Academic literature on the topic 'Social change – Romania'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social change – Romania"
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Baru, Florina. "Change starts from within: Migration and processes of social and cultural change. A Romanian case." Social Change Review 20, no. 1 (2022): 127–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2022-0007.
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Abstract This paper analyzes Romania’s dynamic migratory process with a focus on the return migration from Norway and the sociocultural changes that it might involve for Romanian migrants and their home societies. The focus on Norway as a case study can bring a valuable, accurate, and deep understanding of Romanian immigration. These indicate that Romanians faced many challenges in their migratory journey in Norway, but that for a source country like Romania, return migration could, in the long term, contribute to its social and cultural changes. This research resulted in three key findings. Firstly, through their migratory experience from Norway, Romanian returnees internalized social remittances, and changed their attitudes, behavior, values, and expectations before disseminating their knowledge in their family -and social environment. Secondly, the prevalence of social remittances might be dependent on the motivation of returnees to transfer their knowledge, ideas, and practices in the scope of contributing to social change. The prevalence of social remittances might also be dependent on the way the societies of origin receive the resources that returnees attempt to transmit and culturally diffuse. Thirdly, Romania, as an emigration society, has had a relaxed attitude towards change. However, repatriated Romanians maintain a confident outlook on the potential of their skills and know-how conferring them influence over certain cultural aspects in the spheres of work and social relationships.
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Voicu, Mălina. "Research Institute for Quality of Life: 30 years of activity on the benefit of Romanian society." Sociologie Romaneasca 18, no. 2 (2020): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.17.2.17.
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The Research Institute for Quality of Life at the Romanian Academy was established in January 1990 with the purpose of conducting research on social change in post-communist Romania. In 2020 RIQL celebrated 30 years of existence, 30 years in the service of Romania society. The celebration held in the aula of the Romanian Academy pointed out the great contribution of the institute to the development of social sciences and of Romanian society over the past three decades.
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Constantin, Pompiliu-Nicolae, Rares Stanescu, and Monica Stanescu. "Social Entrepreneurship and Sport in Romania: How Can Former Athletes Contribute to Sustainable Social Change?" Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114688.
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Social entrepreneurship is an underrated subject in the field of sports. For Romanian society, the fall of communism opened up new opportunities in the entrepreneurial domain. At the same time, entrepreneurship began to intersect with sports, and the results were often productive. Sport is seen as a domain that could inspire entrepreneurship through its principles. The similarities between these two fields have created the perspective of common action in sport and entrepreneurship, and this coexistence has improved during times of social change. After 1989, Romania was confronted with many challenges at the societal level, and sport offered a way to address and to tackle social problems. Through sport, some athletes decided to contribute to issues of individuals or communities. They assumed the status of a social entrepreneur, and developed activities that could inspire others. This paper intends to gather examples of such social entrepreneurship from Romania, and to identify the elements that lead to success. The research takes into consideration case studies from various domains, and this diversity helps us to better understand the challenges of Romanian sport when it interacts with social entrepreneurship.
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MOLDOVAN, Ionut-Daniel. "RESILIENCE AND SOCIAL CHANGE - ROMANIA AFTER 1989." Research and Science Today 20, no. 1 (2020): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.38173/rst.2020.20.2.7:79-91.
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Rotar, Marius. "On Civil and Free Marriages in Romania Before 1914." Journal of Family History 44, no. 2 (2018): 200–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018807165.
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The current analysis looks at the ways in which free marriage was regarded in the Romanian society until 1914. The starting point is the change in the legal status of the institution of marriage in Romania starting with the nineteenth century. Laicization of marriage led in this way to heavy criticism from the part of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Under the influence of European models, the issue of free marriage started to gain ground in Romania as well. In conclusion, it is underlined that the subject was a minor one in Romania, being practiced only as exceptions to the rule.
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Popescu, Liliana. "A Change of Power in Romania: The Results and Significance of the November 1996 Elections." Government and Opposition 32, no. 2 (1997): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00156.x.
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THE ELECTIONS IN ROMANIA IN NOVEMBER 1996 WERE A TURNINGpoint in the political life of the country. They resulted in the victory of the Democratic Convention (DCR) and its presidential candidate, Emil Constantinescu, over the party dominated by reformedcommunists (the Party of Social Democracy of Romania, PSDR) and its candidate, the former president, Ion Iliescu.Professor Ghiţa Ionescu would have rejoiced in this long-awaited victory for the DCR. During his visit to Romania in 1993 he met many leading figures of the Democratic Convention, including Mr Constantinescu himself who, as Rector of the University of Bucharest, conferred upon him the doctorate honoris causa. He was also pleased to discover that one of his major books, Communism in Romania, had already been translated into Romanian (in 1992). Professor Ionescu was warmly welcomed and was particularly impressed by the enthusiasm of the young people, some of them academics, who were very actively engaged in the political struggle against the Iliescu regime.
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ȘTEFĂNESCU, Anca. "THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ROMANIA TODAY." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-12.
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Romanian education is a great system that carries out a complex but extremely important process for our society. It seems to work but there is a lot to change even wherethings are seemingly going well. A complete analysis brings to our attention a tumultuous picture of the problems faced by education in Romania in an attempt to fully fulfill the social objective it has assumed. Education is changing with the evolution of technologies, society is changing every day, the global economy needs other skills and the world now needs much more complex things than 20 years ago. The question is, how can education be changed quickly and effectively? In general, the change in education is very difficult, but in order to complete such a process, a real and concrete analysis of what we have now is needed.Keywords: Romania, education, sistem, skills ,economy, educational reforms, Bologna Process, academic mobility, institutional autonomy
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Bancu, Ariana. "Language profile and syntactic change in two multilingual communities." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4364.
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This paper explores variables that can explain contact-induced linguistic variation and change in a situation where diachronic data is lacking and number of speakers is small. For example, in contexts involving language endangerment traditional sociolinguistic variables such as age, gender, and social class will not apply due to small number of participants. Furthermore, additional sociolinguistic variables such as degree of language use, language attitudes, etc. are needed to explaining contact-induced variation. The target language is Transylvanian Saxon (hereafter TrSax), an endangered language that coexists with German and Romanian in Romania and in émigré communities in Germany. I collected sociolinguistic and questionnaire data from two groups of trilingual speakers of TrSax, German, and Romanian. Six participants are from Viscri, Romania and six participants are part of a community of Transylvanian Saxons from Viscri, who moved to Nuremberg, Germany approximately 30 years ago. I illustrate the methodology I used for identifying the variables that distinguish the two groups and I discuss how these variables can be applied to analyze contact-induced variation in TrSax on hand of preliminary production data.
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Sima, Violeta, and Ileana Georgiana Gheorghe. "Women Entrepreneurship in Romania." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 6, no. 3 (2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2017070103.
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Worldwide, since the mid-1970s, entrepreneurship is a vector of economic and social development, stimulating innovation and change. In the first part, after the literature review, a general overview of the Romanian labor market and female employment and management and women entrepreneurs on it was performed. Concerning the business, the developments and the labor market in Romania, the authors find that women are underrepresented compared to the share they hold in total. In this respect, in addition to specific policy, measures to stimulate entrepreneurship are required.
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Antonescu, Bogdan, and Felicia Cărbunaru. "Lightning-Related Fatalities in Romania from 1999 to 2015." Weather, Climate, and Society 10, no. 2 (2018): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0091.1.
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Abstract Lightning-related fatalities in Romania are analyzed and presented for the first time using data from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics. The database contains 724 lightning fatalities that occurred between 1999 and 2015 in Romania, corresponding to an average of 42.6 fatalities per year. The annual number of lightning fatalities decreased from 65 fatalities per year between 1999 and 2003 to 23.2 fatalities per year between 2011 and 2015. The majority of fatalities occurred in May–August (42% of all fatalities) with a peak in June (31%) and July (28%). The highest fatality rates (>2.6 fatalities per million inhabitants per year) are observed over southwestern Romania, a region characterized by high values of cloud-to-ground lightning density (>2 flashes per square kilometer per year) and by a relatively high percentage (>40%) of the population living in rural areas. The majority of fatalities (78%) were reported in rural areas. Approximately 78% of the victims were male. The most vulnerable group was males between the ages of 10–39 living in rural areas. To further reduce the lightning fatality rate in Romania, currently one of the highest in Europe, the authors argue that lightning mitigation activities and information campaigns about the risks associated with lightning should be initiated in Romania.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social change – Romania"
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Hughes, Melissa. "The Romani Place in Kosovar Space: Nationalism and Kosovo’s Roma." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1397.
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On February 17, 2008,Kosovo declared its independence. The path to independence and the claim to Kosovo was a long process that developed in three primary phases: A) the fostering of territorial solidarity under direct rule and an emphasis on historical ties to the territory; B) the foundation of the national idea within the realms of proto-nationalism; and C) the emergence of peripheral and mass nationalism. This research seeks to define the development of nationalist ideologies in Kosovo and to explore where Roma fit within those ideologies. An historical and sociological approach to nationalism in Kosovo is critical in understanding the current situation of Roma living in, and deported to, Kosovo, including the recent phenomenon of ethnic scapegoating of the Roma by both Serbs and Albanians
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Müller, Daniela. "Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530.
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This thesis analyses sound changes that affected the lateral approximant inherited from Latin in Occitan dialects, in the Romance languages, and in a number of other languages from around the world. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on the lateral approximant; it discusses articulation and acoustics as well as abstract representations of the sound. Chapters 2 to 5 are devoted to specific sound changes which occurred in Occitan dialects at different points in time. These developments are systematically compared to similar phenomena in Romance and other languages. In chapter 2, I discuss the vocalisation of the dark lateral in preconsonantal and word-final position as well as intervocalically. It is argued there that Occitan and more generally Romance followed an unexpected pathway towards vocalisation, which cannot be explained by phonetic factors alone. Chapter 3 deals with palatalisation of the lateral in onsetclusters. Rather than in articulatory assimilation, I propose that the origin of this sound change is to be sought in the frication which accompanied the obstruent + lateral onset clusters. Rhoticisation of the lateral, and its opposite, lambdacisation of the rhotic, is the topic of chapter 4. In this chapter, I discuss duration factors in these sound changes and present experimental evidence to substantiate the idea that duration plays an important role. Finally, chapter 5 looks at thedevelopments of the Latin geminate lateral in Gascon and other Romance dialects; according to common opinion, the Latin geminate lateral underwent a retroflexion process, and I discuss how this might have been possible from a phonetic point of view.
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Amador, López Maria Jerusalén. "“Guerreras de Cristo”. Aportaciones de mujeres gitanas a la transformación social desde la Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458114.
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Esta tesis doctoral analiza la interacción entre las mujeres gitanas y la Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia. Esta denominación pentecostal asentada en España, ha experimentado un importante crecimiento desde su inicio. A pesar de ser un movimiento religioso reciente, destaca por el éxito alcanzado entre la comunidad gitana, convirtiéndose en el movimiento que reúne a la mayor proporción en España. Sin embargo, apenas ha sido objeto de estudio y la literatura científica al respecto es escasa. Así pues, esta investigación aporta conocimiento científico nuevo. Emplea las Teorías Duales que permiten identificar los cambios liderados por las mujeres en la Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia gracias al reconocimiento de la agencia humana y de la capacidad de transformación. Al mismo tiempo, reconoce el impacto de la Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia, entendida como una estructura, en la vida de las mujeres gitanas. Asimismo, recurrir a las Teorías Dialógicas permite superar el desnivel metodológico que coloca a la persona investigadora en una posición privilegiada atendiendo a su condición de experto. A través de este planteamiento teórico, la persona investigadora y las personas investigadas entablan un dialogo igualitario. Así, los participantes dejan de ser simples informantes para pasar a participar en el desarrollo del proceso científico y en la creación del conocimiento. Esta tesis logra incluir las voces de las mujeres gitanas alejándose de aquellas corrientes que las habían dejado excluidas. El marco teórico se completa con el Feminismo Dialógico, entendiendo la inclusión de la pluralidad de voces presentes en nuestra sociedad como un elemento imprescindible para la lucha por la igualdad de género. En este sentido, se recogen las aportaciones del Feminismo Gitano. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es averiguar por un lado, cómo ha influido la mujer gitana en la reconfiguración de la denominación pentecostal y por otro lado, analizar el impacto de la institución religiosa en la percepción que tienen las mujeres gitanas de sí mismas, en la superación de la exclusión social, en la revalorización del estatus de la mujer y en la superación de la desigualdad y la violencia de género. Para cumplir con este objetivo se emplea la Metodología Comunicativa que parte de la existencia de elementos exclusores y elementos transformadores. Los primeros, se corresponderían con las barreras que enfrentan las mujeres gitanas, mientras que los segundos consistirían en las estrategias desarrolladas para la superación de dichas barreras. Además cabe destacar que esta metodología ha sido avalada por la Comisión Europea y está especialmente indicada en las investigaciones sobre colectivos vulnerables como el pueblo gitano. Entre las técnicas de recogida de la información destaca el análisis documental, la observación participante llevada a cabo entre 2014 y 2017 así como el trabajo de campo realizado, compuesto de 15 Relatos Comunicativos de Vida Cotidiana (RCVC) a mujeres gitanas y 2 RCVC a hombres gitanos, todos ellos miembros de la Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia. Esta tesis identifica tres niveles de impacto. En primer lugar los hallazgos a nivel institucional evidencian los cambios liderados por las mujeres en la institución religiosa en beneficio de la libertad, la participación y el liderazgo femenino. En segundo lugar, los resultados a nivel personal ilustran el impacto en las propias mujeres, producto de la formación en valores pentecostales, del aumento de expectativas, de la consolidación de redes femeninas de apoyo y de la mejora de la autonomía. Finalmente, a nivel comunitario la tesis recoge evidencias de cómo los valores pentecostales en combinación con los valores gitanos están contribuyendo a la superación de la desigualdad y de la violencia de género.<br>This dissertation analyzes the interaction between Roma women and the Philadelphia Evangelical Church. This Pentecostal denomination, settled in Spain, underwent an important growth from its beginning. Despite being a recent religious movement, it stands out for the success achieved among the Roma community. It has become the movement that brings together the largest proportion of Roma population. Nevertheless, it has not been much studied and the scientific literature on this subject is scarce. This dissertation is based on the dual theories that allow to identify the changes led by Roma women in the Philadelphia Evangelical Church throughout the recognition of human agency and the capacity for transformation. Likewise, the use of dialogic theories surpasses the methodological difference that places the researcher in a privileged position due to their status as an expert. Thus, participants stop being mere informants to participate in the development of the scientific process and in the creation of knowledge. In this way sense, the dissertation includes the voices of the Roma women and overcomes the approaches that had left them excluded. The theoretical framework is complemented by dialogical feminism, understanding the inclusion of the plurality of voices as an essential element for the struggle for gender equality. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the interaction between the Roma woman and the Philadelphian Evangelical Church in order to find out, on the one hand, how women have influenced the reconfiguration of the Pentecostal denomination and, on the other hand, the impact of the religious institution on the women's perception of themselves, in overcoming social exclusion, in re-evaluating the status of women, and in overcoming inequality and gender violence. This thesis identifies three levels of impact. First, the findings at the institutional level demonstrate the changes led by Roma women in the religious institution for the benefit of women's freedom, participation and leadership. Second, the results on a personal level illustrate the impact on women themselves of training in Pentecostal values, raising expectations, consolidating women's support networks and improving autonomy. Finally, at the community level, the thesis contains evidence of how Pentecostal values in combination with Roma values are contributing to overcoming inequalities and gender violence.
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BLOKKER, Paul. "Modernity and its varities : a historical sociological analysis of the Romanian modern experience." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5240.
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Defence date: 12 May 2004<br>Examining Board: Prof. Peter Wagner (European University Institute)(Supervisor) ; Prof. Arfon Rees (European University Institute) ; Prof. Otto Holman (University of Amsterdam) ; Prof. Ken Jowitt (Stanford University/University of California)<br>First made available online 24 January 2017.<br>This study has a dual objective. On the one hand, it seeks to contribute to a more complex of understanding of modernisation and social change. In this respect, my casestudy of the Romanian experience with modernity might be of interest to scholars working in other fields, as the particularities of the Romanian case could have relevance for other Tater modernising countries’, i.e. those countries that did not take part in the emergence of Western modernity. On the other hand, the study attempts to contribute to a fuller understanding of the Romanian history of modernisation, in that it seeks to provide theoretically informed interpretations of its pattern of modernisation. It is claimed that particular experiences that are usually understood as non-modem should be interpreted as contributing to the overall modem experience in Romania. It should be noted that only in a more advanced stage of my research I was able to consult sources in the Romanian language, as I started out without any knowledge of Romanian. This also means that in some instances I have relied on translated sources.
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Gabrielson, Tatiana Nikolayevna. "Propaganda of Romani culture in post-Soviet Ukraine." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2463.
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Marcoci, Gabriela. "La transition postcommuniste en Roumanie (entre 1989 et 2004) : une étude à partir de la structuration de la famille." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10204.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse des transformations postcommunistes en Roumanie à partir d’une étude de la structuration de trajectoires familiales. La réflexion sur les itinéraires très variés de ces trajectoires familiales met en valeur les pratiques développées par les familles dans la construction de leur mode de vie quotidienne après la chute du communisme. L’approche utilisée privilégie deux axes d’analyse. Le premier vise les aspects socio-structurels concernant les cadres de la vie incluant les aspects matériels, alors que le deuxième, l’axe socio-symbolique, concerne les aspects subjectifs liés au vécu des acteurs en corrélation avec le contexte social en mutation. L’analyse est fondée sur des éléments issus de la théorie de la structuration qui ont contribué à la construction du cadre conceptuel. Elle s’appuie aussi sur la méthodologie qualitative qui comprend des récits de vie obtenus à partir des entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés avec les membres de 11 familles. Les thématiques retenues après l’analyse du corpus de données nous ont permis d’identifier des stratégies que les familles ont mises en place et les projets familiaux qui ont orienté leur parcours de vie durant la période de transition postcommuniste. Ces deux concepts révèlent des éléments liés à l’ordre général permettant ainsi la mise en évidence des tendances structurelles de la société postcommuniste.<br>This thesis presents an analysis of the process of post-communist transformation in Romania, through a study of the structure of family trajectories. An examination of the wide variety of family trajectories highlights the practices developed by families in rebuilding their way of life after the fall of communism. The approach adopts two axes of analysis. The first is the socio-structural framework for life including material aspects, while the second axis, the socio-symbolic axis addresses subjective aspects related to the experiences of actors within their changing social context. The analysis draws on the theory of structuration in its conceptual framework. It is also based on qualitative methodology which includes life stories obtained from semi-structured interviews conducted with members of 11 families. The themes selected after analysis of the data corpus allows us to identify strategies that families have put in place and family plans that have shaped their life course during the post-communist transition. These two concepts reveal elements related to the general order allowing the identification of structural trends of post-communist society in Romania.
Books on the topic "Social change – Romania"
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Daniela, Cojocaru, ed. Managementul de caz în protecţia copilului: Evaluarea serviciilor şl practicilor din Romania. Polirom, 2008.
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Shafir, Michael. Romania: Politics, economics and society : political stagnation and simulatred change. Francis Pinter, 1985.
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Shafir, Michael. Romania: Politics, economics, and society : political stagnation and simulated change. L. Rienner, 1985.
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1963-, Murgescu Bogdan, ed. Romania and Europe: Modernisation as temptation, modernisation as threat. Editura ALLFA, 2000.
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Shafir, Michael. Romania, politics, economics, and society: Political stagnation and simulated change. Frances Pinter, 1985.
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Boatca, Manuela. From neoevolutionism to world-systems analysis: The Romanian theory of "forms without substance" in light of modern debates on social change. Leske + Budrich, 2003.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Valentine's change of heart. Signet, 2003.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. A Slight Change of Plans. Zebra Books, 2003.
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Center, European Roma Rights, ed. Proceedings discontinued: The inertia of Roma rights change in Ukraine. European Roma Rights Centre, 2006.
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Constantinescu, B., and Roxana Bugoi. "Social Adaptation in Romania to the Chernobyl Accident." In Environmental Change, Adaptation, and Security. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4219-9_17.
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Witiw, Taylor. "‘We are the soil’ to a movement with ‘peasants in the centre:’ The grassroots-social movement learning nexus in Ro'ia Montană, Romania." In Lived Experience, Lifelong Learning, Community Activism and Social Change. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032715605-11.
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Deca, Ligia, and Robert Santa. "Educated Romania—Focusing on Inclusive Policymaking After 30 Years of Shifting Reforms in the Romanian Education System." In Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94496-4_1.
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AbstractRomanian education policy was notoriously plagued by instability and a tendency to escape the normal policymaking cycle via top-down highly politicised reforms. After almost three decades, a new initiative by the President of Romania attempts to promote a more inclusive style of policymaking that would ensure wider societal support to upcoming educational reforms. The purpose of this article is to set the background to the wider discussion on Romanian higher education, placing it inside the context of the country�s efforts to reform its schools and universities via the Educated Romania project, on which the authors had the privilege of working. It aims to create a long-term, structured vision on which to centre future education reforms and to correct some of the imbalances that have emerged in Romanian education over the past few decades. The conclusion also analyses the chances of its survival in the current Romanian political and administrative status-quo.
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Pătru, Marian. "Religion, Politics, and Social Change. An Overview of the Intellectual History of Orthodox Political Theology in Romania in the Short Twentieth Century." In Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz Beihefte. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666302565.237.
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Cismaru, Diana-Maria, Nicoleta Corbu, Valeriu Frunzaru, Cezar Mihai Hâj, and Oana Ştefăniţă. "The Impact of Social Scholarships and of Reserved Places for Graduates from Rural High Schools in Improving Access to Higher Education and Academic Performance." In Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94496-4_4.
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AbstractAlthough the level of tertiary education attainment as a share of the population aged 30 to 34 increased in Romania up to 26.3% in 2017, it is still modest in comparison with the EU average (39.9% in 2017) (Eurostat, 2021). Therefore, while the rate of young people exposed to the risk of poverty and exclusion increased in the last decade in Romania, there is a need to evaluate the support measures for students from disadvantaged categories. The paper presents the results of two impact studies for two public policies, social scholarships and reserved places for graduates from rural high schools. In order to find out to which extent the two public policies fulfil their aims in supporting students from vulnerable social categories to graduate higher education, a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used. The quantitative analysis used data extracted from two national databases for higher education and data collected by a survey to which about half of the Romanian universities responded. The data for qualitative analysis were collected by face-to-face interviews (with professors in management positions and students beneficiary of the two policies) from eight universities with different profiles, located in five regions of Romania. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that the social scholarships policy fulfils its objectives of improving academic performance and increasing the chances of graduation for beneficiaries. The results of the qualitative analysis revealed a high level of satisfaction of beneficiaries with both policies and a positive evaluation of both policies by the management of universities.
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Schnabel, Reinhold. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Germany." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_12.
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Abstract Migration patterns in Germany have changed considerably during the post-war period. The active recruitment of “guest workers” stopped during the 1970s and was replaced by family reunification. Two big crisis-driven immigration waves swept Germany, following the collapse of Yugoslavia and the crises in the countries from Syria to Afghanistan. These immigration waves triggered legislation aimed at reducing immigration incentives, especially in the asylum law. From the early 2000s on, German policy turned more liberal following the EU Directives on freedom of movement and for highly qualified persons from non-EEA countries. Migration patterns changed dramatically, with EEA countries becoming the leading source of German immigration. EEA countries replaced the Anglo-Saxon immigration countries as the leading sources and destinations of migration. It is reassuring for economic policy that EU migrants, notably from Bulgaria and Romania, display high levels of employment and have boosted German employment, while unemployment rates reached historic lows. During the past decades, migration obstacles for EEA citizens have been lowered or abolished. Main obstacles to immigration of non-EEA citizens persist due to the restrictive law on residence permits. As a result, student visas, academic credentials, or family reunification are the main legal pathways to Germany. Given the difficulty to proof the equivalence of a foreign non-academic degree, it is far more promising for persons from third countries to apply for asylum with the chance to get a permanent residence permit after several years as a tolerated migrant.
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Telljohann, Volker. "Structural Changes and New Forms of Social Regulation in the ‘Third Italy’ — the Case of the Emilia-Romagna Region." In Change in SMEs. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230227781_12.
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Plainer, Zsuzsa. "Segregated Schools, “Slow Minds” and “Must Be Done Jobs”: Experiences About Formal Education and Labour Market in a Roma Community in Romania." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_3.
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AbstractBased on a long-term ethnographic fieldwork, this study applies the cultural-ecological theory to understand reasons for making and maintaining a segregated school in a Romanian town, and those community forces which track and maintain Roma children there. As findings indicate, creating and sustaining such an institution reflects the flipsides of Romanian national policies, which due to the financing strategies and centralized curricula—involuntarily—block the chances to provide quality education to marginal groups. Tracking and staying of Roma children into such schools is a result of their parents’ ambivalent experiences with formal economic activities and formal education. Experiences with work and schooling shared by this urban group of Roma reveal that parents have clear expectations towards school: transmission of practical knowledge, good treatment and isolation of the school problems from family life, which not always can be fulfilled by the educational units.
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Toma, Stefánia. "Counteracting the Schools’ Demon: Local Social Changes and Their Effects on the Participation of Roma Children in School Education." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_8.
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AbstractThe aim of the article (The empirical material leading to the present chapter results from the research effort “MigRom—The Immigration of Romanian Roma to Western Europe: Causes, effects, and future engagement strategies”, a project funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under the call “Dealing with diversity and cohesion: the case of the Roma in the European Union” (GA319901). I also used the results and experiences of earlier fieldworks starting with 2000 in Bighal (the name of the localities were changed in order to respect the identities of the people) that were financed through Open Society Institute, Visegrad Funds, CERGE-EI through GDN and WIIW, respectively Inclusion 2007 through PHARE 2004. Earlier version of the article was presented at the GLS Conference in Nicosia (Cyprus) in 2017. The article was finalized in the framework of a visiting research programme at TARKI-POLC receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 730998, “InGRID-2—Integrating Research Infrastructure for European expertise on Inclusive Growth from data to policy”.) is to inquire into the interconnectedness of large number of factors that carry the opportunity and possibility of improving school participation of Roma children in Romania.I argue that the inherent deficiencies of the educational system, starting with the structural constraints and ending with the psycho-social context in which Roma (or minoritized, marginalized, vulnerable) children learn, can be and are challenged by initiatives, strategies or processes that fall out of the immediate range of the strict framework of the educational system. Bourdieu used the Maxwell’s demon as a metaphor to illustrate the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities in the framework of school system. But this ‘demon’ might be challenged with more or less success if we step out and look for possible ‘tools’ to counteract this demon. Two such cases are presented in this chapter. One is a project implemented with and by the local Roma community using external financing and the other one is the participation of the members of the communities in international migration and use of remittances. I will emphasize that independently of the type and amount of the mobilized resources the individuals and/or communities are able to create and proactively make good use of path-departing opportunities through mechanisms of redefining and changing contextual constraints thus improvements can be observed in the school participation of the Roma children (PS. PS. The article was written before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world. Its effects seems to neutralize the positive impact of the above mentioned processes: the slow steps taken in improving the socio-economic situation of the Roma seems to be stopped; prejudices and ethnic hatred seems to be stronger; access to services for Roma communities get more difficult, including to education: in this context, a further research question is how on-line schooling changed or will change the participation of Roma children?).
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Voicu, Bogdan, and Alin Croitoru. "Between Integration and Dissociation: Intra-European Immigrants’ Life Experiences in Romania." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25726-1_10.
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AbstractIncreasingly visible migrant communities that coexist within transnational spaces (Vertovec, 2009) are part of a contemporary world marked by a changing political approach to immigration, in which integration is the key word. The vagueness of the term (Schinkel, 2017) is compensated by the potential benefits derived from its usage. Given its multidimensionality (Harder et al., 2018; Voicu & Vlase, 2014), integration allows observing a liquid migration. The term was developed in relation to intra-European migration (Engbersen, 2018), to stress the encapsulation of such spatial movement into a more complex set of social changes, and to stress the flexibility of migration itself. Such fluidity implies a series of temporary states in the personal life, that is appropriate for the case of high-skilled intra-European migrants.
Conference papers on the topic "Social change – Romania"
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Szabo, Katalin, and Bela Szabo. "NATIONAL ABILITY TESTS IN ROMANIA." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s08/60.
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This study investigates the evolution of national standardized tests in Romania, contextualizing these developments within international educational practices. Employing an exploratory, descriptive research methodology, the research is based on desk research and document analysis of relevant laws, regulations, and methodological guides. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory changes and their impacts on assessment processes over the past decade and a half. The findings reveal that the Romanian education system has undergone significant transformations, particularly in the legal framework and implementation of standardized assessments. Initially mandated by the Education Act of 2011 and reinforced by subsequent legislation, these assessments have progressively incorporated skills measurement and critical thinking, shifting away from rote memorization. The centralized control by the Ministry of Education ensures uniform testing procedures nationwide, despite occasional data security breaches. Recent advancements include the introduction of digital assessment systems, aiming to provide faster feedback and more efficient data analysis. However, challenges such as technical issues and the need for adequate teacher training persist. The study highlights both the benefits and drawbacks of these standardized assessments, noting their role in providing objective data on student performance while also recognizing the stress they can induce in students. This comprehensive analysis positions Romania�s national assessments within the broader context of international practices, illustrating both the progress made and the ongoing challenges in achieving educational quality and fairness.
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Paula, Mirela. "NEW ROMANIAN LEGISLATIVE LANDMARKS ON THE ACQUISITION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR MINORS AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED TO THEM." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s02/13.
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The present study starts from the broad context of the recent legislative changes introduced by the entry into force of Law no. 140/2022 regarding some protection measures for people with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, a law that amended and supplemented the provisions of the Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure in the matter of the protection of natural persons. The normative act modified these measures in a more nuanced and comprehensive manner, by referring also to European and international legislation, ratified by Romania, establishing new mechanisms for the protection of minors and other categories of persons who, although they are adults, require support either to take care of one�s own person, or for the administration of the patrimony and the full exercise of civil rights and liberties. The new regulation therefore highlights both previous doctrinal experience and similar provisions of some international pacts and treaties. In this broad context of legislative reform, we analyse only a particular and somewhat adjacent aspect of the law mentioned above, namely, the ways of acquisition by minors and by adults who benefit from legal protection of the right to private property, with an emphasis on the area of concluding legal acts of disposition free of charge. Therefore, the acquisition of the right to private property in the case of liberalities has undergone some changes in both substantive law and procedural law through the new law. We will also issue personal points of view regarding the alternative procedure of sharing control and validation of these legal acts between the guardianship authority and the guardianship court.
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Petraru, Ana-Magdalena. "THE GREAT PLAGUE VS COVID 19 - REPRESENTATIONS OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION DURING PANDEMIC TIMES." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/vs13/86.
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The aim of our paper is to account for the changes that occurred during the Great Plague of London (1665) and the restrictions imposed by authorities, as recorded by (neo)classics such as Daniel Defoe in his Journal of the Plague Year (1722) and Samuel Pepys�s diary (1660-1669) which only came out in the 19th century. Furthermore, we purport to compare them to the most recent pandemic of our times, i.e., COVID 19, seen through the lenses of (post)modern Romanian authors (Jan Cornelius � Aventurile unui calator naiv, intre miscare si izolare/ The Adventures of A Naive Traveler, Between Movement and Isolation, 2020) and filmmakers (Dan Chisu�s 9 povesti de dragoste si ura in izolare/ 9 Stories of Love and Hate in Isolation, 2020). The contrasting of the two historical periods will hopefully allow us to gain a better understanding of two distinct eras in crisis and the manifestations in two different geographical spaces (the English and Romanian one, respectively). Furthermore, our purpose is to distinguish the mechanisms that led to cultural, social and economic transformation and their outcome, considering communication breakdowns between people, their loved ones and authorities, not to mention despair.
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Bandi, István. "The struggle of Bessarabian refugees in Romania as reflected in the counter intelligence files of the Securitate." In Latinitate, Romanitate, Românitate. Conferinţa ştiinţifică internaţională, Ediția a 7-a. Moldova State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/lrr2023.31.
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Romania’s position in the period 1948-1958 was directly dependent on the foreign and security policy of the Soviet Union, so that, in the first years of the Cold War, Moscow’s relations with the West were dominated by the communist ideology approach, which was faithfully copied by the elite of the Romanian party. In the first years after the Second World War, the Soviet Union’s guarantee for its own security was the sovietization of the territories that had become annexed states, thus effectively ceding the right of decision in the political, social, economic and military fields to the Soviet Union. In the first decade after World War II, Bucharest, a staunch ally of Moscow, subtly changed direction and began to build its own line of communism. Thanks to the concessions made by Khrushchev and the perseverance of the Romanian political leadership, Romania escaped the military presence and Soviet advisors. Starting from 1965, N. Ceaușescu, who continued Romania’s independence policy within the Warsaw Pact, firmly condemned Moscow’s intervention in Prague, thus laying the foundations for economic and political support from Western states. However, the reality of being incorporated into the Soviet bloc forced Romania to maintain „fraternal and friendly international relations” with the Soviet Union. The 1970 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, as well as the 1976 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union attest that the so-called coexistence and cooperation expected at the highest diplomatic level have been fulfilled. This situation did not change even in the eighth decade of the last century, the Ceaușescu regime remained preserved in neo-Stalinism, based on the cult of personality and the model of the single absolutist leader, although Mihail Gorbachev suggested, among other things, the velvet socialist model for Romania. In accordance with the real expectations of the political leadership, the Romanian state security constantly documented the actions related to the implementation of Soviet influence and intervention. The present study presents the actions carried out by the state security at that time (Securitatea), in which Romanian citizens were involved whose only crime was that they had previously lived in Bessarabia.
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Fügedy, Anikó Erzsébet, and Gavril Flora. "Social Factors Influencing the Acquisition of the Romanian Language by Students Belonging to a Local Community Hungarian Minority." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/22.
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Research on language acquisition is a central theme in sociolinguistic research. Contemporary social, economic and political processes affect the life of communities and the languages what they speak. Globalization, migration and the enlargement of the European Union can significantly change the role and the future of majority and minority languages. In this research, we aim to reveal the family level language choice strategies of the Hungarian community in the small town of Margitha (Bihor County, Romania), discussing the role of family related social framework that positively or negatively influences the motivation of minority students to acquire knowledge of the Romanian language. For this purpose, we used both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches. The results of research confirm that in multi-ethnic communities perhaps the most important, however at the same time the most vulnerable component of ethnic identity is the linguistic identity, which plays a key role in shaping the cultural landmarks and contents that determine the social integration of the individual. The positive family effects of socialization with the Hungarian language can be observed mostly in the ethnically homogeneous family. However, if one of the spouses is ethnic Romanian, the dominant language of communication within the family is more likely to be the Romanian language.
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Ciuperca, Ella magdalena, Victor Vevera, and Carmen elena Cirnu. "SOCIAL VARIABLES OF CYBER SECURITY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-096.
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As the need for cybersecurity is growing exponentially along with the development of new technologies, people's resistance to change determine a gap between people's real digital competences and the ideal profile that would allow their optimal functioning in the emerging society. In this article we study how people' perception of technology can be influenced in an era where the use of Internet of Things, social networks, big data is important but the protection of personal data is a must. While Romania introduced coding and IT&C knowledge in gymnasium curricula, the majority of population do not have the chance to attend such courses. The few existent courses in this direction are not enough customised for different social category. Therefore, any attempt to influence the way in which culture is formed must take into account the matching between all the knowledge, opinions, values, norms, signs and symbols that are conveyed in a society with the development stage of that society and with the system of values that its members have internalized. Therefore, comparing traditional teaching and e-learning we will propose a specific blended cybersecurity educational model for building a proper cyber security culture among Romanian population having in mind the complexity of the factors that influence the results of an effective cyber security strategy. Using such a model it will be possible to transmit basic knowledge to the average citizen and to determine him to adopt a behaviour that will allow him the optimal functioning in present days' society.
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Matic, Andreea Elena. "THE CHILD�S RIGHT TO FINANCIAL SUPPORT." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s02.09.
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The democratic contemporary society is one in which the respect for the fundamental human rights is essential. In the present paper we will refer to the special right of the children to benefit of financial support from his/her parents or tutors. The children are one especially vulnerable category of human beings as their mental and physical abilities are not yet sufficiently form in order for them to be independent and be able to support themselves. For a long period of time, in the first eighteen years the child needs care, guidance and support. In the paper will will discuss some of the international provisions in the matter of the child protection and child financial suport, then we will analyse the Romanian legal provisions. In the last part of the paper we will argue that the legal provisions must and can be improved in order to ensure a better care for children. According to the international statistic Romania is one of the EU countries in which the children have the highest level of poverty. In order for the children to properly develop physically, emotionally and mentally some changes are is necessary. There are proposition to change the laws in discussion and there is hope that in the near future, things will be better for the children.
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DOROBANȚU-DINA, Roxana. "Religious-moral values in intercultural education of high school students." In "Educaţia multiculturală, spaţiu formativ pentru educaţia valorilor". Conferinţa ştiinţifică naţională cu participare internaţională. Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.emc-2023.p55-66.
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The present article presents religious-moral formative valences that contribute to the intercultural education of secondary school students, in a stage marked by major changes in all dimensions of social-moral-cultural and economic life in Romania. From this perspective: the Model of intercultural competence training for students (secondary classes) was conceptualized; FCIE Reference Technology (10) was designed and capitalized on the idea of "Fulfilled Curiosity"; the Matrix of educational strategies was developed in order to train the intercultural competence of secondary school students; the Teacher Training Structure was set up in order to train intercultural competence; the Teaching Aid "Intercultural Education" and the Methodological Guide "Intercultural Education" for teachers were developed and tested. Intercultural education is the study discipline included in the Romanian National Curriculum starting from 2017, which is taught in the 6th grade, this being the alternative to open communication, understanding, tolerance, interaction, solidarity and intercultural dialogue between people - regardless of ethnicity , race, religion, social condition, etc. This process includes the theoretical-applicative milestones needed to change attitudes and behaviors focused on interculturality.
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Ciulei (Ionescu), Florentina, Angela Morlovea, Delia Mioara Popescu, and Constanta Popescu. "The Personal Change of The Manager - Core of the Organizational Change." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/03.
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The school organizations in Romania are confronted with the continuous perspective of change by reference to the legislative changes, to those at the level of the educational paradigm, but also at the social level. The present paper aims at a historical and evolutionary recovery of the concept of change in the school organization, with emphasis on identifying strategies and techniques for managing the process of developing and changing the manager, taking into consideration his professional competences and his personal abilities, considered as core and trigger agent for effective change in the organization. Personal change involves dynamics, which implies personal development, becoming, training. In order to complete the process of personal change of a school manager it takes a long time, of involvement in one's own development in order to trigger induce support the change of the school organization. In order to adopt the most appropriate organizational strategy (maintaining/restricting/developing or diversifying the organization), the manager must constantly evaluate his own abilities/competencies, to value those that bring performance to his organization. The methodology consisted in the rigorous analysis of the specialized literature and the empirical research, instrumented by a survey based on a questionnaire applied to the managers of 15 early education organizations in Dâmboviţa county. The main conclusions from the study focus on the process of becoming a manager, with an emphasis on the triggering moment of his personal change, transposed into behaviors that will have implications for the culture of his organization.
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Coman, Ecaterina, Anca Diana Scarlat, and Anca Lautaru. "ROMANIA AND BULGARIA, THE MOST EXPOSED COUNTRIES TO BULLYING AND PUBLIC SHAMING AS MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMPLIANCE." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s07.072.
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In the contemporary society there are many discussions about bullying and public shaming, especially about the need to eliminate this harmful phenomenon, but it can be seen that there is bullying and public shaming that affect countries and populations, without synchronizing the approach for the elimination of these phenomena. Romania and Bulgaria are the most exposed countries to what could be defined as bullying and public shaming at the country and population level, especially by presenting them as negative examples, following the annual statistics compiled by Eurostat. One of the reasons why Romania and Bulgaria are again in the last places in the EU is the consumption of daily portions of fruits and vegetables. Eurostat statistics place the two countries in last place in the EU in the consumption of fruit and vegetables, in the interpretation given by the media that took the Eurostat data, but it is, in fact, the consumption behavior that shows the population's refusal to comply to standardization. The two countries are large producers of fruits and vegetables, with a large number of owners of gardens and orchards, and culinary behaviors are based on the consumption of fruits and vegetables, especially from their own production. We have carried out an analysis of documents, at European level, correlated with the campaigns launched in the media, starting with 2014, to demonstrate the links between the need to impose new rules at EU level and the persuasion techniques used to determine the population to comply. We also conducted quantitative research to highlight the perception of public opinion on these topics. Thus, we demonstrated that the fact that Romanians and Bulgarians are on the last two places in these annual statistics shows, in fact, the total failure of standardization, at the level of society, as well as the impossibility to change mentalities in the two traditionalist countries. The role of bullying and public shaming is, in fact, to make the population comply, but even so no other results have been obtained.
Reports on the topic "Social change – Romania"
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Gratzke, Michael. ‘Confessions of a MILF (I chose being an artist over being a wife)’. Love and relationships in Viv Albertine’s memoirs. University of Dundee, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001240.
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The memoirs of (post-) punk musician Viv Albertine address the issue of choice or lack thereof in romantic and family relationships. They depict a world in which choice of romantic partners appears normal if often unsuccessful, whereas choice within family relationships is restricted. It is self-evident that one cannot choose one’s blood relatives. However, amplified by Albertine’s scepticism towards any social relationships, her two memoirs represent ‘negative choice’ (Eva Illouz) in heterosexual romantic relationships and the complex ways in which negative choice can change family dynamics. In her memoirs, Albertine presents loneliness as the opposite of love which aligns with her model of choice, as it is preferable to live a lonely life over being bound up in love relationships, romantic or familial, which are harmful to one’s wellbeing. This article demonstrates how the ethos of early punk is translated into an uncompromising process of life writing which presents itself as faithfulness towards the individual’s core need for self-realisation and self-expression against the backdrop of failing romantic and familial relationships, severe physical and mental health problems, a self-diagnosis of autism and a patriarchal society.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world