in recreational sports, exercise, and other physical recreation activities are important to consider if females physical, social, and emotional quality of life is to be enhanced. The main aim of this study was to explore the perception held by female undergraduate students at UWC regarding the physical and socio-cultural constraints that influence their participation in recreation sport.
South Africa
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Du, Plessis Gretchen Erika. "A critical ethnography of HIV-positive women attending public health care facilities in Gauteng." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/777.
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Women living with HIV have a variety of reproductive health and psychosocial needs. The purpose of this critical ethnographic study was to examine how HIV, empowerment and reproduction are experienced by a volunteer sample of HIVpositive women attending public health care facilities in Gauteng. Feminist and critical approaches were used to guide the methodology of the research and the interpretation of the findings. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation. An overview of literature pertaining to the social construction of HIV-AIDS, women’s empowerment and reproductive decision-making is presented. A discourse of “healthy lifestyle” as technologies of the self is considered. Women’s empowerment as an ideal is described and structural barriers to its achievement are discussed. Stigma and discrimination as products of hegemony are discussed as important issues in the disempowerment of women living with HIV. HIV-AIDS as illness experience is reviewed with reference to the social context and to the individual context. Reproductive decision-making models and theories are critically analysed for their applicability to women living with HIV. The need for a conceptual shift in the notion of empowerment in order to understand constrained decision-making for women living with HIV is propagated. The stories of women living with HIV and dependent on public health care services are presented. Through the principles of a critical ethnography the lived experiences of these women are described by means of emerging themes. A historiography of family planning and HIV-AIDS services throws the narrations of the research participants into broader historic relief. Findings revealed that biomedical hegemonic power contoured and marked the lived experiences of women following an HIV-positive diagnosis. Taken-for-granted views of passivity and of own responsibilities regarding reproductive health are challenged. The women in the study were dependent upon public health care personnel for treatment, testing, dietary advice/supplementation and recommendations for a social xii disability grant. ARV-treatment was regarded as a low point in the illness career. All of the participants reported that the overriding problems in their lives were having too few material resources and not having the means to change this. This made them vulnerable to compounded health problems and decreased their ability to voice their own opinions about treatment. They did not regard themselves as having been at risk for contracting HIV and some harboured resentment towards men who were seen as being absolved from testing and responsibilities towards female partners, born and unborn children. Women who were not tested as part of antenatal sentinel groups tended to suffer symptoms of ill health for some time prior to being tested for HIV. Social support systems were either absent or consisted of trusted family members and friends. In many cases, women became the silent care-givers for those affected and infected by HIV. Anticipated stigma permeated the participants’ narrations of living with HIV and disclosure of their statuses was difficult. The use of male condoms, stressed during counselling sessions, was narrated as a difficult burden for women to bear. Although the research participants expressed low fertility preferences, HIV-AIDS was seen as disrupting the link between heterosexual conjugal relations and the taken-for-grantedness of procreation. HIV-AIDS also disrupted norms in infant feeding practices and bottle-feeding was regarded as a sign of possible HIV-infection and hidden. The research participants were not empowered with knowledge about how to deal with side-effects, condom failures and the reluctance of male partners to be tested for HIV. They enacted, resisted and lived with HIV in different ways, incorporating some of the biomedically prescribed posturing as women living positively and blending it with stigma-negating performances and gender-prescribed ways of dressing, walking and acting. Participation in a support group validated their experiences and promoted positive self-perception. The formation of a collective voice in the support group was hampered by irregular attendance, the interference of community leaders and horizontal violence. Power relations, yielded by biomedical hegemony, androcentric sociocultural practices, material deprivation, fear, discrimination and stigma potentially undermined the women’s abilities to become empowered. Expansion of choices in various spheres or fields and collective action xiii are proposed as dimensions to be added to an empowerment-of-women approach to the problems of reproductive health in the age of HIV-AIDS. The contribution of the study as an emancipatory project is evaluated and implications for policy and practice are suggested. On a methodological level, this study is a demonstration of the contribution to be made by a micro-level, critical analysis to the body of knowledge about female reproductive health in the era of HIV-AIDS in South Africa. On a theoretical level, this study contributes to a wider conceptualisation of women’s empowerment by recognising the interplay between micro-level elements of situated experience, knowledge and preferences and the macro-level elements of sociocultural, biomedical and material influences on health and reproductive behavior.
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Pilling, Michael, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "Boys in the background : the impact of sports on males growing up in a small town." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 2003, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/231.
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In a small town in a Canadian prairie province where spots, particularly football and basketball, are the chief activities, many young men in school define their self-worth based on their thletic ability. To determine the impact that sports had on the young men in this particular town, 20 boys between the ages of 15 and 19 were selected for interviews. Due to the importance placed upon sports in the school and the small size of the school, all 20 of the boys had some association with football and basketball. They either played on one of the sports teams but spent much of the time sitting on the bench, or they desired to play but failed to qualify for team play. Only one of the boys had never tried to play on one of the teams. The boys were interviewed about how they fit into the circle of sports and how their participation or non-participation has influenced them. It was determined that sports did influence their self-esteem. Many of the boys, both those who were part of the team and those who had been cut from the team, felt left out and began to dought their abilities and their worth. The study confirms much of the current literature. Recommendations include making coaches and administration aware that boys were being negatively influenced by a successful sports program, as well as calling for further research to determine the extent and depth of the negative influence of sports on boys who are not the stars of the team.viii, 83 leaves ; 28 cm.
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Gruchala, Lauren Cathryn. "Fan Perception of Justice in Team Disciplinary Decisions." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/78.
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The present study examined procedural and distributive justice outcomes of discipline in an athletic team setting. A 2 (Consistency of Punishment: consistent vs. conditional) x 2 (Violation Severity: moderate vs. severe) x 2 (Punishment Severity: moderate vs. severe) x 2 (Decision Maker: head coach vs. team captains) factorial design was used. Participants responded to four of the 16 hypothetical scenarios resulting from the design. Participants included 354 fans in attendance at a several university athletic events and students in psychology courses. The results indicated that consistent punishment was perceived as more fair to the punished athlete, teammates, and fans than was conditional punishment. Consistent punishment was perceived as more likely than conditional punishment to deter future misconduct by the punished athlete and teammates. The findings of the importance of consistency to fairness perceptions are consistent with the organizational justice literature and suggest that principles derived in traditional organizations may apply in athletic team settings. However, the current study did not find that severe punishment was more likely than moderately severe punishment to deter future misconduct by the punished athlete and teammates, which was inconsistent with the research literature on punishment. The present research indicated that inconsistencies in applying punishment based on status likely will have a negative effect on fairness perceptions in an athletic setting just as it does in an organizational setting. Intercollegiate athletics are unique in the sense that there are many outside observers, most notably fans, who pay close attention to athlete misconduct and its subsequent outcome. According to the present results, if coaches are interested in fan perceptions of fairness, punishment should be consistently applied according to team rules for all players regardless of their status on the team.
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Cuccoli, Rosarita. "The place for social analysis in the press coverage of sports : a comparison of sports newspapers and general press in Italy's media ecosystem." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1G001.
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La thèse traite de la couverture médiatique des sports dans les journaux et notamment, de la dimension sociale du phénomène sportif dans ces médias. Le sport bénéficie d'une couverture médiatique massive. Cependant, et bien que l'étendue du sport médiatique permette de présenter, en principe, une multiplicité de sujets et d'angles d'analyse, la couverture des sports a tendance, en réalité, à se concentrer sur un éventail relativement limité de sujets (les athlètes les mieux payés, les tournois les plus lucratifs, etc.). A partir de cette préoccupation centrale, à savoir si la couverture médiatique des sports reflète ou non l’ampleur du phénomène sportif, l'étude a été consacrée à l'élaboration d'une taxonomie de thèmes qui permette de définir cette plus ample “dimension sociale” dans la couverture médiatique du sport. Cette taxonomie, conçue à la fois comme un outil conceptuel et opérationnel, est au cœur de l'étude. L'analyse s'est ensuite centrée sur les résultats de l’analyse de contenu de plus de 6.500 pages de journaux, en prenant la presse italienne comme étude de cas. L'analyse a été menée en vue de comparer l'analyse sociale du sport dans la couverture des journaux généralistes avec celle des journaux sportifs. Cette approche constitue également une contribution significative à la connaissance, les journaux sportifs n'étant pratiquement jamais considérés comme une catégorie à part entière. L'Italie a été choisie, entre autres, pour la présence de plusieurs journaux sportifs. Enfin, compte tenu de la chute de la diffusion des journaux, la thèse s’intéresse aussi au potentiel commercial – ou “business case” – de l’analyse sociale dans la couverture des sports, en montrant pourquoi celle-ci est susceptible d’attirer, de manière peut-être inattendue, de nouveaux lecteursThis thesis focuses on the coverage of sport-related matters of social relevance in daily newspapers. Sports benefit from massive media coverage but even though the extent of sports reporting allows to deliver, in principle, a multiplicity of subjects and angles of analysis, the coverage of sports tends, in reality, to focus on a limited span of topics (the wealthiest sports and athletes, the most lucrative tournaments, etc.). Moving from the concern about whether or not the coverage of sports reflects the full extent of the sporting phenomenon, the study has engaged in the elaboration of a new taxonomy of topics to define the wider “social dimension”, or social analysis, in the media coverage of sports. This taxonomy, intended as both a conceptual and operational tool, is at the core of the study. The thesis has then engaged in the content analysis of over 6,500 newspaper pages, taking the Italian press as a case study. The analysis has been conducted with a view to compare social analysis in the coverage by general-interest newspapers with that in sports-specialised newspaper. This approach also constitutes a significant contribution to knowledge, as sports newspapers are hardly ever examined as a category in its own right. Italy was chosen, among other reasons, for the presence of multiple sports newspapers. Finally, considering the current decline of press circulation, the thesis also shows the business potential – or “business case” – of social analysis in the coverage of sport, and why this can attract, perhaps unexpectedly, new readers
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Anderson, Lynda May. "Privacy needs of women hospitalized for gynecological surgery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28720.
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This phenomenological study was designed to explore the privacy needs of gynecological patients, as perceived by the clients during hospitalization, for the purpose of adding to knowledge and understanding of patients' privacy.
Data were collected through sixteen in-depth interviews with eight recently hospitalized patients. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim for each participant.
Data were analyzed using Giorgi's (1975) procedure. Analysis of participants' accounts revealed that privacy was important to participants' maintenance of their self-identity. Characteristics of privacy that participants identified as helping to maintain their self-identity included providing time alone for contemplation and helping to control interactions with others. Participants reported that privacy was important for their comfort during situations involving nursing care, basic needs and social interactions with others. Participants suggested that even though they reduced their expectations of privacy during the hospital stay, their privacy needs in hospital were at times still not met. Factors within the hospital setting that contributed or detracted from participants' hospital privacy included behavior of the nurses, doctors, roommates and the physical environment of the hospital. Participants
indicated that nurses were the main factor in meeting privacy needs especially while caring for participants and participants' roommates.
The findings of this study indicated that participants were willing to trade some privacy for health care. However, participants still valued privacy and considered it important during their hospital stay.
There is a lack of research on privacy and acute care hospitalization. Recommendations for further nursing research, nursing practice, nursing education and nursing administration, based on the findings of this study, are presented in the final chapter of the study.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
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Gordon, Kiernan O. "The Experiential Aspects of Sport Stadiums: An Examination of Emotion and Memory." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366236922.
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Puchan, Heike. "Adventure sport, media and social/cultural change." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19359.
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The turn of the millennium has heralded an explosion in the popularity of adventure sports often also referred to as alternative lifestyle sports or extreme sports. These are offering both new avenues and potential challenges to the traditional ways of conceptualising and practicing sport. This thesis analyses the development of adventure sports, in particular climbing and kayaking, as a subculture. It delivers a socio-economic history of climbing, analyses the role of the media in its development, its participation and its lived experience. Further it investigates the impact of globalisation, commercialisation and consumerism on adventure sports, and considers to what extent they are being brought into the mainstream as a result. The economic impact of participation in adventure sports is reviewed along with a study of how the make up of its participants has changed as the activities have become more accessible. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of the gender order, specifically looking at the experiences of women in adventure sports. For this purpose the sports culture found in climbing and kayaking is examined and the implications for the reconstruction of gender relations are considered. This study employs an ethnographic approach including both semi-structured and structured interviews with both adventure sports experts and participants, document and media analysis, participant observation and the more recent nethnography approach. One of the significant contributions of this thesis has been to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the social, cultural and media environment of arguably one of the most popular lifestyle sports in the UK. It has also shown the strong interrelationship that exists between the media and adventure sports, and has demonstrated how the increased commercialisation and commodification of the activity has resulted in economic development particularly in some remoter parts of the UK through the packaging and provision of the climbing experience. At the same time some participants see this is ‘selling out’. This research has demonstrated how women’s participation in adventure sports has been subject to marginalisation, sexualisation and trivialisation similar to other mainstream sports. However, this work has also highlighted that there is room for optimism as new discourses of femininity contrary to the traditional male hegemony are emerging. Further research opportunities have been identified concerning issues of ethnicity and participation; the social, cultural and economic relationships between adventure sportspeople and rural communities. Emerging feminist discourses also warrant further investigation.
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Sanders, Ben. "Towards a level playing field -a case study of the challenges facing NGOs using sport for development within the educational system in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1935.
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Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES)The overall aim of the study was to determine the opportunities and challenges NGOs encounter when using sport as a vehicle for development within the education system, in post-apartheid South Africa. A case study design has been chosen since it will offer real insight, showing how specific sports programmes work in specific contexts. Two NGOs, Grassroot Soccer (GRS) and the Extra-Mural Education Project (EMEP) constitute the cases, with an in-depth exploration of their work and the challenges they face. The study population includes employees of GRS, EMEP, target groups of the organisations and officials in the Department of Education. Key informants, including the head of research, managing directors, coaching/training staff at each organisation, officials in the Department of Education and community leaders were purposively selected to participate in the study. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, document reviews and observations. In-depth interviews were conducted with the head of research, managing directors, coaching and training staff at each organisation, principals and teachers of selected schools and community leaders. The analysis of the interviews started with the transcription of information from audio-tape recordings. Both pre-determined and emerging themes were noted. The results illustrated that although certain challenges were common to both organisations, others are unique.
South Africa
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Khouri, Khaled Mohmmed. "Marketing international sports in the United Arab Emirates." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2286.
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Gisel, Daniel, and Axel Hellman. ""Vilken annan sport tränar du aldrig som det ser ut på match?" : En kvalitativ studie om hur fotbollsföreningar i Stockholmsområdet upplever och hanterar sin anläggningssituation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-181898.
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Today, there is no doubt about the necessity of sports facilities to be able to play different sports. At the same time various sports and clubs have a severe deficiency of sports facilities. In Stockholm the situation is most acute. The purpose of this study is to illustrate which effects a limited sports facility asset has from a football club perspective. This has been done with the following research questions: How do the football clubs themselves feel that their sports facility assets limit their activities? How does the football clubs feel that they need to adapt their business based on their situation? What consequences does the football clubs see from a limited sports facilities asset? In this study we have used semi structured interviews. Seven representatives from sports clubs in the area of Stockholm and one representative from the Swedish football association has been interviewed. The result showed that the sports clubs in Stockholm are very dissatisfied with their sports facility situation. The sports clubs are working in different ways to handle this situation. The distribution of training times, the sectioning of soccer fields, the training programs and their work with lobbying has been identified as the central strategies to handle their lack of sports facilities.
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Liyanage, Champika. "The role of facilities management in the control of healthcare associated infections (HAI)." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11997/.
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A growing body of evidence now exist, which suggests that Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. There is, however, a paucity of empirical knowledge and evidence-base of the role of Facilities Management (FM) in the control of HAI. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to investigate the role of FM in the control of HAI. The focus of the study is on domestic services. The research methodology of the study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Altogether, 81 interviews were carried out involving experts in the areas of FM and HAI in the National Health Service (NHS). The qualitative data collected was analysed using content analysis. The qualitative data sets were then augmented by 412 completed questionnaires. The quantitative data sets obtained were subjected to rigorous statistical analyses. The study concluded that FM has a major role to play in the control of HAI, mainly in terms of cleaning, catering, waste management and laundry and linen services. However, FM is yet to feature prominently in the ‘control of HAI agenda’ in the NHS. There is evidence and lack of clarity on the roles and clear lines of communication between the major players in the control of HAI in FM services. There is a relatively low level of integration between the clinical teams and FM teams in the control of HAI. The roles and benefits of knowledge management and performance management are yet to be fully exploited in FM services in the control of HAI. A Performance Management Framework (PMF) for the control of HAI in FM services (particularly in domestic services) have been developed, tested and validated. The study recommends, inter alia, that FM should be made integral to the core services in hospitals for effective control of HAI. A national training and education framework for FM teams should be developed in order to enable them to carry out their work to the highest standards. There is also a need to adhere to a Performance Management Framework (PMF), which allows FM services to monitor and measure the performances in the control of HAI. The research methodology employed in this study could be replicated in different countries, including developing countries. There is also scope to research the key motivational constructs associated with effective knowledge sharing between the domestics and ICT teams in the control of HAI.
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Grundlingh, Susanna Maria. "Playing with a purpose : an ethnographic study of a sport-for-development programme in Mbekweni." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17985.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been a concerted effort by government departments and sport-for-development non-governmental organisations (NGOs), to use sport as a vehicle for sustainable social development in previously disadvantaged areas in South Africa. South Africa, considered to be a developing country and also a country where sporting achievement and excellence is venerated, brings to the fore an intriguing intersection between sport and development. The exponential growth of the sport-for-development field in the past two decades, both on an international and local level, bears witness to the fact that sport has come to be seen as an instrument facilitating development among children and youth in historically disadvantaged regions in South Africa. International aid organisations, such as the United Nations and an array of sport-for-development NGOs are at the forefront of using sport as a vehicle for development purposes. It is against this brief background that this thesis investigates the relationship between sport and development. The research question that underpins this study is: What is the relationship between sport and development, but more specifically, how do adolescent black girls, experience being part of a sport-for-development program at the Mbekweni Community Sport Centre (MCSC)? This relationship is interrogated by drawing on fieldwork conducted at the MCSC amongst participants of the Women and Girls in Leadership (WGILS) sport-for-development program over a six month period. WGILS is a sport-for-development program that caters for the sporting needs of adolescent girls in Mbekweni, by providing them with sporting opportunities and life skill sessions. The WGILS program is operated by a sport-for-development NGO, SCORE in partnership with a UK charity, Hope Through Action (HTA). Hope Through Action is the charity responsible for building the nine million Rand Mbekweni Community Sport Centre in Mbekweni, a township 60km north of Cape Town. The central argument of this dissertation is that sport itself does not facilitate development, but serves as a point of entry for development work. I suggest that sport in this sense is a viable vehicle for development, as it creates conditions where social networks, meaningful relationships and norms of trust and reciprocity (antecedents of social capital) can prevail. The theoretical lens used to make sense of my six month field work period is that of social capital. In the classical sense social capital is thought to be an asset for the elite and wealthy, but this dissertation shows that there is a nuanced manner in which social capital shifts and is tapped into by black adolescent girls through a sport-for-development program in a township setting. In this respect social capital is malleable and used in a variety of ways for different purposes as a means to culminate trusting relationships and acts of reciprocity. Social capital is therefore not necessarily a static and unchanging concept and will vary considerably across space and time. The dynamics of this process are evident throughout the thesis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan 'n volgehoue poging deur regeringsdepartemente en spor –vir-ontwikkeling nie-regeringsorganisasies (NRO) om sport as 'n middel tot volhoubare sosiale ontwikkeling in voorheen benadeelde areas in Suid-Afrika aan te wend. Suid-Afrika wat as 'n ontwikkelende land beskou word en ook as 'n land waar sportprestasies en uitmuntendheid in sport hoog aangeslaan word, open 'n fassinerende interaksie tussen sport en ontwikkeling. Die vinnige groei van sport-vir-ontwikkeling die afgelope twee dekades op 'n internasionale sowel as nasionale vlak is tekenend daarvan dat sport as 'n instrument beskou word om ontwikkeling van kinders en die jeug in histories agtergeblewe streke te bevorder. Internasionale hulp organisasies soos die Verenigde Volkere en 'n verskeidenheid sport-vir- ontwikkeling NRO is op die voorpunt om sport op 'n opheffende wyse aan te wend. Dit is teen hierdie agtergrond dat die verhandeling poog om die verband tussen sport en ontwikkeling te ondersoek. Die kernvraag onderliggend aan die verhandeling is: wat is die verband tussen sport en ontwikkeling en meer spesifiek hoe ervaar jong swart meisies deelname aan die sport-vir-ontwikkeling program by die Mbekweni Gemeenskap Sportsentrum? Die verband word ondersoek deur middel van veldwerk wat by die sentrum oor 'n periode van ses maande gedoen is onder die deelnemers aan 'n sport-vir-ontwikkeling projek onder die vaandel van “Women and Girls in Leadership”(WGILS). WGILS maak voorsiening vir sport behoeftes van adolessente meisies in Mbekweni deur hulle sportgeleenthede te bied asook en lewensvaardighede sessies. Die program word geldelik gedryf deur die NRO, SCORE in samewerking met die Britse liefdadigheidsorganisasie, “Hope Through Action”. Laasgenoemde was verantwoordelik vir die bou van die nege miljoen rand Mbekweni Gemeenskap Sportsentrum in Mbekweni, 'n swart woonbuurt 60 km noord van Kaapstad. Die sentrale argument van die verhandeling is dat sport as sodanig nie ontwikkeling fasiliteer nie, maar wel as 'n beginpunt vir ontwikkelingswerk kan dien. Daar word gesuggereer dat sport op die wyse as 'n lewensvatbare instelling ter bevordering van ontwikkeling ingespan kan word aangesien dit die omstandighede skep waarbinne sosiale netwerke, betekenisvolle verhoudings en norme van betroubaarheid en wederkerigheid (voorlopers van sosiale kapitaal) kan gedy. Die teoretiese lens waardeur ek gepoog het om van die veldwerk sin te maak was dié van sosiale kapitaal. In die klassieke sin word sosiale kapitaal beskou as die prerogatief van die elite en welvarendes, maar die verhandeling demonstreer dat sosiale kapitaal op 'n genuanseerde wyse kan verskuif om jeugdige meisies in 'n sport-vir-ontwikkeling program in 'n swart woonbuurt te betrek. In die opsig kan sosiale kapitaal as aanpasbaar beskou word en met verskillende oogmerke aangewend word om vertrouensverhoudinge te stig en wederkerige dade te bewerkstellig. Sosiale kapitaal is derhalwe nie noodwendig 'n statiese en onveranderbare konsep nie, en kan oor tyd en plek aansienlik gewysig word. Die dinamika van die prosesse word deurgaans in die verhandeling aangetoon.
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Zhang, Xin. "An investigation of the management and socio-economic impacts of the 2006 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1602.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007.South Africa is a fast growing and developing sport tourism destination and has hosted various international sport tourism events. With specific reference to the 2006 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon (OMTOM), which is considered one the most beautiful marathons in the world, this study focuses on different stakeholders' perceptions concerning the management and socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events. Questionnaire surveys for spectators (n=200), participants (n=200) and residents (n=400), as well as key informant interviews for established businesses (n=20), stallholders/exhibitors (n=20), sponsors (n=4), the event organiser (n=1) and the destination marketing organisation (n=1), were designed specifically for this study. Spatially-based random sampling for spectators and participants, was implemented, while purposive sampling for residents, stallholders/exhibitors, established businesses, sponsors, the event organiser and CTRU, were adopted to collect data. Volume counts were undertaken to estimate the number of spectators, while the number of participants was provided by the event organisers. The direct economic impact of the total of the event's contribution to the local economy was ascertained by utilising spending patterns of the spectators and participants. The contribution of the event to the local economy is estimated at R44.7 million, which is relatively significant. The event is diverse in terms of spectators and participants. The stakeholders were generally satisfied with the event organisation. Engendering community pride, utilising a sport tourism event as a regional showcase and providing economic opportunities for local businesses in terms of leveraging opportunities, were key benefits for local businesses and residents in close proximity to the race route. However, problems such as traffic congestion and insufficient parking were raised by all stakeholders and there is still room for improvement in this area as well as the management on the day of the event. The study reveals that there is a greater need to consider attendees' motivations, spending patterns, perceptions and altitudes, demographic profiles, the dire need for community involvement, as well as current and possible event leveraging opportunities for local businesses to enhance the management and positive impacts of sport tourism events. Furthermore, this study also provides holistic information to manage sport tourism events and to retain standard service quality, fulfil customer satisfaction and generate more economic, socio-cultural benefits for the tourist destination in a sustainable manner. Stakeholders can share information, which would improve relevant performance problems in the sport tourism event industry, moreover, effectively make management decisions and assess the socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events.
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Leavitt, Stacey. "Disability, identity and media : paralympians in advertising." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Kinesiology, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3294.
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This thesis explores representations of Paralympians within media and
advertising. Scholarly research on disability is extremely limited, with current research
focusing on print media, and few studies going as far as to perform a discourse analysis.
Media representations play a prevalent role in constructing “disability” and have the
power to define what it means to be a disabled person. Using a poststructural theoretical
framework, I undertake a critical discourse analysis of television advertisements
produced by Nike and Visa to uncover what narratives regarding disability are circulating
with regularity. I find these advertisements featuring Paralympians serve to reproduce
the myth of the “supercrip”, failing to acknowledge the complexity of individual
experiences of those living with disabilities. Further, the simultaneous celebration and
marginalization of Paralympians, a key dialectic found within these advertisements is
indicative of a larger polemics circulating with regularity regarding people with
disabilities within our increasingly neoliberal society.v, 117 leaves ; 29 cm
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Slabber, Hester Jacoba. "Psychological experiences of placement in correctional facilities within the Western Cape Province of South Africa : an exploratory study of incarcerated youth." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86493.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Focusing on the social-psychological level, where the focus is on negative relationships with others, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) is internationally one of the most widely employed criminological theories explaining the onset and manifestation of youth offending. GST contends that youth are pressured into criminal behaviour by the negative affective states generated by negative relationships, which are characteristically defined as either aversive or not from the perspective of the youth; where especially anger motivates the youth to engage in maladaptive behaviour, resulting in maladaptive coping. Applying data from 81 incarcerated youth from three correctional centres located in the Western Cape province of South Africa, the study focussed on the criminogenic effects of four variables to explain youth offending under the auspices of GST: self-control (using the Self-Control Schedule [SCS]), coping (using the Coping Strategy Indicator [CSI]), perceived social support (using the Social Support Appraisal scale [SSA]) and anger (using the State-Trait Anger Scale [STAS]). Results displayed significant positive correlations between self-control and the use of problem-solving coping, followed by significant positive correlations between self-control and perceived social support from family members, significant positive correlations between anger and the use of avoidant coping, as well as significant positive correlations between self-control and the use of avoidant coping. The results furthermore displayed significant negative correlations between anger and self-control, followed by significant negative correlations between anger and perceived social support from family members and friends respectively. In addition, the problem-solving coping strategy emerged as a significant positive predictor of self-control, whereas the avoidant coping strategy emerged as a significant positive predictor of anger. Anger, however, emerged as a significant negative predictor of self-control, where the social support-seeking coping strategy emerged as a significant negative predictor of perceived social support from family members. Support for the possible application of Agnew’s GST to the context of South Africa was found and inferences made for the implications for intervention, where it was suggested that psychologists and social workers working with the rehabilitation of youth offenders consider the application of multisystem therapy (MST) with youth offenders, as MST aims to influence maladaptive behaviour by changing key aspects of the youth’s social context in ways that promote pro-social behaviour rather than maladaptive behaviour. The study concluded with a recommendation for further longitudinal research to gain a better understanding of the strain-crime relationship that influence youth to engage in maladaptive behaviour, as is mentioned in GST literature.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met fokus op die sosiaal-sielkundige vlak, veral op negatiewe verhoudings met ander, word Agnew se Algemene Spanningsteorie (AST) internasionaal as een van die mees gebruikte kriminologiese teorieë beskou, wat die ontstaan en die verskyning van jeugmisdaad verduidelik. AST beweer dat jeug druk ervaar om deel te neem aan kriminele gedrag as gevolg van die negatiewe affektiewe toestande wat deur negatiewe verhoudings bepaal word, wat kenmerkend gedefinieer word as óf negatief of nie uit die perspektief van die jeug; waar veral woede die jeug motiveer om betrokke te raak by wanaangepaste gedrag, wat lei tot wanaangepaste omgaan. Deur die toepassing van data van 81 jeuggevangenes van drie korrektiewe sentrums geleë in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika, het die studie gefokus op die kriminogeniese gevolge van vier veranderlikes wat jeugmisdaad onder leiding van AST verduidelik: selfbeheer (met behulp van die Selfbeheer Skedule [SCS]), omgaan (met behulp van die Omgaanstrategieskaal [CSI]), waargenome sosiale ondersteuning (met behulp van die Sosiale Ondersteuning Erkenningskaal [SSA]) en woede (met behulp van die State-Trait Woedeskaal [STAS]). Resultate vertoon beduidende positiewe korrelasie tussen selfbeheer en die gebruik van probleemoplossingsomgaan, gevolg deur 'n beduidende positiewe korrelasie tussen selfbeheer en vermeende sosiale ondersteuning van familielede, 'n beduidende positiewe korrelasie tussen woede en die gebruik van vermydingsomgaan, sowel as 'n beduidende positiewe korrelasie tussen selfbeheer en die gebruik van vermydingsomgaan. Die resultate vertoon verder 'n beduidende negatiewe korrelasie tussen woede en selfbeheer, gevolg deur 'n beduidende negatiewe korrelasie tussen woede en vermeende sosiale ondersteuning van familielede en vriende onderskeidelik, sowel as tussen waargenome sosiale ondersteuning van familielede en die gebruik van sosiale ondersteuningsoekende omgaan. Verder, met die regressie-ontleding het probleemoplossingsomgaan na vore gekom as 'n beduidende positiewe voorspeller van selfbeheer, terwyl vermydingsomgaan na vore gekom as 'n beduidende positiewe voorspeller van woede. Woede het egter na vore gekom as 'n beduidende negatiewe voorspeller van selfbeheer, waar die sosiale ondersteuningsomgaan na vore gekom het as 'n beduidende negatiewe voorspeller van waargenome sosiale ondersteuning van familielede. Ondersteuning vir die moontlike toepassing van Agnew se AST in die konteks van Suid-Afrika was gevind en afleidings gemaak vir die implikasies vir ingryping, waar dit voorgestel word dat sielkundiges of sosiale werkers, wat met die rehabilitasie van jeugmisdadigers werk, gebruik maak van multi-sisteem terapie (MST), aangesien MST die doel het om wanaangepaste gedrag te beïnvloed deur die verandering van die belangrikste aspekte van die jeug se sosiale konteks op maniere wat pro-sosiale gedrag, eerder as wanaangepaste gedrag, bevorder. Die studie het afgesluit met die voorstel dat verdere longitudinale navorsing aanbeveel word om 'n beter begrip van die spanning-misdaad verhouding te kry wat 'n invloed speel op jeug betrokkenheid by wanaangepaste gedrag, soos genoem in AST literatuur.
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Wilson, Shana M. "The Relationship between Superstitious Behaviors of Sports Fans, Team Identification, Team Location, and Game Outcome." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1056.
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The present study examined how a fan's desire to participate in superstitious behaviors depends on team identification, team location, and game outcome. The study is a 2 (team identification: high vs. low) x 2 (game outcome: close game vs. blowout) x 2 (location of team: local vs. distant) between subjects factorial design. Participants for the current study included 234 students, recruited from undergraduate psychology classes at Western Kentucky University. Participants completed the Sport Spectator Identification Scale, read a randomly assigned vignette differing in team location and game outcome, and filled out the Superstition Questionnaire to measure their desire to complete superstitious behaviors based on the vignette. They also filled out the Desirability of Control Scale, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales to account for the possible covariates of desirability of control and anxiety level. An analysis of the covariates showed that there were no significant correlations between desirability of control or anxiety level and the desire to complete superstitious behaviors. Results indicated that highly identified fans reported wanting to perform more superstitious behaviors than low identified fans. However, no main effect was found for game outcome or team location, and there were no interactions. This finding reiterated the importance of team identification and its effects on the fan. The study also brought new variables to the table, game type and team type, that could be used in future research.
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Ferguson, Robert J. "Expectation discrepancy and attribution : mediational factors of sport competition anxiety." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/562773.
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The purpose of the present study is to extend past outcome-dependent models of Sport Competition Anxiety (SCA) to include attribution theory as an appraisal process of past performance outcome. It was hypothesized that unstable causal attributions for past unexpected performances would lead to uncertain expectations of future performance and subsequent SCA. Sixty-three male subjects were assessed for initial expectations of how they would perform in a cycling task, i.e., high and low, in which each subject received false feedback about his performance (success or failure). After completing the task, subjects completed questionnaires assessing the discrepancy between expected and actual outcome, attributions for past performance (Causal Dimension Scale), expectation for future performance, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which measures state cognitive and somatic anxiety and state self-confidence. Contrary to predictions, results indicated that attribution did not mediate SCA, but rather attributions were made systematically in response to success and failure and not unexpected outcome. However, path analysis carried out on a modified model of SCA that includes outcome and expectations of future performance, indicated that somatic anxiety and state self-confidence are mediated by expectation of future success. The findings are discussed in terms of attribution theory and other cognitive constructs (e.g., self-schemata and efficacy expectations) that might have an impact on attributional patterns that lead to performance expectations and SCA. It is noted that because only male subjects were used, generalizability to female competitors may not be appropriate due to differences in sport socialization.Department of Psychological Science
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Aud, Joelle E. "Sports as a moderator of the effect of parent marital status and belongingness on achievement and behavior." Scholarly Commons, 2015. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/866.
Full textAbstract:
Parent marital status is a highly influential variable within the family context, as it can serve as a protective factor in many ways. However, it can also be a risk factor for youth. Despite the large body of literature that delineates the benefits of sports participation and the negative outcomes associated with divorce, researchers have yet to examine the impact of athletic participation on youth who have experienced familial disruptions, such as divorce, separation, and remarriage. Sports participation was chosen as a moderating variable in the present study, as it is believed to serve as a protective factor for those who experience parental divorce. Specifically, the present study aims to answer the following research question: Does sports participation moderate the effects of parent marital status and belongingness on achievement and behavior problems after controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal education? Many theoretical mechanisms support the hypothesis that positive outcomes are be associated with sporting programs, such as Social Capital Theory, as well as theories associated with 7 motivation and belonging. This study analyzed data collected as part of the NICHDSECCYD comprehensive longitudinal study. Specifically, the effects of parent marital status and belongingness on academic achievement were analyzed in AMOS 22, using a multiple group path model with sports participation as a moderator. Although results did not support sports participation as a moderator, findings supported previous research that connects intact, two-parent marriages with positive outcomes for youth.
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Cheung, Bik-ki, and 張碧琪. "Sport participation of Hong Kong secondary school students: relation to social, physical and academicself concepts and deviant behaviour." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31960765.
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