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1
Daniel, D., Julivius Prawira, Trimo Pamudji Al Djono, S. Subandriyo, Arya Rezagama, and Aries Purwanto. "A System Dynamics Model of the Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia." Water 13, no. 4 (2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040507.
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The sustainability of the water supply program in developing countries is influenced by many inter-linked and dynamic factors, suggesting the need to analyse the system behaviour of the water supply program. However, no study analyses factors influencing the sustainability of rural drinking water supply programs holistically, and this study aims to fill that gap. This study utilized a system dynamics approach based on a case study of a community-based rural drinking water supply program (PAMSIMAS in Bahasa) in Magelang Regency, Indonesia. Five sustainability aspects were considered in the model development and simulation: financial, institutional, environmental, technical, and social aspects. Eight scenario analyses related to those five aspects were conducted. The causal loop diagrams suggest that the overall loop in the system is reinforcing, meaning that the improvement in one aspect will improve the overall condition of the system and deterioration in one aspect will reduce the overall condition of the system. Scenario analysis shows that external fund is critical to support the program financially, especially at the beginning of the project when the piped system is being built and water revenue is still low. Scenario and sensitivity analyses revealed that human factors, i.e., the performance of the water board and response and support from the community, positively influence the sustainability of the water supply program. Additionally, the water board plays a key role in accelerating the pipe network growth. Finally, this paper argues that visualising and simulating the causal relationship and dynamic behaviour of the rural water supply program are critical for water stakeholders to better design and implement the water supply program.
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Adhikari, Keshab Prasad. "Governance for Sustainability of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes (RWSS): Case from NAPA WASH." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 17 (December 31, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v17i0.34950.
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Water and sanitation are taken at the heart of achieving a number of goals and critical targets of sustainable development goals. But achieving sustained water and sanitation service in a rural context is problematic from the viewpoint of technical, financial, environmental, and social, and governance aspects of functionality. Therefore, good governance in the operation and management of rural water and sanitation schemes are a key component to determine the other aspects of functioning and longer-term sustainability. The study sees the working of five indicators of functionality, five layers of priority ranking indicators, four service indicators of quantity, accessibility, reliability, and quality (QARQ), and ten indicators of assessing governance level sustainability. In all aspects of assessment, most RWSS found to stand at the level of partial sustainability. This urged for giving higher priority to upgrading such schemes in the status of full sustainability.
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Kuliešis, Gediminas, and Lina Pareigienė. "Changes in quality of life of Lithuanian elderly rural population in 2001–2011." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 4 (2014): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.082.
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The aging of the population is the most striking demographic process in Lithuania and other Western world countries. Elderly rural residents, which are the consumers of the public goods and the providers of them at the same time, become increasingly important element of rural vitality. That’s the reason the scientific community pays more and more attention on various aspects of life of older people in rural areas: the quality of life, social services, sociality and others. The purpose of this article is to analyze one dimension of the life quality of older rural residents – the changes in living conditions, which were registered in 2001 and 2011 during Population and housing census in Lithuania. Indicators of quality of life were measured – the type of dwelling, accommodation of dwellings: hot water, bath and shower,.sewerage, flush toilet, the type of heating systems, the type of water supply. The result showed that although the living conditions of rural and especially of elderly rural population are rapidly increasing, they are still lower compared to the urban population's living conditions.
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Castilho, Lia Silva de, Efigênia Ferreira e. Ferreira, Leila Nunes Menegasse Velásquez, Lucia Maria Fantinel, and Edson Perini. "Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 44, no. 2 (2010): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000200005.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.
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Mosiej, Józef. "Sustainable Rural Development Policy in Poland – Environmental Aspects." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 11, no. 2 (2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2014-0008.
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Abstract The author discusses issues of sustainable development in rural areas in Poland from the perspective of natural resources management. Sustainable development of rural areas is the way of managing which links economic, social and ethical principles with ecological safety. This may be reached by proper management, directed on cautious usage of ecosystems’ self-controlling mechanisms, with the progress of science and technology. Agriculture in Poland is one of the most important sectors from an economic perspective and its importance is greater in Poland than in other countries in the EU. It has an influence not only on the social and economic situation of the rural population, but also on the natural environment, structure of landscape and biodiversity. From ecological point of view, functions of rural areas are not only being a place for production of food, resources for industry and green energy, but also supplying environmental goods such as protection of biodiversity and influencing air and water quality as well as landscape. The author presents ways to reduce the pressure of agricultural activities on water resources in the region, catchment and farm scale
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Swastomo, Andito Sidiq, and Doddy Aditya Iskandar. "Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan Di Kabupaten Purworejo." Jurnal Planoearth 5, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpe.v5i1.1631.
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Pencapaian target SDG's penyediaan akses air minum bagi seluruh masyarakat membutuhkan usaha dan kerja keras dari pemerintah. Beberapa program pembangunan infrastruktur air minum telah diluncurkan oleh pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan layanan dasar bagi masyarakat khususnya pada wilayah perdesaan. Namun dalam perkembangan pasa konstruksi, SPAM Desa terbangun mengalami perkembangan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan berbasis masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah multikasus olistik dengan dua desa penelitian yaitu Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan dengan pendekatan berbasis masyarakat mempunyai keberlanjutan yang berbeda-beda. Desa dengan keberlanjutan pada aspek sosial, keuangan, lingkungan dan kelembagaan mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang sangat baik sedangkan desa dengan keberlanjutan hanya pada salah satu aspek saja mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang rendah. Hal ini terlihat pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Desa Piji yang mengalami keberlanjutan sebaliknya pada Desa Gintungan tidak terjadi keberlanjutan. Keberlanjutan SPAM Desa sangat dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial dan modal manusia yang dimiliki. Pada kedua desa penelitian, faktor modal sosial yang mempengaruhi berupa jaringan hubungan sosial yang kuat, kepercayaan, dan norma aturan, sedangkan faktor modal manusia yang berpengaruh berupa motivasi, komitmen, efektivitas tim kerja dan kepemimpinan.Abstract: Achieving the SDG's target of providing access to water for all communities requires effort and hard work from the government. Several water supply infrastructure development programs have been launched by the government to meet basic service needs for the community, especially in rural areas. However, in the development phase of construction, the SPAM Desa was developed experiencing different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of the community-based rural water supply system and the factors that influence the sustainability of the system. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research design used was an olistic multicase with two research villages namely Piji Village and Gintungan Village. The results showed that the rural water supply system with a community-based approach has a different sustainability. Villages with sustainability in social, financial, environmental and institutional aspects have a very good level of sustainability while villages with sustainability in only one aspect have a low level of sustainability. This can be seen in the water supply system in Piji Village which experiences sustainability whereas in Gintungan Village there is no sustainability. Sustainability of SPAM Desa is strongly influenced by social capital and human capital they have. In the two research villages, social capital influencing factors are in the form of a strong social relations network, trust and rule norms, while influential human capital factors are motivation, commitment, work team effectiveness and leadership.
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Sikora, Jan, and Agnieszka Anna Wartecka-Ważyńska. "The silver tourism economy in rural areas under conditions of sustainable development." Studia Periegetica 34, no. 2 (2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2701.
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The aim of the article is to present the concept of the silver tourism economy and to identify its supply and demand in rural areas in Poland in relation to sustainable development. The problems of interest were analysed in the context of values held by and ethical norms observed in rural communities. It was found that ethical aspects of sustainable development were embraced by older members of rural communities, and, consequently, were closely connected with the supply and demand sides of the silver tourism economy. The study revealed that the supply side of the silver tourism economy in rural areas was more developed than the demand side. The authors emphasize the need for natural, cultural, social and economic resources (associated with the supply side) to support the demand side of the rural tourism market. They also indicate that ethical values and norms of sustainable development are important for the silver tourism economy. The article is based a review of the literature, analysis of secondary sources and official documents and participant observation undertaken by of the authors.
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Deb, Surajit. "Living Conditions and Social Distancing Barriers in India." Social Change 51, no. 2 (2021): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211012084.
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The tenth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account on the living conditions that work as barriers against social distancing in different states of India. This segment especially focusses on aspects such as the percentage of households (rural and urban) that own a house, the percentage share of nuclear households (rural and urban), the mean number of persons sleeping per room in households, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which cooking is done in a separate room, the percentage of households (rural and urban) in which water is not treated prior to drinking, the percentage of households (rural and urban) with an improved non-sharable sanitation facility and the proportion of households living in slums.
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GLASGOW, NINA. "Rural/Urban Patterns of Aging and Caregiving in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 21, no. 5 (2000): 611–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251300021005005.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of different residential environments on informal and formal caregiving provided to older people. The author uses two kinds of evidence to address this central concern. First, recent demographic trends are examined to ascertain the availability of informal caregivers among older people living in different places of residence. This line of inquiry focuses on the supply of potential caregivers. Second, previous research on rural/urban patterns of informal and formal caregiving for older people is reviewed. In conjunction with these two lines of inquiry, the author discusses past, present, and future trends in aging and caregiving. Because little direct evidence exists with which to examine particular aspects of rural/urban patterns of caregiving, the author discusses needed areas of future research.
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Acciani, Claudio, Annalisa De Boni, Vincenzo Fucilli, and Rocco Roma. "L'organizzazione dei sistemi di produzione secondo la teoria dei networks: il caso dell'Alto Salento." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 2 (October 2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002003.
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- According to several theoretical essays and empirical researches (Putnam, Latour, Grootaert, Murdoch, restrim Project) networks, density and kind of their relationships considerably influence the developing perspectives of an area. In order to detect the empirical aspects of the relationships among networks and productive systems development this research was set up. The way networks system bring development are still not defined because there are so many ways to do it, principally due to territorial differences. Agrifood system structure and management and local rural economics, by the way of territorially defined networks system analysis, is the aim of this study. Pursued goals are twofold: defining, by a case study analysis, structural characteristics of networks; detecting the better way to supply services in order to improve network organization in their own productive system. A desk analysis on social and economical aspects of the Alto Salento area has been carried out; moreover it has been pointed out an investigation defining the networks consistence and their characteristics (activity sector, number of partners, etc.). Results put in evidence a strong networks presence in cultural activities sector, in services and in agricultural one, that suggested a defined organization of productive system as a function of tourist supply and local products promotion. This hypothesis has been tested by a direct inquiry at a network sample valuating amount and quality of different kind of relationships settled down and their strengths and weaknesses. To promote network development and to improve their relationships it is necessary to supply a certain amount of services such as communicative tools for knowledge exchange about the territorial structural social capital (web site, promotional events, ecc.). Networks expressed needs are directed to find new way for increasing social capital amount of a specific area.JEL Codes: Q13, O18Key words: social capital, rural development, local products, networks relationships
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Sumual, Herry, Felly Warouw, and Marlon Kamagi. "Design of water hyacinth utilization as renewable electricity energy source in Tondano Lake." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713004.
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Energy security includes three aspects, namely the availability of energy sources, affordability of energy supply, and the continuation of new renewable energy development. This study aims to contribute in overcoming energy problems while solving environmental problems by utilizing water hyacinth in Lake Tondano, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Through the approach of environmental science, developed scenario of water hyacinth utilization design to become energy source of biomass power plant (PLB). This scenario is the initial concept of the creation of water hyacinth as an alternative renewable energy. In order to ensure the sustainability of this scenario, a technological, technical, environmental and social assessment of technology diffusion was developed. The results show PLB design scenarios to be a new business that is profitable for the community in encouraging local economic development and becoming a solution to the problem of water hyacinth. Utilization of water hyacinth as an alternative energy in addition to improving the economy of society also increases the economic activities of a region. This design scenario provides insight into steps to develop new findings such as small-scale PLB designs in rural areas of the developing world. Finally PLB design scenarios can be a transfer of knowledge to local communities, empowering them to utilize biomass resources as a stimulus for economic prosperity in the region.
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Polenkova, M. V. "Forming Social Responsibility of Agricultural Enterprises in the Conditions of Sustainable Development." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-195-200.
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The article substantiates the necessity to introduce modern mechanisms of interaction between the state and business, and between business and society as well in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Ukraine. Today agricultural enterprises more and more often appear under pressure to solve social problems, realize the harm they do to the environment in their supply chains, and need to find ways to solve critical socio-economic and environmental challenges set in accordance with the goals of sustainable development. The evolution of schools of thought developing the concept of corporate social responsibility is studied, as well as those of the economic system and industrial transformations, which were actively developing in the twentieth century society. It has been found out that the impact of social responsibility on the welfare of the population was considered through the prism of three areas: business ethics, business and society, and social aspects of management. It is substantiated that corporate social responsibility is an umbrella term for various theories and practices, admitting that corporations are responsible for their impact on society and the environment, sometimes even beyond compliance with the law and the responsibility of individuals; companies are responsible for the behavior of others with whom they do business (for example, suppliers in the supply chain); companies should handle their relationships with society at large. The peculiarities of the approaches of large farms (collective farms) to the socio-economic development of rural areas in the planned economy in Soviet times are outlined. It has been found out that collective farms provided a wide range of support to rural communities and household plot owners, namely, by providing the following: full employment, rural social infrastructure, resources and services on homesteads. The peculiarities of European approaches to the development of social responsibility have been studied. The relationship between the social responsibility of agricultural enterprises and the revival of rural areas has been established.
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Arato, Miguel, Stijn Speelman, Joost Dessein, and Guido van Huylenbroeck. "Assessment of socio-economic configuration of value chains: a proposed analysis framework to facilitate integration of small rural producers with global agribusiness." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 1 (2017): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2015.0060.
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Value chain analysis is an important tool to assess and enhance the performance of agribusiness. This paper analyzes the empirical application of a conceptual framework known as the Rural Web to evaluate the socioeconomic complexity of a specific agribusiness value chain. This can be used as a complementary approach to traditional value chain analysis. The proposed framework goes beyond linear descriptions of product flows and examines how supply chains are built, shaped and reproduced over time and space, while considering social, cultural, environmental and political aspects. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework is a suitable method for value chain analysis, principally for those whose early stages are based on small and medium-sized rural actors. The Rural Web analysis offers decision-makers a platform to identify key actors not traditionally considered in value chain analysis, as well as the social interrelationships that occur at different dimensions. It also enables the identification of corrective and preventive measures to enhance agribusiness value chains.
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LAGODIIENKO, Nataliya, Vitaliy KOZYOMA, and Iryna KRUPITSA. "ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2019): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-37.
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Introduction. Sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine involves taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects, which is implemented in many specific directions and measures. The purpose of the study is to assess the social effectiveness of sustainable development of agricultural production in the conditions of the national economy openness. Results. The dynamic of the share of Ukrainian households expenditures on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products in the structure of their total expenditures is analyzed. The expenditure share of Ukrainian households on alcohol and tobacco is considered. The analysis of the expenditure share on alcoholic beverages and tobacco in the structure of total household expenditures by age groups, depending on the size of average cash equivalent total income in 2016-2018 has been done. The results of the consumption analysis of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fruits, berries and grapes (without wine processing) for 1 person in the population from 2000 to 2018 are presented. The trends of rising consumption in studied groups of products other than milk and milk products has been identified. The difference between search and regulatory types of forecasts is considered. These forecasts are calculated to consider product groups. The inability to reach the target consumption values within the planned period of time is determined. The dynamics of the Consumer Price Index for food and non-alcoholic beverages in individual EU countries and USA are examined and downward trends are identified. The reasons for the galloping rise in food prices in Ukraine are given. The dynamics of rural and urban population in Ukraine is analyzed. The dynamics of the average monthly wage by types of economic activity is analyzed. The results of the analysis of highways of Ukraine with hard cover by categories are given. The volume of passenger transportation by bus is considered. The analysis results of the housing equipment of rural households by water supply, sewerage and modern sanitary facilities are presented. The analysis results of the receipt lack of certain types of medical aid by rural and urban residents (deprivation) are presented. Conclusions. The dynamics of the expenditure share of Ukrainian households on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, tobacco in the structure of their total expenditures confirms the poverty of the Ukrainian population. There is a low consumer culture of the population in Ukraine. The structure of consumption expenditures is explained by the considerable level of differentiation of population different segments incomes. The dynamics of rural and urban populations in Ukraine confirms the steady decline of rural residents. The main reasons for the decrease in rural population are identified. The unsatisfactory level of social component of sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine has been proved. Keywords: agricultural production, sustainable development, social infrastructure, rural territories, food security, social component of sustainable development, social efficiency.
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Wang, Lin Yuan. "The Application Research of Current Protection Device in Low-Voltage Rural Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3675.
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Current protective device against direct and indirect electric shock as well as effective protection against electrical fires has been widely used in the rural power grid, but there is also a more prominent issue. Residual current protection device in use often appearing malfunction, tripping phenomenon has seriously affected the security and stability and reliability of power supply and low voltage distribution systems. In this paper, it should be from a low-voltage distribution systems and wiring protection devices, power grid maintenance operation, standardized management products, technical training and promotion of social workers and other aspects of a comprehensive solution to this problem; and presented on the remaining current protection device applications, some of the views.
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Aribisala, J. O., and T. Omotoso. "Sustaining the Rural Energy Demand through Biogas Technology." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.736.
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Energy supply and utilization is one of the economic indices of regional development and standard of living. Energy availability in the rural areas of Nigeria is fast becoming a great challenge with the high cost of cooking gas and kerosene and environmental problems associated with firewood. The paper demonstrated the use of a pilot model study (floating drum plant) of bio-decomposition of animal waste (cattle dung and fodder) in an anaerobic condition (single batch system) to generate methane for domestic cooking. This is a unique way of waste management with additional values of energy accessibility, reliability, quality, cost and benefits including environmental and social aspects. Method involved the pre-treatment of the substrate and its inoculation. Material compositions were batched by weight. Gas produced was monitored for 10 times at 3 days interval effective from the fifth day of retention. Efficiency increased to peak at the 11th day (32.8% of the total cumulative, TC) and reduced to 1.2% TC at the 22nd day.
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Kuliešis, Gediminas, and Lina Pareigienė. "Investigation of the demand of public services of rural areas." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 37, no. 4 (2015): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2015.43.
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Declining rural population increases distances to public services, they become more expensive. Therefore, provision of public services is a growing challenge in rural areas not only in Lithuania but also in Europe. Public services are one of the aspects of rural vitality, which is widely debated by both scientists and politicians. Demand aspects are debated, new, innovative ways of provision of public services discussed, new service models combining private, public sectors and community resources are sought. The aim of the study was to identify public services, the demand for which is the greatest in rural areas. To achieve the aim, the questionnaire for elders of Lithuanian rural wards was prepared. The questionnaires were sent to all Lithuanian rural wards – 450 and 352 elders’ answers were received. The results showed that the best served are public services as information accessibility, school-age children education and social services. The public services where a lot of changes must be done are such as primary health care and all types of utilities (water, sewerage, waste), public transport.
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Zanin, Antônio, Cristian Baú Dal Magro, Diones Kleinibing Bugalho, Francieli Morlin, Paulo Afonso, and Andrzej Sztando. "Driving Sustainability in Dairy Farming from a TBL Perspective: Insights from a Case Study in the West Region of Santa Catarina, Brazil." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (2020): 6038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156038.
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All companies in agribusiness supply chains need to be aware of the best use of available resources, which demands an integrated assessment of environmental, economic and social aspects, i.e., the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Such analysis allows us to get a more balanced and complete understanding of the real performance of companies, supply chains and industries. Companies in the upstream of agribusinesses supply chains present some limitations, but can contribute significantly to the overall sustainability of the entire value chain. The objective of this research was to understand the role of the drivers of sustainability in dairy farming from a TBL perspective, such as assistance to producers and the value chain, and the use of better technology and management practices. A sample of 54 rural farms in the dairy supply chain of the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used to test four hypotheses about what can drive sustainability. Furthermore, first- and second-order structural equation models using SMART PLS software were used for the analysis of the data. The results obtained show that social sustainability is positively influenced by the use of good management practices, and the latter, as well as public policies, positively influence economic sustainability. Furthermore, it was found that improvements in production techniques positively influence environmental sustainability, and this is mostly influenced by the use of good management practices, and less so by policies directed at the supply chain. Finally, from the analysis of the second-order variable for sustainability, it was highlighted that the economic dimension prevails in the eyes of the farmers, as the main dimension of sustainability, and that environmental aspects are still neglected.
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Blazheva, V. "RESEARCH OF THE RELATION "URBAN AGRICULTURE - RURAL ECONOMY." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.070.
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More and more companies are striving to provide fresh food production in the immediate vicinity of major cities, thus shortening the supply chain for the end user. According to FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisaton), about 800 million people worldwide cultivate different crops in and around cities, which means that 20% of the world's urban population is in one form or another occupied in urban agriculture (1). Rural areas make up half of Europe's territory and employ around 20% of the population. (2). Due to this reason, the attention is drawn to the contrast between the urban agriculture and the rural economy. The aim is to explore and reveal the "urban agriculture - rural economy" relation. The methods of the present study are scientific research methods: comparative analysis method, induction and deduction method, retrospective analysis and others; illustrative methods - tables, figures and others. In terms of expected outcomes, this article focuses on highlighting the social, economic and environmental aspects of the emergence of the correlation between urban agriculture and the rural economy. The final part focuses on the challenges of theurban agriculture and the rural economy.
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Dziekański, Paweł. "SPATIAL DIVERSITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF RURAL COMMUNES IN EASTERN POLAND IN 2009-2018." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 5 (2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-5-23-32.
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Local government units are developing in an increasingly complex environment that is a place of concentration of economic activity and is a creator of local and regional development. Their activities target all types of resources, i.e., financial, human, material and information. The aim of the article is to rating the diversity of infrastructure of rural communes of Eastern Poland in relation to development. The measurements were carried out using a synthetic measure in a system of 484 communes. Data from the Local Data Bank for 2009-2018 was used as the source material. Development is a general process, multi-dimensional process, covering economic, social, environmental, political and cultural aspects. Regions with a high level of infrastructure development are areas recognized by investors and residents as attractive places for doing business and living. The level of infrastructure development in a given local system in terms of its structure, location, quality and accessibility has a very strong impact on its development. In 2018, the infrastructure measure ranged from 0.23 (best unit) to 0.91 (the weakest unit), and from 0.35 to 0.91 in 2009. In 2018, the measure of development ranged from 0.43 to 0.82, while it ranged from 0.52 to 0.84 in 2009. This indicates a similar range of unit diversity and similar actions undertaken in the economy. Units in the aspect of the measure of development and infrastructure differed the least in the aspect of entrepreneurship, demography and labor market as well as the financial situation, and the most in the aspect of infrastructure and development. The level of infrastructure of Eastern Polish rural communes was shaped primarily by the development process and financial situation but also by the number of people costing from libraries, sewage system and water supply as well as housing resources.
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Melnyk, Iryna. "DIAGNOSTICS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF COMMODITY CIRCULATION SPHERE IN UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 28(4) (2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.023.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the study of the role of the commodity circulation sphere in the social and economic development of Ukraine and the consequences of modernization of this sector for society and economy. Purpose. The article aims to diagnose positive and negative trends in the development of the commodity circulation sphere in the process of its social and economic modernization. Method (methodology). To achieve the goal, it is carried out the economic assessment of such indicators of the development of the commodity circulation sector as the volume of retail turnover per unit of the existing population; the population's supply of retail space; the retail turnover per one retail trade object; the turnover of goods stocks; labour productivity; number of employees and wages according to the State Statistics Service. The object of the study is the development of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine. The subject of the research is the scientific and practical principles of the diagnostics of the commodity circulation sphere in the conditions of its social and economic modernization. Results. It is noted that the efficiency of functioning and development of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine is still not on the sufficient level. Such characteristics as retail trade turnover per unit of population in rural areas, rural population's supply of shops, volumes and levels of employment, wages, and in particular its material and immaterial stimulation have to be improved within the social plan. The negative aspects and trends of the social and economic modernization of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine, which have been revealed, should be taken into account when planning and implementing a more qualitative, well-balanced and effective state policy in this area.
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Varchenko, O. O. "Theoretical aspects of functioning of agro-food chains and features of their development in Ukrainian." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (148) (May 30, 2019): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-148-1-6-20.
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The peculiarities of creation and functioning of agro-food chains based on the study of scientific works were generalized, which allowed to establish a variety of approaches to the definition of agro-food chains and their structure. The study describes the understanding of agribusiness supply chains based on global and local approaches to their functioning, and the "smart" supply chain of agro-food. The main flows in the agro-food chain have been identified, namely: physical (agricultural raw materials, agro-food, logistics operators etc.), information, financial flows, as well as knowledge and experience of management. The purpose of the article is to synthesize scientific approaches to understanding the concept of supply chain and agro-food chain in domestic and foreign practice, systematization of the principles and basic business processes of their functioning, as well as identification of the main factors of the external and internal environment of their functioning in modern conditions. It is highlighted that the main approaches to the interpretation of the supply chain are process and object approaches, both in foreign and domestic practice. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the functioning of global agro-food chains, which are not considered by academics as buyer-seller relations in the open market, but as coordinated chains of interactions that occur under the influence of key agents in these chains. These leading global chain members control other members of the chain, which has led to increased pressure, primarily on agricultural producers and processors. The scientific opinions on the understanding and specificity of the functioning of alternative supply chains of agro-food, which give rise to economic, social and / or environmental benefits, are generalized. The directions of development of local agro-food chains in domestic conditions and their influence on creation of competitive rural territories are grounded. The factors of the external and internal environment of functioning of agro-food chains and the directions of influence of their changes on the stability of their development, in particular, globalization of climate change, innovation development, and others, are systematized. The necessity of developing additional adaptations to the listed changes in other sectors – transport, storage and energy systems – has been proved, which actualizes the need for strengthening integration and cooperation between the participants of the supply chain. The main goals of the functioning of agro-food chains are highlighted: increase of competitiveness of products, achievement of economic interests of all participants of chain, sustainable development of rural territories, more efficient satisfaction of needs of end users. Achievement of these goals can only be achieved on the basis of observance of the principles of sustainable development and innovation of the chain, resource-saving development of production activities. It is emphasized that the question remains, both in practical and methodical aspects, as to the distortion of the information flow in agro-food chains, especially in chains with a large number of participants and numerous connections between them. In domestic practice, the issue of improving the quality and safety of agri-food products in agricultural supply chains needs to be actualized. Key words: supply chain, agro-food chain, global chains, local agricultural chains, demand chains, logistic chains, "smart" chains.
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Croke, Barry, Wendy Merritt, Peter Cornish, Geoffrey J. Syme, and Christian H. Roth. "An integrated approach to improving rural livelihoods: examples from India and Bangladesh." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 376 (February 1, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-376-45-2018.
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Abstract. This paper presents an overview of work in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and SW Bangladesh through a series of projects from 2005 to the present, considering the impact of farming systems, water shed development and/or agricultural intensification on livelihoods in selected rural areas of India and Bangladesh. The projects spanned a range of scales spanning from the village scale (∼ 1 km2) to the meso-scale (∼ 100 km2), and considered social as well as biophysical aspects. They focused mainly on the food and water part of the food-water-energy nexus. These projects were in collaboration with a range of organisations in India and Bangladesh, including NGOs, universities, and government research organisations and departments. The projects were part funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and built on other projects that have been undertaken within the region. An element of each of these projects was to understand how the hydrological cycle could be managed sustainably to improve agricultural systems and livelihoods of marginal groups. As such, they evaluated appropriate technology that is generally not dependent on high-energy inputs (mechanisation). This includes assessing the availability of water, and identifying potential water resources that have not been developed; understanding current agricultural systems and investigating ways of improving water use efficiency; and understanding social dynamics of the affected communities including the potential opportunities and negative impacts of watershed development and agricultural development.
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József Káposzta. "Development alternatives of rural economy." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2522.
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Environmental, natural, social and economic processes undergoing both in Europe and in the world predict such a 21st century that is characterised by increasing resource-crisis from both economic and ecological aspects. Therefore, it is very important for Hungary to see what happens to its natural resources, epecially to its agricultural land, water reserves as well as the biodiversity of the local unique flora and fauna. One of the most significant issues of the rural areas of Hungary is whether we can preserve the natural habitats and the various biodiversity of the related species, the favourable biological background of agriculture. In addition, whether we are able to provide high quality food for the country as well as for the broader reagion, whether we are able to produce energy from the resources available as well as to provide sufficient opportunities for the population to live and work. These can be considered as the most significant issuesof the coming decades which determine the strategy of the Hungarian rural economies in long term.
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Dörre, Andrei. "Collaborative Action and Social Organization in Remote Rural Regions: Autonomous Irrigation Arrangements in the Pamirs of Tajikistan." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102905.
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This paper proposes a bottom–up “nexus medium” perspective to examine and understand social organization and how socio-ecological challenges in remote rural regions are dealt with in communities that receive only limited external support. While “nexus mediums” constitute substances, matter, or objects that combine manifold vital meanings and can be seen as socially constructed and materialized arenas of social interaction, autonomous resource management is seen as a means of local social organization. Taking water as the nexus medium of choice allows us to generate locally informed insights about the role of this scarce resource for the everyday life and social organization of communities inhabiting arid rural areas. This reasoning will be exemplified by three local case studies conducted during empirical research in the Pamirs of Tajikistan utilizing a mix of qualitative methods. The findings reveal how many fundamental everyday-life-related aspects and activities of the studied communities are related to water, and how these communities are organized around common water use and management arrangements that are based on joint decision-making, shared benefits and responsibilities, and collaborative action. The “nexus medium” concept appears to be an appropriate approach for research that seeks to understand from a local perspective how communal living is organized and how socio-ecological challenges are addressed.
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Woltersdorf, L., A. Jokisch, and T. Kluge. "Benefits of rainwater harvesting for gardening and implications for future policy in Namibia." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (2013): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.061.
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Rainwater harvesting to irrigate small-scale gardens enhances food self-sufficiency to overcome rural poverty. So far rainwater harvesting is not encouraged by the Namibian National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy nor supported financially by the Namibian government. This study proposes two rainwater harvesting facilities to irrigate gardens; one collects rain from household roofs with tank storage, the second collects rain on a pond roof with pond storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the benefits of rainwater harvesting-based gardening and to propose policy and financing implications for the Namibian government. We investigate the benefits of rainwater harvesting through a literature review, a cost–benefit analysis, monitoring of project pilot plants and a comparison with the existing irrigation and drinking water infrastructure. The results indicate that rainwater harvesting offers numerous benefits in technological, economic, environmental and social terms. The facilities have a positive net present value under favourable circumstances. However, material investment costs pose a financing problem. We recommend that government fund the rainwater harvesting infrastructure and finance privately garden and operation and maintenance costs. Integrating these aspects into a national rainwater harvesting policy would create the conditions to achieve the benefits of an up-scale of rainwater harvesting based gardening in Namibia.
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Grando, Stefano. "Esperienze di diversificazione qualitativa degli alimenti: la ri-localizzazione dei circuiti produzione-consumo." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 1 (June 2009): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-001004.
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- Quality diversification in food production: initiatives of re-localisation of production-consumption networks In an era characterized by a tendency towards globalisation of food supply chains and standardization of consumption habits, many rural areas are witnessing initiatives based on the re-discovery of local food traditions and productions, and on their promotion towards distant markets. These initiatives mainly regard areas where a local food culture is still present, and some local supply chains have survived even in recent decades. In some other rural areas, on the contrary, standardization of food production and consumption led to a completely export-oriented primary sector and to the disappearance of almost any sort of local supply chains. In some of these areas, mainly in Northern European countries, grass root initiatives of re-localisation of the food supply chains have recently emerged, aiming at promoting the local consumption of locally produced food. This entails strengthening (or re-creating) local food productions, creating local markets and encouraging local consumption of the products . This phenomenon emerged also within the eu funded research "corason - A cognitive approach to rural sustainable development - the dynamics of expert and lay knowledges", in which about 30 case-studies of local food production from twelve countries have been investigated. Five of them represent initiatives of relocalisation: Cahir Farmers' Market in Ireland, Skye and Lochalsh Horticultural Development Association and Food Link Group in Scotland, Eldrimner project in Sweden, and Netzwerk Vorpommern in Germany. All these initiatives share some basic aims: social sustainability at community level, environmental sustainability, local culture valorisation. Shortening the distance that food travels means sustaining local producers income and, often, delivering better quality food to consumers. At the same time it encourages diversification of agriculture, it supports environmental protection, and it provides opportunities for the revitalization of rural communities. Other evidences arise from a comparative analysis of these experiences. A relevant role of civil society has been noticed. Further, a strong ideological component is sometimes present, with initiatives promoted by actors belonging to, or inspired by, social movements. All the initiatives show a high degree of selfgovernance, with a central role played by pro-active local actors. There is a re-definition of food quality. Emphasis is given to localness, as a key attribute in itself as well as a condition influencing other attributes. An emphasis is also given to the positive relational and social aspects related to the establishment of local networks. These initiatives require specific knowledge dynamics, in particular the rediscovery of a traditional food culture (varieties, cultivation methods, recipes) that had been forgotten among local communities.JEL Codes: Q13, Q56, R12Key words: local networks, food quality, food supply chains, traditional knowledge, Northern Europe
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Wijayanti, Rathna, Muhammad Baiquni, and Rika Harini. "Livelihood Strategies as Responses to Water Availability in Pusur Subwatershed, Bengawan Solo." Forum Geografi 30, no. 2 (2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v30i2.2618.
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Water availability has a significant role on human life, particularly for the rural, agrarian communities. This study aimed to investigate the diverse conditions of water availability in Pusur sub-watershed, Bengawan Solo watershed, and the livelihood strategies of the local community in responding to the water availability. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis, and the data was collected through questionnaire, in-depth interview, and observation. On the water availability, the study used the following variables: (1) quality, (2) quantity, (3) spatial and temporal distribution, (4) access, (5) social-economy, and (5) institutional aspect. On the livelihood strategies, it uses: (1) reaction and (2) anticipation for water deficit. In term of sampling methods, the study used area and purposive sampling, by splitting the study site into the upper, middle, and lower area. The analysis of this study indicates that the level of water availability in the upper area is considered low. The community living in the upper area depends upon rainwater for its agricultural sector, and upon the water supply distributed by pipelines and tanker trucks for its household. The study also indicates that the middle area has abundant water supply, but the quality has been declined due to pollution, poor sanitation system, and potential conflict among the community members. Meanwhile, in the lower area, particularly in the dry season, irrigation water has been inadequate. Responding to the diverse water availability, the community has applied the following livelihood strategies: (1) leaving the agricultural land uncultivated in the upper area, and (2) pumping wells and rivers in the middle and lower areas. In addition, as part of its precautions actions, the community has applied: (1) agroforestry system at the upper area, (2) improved the irrigation system of the middle area, and (3) creating wells and using water pumps in the lower area.
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Jin, Li, Sun, Zhang, and Zheng. "Factors Controlling Urban and Rural Indirect Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Household Consumption: A Case Study in Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (2019): 6563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236563.
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Residential carbon dioxide emissions can be divided into a direct component caused by consumers via direct energy usage and an indirect component caused by consumers buying and using products to meet their needs, with a higher proportion caused by the latter. Based on Beijing panel data for 1993–2012, an economic boom period in China, indirect carbon dioxide emissions were separately calculated for urban and rural households using the consumer lifestyle approach (CLA) model. Then, an extended stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model was used to analyze the influence from two aspects, social economy, and land use, with high precision. Results indicate that indirect CO2 emissions in Beijing households display a rising trend in urban areas but a slight decrease in rural areas. Technology influences and forest land are, respectively, the most important aspects of the social economy and land use. Higher population and urbanization resulted in enhanced emissions in both urban and rural areas. The Engel coefficient presented a negative correlation with indirect CO2 emissions for both rural and urban areas. Compared with urban areas, the per capita net income of rural areas restrained consumption. The consumption structure of urban residents was more biased toward the tertiary industry than that of rural residents. Although technical progress has proceeded, it cannot offset urban residents’ indirect CO2 emissions caused by the large amount and rapid growth of consumption. Regarding land use, urban construction land net primary productivity (NPP) was high and not an important factor contributing to indirect CO2 emissions. Forest and lawn primarily served a recreational function and exhibited a positive impact. Water and cultivated land offered insufficient production and thus had a negative influence. For rural residents, lawn and cultivated land production is self-sufficient. Forests offer a carbon sequence effect, and construction land expansion increased the proportion of developed area, offering a scale effect that resulted in reduced carbon emissions. Based on the results, alternative carbon emission reduction policies have been proposed for each tested influence aspect to reduce emissions, including policies for optimizing industrialization quality, constructing a medium-density city, increasing space efficiency, encouraging sustainable consumption behavior, and increasing the efficiency of energy utilization.
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Roose, Ilka, and Alexander Panez. "Social Innovations as A Response to Dispossession: Community Water Management in View of Socio-Metabolic Rift in Chile." Water 12, no. 2 (2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020566.
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Chile has gone through more than four decades of neoliberalism, inaugurated by the civil–military dictatorship (1973–1990). One of the central aspects of the current model is the neoliberal exploitation of natural commons such as land, water and minerals. In some territories, such as the central-north province of Petorca, the accelerated extractivism of this period has disrupted the reproduction of life cycles, leading to disruptive influences in the form of "socio-metabolic fractures". In this article we highlight aspects of this process as it relates to rural community water management. Based on literature and media analysis we first describe the case of Petorca from a political, ecological point of view. We then use the concept of institutional bricolage (ad hoc construction) to analyze qualitative interviews, allowing us to establish a more in-depth insight into the organizational structures of Petorca. Although we point to the weakening of community organization, we highlight in this article how, in a scenario of profound dispossession, as is taking place in the province of Petorca, ongoing experiences of community organization continue to emerge and challenge the impacts of the socio-metabolic rift. Thereby we shed light upon the often less visible structures of power and the processes of meaning and legitimacy within these social innovations.
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Von Cossel, Wagner, Lask, et al. "Prospects of Bioenergy Cropping Systems for A More Social-Ecologically Sound Bioeconomy." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100605.
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The growing bioeconomy will require a greater supply of biomass in the future for both bioenergy and bio-based products. Today, many bioenergy cropping systems (BCS) are suboptimal due to either social-ecological threats or technical limitations. In addition, the competition for land between bioenergy-crop cultivation, food-crop cultivation, and biodiversity conservation is expected to increase as a result of both continuous world population growth and expected severe climate change effects. This study investigates how BCS can become more social-ecologically sustainable in future. It brings together expert opinions from the fields of agronomy, economics, meteorology, and geography. Potential solutions to the following five main requirements for a more holistically sustainable supply of biomass are summarized: (i) bioenergy-crop cultivation should provide a beneficial social-ecological contribution, such as an increase in both biodiversity and landscape aesthetics, (ii) bioenergy crops should be cultivated on marginal agricultural land so as not to compete with food-crop production, (iii) BCS need to be resilient in the face of projected severe climate change effects, (iv) BCS should foster rural development and support the vast number of small-scale family farmers, managing about 80% of agricultural land and natural resources globally, and (v) bioenergy-crop cultivation must be planned and implemented systematically, using holistic approaches. Further research activities and policy incentives should not only consider the economic potential of bioenergy-crop cultivation, but also aspects of biodiversity, soil fertility, and climate change adaptation specific to site conditions and the given social context. This will help to adapt existing agricultural systems in a changing world and foster the development of a more social-ecologically sustainable bioeconomy.
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Dornfeld, Carolina Buso, Mauricio Augusto Leite, Marcela Santos Maróstica, Thayline Vieira Queiroz, Elisa Maria dos Santos Ferreira, and Fabielli Leite Martins. "Saneamento básico e questões ambientais em assentamento rural no noroeste paulista / Basic sanitation and environmental issues in rural setting in northwest paulista." Saúde e meio ambiente: revista interdisciplinar 7, no. 2 (2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/sma.v7i2.1551.
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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a visão dos assentados, moradores de um assentamento rural no Noroeste Paulista, sobre aspectos da atual estrutura sanitária e ambiental. Participaram desta pesquisa 22 famílias que foram entrevistadas utilizando um roteiro com questões para a coleta de dados em 2014 e 2015. Os resultados apontam que os assentados realizam, predominantemente, o descarte do esgoto doméstico em fossas sépticas e a queima dos resíduos sólidos. Utilizam o poço como meio para obtenção de água para consumo, sendo esta consumida sem prévio tratamento. Verificou-se que os assentados quase não possuem conhecimento sobre as doenças de veiculação hídrica e sobre as áreas de Reserva Legal e de Preservação Permanente existentes no assentamento estudado. Esses dados corroboram outros estudos realizados em assentamentos, representando uma grande problemática ambiental e social que precisa ser resolvida pelo poder público em conjunto com a sociedade. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to analyze the view of settlers, residents of a rural settlement in the Northwest of São Paulo, on aspects of the current sanitary and environmental structure. Twenty-two families were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect data in 201 and 2015. The results indicate that the settlers predominantly do the disposal of domestic sewage in septic tanks and that they burn the solid waste. They use the well to obtain water for consumption, which is consumed without previous treatment. It was verified that the settlers haven´t knowledge about the waterborne diseases and about areas of Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation existing in the studied settlement. These data corroborate other studies carried out in settlements, representing a great environmental and social problem that needs to be solved by the public power in conjunction with society.
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Lisiak, Marta, Klaudia Borowiak, and Ewelina Muńko. "The concept of sustainable tourism development in rural areas – A case study of Zbąszyń commune." Journal of Water and Land Development 32, no. 1 (2017): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0007.
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Abstract Tourism in rural areas has been defined as all tourist activities conducted in rural areas. The development of tourism in rural areas is dependent on external factors (e.g. landscape attractiveness), as well as internal factors (e.g. involvement of local authorities and society). Hence, it is important to increase the tourism potential for further increase of local tourism, and in turn to intensify the social-economic development according to a sustainable policy and multifunctional rural development. The main aim of the present study was to indicate possibilities to improve tourism management of the Zbąszyń urban-rural commune. For this purpose the following detailed aims were set: to evaluate local society satisfaction with tourism development in Zbąszyń commune, to evaluate the natural-landscape state of the analyzed area, to designate a new tourist trail or to revise the existing trails, and to propose modernization of existing tourism infrastructure. The obtained results revealed that in the opinion of local society there is still not sufficient tourism development despite some natural-landscape values. Hence, activities connected with tourism enrichment should be mainly connected with designation of two new cycling trails and supplementation of tourist information signs and tables. All proposed activities leading to an increase of tourism potential should bear in mind social aspects as well as natural values and would have a positive effect on economic income of the area.
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Ievoli, Corrado, Angelo Belliggiano, Danilo Marandola, Pierluigi Milone, and Flaminia Ventura. "Information and Communication Infrastructures and New Business Models in Rural Areas: The Case of Molise Region in Italy." European Countryside 11, no. 4 (2019): 475–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0027.
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Abstract The paper deals with the role of ICT and the related infrastructures to induce innovations for sustainable rural development. In particular, it focuses on the innovations induced by ICT in farms and in new rural firms, and on how digital infrastructures support and generate social innovation mechanisms, leading to the consolidation of entrepreneurship and dissemination of ICT-based innovation in rural areas. The hypothesis is that the presence of digital infrastructures generates a double effect: overcoming the concept of geographical proximity (relevant for remote rural areas) and promoting social innovation. In particular, this paper examines the role of social innovation to create a new demand for products, services and organisational models for farms and rural enterprises, promoting further innovation. To target the objectives, the work analyses three case studies of new business models (BMs) based on ICT innovation. The analysis focuses on the most important interactions, learning and organisational processes within the new enterprises and among the new farms/enterprises and the other economic and institutional actors, and on how they were shaped and changed by the use of ICT, relating them to a conceptual model. These three cases, although pioneering, are important since they give an original response to some of the main problems and needs of remote and inner rural areas, as for the access to high value segment of food market, the information deliveries about attractiveness of landscape and countryside for foreigners, investors and tourists and the creation of new stable relation with consumers/citizens in the urban areas. The three cases have been analysed with the aim to identify how the ICT, and the related innovations, create an interconnection between four characteristic elements of the BMs (value creation, supply chain, customer interfaces, financial model) and the restructuring of proximity dimensions (cognitive, institutional, social, geographical, organizational). The work shows how these three cases have several communalities, but also different aspects with respect to our objective of analysis: there are different ways in which the four characteristic elements of the BM are constructed and also different in the role that the different dimensions of proximity play in structuring the innovation process in each one of them. More generally, the results of the work also lead to consider a new role for public investments in ICT infrastructures: public administrations should intervene in order to create a coherence within projects of public and private initiatives.
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Ganoulis, J. "Evaluating alternative strategies for wastewater recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean area." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (2003): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0042.
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The concept of sustainability in wastewater reclamation and reuse in the Mediterranean area needs to be expressed in a realistic and practical way. This paper suggests a suitable methodology for sustainable wastewater reuse in the Mediterranean area by considering not only technical and economic, but also, environmental and social aspects of wastewater reuse. Alternative strategies based on different treatment and storage technologies are evaluated by using the Multicriterion Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. Alternative strategies are formulated by combining elements such as different treatments, different disposal sites, the type of irrigation scheme, crop pattern, water pricing and the use of fertilizers. The criteria used to evaluate the most sustainable strategy include firstly public health and environmental factors, that pose risks on human health, water pollution during and after irrigation, efficiency of water use, secondly economic factors, including the water cost, the initial cost of the irrigation system, maintenance costs and crop profitability, and thirdly social issues including the employment of rural labour. Various MCDA techniques, namely, ELECTRE-3, ELECTRE-4 and Compromise Programming (CP) may be employed to rank alternative strategies and find out the most sustainable alternative.
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Sekercioglu, Fatih, Daniel I. Pirrie, Yan Zheng, and Aimen Azfar. "Assessing Climate Change Vulnerabilities of Ontario's Rural Populations." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n4p91.
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Climate change causes considerable challenges for both urban and rural communities. Our study aimed at enhancing the understanding of climate change effects on rural populations. The study was promoted in Middlesex County library locations and on Middlesex County’s social media accounts; all residents of Middlesex County were eligible to participate. Through this method of convenience sampling, we successfully recruited 40 rural residents and conducted five focus group sessions. The study was conducted in Middlesex County, in southern Ontario, Canada, which provided a good representation of southern Ontario's rural communities. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected in focus group discussions. Focus group discussions yielded four main themes and provided valuable insights on several climate change-related topics. The four identified themes are: frequent extreme weather events, access to food and safe drinking water, protection from vector-borne diseases, and living in a rural community. Our results indicate key parameters to address the climate change issues for rural residents and lead to a series of recommendations to revamp climate change policy at local, provincial, and federal levels. Study Participants commented on the need for adaptation skills concerning the physical and mental health aspects of increased indoor activity (avoiding natural spaces/pollution). This could also be an indicator/opportunity for future health programming and funding to support new realities. Future research is needed to develop effective local solutions with collaboration among government, business sectors, and rural residents.
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Islam, Kazi Kamrul, Mohammad Saifullah, and Kimihiko Hyakumura. "Does Traditional Agroforestry a Sustainable Production System in Bangladesh? An Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ecological Perspectives." Conservation 1, no. 1 (2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1010003.
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In the tropics, products and services provided by the traditional agroforestry systems (TAS) support the basic needs and promote the livelihood of millions of rural people. However, the outcomes and mitigation of TAS, in particular, the social and environmental issues are not systematically addressed. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the economic, social and environmental outcomes of two important TAS in Bangladesh. This study reports results on prospective analyses using the Date palm and Jackfruit-based TAS practiced in the Jashore and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. The results revealed that the TAS enhanced farm productivity and the benefit–cost ratio of both systems were much higher than the general agricultural practices in Bangladesh. The TAS also improved resilience of rural farmers through more efficient water utilization, enhancing soil fertility, improving microclimate, controlling pests and diseases, and diversifying products. At the same time, the farmers’ problems were neglected due to the absence of farmers’ platforms, and also tradeoffs may arise; thus, the social aspects of the TAS farmers had not developed equally. Therefore, the study would recommend minimizing the tradeoffs through enhancing the conservation strategies at farmers’ levels to make the TAS more viable and sustainable land-use practices.
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Moser, Roger, Abhishek Raju, and Gopalakrishnan Narayanamurthy. "When western entrepreneurs meet rural India: preparing the set-up of a water shop in Udaipur." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (2017): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2016-0132.
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Subject area Business internationalization into emerging markets. Study level/applicability BA Level. Case overview On March 23, 2014, Yves, Patrick and Pascal were on their flight back from Udaipur, India, to Zurich, Switzerland thinking about all the experiences they had during the last 12 months and especially in the last three weeks when they visited India to do the feasibility study for their water shop concept. They still had many questions that were unanswered before leaving India. Do they have the sufficient Indian contextual knowledge and expertise to run a business? Are they considering all relevant aspects to successfully establish a water shop in rural India? Have they developed the conducive mindset? Are they ready to leave their comfort zone, friends and family behind to embark on an once-in-a-lifetime adventure? Do they have enough social capital to assist them in the process of setting up the water shop? Shortly before landing at Zurich airport, Yves knew that they now either had to become serious and really spend at least a year in India to turn their concept of a water shop into reality or stay back in Europe starting with their masters studies. The case offers a true story about three BSc students that decided to evaluate whether they could implement a business opportunity that they had identified during a “Doing Business in India” course at their university and subsequently developed into a serious business case. Based on this situation, the case study offers the opportunity for students to better understand what it takes to create the right mindset (i.e. “Triple I” mindset) before actually implementing a market entry or expansion project in India. Expected learning outcomes The case focuses on teaching the “Triple I” mindset to discuss the prerequisites of a successful market entry or expansion in India: investment mindset, intercultural mindset and infrastructure mindset The case study also highlights the importance of networks and networking locally (i.e. building social capital) as a prerequisite for a successful market entry or expansion. This approach including the “Triple I” mindset, the role of social capital as well as the actual market entry or expansion project is summarized in a metaphor that we call the “Archimedes’ Screw of Internationalization”. The case study proposes to work on the following five assignment questions to drive the intended learning objectives by discussing the different prerequisites of a successful market entry or expansion in India. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS: 5: International business.
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Roth, Lucas, Özgür Yildiz, and Jens Lowitzsch. "An Empirical Approach to Differences in Flexible Electricity Consumption Behaviour of Urban and Rural Populations—Lessons Learned in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169028.
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This article analyses two major trends of the 21st century. Firstly, the transition from fossil fuel-based energy production to renewable energy sources. Secondly, the inexorable urbanisation which can be witnessed all over the globe. The most promising renewable energy production technologies for the near future, i.e., wind and solar energy, are volatile by nature which makes matching supply and demand essential for a successful transition. Therefore, the aspects that determine the willingness of consumers to flexibilise their demand has gained growing attention. Initial research shows that different settings for (co-)ownership in terms of available prosumption options and used production technologies have a varying impact on demand flexibility. However, existing research has analysed flexibility drivers solely for the general population as an aggregate without any distinction regarding spatial, economic, or social factors. In this article, the authors go one step further and analyse whether those drivers for flexible consumption behaviour differ in rural or urban areas acknowledging differences in day-to-day life in both cases. This study is based on 2074 completed questionnaires from German consumers which were analysed using propensity score matching. The results show that people from rural and urban areas do not significantly differ in their willingness to be demand flexible in general. However, (co-)owners of RE installations from rural areas are generally significantly more demand flexible than (co-)owners of RE installations from urban areas. Further, when looking at different RE technologies, the results show that (co-)owners of solar installations are significantly more demand flexible if they are from rural areas. Lastly, when looking at usage options, people who solely consume produced electricity are more demand flexible if they are from rural areas as well.
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Butsch, Carsten, Shreya Chakraborty, Sharlene L. Gomes, Shamita Kumar, and Leon M. Hermans. "Changing Hydrosocial Cycles in Periurban India." Land 10, no. 3 (2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030263.
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India’s urbanisation results in the physical and societal transformation of the areas surrounding cities. These periurban interfaces are spaces of flows, shaped by an exchange of matter, people and ideas between urban and rural spaces—and currently they are zones in transition. Periurbanisation processes result inter alia in changing water demands and changing relations between water and society. In this paper the concept of the hydrosocial cycle is applied to interpret the transformation of the waterscapes of six periurban villages in the fringe areas of Pune, Hyderabad and Kolkata. In doing so, three specific aspects will be investigated: (1) the institutions shaping the hydro-social cycle, (2) the interplay between water as a livelihood-base and the waterscape, (3) the interplay between the waterscape and water as a consumption good. This approach opens new views on periurban interfaces as emerging mosaic of unique waterscapes. The meaning of water, the rights to access water and the water related infrastructure are constantly renegotiated, as permanently new water demands emerge and new actors enter the scene. Especially this process-based understanding links the theoretical lens of the hydrosocial cycle with the object of investigation, the periurban space.
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Ogryzek, Marek P., Krzysztof Rząsa, and Mateusz Ciski. "The role of the National Support Centre for Agriculture in the process of revitalization and renewal of the rural areas." Journal of Water and Land Development 42, no. 1 (2019): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0055.
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Abstract Rural development policy of Agricultural Property Stock (APS) of the State Treasury in Poland is run by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (until 31.08.2017 Agricultural Property Agency). In the article, on the example of the Braniewo municipality, the size and spatial distribution of land transferred from the Agricultural Property Stock (APS) of the State Treasury to the municipality was analysed. One of the most important goals associated with this was activities related to social aspects, often part of the revitalization and renewal of the rural areas. After Poland's accession to the European Union, it was possible to obtain subsidies that allowed the rural population to apply for financing projects, such as: road construction, creating school playgrounds or socio-cultural facilities. Authors also analysed examples of good practices in this area in the municipality of Braniewo, as a recommendation for other municipalities. Attempts have also been made to indicate the role of the National Support Centre for Agriculture in the transformation of the Polish countryside, with particular emphasis on the areas of former State Agricultural Farms.
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Qaim, Matin. "Globalisation of agrifood systems and sustainable nutrition." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 1 (2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000598.
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The globalisation of agrifood systems is a mega-trend with potentially profound nutritional implications. This paper describes various facets of this globalisation process and reviews studies on nutritional effects with a particular focus on developing countries. Results show that global trade and technological change in agriculture have substantially improved food security in recent decades, although intensified production systems have also contributed to environmental problems in some regions. New agricultural technologies and policies need to place more emphasis on promoting dietary diversity and reducing environmental externalities. Globalising agrifood systems also involve changing supply-chain structures, with a rapid rise of modern retailing, new food safety and food quality standards, and higher levels of vertical integration. Studies show that emerging high-value supply chains can contribute to income growth in the small farm sector and improved access to food for rural and urban populations. However, there is also evidence that the retail revolution in developing countries, with its growing role of supermarkets and processed foods, can contribute to overweight and obesity among consumers. The multi-faceted linkages between changing agrifood systems and nutrition are a new field of interdisciplinary research, combining agricultural, nutritional, economics and social sciences perspectives. The number of studies on specific aspects is still limited, so the evidence is not yet conclusive. A review at this early stage can help to better understand important relationships and encourage follow-up work.
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Noviani, Rita, Lutfi Muta'ali, and Nasruddin Nasruddin. "FACING SOLO RAYA METROPOLITAN CITY: ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING." GeoEco 4, no. 2 (2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ge.v4i2.22508.
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<p>Since 2010 Solo Raya has became part of the metropolis candidates that will continue to grow along with the agglomeration of Jogjakarta and Semarang. The problems that trail is the tendency of metropolitan magnitude that resulted in less functioning of the city as a catalyst for regional development. Further impact is the lagging of small and medium-sized cities (Tjahjati, 1995). The development of urban system is determined by both the comparative advantage and the competitive advantages, such as location, natural resources and human resources (Metropolitan Directorate, 2003), so that in planning the development it should focus on the ability to cooperate or synergize between regions (spatial synergism) either in urban and rural area or on a wider scale, cooperation between cities.</p><p>The purpose of this research was to arrange aspects and decision criteria in developing metropolitan area of Solo Raya. The method used is literature study approach which is then analyzed descriptively.</p><p>The result of analysis showed that in metropolitan area of the world there are 4 (four) main characteristics and problems, they are: (1) city as center of population, economy and government activity, (2) city with environmental problems (air, land and water), as a result of population density, public transportation, and garbage, (3) city with problems in the land aspect (land prices and housing provision) and (4) city with problems on social aspects (criminals and terrorists). The formulation of metropolitan area development planning is done with 3 (three) considerations, they are: (1) avoiding high social segregation between and among regions, (2) creating a balance population mobility and intra and inter-regional services (spirit of togetherness), (3) creating a regional economy (growth, equity and welfare) based on the local potential which has inter-regional connectivity (harmonization). Aspects and criteria are: regional management (spatial planning policy, regional competitiveness, regional marketing, inter-regional cooperation), urbanization (migration, urbanization, agglomeration and conurbation, social integration), economic development (economic growth, employment, economic equalization, urban poverty), regional connectivity (transportation, rural-urban linkage, territorial function), and environment (environmental supporting capacity, disaster risk, environmental degradation, disaster mitigation). The decision priorities include: Industrial City, Service City, City of Tourism and Culture, Trade City, and Agriculture.</p><p> </p>
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Kierys, D., and B. Barkdoll. "Sustainability-inspired composting latrine design." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 3 (2017): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.038.
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In support of the Millennium Development Goals to provide improved sanitation to the world, a sustainability-inspired composting latrine design based on work in rural Panama, but also applicable to similar situations, is offered here. The design is based on the three aspects of sustainability namely economic, social, and technical. The new design will allow for improved health for current and future generations. The design is less costly (economic), is based on concepts to improve the likelihood of use based on interviews with potential users (social), and provides better quality compost through ammonia-based treatment (technical). The design consists of two ferrocement compost vaults to save money over conventional vaults, urine storage tanks to improve ammonia conditions in the compost, urine control valves for urine control, a water-washing bidet for personal washing (as preferred by the users), and a handwashing station within the latrine superstructure for convenience.
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Duram, Leslie, and Lydia Oberholtzer. "A geographic approach to place and natural resource use in local food systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no. 2 (2010): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000104.
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AbstractThis article illuminates the geographic concept of ‘place’ in local foods. Because the social aspects of local food have been more fully addressed in previous literature, this review focuses instead on the ecological aspects of farming and food. First, the literature on natural resource use in agriculture provides contextual understanding of water use, biodiversity, soils and agro-ecological methods. The complex relationship between climate change and agriculture is described and models assessing the impacts of climate change on agriculture are detailed. The geography of local food is specifically addressed by describing methods for assessing natural resource use in local food, including food miles, consumer transportation, scale and community, agricultural methods and diet. Finally, future research paths are suggested to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impact of local food. Such research would encompass the geography of local food through development of broader, more inclusive strategy, including the concept of the ‘ecological appetite’ of crops and foods, the union of both social and ecological aspects of resource use, the linkages between rural and urban producers and consumers and the inclusion of farmers’ ecological knowledge. Overall, the geography of local food seeks to assess the where of food production and consumption, while incorporating key issues of how (agro-ecological methods benefiting the community) and what (locally appropriate crops).
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Duarte Dutra, Maria Tereza, Juliana Lemos Da Silva, Cláudia Ricardo Oliveira, Marília Regina Costa Castro Lyra, and Suzana Maria Gico Lima Montenegro. "Relações entre Condições Ambientais e Doenças de Veiculação Hídrica em Áreas do Assentamento Rural Serra Grande, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil (Relationships between environmental conditions and hydro term placement diseases in Rural Settlement ...)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 9, no. 6 (2016): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v9.6.p1677-1689.
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A má qualidade dos corpos de água exerce influência direta sobre a saúde da sociedade, podendo causar doenças de veiculação hídrica, que levam a morte milhões de pessoas no mundo. Neste cenário, o presente estudo objetivou identificar as relações existentes entre condições ambientais e doenças de veiculação hídrica no Assentamento Rural Serra Grande, situado na sub bacia hidrográfica do Riacho Natuba, no município de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco. Foram escolhidas seis nascentes, fazendo-se medições de parâmetros de qualidade de água, comparando-se os resultados das análises com os padrões estabelecidos pela Resolução Conama Nº 357/05 e Portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11. Para identificar a ocorrência de doenças de veiculação hídrica no assentamento procedeu-se a aplicação de questionários junto à comunidade local, representantes do Posto de Saúde e da Secretaria de Saúde Municipal, abordando aspectos sobre a incidência dessas doenças e respectivos programas de saúde implementados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as nascentes representavam a principal fonte de água para o consumo doméstico, a irrigação e a dessedentação animal. No entanto, as análises de qualidade de água apontaram que a mesma não apresentava condições apropriadas ao consumo humano direto, requerendo prévio tratamento. Em relação ao perfil de ocorrência das doenças de veiculação hídrica, constatou-se que as verminoses e protozooses são as doenças que mais acometem a população. A B S T R A C T The poor quality of water bodies shall exercise direct influence on the health of society, causing hydro term placement diseases leading to death millions of people worldwide. In this scenario, the present study aimed to identify the relationship between environmental conditions and hydro term placement diseases in the Rural Settlement Serra Grande, located in the Sub-basin of the Natuba rivulet, in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernmbuco State, Brazil. Six springs were chosen for sample collections and determination of water quality parameters, comparing the results with the quality standards established by CONAMA ( Brazilian National Environmental Council) Resolution Nº 357/05 and Ordinance of the Ministry of Health (Brazil) No. 2914/11. Questionnaires were applied to local social actors: community, health and Municipal Health Secretariat, addressing aspects of water diseases and health programs implemented. The results obtained showed that the springs were the main source of water for domestic consumption, irrigation and animal watering in the studied area. However, the water quality analyses showed that these springs do not show appropriate sanitary conditions to direct human consumption, requiring treatment. In relation to the profile of hydro term placement diseases occurrence, it was observed that the worms and protozooses are the diseases that most affected the local population. Keywords: Management of water resources, quality of the water, health and environment.
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Rivas G., Álvaro, and Heimar Quintero V. "Reappraising the multiple functions of traditional agriculture within the context of building rural development investigative skills." Agronomía Colombiana 32, no. 1 (2014): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n1.40185.
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The productivist and reductionist vision of industrial agriculture in the twentieth century prevented the analysis of the other multiple functions of traditional agriculture, such as those corresponding to the ecological and cultural dimensions. In the current rural crisis, which entails food insecurity, environmental uncertainties, deterioration of the social fabric, a context lacking rural educational (extension) proposals and impaired quality of life, to name a few, it is necessary to reassess traditional agriculture in order to generate strategies that are capable of providing strategic answers to the problems in question. The current multifunctional agriculture (MFA) paradigm allows agricultural research in different world regions, addressing comprehensive economic aspects, protection of commons, actor-centered focus and public policy formulation. This article presents the current modern research contributions that, in the framework of the project: Rural Societies, Economy and Natural Resources integrating rural development skills, (Sociedades Rurales Economía y Recursos Naturales integrando competencias para el desarrollo rural - SERIDAR, which is part of the Alpha III program of the European Commission) and reveals and reappraises other functions of traditional agriculture that warrant investigation. In this way, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia contributes to the development of appropriate research skills by integrating post-graduate students in transdisciplinary research with local knowledge networks. We hypothesized that farmer adaptations contain practical and technical strategic guidance for the protection of common goods (soil, biodiversity, water, etc.) and the strengthening of the social fabric (knowledge and culture). With the reappraisal of the multiple functions of traditional agriculture and their upgrading in the context of post-industrial cultures, it is possible to build strategies that are capable of responding to the uncertainties produced by the global markets of food, land and technology, the reductionist knowledge systems and the environment.
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Geere, Jo-Anne Lee, Moa Cortobius, Jonathan Harold Geere, Charlotte Christiane Hammer, and Paul R. Hunter. "Is water carriage associated with the water carrier’s health? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (2018): e000764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000764.
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IntroductionThe work of carrying water falls mainly on women and children, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and rural areas. While concerns have been raised, how water carriage is associated with health of the water carrier is not clear. The aim of this review is to summarise evidence on whether, and how, water carriage is associated with the water carrier’s health.MethodsA systematic review of literature was conducted, searching Embase; Medline; Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index; Web of Science Arts and Humanities Citation Index; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation website; WHO Virtual Health Sciences Library and WHO African index medicus, from inception to 8 November 2017.ResultsForty-two studies were included. Their ability to demonstrate cause and effect relationships was limited by study design and fair or poor methodological quality. Overall, the studies suggest that water carriage is associated with negative aspects of the water carriers’ health. There is moderate quantitative and strong qualitative evidence that water carriage is associated with pain, fatigue, perinatal health problems and violence against vulnerable people, and inconclusive evidence of an association with stress or self-reported mental health and general health status.ConclusionIn many circumstances, water carriage is a potential barrier to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 target ‘universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all’ and SDG 3 ‘ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages’. Efforts should focus on providing water on premises, and where this is not possible, providing water close to home and reducing risk of gender-based violence.
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van Damme, Patrick. "Sociological and Organizational aspects of Fuel Wood Growing in Traditional Communities: The Case of Northern Togo." Afrika Focus 4, no. 1-2 (1988): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0040102003.
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As in many other African countries, wood is the most important source of energy for the rural and urban populations of Togo. Traditional attitudes towards trees and prohibitive laws explain why trees are not planted “spontaneously” by local communities even though they are facing serious woodfuel shortage problems. Promotion of tree planting has recently been taken up by government agencies and foreign funded projects. Most of them try to get local communities to plant trees, but their efforts are not always very successful. The reasons are manyfold: - the lack of tradition where tree planting is concerned; - the lack of familiarity with the proposed tree species; - the “delayed reward” when trees have been planted; - the abscence of a fuelwood problem, according to the local population; - the location of the newly planted trees: near the house? at the roadside? round the field? - the social organization of the community, and the traditional land tenure system; - the lack of certainty about the ultimate rights to the tree and the possibilities to cut it; - abscence of protection of the stands by a lack of motivation of the planter; - in some instances: the price of the plants; - the persons who are asked to plant the trees are not necessarily those that will have to cut them and use the fuelwood. Recently, it has become clear that the key to successful reforestation lies within the local communities. Small scale approaches may well be the long term solution to the problem of fuelwood and energy supply, and involving women in the project interventions a further step in a more integrated approach. As it is, the recent “social forestry” approach might well be the long expected solution. To meet the objective of having people plant trees, however, it will be necessary to establish a good extension service which not only starts initiatives but also assures a thorough follow up once the planting has started. The problems that have to be overcome - or bypassed - remain difficult, but recent experience has nevertheless given some insight in how to solve them!
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Fan, Yubing, Zeng Tang, and Seong Park. "Effects of Community Perceptions and Institutional Capacity on Smallholder Farmers’ Responses to Water Scarcity: Evidence from Arid Northwestern China." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020483.
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Community contextual factors including community perceptions and institutional capacity are among the key determinants in community-based water resource management. The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework proposed by Ostrom is commonly employed to examine the outcome of common-pool resource management including water resources. However, community perceptions typically examined in behavioral economics and comparative community analysis literature are rarely incorporated in institutional analysis studies. This study draws on the IAD framework to investigate smallholder farmer communities’ responses to water scarcity in arid northwestern China. Adopting alternating multiple regression and multivariate regression models, this study conducts an empirical analysis using farmer survey data. The results show that the perceptions of water scarcity promote community actions in coping with water shortage. The perception of production risks encourages overall community responses, as well as farming- and irrigation-related responses. Communities with a stronger institutional enforcement are more responsive in taking farming-, irrigation-, and infrastructure-related actions, as well as having better overall responses. The analysis also shows that community interactional capacities and socio-economic factors may influence community actions to mitigate and adapt to adverse effects of local water scarcity. Our findings provide insights for understanding social and institutional aspects of rural farming communities toward sustainable response decisions to overcome water scarcity challenges.