Academic literature on the topic 'Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural"
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Daniel, D., Julivius Prawira, Trimo Pamudji Al Djono, S. Subandriyo, Arya Rezagama, and Aries Purwanto. "A System Dynamics Model of the Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia." Water 13, no. 4 (2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040507.
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The sustainability of the water supply program in developing countries is influenced by many inter-linked and dynamic factors, suggesting the need to analyse the system behaviour of the water supply program. However, no study analyses factors influencing the sustainability of rural drinking water supply programs holistically, and this study aims to fill that gap. This study utilized a system dynamics approach based on a case study of a community-based rural drinking water supply program (PAMSIMAS in Bahasa) in Magelang Regency, Indonesia. Five sustainability aspects were considered in the model development and simulation: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social aspects. Eight scenario analyses related to those five aspects were conducted. The causal loop diagrams suggest that the overall loop in the system is reinforcing, meaning that the improvement in one aspect will improve the overall condition of the system and deterioration in one aspect will reduce the overall condition of the system. Scenario analysis shows that external fund is critical to support the program financially, especially at the beginning of the project when the piped system is being built and water revenue is still low. Scenario and sensitivity analyses revealed that human factors, i.e., the performance of the water board and response and support from the community, positively influence the sustainability of the water supply program. Additionally, the water board plays a key role in accelerating the pipe network growth. Finally, this paper argues that visualising and simulating the causal relationship and dynamic behaviour of the rural water supply program are critical for water stakeholders to better design and implement the water supply program.
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Adhikari, Keshab Prasad. "Governance for Sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes (RWSS): Case from NAPA WASH." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 17 (December 31, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v17i0.34950.
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Water and sanitation are taken at the heart of achieving a number of goals and critical targets of sustainable development goals. But achieving sustained water and sanitation service in a rural context is problematic from the viewpoint of technical, financial, environmental, and social, and governance aspects of functionality. Therefore, good governance in the operation and management of rural water and sanitation schemes are a key component to determine the other aspects of functioning and longer-term sustainability. The study sees the working of five indicators of functionality, five layers of priority ranking indicators, four service indicators of quantity, accessibility, reliability, and quality (QARQ), and ten indicators of assessing governance level sustainability. In all aspects of assessment, most RWSS found to stand at the level of partial sustainability. This urged for giving higher priority to upgrading such schemes in the status of full sustainability.
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Kuliešis, Gediminas, and Lina Pareigienė. "Changes in quality of life of Lithuanian elderly rural population in 2001–2011." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 4 (2014): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.082.
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The aging of the population is the most striking demographic process in Lithuania and other Western world countries. Elderly rural residents, which are the consumers of the public goods and the providers of them at the same time, become increasingly important element of rural vitality. That’s the reason the scientific community pays more and more attention on various aspects of life of older people in rural areas: the quality of life, social services, sociality and others. The purpose of this article is to analyze one dimension of the life quality of older rural residents – the changes in living conditions, which were registered in 2001 and 2011 during Population and housing census in Lithuania. Indicators of quality of life were measured – the type of dwelling, accommodation of dwellings: hot water, bath and shower,.sewerage, flush toilet, the type of heating systems, the type of water supply. The result showed that although the living conditions of rural and especially of elderly rural population are rapidly increasing, they are still lower compared to the urban population's living conditions.
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Castilho, Lia Silva de, Efigênia Ferreira e. Ferreira, Leila Nunes Menegasse Velásquez, Lucia Maria Fantinel, and Edson Perini. "Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 44, no. 2 (2010): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000200005.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.
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Mosiej, Józef. "Sustainable Rural Development Policy in Poland – Environmental Aspects." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 11, no. 2 (2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2014-0008.
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Abstract The author discusses issues of sustainable development in rural areas in Poland from the perspective of natural resources management. Sustainable development of rural areas is the way of managing which links economic, social and ethical principles with ecological safety. This may be reached by proper management, directed on cautious usage of ecosystems’ self-controlling mechanisms, with the progress of science and technology. Agriculture in Poland is one of the most important sectors from an economic perspective and its importance is greater in Poland than in other countries in the EU. It has an influence not only on the social and economic situation of the rural population, but also on the natural environment, structure of landscape and biodiversity. From ecological point of view, functions of rural areas are not only being a place for production of food, resources for industry and green energy, but also supplying environmental goods such as protection of biodiversity and influencing air and water quality as well as landscape. The author presents ways to reduce the pressure of agricultural activities on water resources in the region, catchment and farm scale
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Swastomo, Andito Sidiq, and Doddy Aditya Iskandar. "Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan Di Kabupaten Purworejo." Jurnal Planoearth 5, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpe.v5i1.1631.
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Pencapaian target SDG's penyediaan akses air minum bagi seluruh masyarakat membutuhkan usaha dan kerja keras dari pemerintah. Beberapa program pembangunan infrastruktur air minum telah diluncurkan oleh pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan layanan dasar bagi masyarakat khususnya pada wilayah perdesaan. Namun dalam perkembangan pasa konstruksi, SPAM Desa terbangun mengalami perkembangan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan berbasis masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah multikasus olistik dengan dua desa penelitian yaitu Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan dengan pendekatan berbasis masyarakat mempunyai keberlanjutan yang berbeda-beda. Desa dengan keberlanjutan pada aspek sosial, keuangan, lingkungan dan kelembagaan mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang sangat baik sedangkan desa dengan keberlanjutan hanya pada salah satu aspek saja mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang rendah. Hal ini terlihat pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Desa Piji yang mengalami keberlanjutan sebaliknya pada Desa Gintungan tidak terjadi keberlanjutan. Keberlanjutan SPAM Desa sangat dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial dan modal manusia yang dimiliki. Pada kedua desa penelitian, faktor modal sosial yang mempengaruhi berupa jaringan hubungan sosial yang kuat, kepercayaan, dan norma aturan, sedangkan faktor modal manusia yang berpengaruh berupa motivasi, komitmen, efektivitas tim kerja dan kepemimpinan.Abstract: Achieving the SDG's target of providing access to water for all communities requires effort and hard work from the government. Several water supply infrastructure development programs have been launched by the government to meet basic service needs for the community, especially in rural areas. However, in the development phase of construction, the SPAM Desa was developed experiencing different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of the community-based rural water supply system and the factors that influence the sustainability of the system. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research design used was an olistic multicase with two research villages namely Piji Village and Gintungan Village. The results showed that the rural water supply system with a community-based approach has a different sustainability. Villages with sustainability in social, financial, environmental and institutional aspects have a very good level of sustainability while villages with sustainability in only one aspect have a low level of sustainability. This can be seen in the water supply system in Piji Village which experiences sustainability whereas in Gintungan Village there is no sustainability. Sustainability of SPAM Desa is strongly influenced by social capital and human capital they have. In the two research villages, social capital influencing factors are in the form of a strong social relations network, trust and rule norms, while influential human capital factors are motivation, commitment, work team effectiveness and leadership.
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Sikora, Jan, and Agnieszka Anna Wartecka-Ważyńska. "The silver tourism economy in rural areas under conditions of sustainable development." Studia Periegetica 34, no. 2 (2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2701.
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The aim of the article is to present the concept of the silver tourism economy and to identify its supply and demand in rural areas in Poland in relation to sustainable development. The problems of interest were analysed in the context of values held by and ethical norms observed in rural communities. It was found that ethical aspects of sustainable development were embraced by older members of rural communities, and, consequently, were closely connected with the supply and demand sides of the silver tourism economy. The study revealed that the supply side of the silver tourism economy in rural areas was more developed than the demand side. The authors emphasize the need for natural, cultural, social and economic resources (associated with the supply side) to support the demand side of the rural tourism market. They also indicate that ethical values and norms of sustainable development are important for the silver tourism economy. The article is based a review of the literature, analysis of secondary sources and official documents and participant observation undertaken by of the authors.
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Deb, Surajit. "Living Conditions and Social Distancing Barriers in India." Social Change 51, no. 2 (2021): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211012084.
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The tenth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account on the living conditions that work as barriers against social distancing in different states of India. This segment especially focusses on aspects such as the percentage of households (rural and urban) that own a house, the percentage share of nuclear households (rural and urban), the mean number of persons sleeping per room in households, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which cooking is done in a separate room, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which water is not treated prior to drinking, the percentage of households (rural and urban) with an improved non-sharable sanitation facility and the proportion of households living in slums.
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GLASGOW, NINA. "Rural/Urban Patterns of Aging and Caregiving in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 21, no. 5 (2000): 611–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251300021005005.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of different residential environments on informal and formal caregiving provided to older people. The author uses two kinds of evidence to address this central concern. First, recent demographic trends are examined to ascertain the availability of informal caregivers among older people living in different places of residence. This line of inquiry focuses on the supply of potential caregivers. Second, previous research on rural/urban patterns of informal and formal caregiving for older people is reviewed. In conjunction with these two lines of inquiry, the author discusses past, present, and future trends in aging and caregiving. Because little direct evidence exists with which to examine particular aspects of rural/urban patterns of caregiving, the author discusses needed areas of future research.
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Acciani, Claudio, Annalisa De Boni, Vincenzo Fucilli, and Rocco Roma. "L'organizzazione dei sistemi di produzione secondo la teoria dei networks: il caso dell'Alto Salento." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 2 (October 2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002003.
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- According to several theoretical essays and empirical researches (Putnam, Latour, Grootaert, Murdoch, restrim Project) networks, density and kind of their relationships considerably influence the developing perspectives of an area. In order to detect the empirical aspects of the relationships among networks and productive systems development this research was set up. The way networks system bring development are still not defined because there are so many ways to do it, principally due to territorial differences. Agrifood system structure and management and local rural economics, by the way of territorially defined networks system analysis, is the aim of this study. Pursued goals are twofold: defining, by a case study analysis, structural characteristics of networks; detecting the better way to supply services in order to improve network organization in their own productive system. A desk analysis on social and economical aspects of the Alto Salento area has been carried out; moreover it has been pointed out an investigation defining the networks consistence and their characteristics (activity sector, number of partners, etc.). Results put in evidence a strong networks presence in cultural activities sector, in services and in agricultural one, that suggested a defined organization of productive system as a function of tourist supply and local products promotion. This hypothesis has been tested by a direct inquiry at a network sample valuating amount and quality of different kind of relationships settled down and their strengths and weaknesses. To promote network development and to improve their relationships it is necessary to supply a certain amount of services such as communicative tools for knowledge exchange about the territorial structural social capital (web site, promotional events, ecc.). Networks expressed needs are directed to find new way for increasing social capital amount of a specific area.JEL Codes: Q13, O18Key words: social capital, rural development, local products, networks relationships
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural"
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Biswas, Margaret Rose. "FAO : its history and its achievements during the first four decades, 1945-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b79db50-0d09-422e-8a11-d0ef8e9d47c3.
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Kaschula, S. A. H. "The impact of HIV and AIDS on household food security and food acquisition strategies in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007137.
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How should the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods be factored into efforts to monitor and stabilise household food security? With both HIV and AIDS and food security at the top of the global development agenda, this is a question posed by many scholars, practitioners, donor agencies and government departments. However, while there is an excess of discourse outlining the theoretical bases for how HIV and AIDS can, and is, radically transforming household food acquisition; there is a lack of empirical evidence from the South African context that demonstrates if, and how, HIV and AIDS changes household-level strategies of food acquisition and intake. This thesis explores the association of household-level mortality, chronic illness and additional child-dependent fostering with household experience of food security and food acquisition strategies, in three rural villages in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data-collection were applied to 307 households in the three sites. For twelve months, both HIV and AIDS-afflicted and non-afflicted households were repeatedly visited at 3-month intervals, in order to be assessed for levels of food security, dietary intake and method of food procurement (purchased, cultivated, wild or donated). Overall, HIV and AIDS-afflicted households showed a significantly higher experience of food insecurity, probably attributable to shortages in food quantity. Dietary composition and overall diversity, however, was not significantly different. Although households with chronic illness and recent mortality showed a heightened investment in cultivation sources, the success of these strategies were to a great extent mediated by household income, and the level of medical treatment received by those who were chronically ill. Chronic illness was also associated with more donations, but these required considerable investments in social capital networks. Finally, use of wild leafy vegetables was not associated with household HIV and AIDS status, despite the financial, nutritional and labour-saving properties of these foods. Overall, the study suggests that there was little evidence of long-term planning and strategy in household food security responses. There was no evidence for shifts to labour-saving crops or foods and, in some instances, child labour was being used to ameliorate prime-adult labour deficits. Moreover, given that the vast majority (89.2%) of food groups were sourced through purchase, it is questionable whether investing in diverse food acquisition strategies would be advisable. Unless supported by medical treatment and steady earned household income, policies to promote intensified household agricultural subsistence production in the wake of HIV and AIDS are unlikely to provide households with anything more than short-term safety-nets, rather than long-term, sustainable food security solutions.
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Jakavula, Siyabulela Cornelius. "Effectiveness of the high value crop-based extension model in improving rural livelihoods." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007533.
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The problem that is researched in this study relates to the effectiveness of the extension model applied in the High Value Crop programme in improving rural livelihoods in the Eastern Cape. The extent of poverty in rural areas in the Eastern Cape motivated for the intervention of the Is‘Baya through the introduction of Integrated Village Renewal Programme (IVRP). The need to improve the quality of life of rural households through the promotion of agriculture and industry gave rise to the collaborative effort between the Is‘Baya Development Trust and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in South Africa. The HVC programme was established to mitigate the effects of food shortage and poverty through the production of fruit trees, herbs and vegetables at household level. Evaluation of the effectiveness of this collaborative effort was carried out in four local municipalities of the OR Tambo District and these included: King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality (Zangci); Nyadeni municipality (Hluleka); Port St Johns municipality (Noqhekwana) and Ngquza Hill municipality (Hombe). An equal number of villages where Siyazondla was implemented by DRDAR were visited for the survey to relate the extension model applied with HVC. The villages visited included: OR Tambo (Mhlontlo local municipality) Xhokonxa village; Amathole (Amahlathi local municipality) Ndakana village, (Ngqushwa local municipality) Mgababa village and (Mbhashe local municipality) Mbanyana village. The broad objective of the study therefore, was to evaluate the effectiveness of the extension model applied on the HVC programme as well as to identify the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders involved in the model. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the HVC based extension model as it is currently organized and implemented in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in relation to the erstwhile Siyazondla programme, to establish the effectiveness of the extension model in terms of skills transfer and capacity development, to determine the socio-economic impact of the extension model on the livelihood of involved households, to establish the extent to which the extension model has empowered women and youths and to study the factors that has contributed to the sustainability of the extension model. In carrying out this research and in line with the practice of Agricultural Research for Development (ARD), qualitative and quantitative methods of information gathering were applied. Group approach such as the Rural Rapid Appraisal (RRA) and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods of data collection were used. These tools include semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, transect walks, seasonal calendars, key-informant interviews, resource maps and secondary data. A sample of 149 respondents was selected from eight villages in the OR Tambo and Amathole districts. The HVC model was analysed using qualitative approach, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Is‘Baya/ARC extension model is thus said to be effective in meeting the objectives of the HVC programme due to the efficient transfer of skills and technology and its positive impact on the livelihood of the people. There was also an improvement of the income and food security status of the rural dwellers in O.R Tambo district. The regression analysis model was applied and the results of the model were significant to the highest income earned. Out of 22 explanatory variables fitted in the regression model, 12 were significant. The R² and adjusted R² are 73 percent and 68 percent respectively which shows the significance of the fitted variables in the model. The very high F value of 15.427 shows strong significance of the fitted variables to the model. The study therefore concluded that the HVC based extension model implemented by Is‘Baya and ARC was very effective in improving rural livelihoods. The study further recommended investment in infrastructure, market linkages, value adding, public-private partnerships, creation of tenure security, investigation of different funding sources, investment on agricultural research, extension of skills provided and implementation of similar model by the public sector.
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McNicholl, Duncan Ryan. "Characteristics of stakeholder networks supporting institutional development in rural water service delivery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270358.
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Social network analysis was used in combination with qualitative methods to identify characteristics of stakeholder networks that supported cases of institutional development in rural water sectors in Ghana, Malawi, India, Tajikistan, and Bolivia. Institutions studied included local governments, a national government institution, and community operator committees managing water treatment facilities. Interviews with 162 participants in these countries used a facilitated network drawing exercise to capture data on stakeholder relationships and perceptions of factors supporting institutional development. Quantitative analysis of these networks and qualitative analysis of perceived factors identified three network characteristics as supporting institutional development for rural water supply in multiple countries and types of institutions. The three characteristics are: information and skill ties between an institution and stakeholders at lower levels of sector hierarchy; information and skill ties between an institution and stakeholders at higher levels of sector hierarchy; and coordination between stakeholders at higher levels of sector hierarchy that strongly engage an institution. These three characteristics can be observed from a network perspective, and qualitative descriptions of these interactions can improve understanding of the nuance and benefit of particular network ties. Social network analysis on its own cannot predict whether an institution will develop if these network characteristics exist, but it can be used to identify where network ties are absent or weakly developed. Methods and findings from this research enable a rigorous analysis of complex stakeholder interactions in rural water sectors to identify where particular relationships might be strengthened, and strengthening the environments that support institutional development has the potential to lead to the stronger institutions that are necessary for sustainable rural water service delivery.
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Mpendu, Daluhlanga Ayford. "Aspects pertinent to the provision of sustainable water supply projects in the Eastern Cape Province: a case study of Nomzamo Water Supply Project." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007450.
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This study explores views behind the failure of water supply projects to achieve sustainability, primarily from the 'users' perspective, and at a secondary level from the perspective of the government/funders. One completed water supply project was selected as a case study for the research project. The overriding principle behind the water infrastructure delivery programme is that the service must be provided in a sustainable manner, and that the community must actively participate and be involved in all the phases of the project. The provision of water is not simply as it might look. In reality it is a complex process, which involves a number of organisations with different, yet important roles and responsibilities. Ongoing collaboration is important among these organisations if the service is to be provided efficiently and in a sustainable manner. In particular, local government has a Constitutional obligation to provide services to all consumers in an efficient, affordable, economical and sustainable manner. The National and Provincial governments, however, have a number of responsibilities in the field of water services. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect data from respondents. Two sets of interview schedules were developed, one for the community/water project committee members, and the other for the government officials. The data collected was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. This analysis enabled the researcher to draw findings, make conclusions and propose recommendations. The findings and conclusions of the study point to lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities; gender and cultural constraints; and, poor training and capacity and building of the community as being some of the reasons for the failure of the project. The recommendations proposed entail, inter alia, massive community mobilisation and awareness creation programmes; improvement in levels of the service; adoption of a gender-sensitive approach to project development; and, implementation of a training and capacity building process in the community in order to 'revitalise' the project. The study has merely focussed on one water project and sets the scene for further exploration of the subject. It certainly highlights some critical issues around sustainability of water projects, and hopefully will contribute towards the ongoing debate in this area.
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Setlolela, Jobo. "Technical and social acceptance evaluation of an ultrafiltration membrane system for potable water supply to rural and remote communities." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1028.
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Thesis (MTech (Civil Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2004.<br>When considering water treatment in small rural and peri-urban communities,
sustainability is one of the most important factors to be considered. Sustainability needs
to be considered from financial, technological and socio-political perspectives. The major
problems with sustainability of conventional small water treatment systems are the
difficulty of controlling chemical treatment processes, especially when the raw water
quality changes, and the production of substandard quality water. Another very important
problem is lack of community involvement, especially over the longer term. The
acceptance of new technologies by the community is of crucial importance in ensuring
successful water supply projects.
The anticipation of more stringent drinking water quality regulations and decrease in
adequate water sources have brought membrane separation processes such as
microfiltration and ultrafiltration on the advantage for potable water supply to rural and
peri-urban areas. Membrane processes have the advantage of production of superior
quality water and addition of fewer chemicals in the treatment process.
The pUIpose of this study was to further investigate the potential of ultrafiltration
capillary membranes as a one-step membrane water treatment system for potable water
supply to developing communities. To successfully transfer a technology to a particular
community, the technology must be suitable and acceptable and a social study was
therefore also done to understand the social acceptance factors that govern the acceptance
of these new technologies.
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IDO, Ayako, and 綾子 井戸. "Determinants of Operation and Maintenance Performance of Rural Water Supply Facilities in Cambodia: Does Social Capital Matter?" 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10586.
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Mtinda, Elias. "Sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Services under Community Management Approach: The case of six villages in Tanzania." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8112.
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<p>Abstract</p><p>Community management of the rural water supply and sanitation services is considered as one of the options for achieving sustainability of the water services. International communities and donors are steering this concept. National water policy in Tanzania puts more emphasis on community participation and management of water and sanitation (WATSAN) schemes. This study on the sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation services focused on community management and participation as one strategy, which could contribute to the sustainability of WATSAN provision. A study was conducted in six water schemes in six villages in Tanzania, four of the villages had water schemes in operation and two schemes were under construction. Data was collected from water users, water management committees and water providers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 92 water users in four water schemes in operation, focus group discussion was conducted to water management committees in six water schemes and three water providers responded to the questionnaire.</p><p>Given changes and increasing diversity in the management of rural WATSAN schemes (village water committees, board of directors and public private partnership), it is apparent that community management of rural water schemes without support is not an ideal solution for achieving sustainability. It was also affirmed that to achieve a real community participation in the project is difficult. Village government leaders and water management committees were mainly involved during the planning phase and local communities during implementation. Interference by the politicians, village government leaders and inability of the water schemes to recover costs were the main problems facing water schemes. The consequence was poor performance and failure of some schemes to deliver the services. Generally, the findings lead to a subjective inference that community management of rural water schemes alone is not an ideal solution for attaining sustainability. Community management of rural WATSAN schemes is a good idea if implemented where there is demand-driven community involvement right from the beginning of the projects. Nevertheless, with the right capacity building and continuous support, community management of the rural WATSAN schemes can deliver reliable and sustainable water and sanitation services.</p>
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Smith, Julie. "Social policy, welfare in urban services in South Africa : a case study of free basic water, indigency and citizenship in Eastwood, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal (2005-2007)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015231.
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This is an in-depth case study of urban water services to poor households and their interactions with local state power in the community of Eastwood, Pietermaritzburg, in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, for the period 2005-2007. It draws especially on the experiences of poor women, exploring the conceptions and implications of the movement of municipal services into the realm of welfare-based urban service concessions. It interrogates what value municipal services, framed in the language and form of welfare but within a commodification milieu and in the context of shifting citizen-state relations offer the state apparatus and how such free basic service offerings are experienced by poor households at the level of domestic, social and economic functioning. The study adopts a fluid mixed-methodological approach to optimise exploration and interpretation. It argues that the interface of state service delivery and citizens is fraught with contradictions: core to this is the nature of state ' help.' Free basic water encompassed in the social wage did not improve the lives of poor households; instead it eroded original water access. Free basic water stole women's time spent on domestic activities; compromised appropriate water requirements, exacerbated service affordability problems and negatively affected household functioning. Poor households experienced the government's policy of free basic services as containment and punishment for being poor. The Indigent Policy activated the state's surveillance, disciplinary and control apparatus. In the absence of effective national regulation over municipalities and with financial shortfalls, street-level bureaucrats manipulated social policies to further municipal cost recovery goals and subjugate poor households. Social control and cheap governance were in symmetry. Citizens, desperate for relief, approached the state. Poor households were pushed into downgraded service packages or mercilessly pursued by municipally outsourced private debt collectors and disconnection companies. Municipalities competing for investments brought about by favourable credit ratings abandoned the humanity of their citizens. Such re-prioritisation of values had profound implications for governance and public trust. Citizens were jettisoned to the outskirts of municipal governance, resulting in a distinct confusion and anger towards the local state - and with it, major uncertainties regarding future stability, redistribution and equity.
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Adam, Hassan Ali. "A solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography method for estimating the concentrations of chlorpyrifos, endosulphan-alpha, edosulphan-beta and endosulphan sulphate in water." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/899.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2003<br>The monitoring of pesticide contamination in surface and groundwater is an essential
aspect of an assessment of the potential environmental and health impacts of
widespread pesticide use. Previous research in three Western Cape farming areas found
consistent (37% to 69% of samples) pesticide contamination of rural water sources.
However, despite the need, monitoring of pesticides in water is not done due to lack of
analytical capacity and the cost of analysis in South Africa. The Solid Phase
Microextraction (SPME) sampling method has been developed over the last decade as
a replacement for solvent-based analyte extraction procedures. The method utilizes a
short, thin, solid rod of fused silica coated with an absorbent polymer. The fibre is
exposed to the pesticide contaminated water sample under vigorous agitation. The
pesticide is absorbed into the polymer coating; the mass absorbed depends on the
partition coefficient of the pesticide between the sample phase and the polymeric
coating, the exposure time and factors such as agitation rate, the diffusivity of the
analyte in water and the polymeric coating, and the volume and thickness of the
coating. After absorption, the fibre is directly inserted into the Gas Chromatograph
(GC) injection port for analysis.
For extraction from a stirred solution a fibre will have a boundary region where the
solution moves slowly near the fibre surface and faster further away until the analyte is
practically perfectly mixed in the bulk solution by convection. The boundary region
may be modelled as a layer of stationary solution surrounded by perfectly mixed
solution.
Books on the topic "Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural"
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L' envers d'un urbanisme social: Les problèmes socio-sanitaires posés par l'eau consommée dans les quartiers périphériques de Pointe-Noire au Congo. Union pour l'étude de la population africaine, 1994.
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Nyaoro, Wilson. Environmental socio-cultural factors influencing the development, choice, and use of rural water supply systems in Siaya District, Kenya. s.n., 1997.
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Sachchidananda. Social dimensions of water supply and sanitation in rural areas: A case study of Bihar. Published for Sulabh Institute of Development Studies by Concept Pub. Co., New Delhi, 1999.
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Young, Nicholas. Nicaragua: testing the water: Testing the water from village wells to national plan. CIIR, 1989.
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Mullick, M. A. Hussein. Socio-economic aspects of rural water supply and sanitation: A case study of the Yemen Arab Republic. Book Guild, 1987.
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Shamim, Ishrat. Energy and water crisis in rural households: Linkages with women's work and time. Women for Women, 1994.
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Enge, Kjell. The keepers of water and earth: Mexican rural social organization and irrigation. University of Texas Press, 1989.
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Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco. Hambre de siglos: Mundo rural y apoyos sociales del franquismo en Andalucía oriental, 1936-1951. Editorial Comares, 2007.
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10
Urioste, Isabel Guglielmone de. Migración campo-ciudad y nutrición: Sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de Chuquisaca. Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural"
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MacDonald, Alan, Jeff Davies, Roger Calow, and John Chilton. "Water quality and aspects of rural water supply." In Developing Groundwater. Practical Action Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441290.008.
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Khan, Shaheen Rafi, and Shahrukh Rafi Khan. "Rural Water Supply Scheme Sustainability: A Comparative Institutional Analysis." In Social Capital and Collective Action in Pakistani Rural Development. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71450-5_5.
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"Aspects of gender in community management." In Community Management of Rural Water Supply. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315313337-13.
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"Community management in the ‘social-democratic’, middle-income states." In Community Management of Rural Water Supply. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315313337-7.
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Thorp, John. "A Benefits Realization Approach to IT Investments." In Information Systems Evaluation Management. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-931777-18-6.ch005.
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Information technology is today transforming all aspects of our lives — how we work, shop, play and learn. It is transforming our economic infrastructure — revolutionizing methods of supply, production, distribution, marketing, service, and management. This represents nothing less than a fundamental redesign of the entire supply chains of most industries and indeed a fundamental restructuring of many industries themselves. The potential long-term impact of information technology represents an economic and social transition as fundamental as the shift from rural agriculture to urban industry 200 years ago, during the first Industrial Revolution. Yet today we have a problem — a big problem! Chief information officers (CIOs) are finding themselves increasingly under fire for the perceived lack of value from ever-growing investments in information technology (IT) — investments that in the U.S. now represent close to 50% of companies’ new capital investment and a significant portion of their operating expense. Our investments in technology are not being consistently translated into business value. The link to business results is not clear. It is hard to demonstrate how investments in IT, or in producing information translate into economic value.
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Thorp, John. "The Benefits Realization Approach to IT Investments." In Information Technology Evaluation Methods and Management. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-90-2.ch002.
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Information technology is today transforming all aspects of our lives — how we work, shop, play and learn. It is transforming our economic infrastructure — revolutionizing methods of supply, production, distribution, marketing, service, and management. This represents nothing less than a fundamental redesign of the entire supply chains of most industries and indeed a fundamental restructuring of many industries themselves. The potential long-term impact of information technology represents an economic and social transition as fundamental as the shift from rural agriculture to urban industry 200 years ago, during the first Industrial Revolution. Yet today we have a problem — a big problem! Chief information officers (CIOs) are finding themselves increasingly under fire for the perceived lack of value from ever-growing investments in information technology (IT) — investments that in the U.S. now represent close to 50% of companies’ new capital investment and a significant portion of their operating expense. Our investments in technology are not being consistently translated into business value. The link to business results is not clear. It is hard to demonstrate how investments in IT, or in producing information translate into economic value. A 1996 U.S. survey by the Standish Group found 73% of IT projects were cancelled, over budget or late, with 31% being cancelled. Project failures cost an estimated $145 billion. This figure does not include the loss of anticipated business benefits, likely amounting to trillions of dollars. More recent studies confirm that project failures are continuing to occur at a similar rate, and this applies to more recent ERP, e-Commerce, Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management projects as well as more traditional projects.
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"A Search for Strategies to Improve Sustainability of Rural Water Supply." In The Social Services Crisis of the 1990’s, edited by Mark R. Mujwahuzi. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429433009-16.
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Woodward, Jamie. "Editorial Introduction." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0035.
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This volume has traced the development of the Mediterranean landscape over very long timescales and has examined modern processes in a wide range of settings. Earlier chapters have explored tectonic processes and the evolution of the topography and biota, the nature and impact of Quaternary climate change, and natural hazards, as well as the increasing role of human activity in shaping geomorphological processes and ecosystems during the course of the postglacial period. A core theme in several chapters is the nature of the relationship between humans and the Mediterranean environment. Over the last one hundred years or so, and especially in the period since the Second World War, this relationship has changed dramatically. Resource exploitation, urban expansion, and rural depopulation have all taken place at unprecedented rates, with major impacts upon the quality of land, water, air, and ecosystems. The final part of this volume examines four key topics of environmental concern; its four chapters explore, respectively, land degradation, water resources, interactions between air quality and the climate system, and biodiversity and conservation. Where possible, it is important to place these issues within an appropriate historical perspective. Many components of the Mediterranean environment have responded in a sensitive way to past environmental changes, but the pressures on land and water resources have never been more intense. Improved monitoring networks and new modelling efforts are needed to predict more effectively the impact of climate and social change on all environmental systems and to help inform policymakers seeking a more sustainable use of the region’s resources. Chapter 20 examines the ecological aspects of land degradation and sets out new ideas on productivity dynamics. It explores some of the interactions between land use change, vegetation dynamics, grazing patterns and wildfires. The uneven geography of water resources and water use are highlighted in Chapter 21. Water resource issues have become an increasingly important factor in the geopolitics of the region against a background of climate change uncertainty, rising demand, and a diminishing resource base. Chapter 22 analyses the interactions between climate, air quality, and the water cycle.
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Kasri, R. Y., and S. S. Moersidik. "Citizen engagement: An approach to sustaining Indonesian rural water supply and sanitation?" In Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315213620-36.
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Rahman, Hakikur. "Role of ICTs in Socioeconomic Development and Poverty Reduction." In Information Communication Technologies. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-949-6.ch016.
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are often promoted as central to reviving and sustaining regional communities. Apart from these, the revolutionary feature of modern ICTs—mainly the Internet and mobile telephony—facilitate low cost and speedy interaction among network participants. In this context, knowledge and information are fundamental for facilitating rural development and bringing about social and economic escalation. Nowadays, ICTs are universally acknowledged as powerful tools for development. At the same time, ICTs are seemingly essential to social development and economic growth. In recent years, the process of ICTs has been influencing the socioeconomic context in many countries. Despite that, in many countries a significant proportion of the population does not have access to clean water, sanitation, basic health services and proper education; ICTs provide novel opportunities for information interchange and technology transfer. This chapter looks into critical aspects of ICTs in raising socioeconomic development in underdeveloped countries and tries to illustrate success cases in developed countries that can be replicated in developing countries to reduce poverty. Emphasis has been given to analyze the role of ICTs in poverty reduction processes upholding regional developments. Enactment of ICTs has been elaborately discussed for the uplift of community and it has been observed that solving common causes for common citizens needs strategic implementation of policies at the central core and pragmatic implementation of actions at the grass roots. Simultaneously, this chapter discusses various critical aspects of the development processes to achieve good governance that is vital for sustainable development. However, as ingredients for uplift through ICTs, institutional approaches in various forms have been found to be extremely effective for socioeconomic development and at the same time for regional developments.
Conference papers on the topic "Social aspects of Water-supply, Rural"
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ŁUCZKA, Władysława, and Joanna SMOLUK-SIKORSKA. "SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION – BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.134.
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The aim of the considerations is to define the essence of sustainable consumption as one of the conditions of the practical realisation of sustainable development concept. The paper underlines the importance of sustainable consumption implementation as well as its importance for the future development. The existence of narrow and broad understanding of sustainable consumption was indicated in the elaboration. In the first case, it concerns environmental aspects, whereas in the second, it covers three dimensions: economic, environmental and social ones. The authors also indicated the practices in fames of sustainable consumption on different levels, i.e. individuals, households and governmental ones. They considered different aspects of sustainable consumption, which is an alternative occurrence in relation to consumptionism and manifests itself in eco-consumption, collaborative consumption, deconsumption and responsible consumption. Nevertheless, sustainable consumption is on the margin of mainstream consumption processes. The elaboration also presents a number of factors and obstacles for realisation of the sustainable consumption, both on demand and supply side. First, it requires fundamental changes in value system, social awareness and consumer habits. The state should use particular tools (informational, legal, economic and financial ones) to enable realisation of the sustainable consumption concept.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Nair, Anju Vijayan, Anand Balu Nellippallil, Ashok K. Das, John Hall, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Identifying Sustainable Solutions for Sanitation, Energy, and Water Needs in Off-Grid Indian Villages." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22507.
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Abstract Food, energy, and water are the significant factors necessary for the social and economic well-being and prosperity of people, particularly to accelerate rural development. In order to attain sustainable development in off-grid villages, the issues associated with the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus must be addressed with respect to social, economic and environmental aspects. SunMoksha, a socio-technical enterprise, has proposed a model that includes smart technical solutions or intelligent assets, such as, Smart AQUAnet™, Smart Nanogrid™, Smart MEZ™, etc., addressing food, energy and water needs in off-grid villages. Its development model allows for multiple sustainable solutions to be introduced into the rural community, to address specific needs as the community moves up in the development process. In this paper, a method is presented to identify such sustainable smart solutions. The method involves the use of the dilemma triangle and Go/No-Go analysis to address the needs in off-grid Indian villages. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by first identifying the key issues in an Indian off-grid village from the perspective of the FEW nexus using the dilemma triangle construct. A Go/No-Go analysis is used to select the best feasible solution from a set of possible solutions addressing the dilemmas and issues. Additionally, the needs for sanitation in the village is also considered in the analysis, keeping in mind the health and well-beings of the communities. The method is generic and will support stakeholders/decision-makers in identifying and selecting the best suitable solution from a set of potential solutions. The method is illustrated for an off-grid village to identify an intelligent asset to simultaneously address the sanitation, energy and water needs.
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Abdullah, Mohammad Omar, Voon Chun Yung, Audra Anak Jom, et al. "Energy Sustainability Study of a Rural ICT Telecenter at the Bario Highland." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36061.
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The eBario project has won the eAsia Award and the Mondialogo Engineering Award in 2004 and 2005 respectively for it’s successful implementation of an Information and Telecommunications Technology Center (ICT) and solar renewable energy-incentive rural community project at the Bario Highland of Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo (http://www.unimas.my/ebario/). Although solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has been opted for power generation at the ICT Telecenter for the past five years, there is still a need to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the current energy setup as well as to conduct sustainability study taking into account factors such as system efficiency, weather, costs of fuel, operating costs, as well as to explore the feasibility of implementing alternative energy resources for the rural ICT Telecenter. Recent theoretical study conducted has shown that renewable combined power systems are more sustainable in terms of supplying electricity to the ICT Telecenter, and in a more cost-effective way compared to a standalone PV system which is subject to the cloud and the recent dense haze problems. For that purpose, two combined power systems are being put into consideration namely PV-Hydro and PV-Hydro-Fuel Cell, where the total simulated annualized cost for these two system configurations are US$10,847 and US$76,010 respectively as far as the present location is concerned. The PVHydro-Fuel Cell produces electrical energy at the amount of 3,577 kWh/yr while the annual energy consumption is 3,203 kWhr/yr. On the other hand, PV-Hydro produces 3,789 kWhr/yr of electricity annually load which consumes energy at 3,209 kWhr/yr. Results thus obtained has shown that the PVHydro scheme is expected to have advantages over the existing PV standalone system. Firstly, it is more cost-effective. Secondly, it provides the best outcomes for the local indigenous community and the natural highland environments both for now and the future. Thirdly, it also able to relate the continuity of both economic and social aspects of the local society as a whole. As the combined PV-Hydro system had been chosen, plus for completeness purposes, the present paper also discussed the custom design and construction of a small waterwheel breast-shot hydro-generator, suited to the local location and existing water energy resources. Energy saving design calculations and Sankey diagram showing the energy flows for the new combined system are also given herein. Finally, the energy system performance equations and the performance curves introduced in this study provide a new simple method of evaluating renewable energy systems.
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Jia, Yannan, Xianghui Wei, Weikun Song, Meng Hu, and Jifu Yang. "Applicability Analysis of Ozone Disinfection in Rural Drinking Water Supply from Two Aspects: Ozone Decay and Bromate Formation." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.310.
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Burduja, Daniela, Petru Bacal, and Ana Jeleapov. "Particularitățile utilizării resurselor de apă în Regiunea de Dezvoltare Nord a Republicii Moldova." In Provocări şi tendinţe actuale în cercetarea componentelor naturale şi socio-economice ale ecosistemelor urbane şi rurale. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975891608.23.
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The purpose of this research consists in the elucidation of regional and branch aspects of the water use in the Northern Development Region. The main topics presented in this paper are: 1) resources of surface water and groundwater: 3) regional aspects of water use; 4) dynamics of water use by abstracted sources and by the main usage categories; 5) branch profile of water use and its dynamics.
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Mogildea, Vladimir, and Iurie Bejan. "Aspecte metodologice privind identificarea zonelor sensibile la nutrienți în condițiile Republicii Moldova." In Provocări şi tendinţe actuale în cercetarea componentelor naturale şi socio-economice ale ecosistemelor urbane şi rurale. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975891608.28.
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The methodology for identifying and delimiting nutrient sensitive areas establishes the approaches and criteria for the designation of nutrient sensitive areas according to the Water Law no. 272 of 23.12.2011, partially harmonized with the Council Directive no. 91/271 / EEC of 21 May 1991 on the treatment of urban wastewater. Urban wastewater entering the collection systems, before being discharged into sensitive areas, is subject to a more rigorous treatment for all discharges coming from agglomerations with a population of more than 10,000 equivalent inhabitants.
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JAKIMOVSKI, Jorde. "CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN ADDRESSING LOCAL PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.215.
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The paper discusses the level of satisfaction of the local government performance and certain forms of citizen’s participation in the improvement of the quality of life in the rural communities, such as creating new job positions, improvement of the infrastructure, creating better opportunities for the children, and decreasing of the poverty. Politicians often make big promises before elections while talking about democracy, rule of law and citizens well-being. After their election, however, they forget about the problems of their fellow citizens. Citizens then feel helpless, fall in apathy and hopelessness, and take a distance from politics and the vital questions for their rural community. The paper will show some data related to these issues gathered from a research conducted by the author in 2016 on a representative sample of 640 respondents on the territory of Republic of Macedonia. The research results show the current situation of the citizen’s satisfaction from the local government with respect to the solutions of water supply and sewerage, transport of citizens, opening of new jobs, building of social services facilities, opportunities for culture and recreational activities, and they ways in which the citizens influenced the local government. The results mostly reflect dissatisfaction with the work of the local government in addressing local problems, the underdeveloped mechanism of public participation, low level of human capital in rural local governments and other problems.
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Sudheer, Bellam, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, Ravi Gugulothu, V. S. S. P. Sashank Tallapragada, and Manikanta Bhavirisetti. "Solar Water Distillation Using Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59249.
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All life on earth depends on energy and the cycling of carbon. Energy is essential for economic and social development and also poses an environmental challenge. The world’s dependence on fossil fuels began approximately 200 years ago. Availability of fossil energy resources, peak oil era and this is the time for end of the fossil fuel era, price and environmental impact and various renewable resources and use of it. The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm, modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing environmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues. Solar and wind energy are now providing the lowest cost options for economic and community development in rural regions around the globe. Energy and water are the key to modern life and provide the basis necessary for sustained economic development. Due to a growing world population and increasing modernization global energy demand is raising during the current century. Finding the sufficient supplies of clean and sustainable energy for the future is the global society’s most challenge for this century. The future will be depends on a renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass. There are large numbers of phase change materials (PCM’S) that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials i.e paraffin wax are discussed in this paper.