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Reagan, Ngonzo Kitumba, and C. T. Gumanda Kafeni. "Need for a pedagogy of large groups in Congo -Kinshasa." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 05 (May 28, 2022): 2377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i5.el08.
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This article starts from a constant according to which the classes of Kinshasa have become bloated because of the mismatch between the rhythm of the evolution of the school demand and the capacity of reception and possibility of supervision. An inadequacy justified by the state of the economies, especially the budgets allocated to education in the countries located south of the Sahara in which the Democratic Republic of Congo is located.
In order to solve this large group problem in classrooms, a purely pedagogical solution is proposed in this work. This is group pedagogy. Teachers should therefore be trained in the pedagogy of large groups during retraining to enable them to take charge of these classes.
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Aldersey, Heather Michelle. "Disability advocacy in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Disability & Society 28, no. 6 (September 2013): 784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.802219.
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Tambiki, Junior. "SOCIAL SURVEY ON COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE IN KINSHASA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Akustika 32 (March 1, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20193245.
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Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), is facing serious noise problems caused by the expansion of transportation and the increase of traffic volume without any regulation or policy introduced. This social survey conducted in September 2017, is the first survey ever performed on road traffic noise in Kinshasa. Four sites along major roads were selected. Questionnaire survey was carried out by face to face interview and 235 samples were collected. A 24-hour noise measurement was conducted at a representative point of each road and the noise indices such as Lden were calculated. The Lden of the four sites were from 73 to 79 dB. The percentages of highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed were from 30% to 41% and 38% to 52%, respectively. The higher percentages were observed in sites with the higher noise level. A logistic regression analyses were applied to plot the dose-response relationship for general annoyance. The result was close to EU curve and higher than that in Vietnam.
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Aldersey, Heather M., Ann P. Turnbull, and H. R. Turnbull. "Family Support in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 13, no. 1 (March 2016): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12143.
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Babakazo, Pélagie, Lina M. Piripiri, Jean-Marie Mukiese, Nelly Lobota, and Éric Mafuta. "Breastfeeding practices and social norms in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A qualitative study." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 4 (April 16, 2024): e0000957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000957.
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Introduction Breastfeeding has many benefits for both mothers and children. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, slightly under half of children under six months are exclusively breastfed. This study aimed to describe breastfeeding practices and to explore perceived social norms regarding breastfeeding among mothers in Kinshasa. Materials and methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in Kinshasa from June to July 2013. This study purposively sampled 54 mothers of infants aged 6 to 12 months, who participated in six focus group discussions. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the discussion guide explored infant feeding in the first six months, knowledge of breastfeeding, perception of the feasibility of exclusive breastfeeding, and perception of the social norms with regard to exclusive breastfeeding. The content analysis approach was used to analyse data. Results Mothers had good breastfeeding knowledge; however, few of them had practised exclusive breastfeeding as recommended during the first six months. Exclusive breastfeeding was considered unfeasible in their context. Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were reported as baby’s cries, social pressure, warm climate, and poor maternal diet. Social norms were supportive of breastfeeding but unfavourable to exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion In Kinshasa, mothers have a good knowledge of breastfeeding. However, few practise exclusive breastfeeding. Social pressure plays an important role in the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before six months. In order to improve the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in this context, social and behaviour change programmes should target the entire population rather than mothers only.
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BELANI MASAMBA, Justin, Patience MPANZU BALOMBA, Hervé NGONDE NSAKALA, and Charles KINKELA SAVY. "État des lieux de l’utilisation des énergies de cuisson dans les ménages de Kinshasa : analyse de la substitution du bois-énergie." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 355 (March 1, 2023): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.355.a36853.
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En République démocratique du Congo, l’étude fait l’état des lieux de l’utilisation des énergies de cuisson par les ménages de Kinshasa et détermine le modèle énergétique de cette ville. Elle constitue une contribution à la réflexion sur la substitution du bois-énergie comme principale énergie de cuisson par des énergies propres. Le bois-énergie constitue un des moteurs de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts du Bassin du Congo. Une enquête quantitative a été menée auprès d’un échantillon de 1 154 ménages tirés aléatoirement dans la ville de Kinshasa. Ces ménages ont été subdivisés en trois classes de revenu : bas, moyen et élevé. Il ressort des résultats de l’étude que les ménages de Kinshasa utilisent six énergies pour la cuisson des aliments à des proportions différentes. Il s’agit de la sciure de bois (2,6 %), du bois de chauffe (14 %), du charbon de bois (95 %), du pétrole lampant (12 %), de l’électricité (60 %) et du gaz de pétrole liquéfié (4 %). Le rapprochement fait des données recueillies au modèle d’échelle énergétique, modèle qui indique que le ménage passe à des énergies de niveau supérieur à mesure que son revenu s'améliore, n’a pas permis de valider ledit modèle, car les ménages à niveau de revenu moyen n’utilisent pas plus que les autres classes les énergies de transition (charbon de bois et pétrole). De même, le rapprochement des données au modèle d’empilement d’énergies, modèle qui stipule que quand le revenu augmente le ménage a tendance à accroître le nombre d’énergies utilisées sans pour autant abandonner les anciennes, n’a pas permis de valider ce modèle étant donné que seuls les ménages à niveau de revenu élevé empilent davantage les énergies. La politique de réduction de l’utilisation du bois-énergie devrait être basée sur l’amélioration de la desserte en électricité ainsi que la promotion de l’utilisation du GPL.
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Devlieger, Clara. "Romeand theRomains: laughter on the border between Kinshasa and Brazzaville." Africa 88, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972017000614.
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AbstractThis article considers humour at the international border between Kinshasa (DR Congo) and Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) as a means through which ordinary people navigate between fulfilling the values of individual opportunism and interpersonal responsibility. Kinshasa's border zone, nicknamedRome, often echoes with laughter as people who engage in unregulated livelihood strategies (Romains) engage in two genres of humour: verbal irony, expressed in nicknames for people, places and activities; and interpersonal joking, expressed in playful teasing. Laughter and jokes are a prevailing mode of interaction at the border, and the ways in which humour is constructed and experienced reveal much about social and moral life. The jokes define membership of a community ofRomainsdistinct from other urban citizens, while making further distinctions between physically disabled people, who dominate trade as intermediaries, and others by playing with hierarchical social relationships in which disabled people are expected to be subordinate. Ultimately, the humour that shapes the community allows for a critical voice on values within it. This article argues that the inconsistencies pinpointed by humour reflect and shape the instability of social relationships and contradictory values thatRomainsaspire to fulfil. Humour is a means of navigating critical commentary on the conflicting values of individual aspiration and responsibility towards others.
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Ebengho-Bokelo, Max, and Jeremy Super-Eloko. "Community-Based Interventions and Behaviors of HIV+ Persons in Congo-Kinshasa." Modern Applied Science 15, no. 5 (September 9, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v15n5p27.
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Introduction: Sub-Saharan African communities bear the highest burden of HIV/AIDS in the world. Because of identifiable cultural links and local beliefs, people are more likely to engage in sexual mores that could negatively impact their life. Starting in early 2000, Congolese HIV+ patients have undergone a variety of medico-social inputs designed to decrease risky behaviors among people in the program and their family members.
Goals: This inquiry aimed to understand how PLWHs assess the influence of community-based incentives within their society, as primarily conceived to improve daily behaviors of each person living with HIV (PLWH), and a few selected family members with unknown HIV-serostatus.
Methods: From December 2020 to March 2021, a cross-sectional study was engaged to gather qualitative-driven information from nine in-depth interviews, three focus groups, and two key-informant interviews. Changes were self-assessed through data gotten from 2004-2014 in sexual cleansing, levirate and sororate marriage, Kintwidi phenomenon, stigma and discrimination, sexual gender-based violence (SGBV) and female genital mutilation (FGM), unprotected receptive vaginal or anal intercourse, and behavioral rejection of condoms throughout a decade of Congolese Community-based Interventions (CBIs) implemented from 2004. Grounded on the socioecological model (SEM), this ethnographic study was based on the meaning of the influence of CBIs on cultural behaviors among PLWHs for HIV/AIDS prevention purposes.
Results: Data from Kinshasa and Bandundu were coded and analyzed through NVivo R1 and Excel, showing significant negative sentiments for all eight key-cultural components in PLWHs.
Conclusion: Out of the holistic approach employed to tackle HIV/AIDS in communities, the comprehensive strategy enabled for social change in Congo-Kinshasa brought specific impactful insights in terms of behavior according to interviewed PLWHs. Findings could be used to inform further preventive activities to alleviate any community HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Mayunga, Guyguy Mbuebo, Tina Tsimba Thenene, Daniel Foockas Tokembe, Ursule Kabasele Ntumba, Jacques Ileboso Bolenge, Jean-Paul Isouradi Sekele, Désiré Kulimba Mashinda, and Joseph Pene-Shenda Lutula. "Fréquence et déterminants de l’édentement partiel des adultes dans les institutions médicodentaires de Kinshasa, en République Démocratique du Congo." Annales Africaines de Medecine 16, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 4949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aamed.v16i1.9.
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Contexte et objectifs. La perte de dents appelée édentement affecte la mastication, la parole, l’esthétique, le comportement social et la qualité de vie. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’évaluer la fréquence et les determinants de l’édentement partiel (EP) chez les adultes dans les institutions médico-dentaires de Kinshasa. Méthodes. C’était étude transversale analytique conduite entre octobre 2019 et juillet 2021 dans quelques institutions médico-dentaires de Kinshasa auprès des patients adultes congolais. Les variables d’intérêts étaient la fréquence et les causes de l’EP, les facteurs sociodémographiques et la présence du diabète et/ou de l’hypertension artérielle (HTA). Les déterminants de l’EP ont été recherchés par l’analyse de régression logistique multivariée. Résultats. Quatre cent vingt sept patients ont été inclus. Leur âge moyen était de 37,9 ±15,4 ans. La fréquence de l’EP était de 71%. Seul le statut diabète et/ou hypertension a été indépendamment associé à l’EP (ORa : 23,8 ; IC 95% : 3,2-174,8). Conclusion. La fréquence de l’EP était très élevée chez les adultes, influencée par la presence du diabète et/ou HTA.
English title: Frequency and determinants of partial edentulism in adults in medico-dental institutions in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Context and objectives. Tooth loss called edentulism affects people chewing, speech, aesthetic, social behavior and quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of partial edentulism (PE) of adults in medico-dental centers in Kinshasa. Methods. This analytic cross-sectional was conducted between October 2019 and July 2021 in sole medico-dental centers of Kinshasa with Congolese adult patients. Variables of interest were prevalence and cause of PE, sociodemographic status, and the presence of diabetes and/or high blood pressure (HBP). PE determinants were sought by multiple logistic regression. The significant threshold was p<0,05. Results. Four hundred twenty-seven patients were involved. The mean age was 37,9±15,4 years. The prevalence of PE was 71%. Diabetes and/or HBP were the sole determinant independently associated with PE (ORa: 23.8; CI 95 %: 3.2- 174.8). Conclusion. The prevalence of PE was very high among adults, influenced by diabetes and/or HBP.
Keywords: Congolese adults, Determinants, Partial edentulous
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Azia Dimbu, Florentin, and Valentin Tumbwa Mangwamba Pasmak. "Prise en charge globale des maladies mentales chez les Suku de Congo-Kinshasa." Empan 101, no. 1 (2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/empa.101.0119.
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Kubanza, Nzalalemba Serge, and Mulala Danny Simatele. "Solid Waste Management and Environmental Injustice in Poor Communities in Kinshasa: A Cultural theory and Systems Approach." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14288.
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This paper discusses injustice in solid waste management (SWM) and its impact on poor communities in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is argued that poor communities in Kinshasa tend to be the most affected by irregularities in solid waste collection and management. A divide between the rich and poor neighbourhoods is experienced in solid waste management engendering injustice in the city of Kinshasa. Using a qualitative and quantitative research methodology, it is suggested that the current governance systems for SWM in Kinshasa, is unfair by all the different ideas of fairness. In view of this, a cultural theory and systems approach are introduced to determine how actors (fatalist, hierarchist, individualist and egalitarian) influence the management of solid waste and how they are engagement can create environmental justice in SWM in Kinshasa. The paper provides that if the ideal form of urban SWM could be realised in Kinshasa, it should be called participatory resource recovery governance. An environmental policy tailored to very local circumstances-together with some financial support from the government public sector and private companies, and the deployment of social awareness campaigns designed to reduce the generation of “waste” at source (and to emphasise the economic resource value of the misnomer of “wastes”)-could succeed in shifting things towards participatory resource recovery governance. In it, all stakeholders would share equitably the responsibility of resource recovery and environmental protection, if not restoration.
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Scott, Ariel Osterweis. "Performing Acupuncture on a Necropolitical Body: Choreographer Faustin Linyekula's Studios Kabako in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo." Dance Research Journal 42, no. 2 (2010): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767700001017.
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Faustin Linyekula stages what I shall call “geo-choreography” in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). What is choreography if not an embodied practice that demands a continual reordering of space? Geo-choreography reorders the urban landscape choreographically without colonizing it. Instead, it establishes a network of architectural sites within that landscape whose effect I shall endeavor to describe in this essay. In 1993 Congolese choreographer Linyekula went into exile for eight years, during which time he attended university in Kenya and studied theater in London, only to be pressured by the British government to return to Kenya, where he was introduced to dance theater. In 2001 Linyekula returned to the DRC, where he founded his contemporary dance company, Studios Kabako, in Kinshasa, the country's capital. Working out of both Kinshasa and Paris, Linyekula established an international career as an experimental dance maker. After five years (in 2006) he transferred his company from Kinshasa to his hometown, Kisangani. Located in the northeastern DRC, this haunted urban terrain has been devastated by political violence, including that of the Second Congo War (1998–2003) and its aftermath. In trying to rediscover a sense of belonging for himself and for others, Linyekula is presently designing a network of studios for emerging artists throughout Kisangani. Linyekula's dance company and network of studios taken together, and housed under the same name of Studios Kabako, encourage a fluid movement between the social and the artistic.
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D'Ascenzo, Fabiana. "An African metropolis: the imploded territoriality of Kinshasa." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 80 (February 7, 2013): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14350/rig.32896.
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El carácter periférico y segmentado de la red urbana y de las vías de comunicación en la República Democrática del Congo condena al país a orientarse al exterior, lo cual ayuda muy poco a la integración del espacio nacional y da preferencia al contexto interafricano limítrofe. En este contexto, la ciudad de Kinshasa se ve obligada a gestionar el peso no solo de su papel de capital sino también de una expansión espacial ocurrida en un estilo típico de la post-independencia; ésta ha coincidido además con una implosión territorial fundada en un sistema de relaciones centrípeto. Basado en el trabajo de campo, el ensayo pone en evidencia las lógicas espaciales transmitidas por la realidad social considerada, e identifica, como resultado de la interacción de éstas, una territorialidad compleja que abarca las distintas articulaciones de la trama urbana.
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Segatti, Aurelia. "‘MOBUTU'S GHOST’: MOBILIZING AGAINST FOREIGN RETAILERS IN CONTEMPORARY CONGO." Africa 85, no. 1 (January 23, 2015): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000758.
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ABSTRACTSince 2009, several unions of Congolese retailers have demanded the implementation of a 1973 law forbidding foreigners from operating small businesses and limiting their access to retail. Seemingly similar mobilizations have been observed elsewhere in Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa), but the Congolese situation remains undocumented to date. The current discursive patterns and social practices that have emerged from this mobilization call for a socio-political enquiry, interrogating their xenophobic undertones but also viewing them in relation to the distribution of power and emerging political subjectivities of post-Mobutuist urban contexts. Based on extensive fieldwork, combining ethnographic research with interviews with key informants, conducted in Kinshasa between 2010 and 2012, this study focuses on mobilization techniques, the web of representations they give rise to, and political actors involved in or resisting the movement. It reveals a complex type of nationalistic discourse that draws on historical and contemporary global sources, while also being influenced by Congo's ambivalent relationship to national identity in the post-Mobutuist period. The non-distinct xenophobic undertones of the discourse, while mostly directed towards Asians and Lebanese, also result in the systematic targeting of West African business operators. Yet, despite often xenophobic and virulent rhetoric, interactions between Congolese and foreign traders have mostly remained characterized by ‘peaceful coexistence’. Those Congolese and foreigners who have chosen to resist injunctions to exclude the latter from economic spaces thus directly question national citizenship as the main basis for political and economic membership in the city of Kinshasa.
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Faria, Nuno R., Andrew Rambaut, Marc A. Suchard, Guy Baele, Trevor Bedford, Melissa J. Ward, Andrew J. Tatem, et al. "The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations." Science 346, no. 6205 (October 2, 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1256739.
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Thirty years after the discovery of HIV-1, the early transmission, dissemination, and establishment of the virus in human populations remain unclear. Using statistical approaches applied to HIV-1 sequence data from central Africa, we show that from the 1920s Kinshasa (in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo) was the focus of early transmission and the source of pre-1960 pandemic viruses elsewhere. Location and dating estimates were validated using the earliest HIV-1 archival sample, also from Kinshasa. The epidemic histories of HIV-1 group M and nonpandemic group O were similar until ~1960, after which group M underwent an epidemiological transition and outpaced regional population growth. Our results reconstruct the early dynamics of HIV-1 and emphasize the role of social changes and transport networks in the establishment of this virus in human populations.
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Lokenga, Jean Nsonjiba, Paul Norvy, and Stephen Asatsa. "Family Support and Social Reintegration of Adolescent Offenders in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Advanced Sociology 4, no. 1 (July 24, 2023): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jas.1370.
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Purpose: Having a strong family support is one of the most important factors contributing to successful rehabilitation and especially among adolescent ex-offenders and thereafter gain a sustainable livelihood. This study sought to examine the role of family support in the social re-integration of adolescent offenders in Kinshasa city. The study was grounded on strain theory as proposed by Merton (1957) as well as pm system theory.
Methodology: Mixed methods research approach focusing on explanatory sequential design was adopted. Data was collected from a sample of 345 individuals including 330 adolescents and 15 key informants using questionnaires, FGDs, and key informant interviews. The study participants were selected from three localities, Kisenso, Limete, and Matete and Kisenso, using stratified sampling technique and purposive sampling.
Findings: Findings on adolescent offenders’ perception on family support indicates that, 10% (n=33) of adolescent offenders expressed low perceptions of family support; 82.7% (n=273) had moderate perception of family support while 7.3% (n=24) have high perceptions of the support received from family members. The study also found a positive albeit rather weak correlation between family support and social reintegration of adolescent offenders, with a Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) 0.377. From the findings, the ANOVA tests revealed that, family support (F=1.962, p=0.018) has statistically significant influence on social reintegration of adolescent offenders. The study concludes that, family support was found to be a predictor of social reintegration as family financial, material, and emotional support is needed to influence readjustment and social functioning of affected individuals.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: From the study, it was recommended that, different stakeholders including the government, NGOs, the religious organizations and individual philanthropists should support the family in her role to provide material and non-material support towards their adolescent ex-offenders for effective social re-integration.
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MIHIGO, nnocent MUFUNGIZI, Trésor HUBERT KAWAYA, Roda BONGELI MBOPANG, Jean KABULO BANZA, Ridi DIAKONDUA VUILAWO, and Ruben LOOLA LOKETO. "Mapping and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land-use and Land-cover Change Based on the USGS and NASA Platformsfrom MCD12Q1Landsat Imagery: A Case Study of Kinshasa, DR Congo." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 09, no. 11 (2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2023.9.11.6.
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Kinshasa is a city with very significant urban growth. It is observed that this urban growth is concentrated in a weak area, which requires control and direction of urban expansion. To do this, it is important to understand the dynamics of cover change andland use over time. To do this, we downloaded Landsat images from the MODIS Land Cover Type Product (MCD12Q1) from 2001 to 2022, with a classification of these images based on remote sensing indices that we processed using geographic information system tools.We extracted the following classes: Evergreen Broadleaf Forests, Deciduous Broadleaf Forests, Mixed Forests, Closed Shrublands, Woody Savannas, Savannas, Grasslands, Permanent Wetlands, Croplands, Urban and Built-up Lands, Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaics,Barren and Water Bodies. We calculated the percentage of coverage of the classestaking into account intervalsof 3 years (7 intervals in total)by studying the relationship between the evolution curves of these classes, but also,we establishedthe relationship existing between the dynamics of these classes over time using the chord diagram. It has been observed that certain classes vary depending on others over time.
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Espoir, Lukau Matezo, and Malimingi Muhole Amantha. "Analysing the factors favoring the use of modern contraceptive methods among Kinoise women in the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.713.
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This study aims to identify the factors that favor the use of modern contraceptive methods in non-pregnant women who need to space or limit births. The analyzes were made using SPSS software (statistical package for social sciences) version 25. The data used in this publication comes from a TRAC survey on family planning carried out by the Family Health Association / Population Service international (ASF / PSI) in DRC. Continuously Tracking Results surveys are knowledge surveys, attitudes, and practices of women in matters of family planning but with the introduction of questions on scales as mentioned above. This survey concerned 1965 women aged 15 to 49 selected in urban and peri-urban areas of the provincial city of Kinshasa. Our results show that the discussion between partner or spouse on the use of modern contraceptive methods positively influences the majority of women (OR = 4.28; p <0.001),being part of a social norm (OR = 3.30; p <0.01) and having a high socioeconomic level (OR = 2.54; p <0.01), also favor positively the use of modern contraceptives. The paper concludes that any effort to increase contraceptive prevalence should target attitude, level of knowledge of methods, and spousal support to optimize the use of modern contraception in the city of Kinshasa.
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SHAPIRO, DAVID. "ENDURING ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, WOMEN'S EDUCATION, MARRIAGE AND FERTILITY TRANSITION IN KINSHASA." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000091.
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SummaryThis paper examines fertility transition in Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and second-largest city in sub-Saharan Africa. Shapiro (1996) documented the onset of fertility transition in the city, using data from 1990. Women's education was strongly inversely related to fertility, beginning with secondary schooling, and increases in women's education were important in initiating fertility transition in the city. The paper uses data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey in the DRC to examine fertility in Kinshasa and assess fertility transition since 1990, a period characterized by severe adverse economic conditions in the DRC. Fertility transition has continued at a strong pace. In part this reflects increased educational attainment of women, but it appears also to be largely a consequence of enduring economic hardship. The ongoing fertility decline has been accompanied by substantial delays in entry to marriage and childbearing, reflecting adverse economic conditions, which in turn have contributed to continuing declines in fertility.
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Simon-Decap, Mabakutuvangilanga Ntela, Feti Kisiata Julien, Mukeba Nkashama Jacques, Munanga Kabasele Aimé, Ramazani Jean-Bosco, Ramazani Bin Eradi Imani, Matoko Nzinga Flavienne, Margat Aurore, and Rothan-Tondeur Monique. "Covid-19 dans la ville de Kinshasa : Représentations sociales chez les fugitifs du confinement." Interdisciplinary Research Journal and Archives 2 (June 25, 2021): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36966/irjar2021.1.
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Upon the announcement of lockdown of Kinshasa (The capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo) due to increase cases of corona virus infections, a wave of fear and concern arose among the population of the city causing a massive population’s displacement towards neighboring provinces. This is to contextualize a phenomenological qualitative study exploring the social representation of COVID-19, the motivations influencing the shift of population and the discourses of the subjects on the care strategies, or “therapeutic artifacts” proposed by this population of Kinshasa. The analysis of 19 semi-structured interviews highlighted the presence of five categories of representations of COVID-19: imaginary disease, disease for businessmen, invention for demographic purposes, war between states and, divine punishment. In addition, four types of motivation have influenced the movement of the population: socioeconomic crisis, insecurity, ban of churches and, easy access to traditional treatment. This study finally shows that the fugitive population uses traditional therapies (herbalists and traditional beliefs, including prayers and sorcery) to cope with this pandemic. Improving knowledge, strengthening the communication system and interventions aimed at changing social representations causing negative images of COVID-19 are recommended.
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Kananga, A. Mubeneshayi. "The Integration of Palliative Care in DR Congo “A Model Of Sustainability”: A Field Study." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 171s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.36900.
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Background and context: In DR Congo, many cancer patients in the terminal phase of their condition have minimal access to palliative care. There is a combined effect of poverty, the deterioration of the health system and the absence of a well-defined national policy on palliative care. Patients are for the most part abandoned to the care of inexperienced family members. Driven by the fact that the number of palliative patients has been increasing steadily over the past five years, the Palliafamilli association and its partners have taken leadership in the fight for palliative care. The major issue that blocks palliative care in RD Congo is the lack of knowledge about palliative care both in the population and even in health professionals. Most patients are treated at home with strong family involvement in many aspects of care. Aim: To promote good health practices at the community level and equip them with the knowledge and means to prevent their health problems, with a focus on palliative care and to contribute to the implementation of the Strategy for Strengthening the Health System of DR Congo by facilitating a program of access to palliative care for the entire Congolese population. Strategy/Tactics: During the last 7 years, we have organized conferences, congresses, various training sessions on pain management, sensitization activities, capacity building courses and advocacy activities within the Ministry of Health for national palliative care guidelines. Program/Policy process: - The organization of two International Congress of Palliative Care in Kinshasa in April 2013 (550 participants) and September 2015 (700 participants) - Training of 3 health professionals on the palliative approach in Uganda (2013) - Participation at the Second Francophone Palliative Care Congress in Montreal 2013 - A palliative care training course at the University of Kinshasa in 2015 (115 participants) - The organization of the International Colloquium of Pediatric Palliative Care in Kinshasa in 2015 - Participation in the 4th International Francophone Congress of Palliative Care in Geneva (2017) - Participating in the drafting of national guidelines for palliative care within the Ministry of Health (2017) - Capacity building for two members of PalliaFamilli thanks to the scholarship offered by the UICC. What was learned: In DR Congo, palliative care and pain relief require a cross-cutting approach, as resources are limited, many people are in need of care, and there are few nurses and doctors empowered to provide care. An effective approach is to involve community or volunteer caregivers supervised by health professionals, and Palliafamilli is successful due in its multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach, with adaptation to cultural, social and economic specificities and its integration with existing health systems, focusing on primary health care and community and home care.
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Behets, Frieda, Gertrude Musuamba Mutombo, Andrew Edmonds, Lisa Dulli, Martine Tabala Belting, Melanie Kapinga, Athena Pantazis, Holly Tomlin, Emile Okitolonda, and for the PTME Group. "Reducing vertical HIV transmission in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: trends in HIV prevalence and service delivery." AIDS Care 21, no. 5 (May 2009): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120802385595.
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Maman, Suzanne, Rebecca Cathcart, Gillian Burkhardt, Serge Omba, Deidre Thompson, and Frieda Behets. "The infant feeding choices and experiences of women living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." AIDS Care 24, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.597708.
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Min, Song Jian, Ruth Nzinga Mayuka, Annan Joseph Joseph, Zhang Qiaomin Qiaomin, and Rachel Mangweji Mangweji. "Solving the House Deficit Problem in Kinshasa by Building Affordable Houses Through the PPP Project Delivery." International Journal of Computing and Engineering 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijce.1233.
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Purpose: The introduction of the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) in the delivery of low-cost houses in Congo is a recent phenomenon. The article will investigate the factors behind this new strategy of building affordable houses and try to establish how PPP can contribute to better housing for the residents of the most populated city of Congo (Kinshasa). The study focuses on the factors contributing to the increasing demand for the Public-Private-Partnership in the construction of affordable housing projects introduced by the Government.
Methodology: For us to obtain the perspectives of key participants in the public sector dealing with the delivery of affordable housing projects in Kinshasa, an in-depth semi-structured interview and survey were conducted. This method combines qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques
Findings: The result of the analysis shows that there are four main reasons for this increment: The lack of public resources, the high demand for low-cost housing, the Lack of qualified construction workers, and the lack of the private sector's interest to invest in social housing.
Unique Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice: The challenges of delivering low-cost house projects are numerous. The challenges are divided into different categories: political and economic, Governance, international forces, administration, financial resources, material resources, management practices, technical, and local external pressures, and natural forces are some of the issues that need to be addressed. While politics and governance, administration, financial and material resources, local external pressures, and environmental forces are all important, the performing organization faces external problems, as well as management and technical challenges.
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Ramaiya, Astha, Linnea Zimmerman, Eric Mafuta, Aimee Lulebo, Effie Chipeta, William Stones, and Caroline Moreau. "Assessing the relationship between agency and peer violence among adolescents aged 10 to 14 years in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Blantyre, Malawi: A cross-sectional study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): e1003552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003552.
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Background Interpersonal violence has physical, emotional, educational, social, and economic implications. Although there is interest in empowering young people to challenge harmful norms, there is scant research on how individual agency, and, specifically, the “power to” resist or bring about an outcome relates to peer violence perpetration and victimization in early adolescence. This manuscript explores the relationship between individual agency and peer violence perpetration and victimization among very young adolescents (VYAs) living in two urban poor settings in sub-Saharan Africa (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Blantyre, Malawi). Methods and findings The study draws on two cross-sectional surveys including 2,540 adolescents 10 to 14 years from Kinshasa in 2017 (girls = 49.8% and boys = 50.2%) and 1,213 from Blantyre in 2020 (girls = 50.7% and boys = 49.3%). The sample was school based in Malawi but included in-school and out-of-school participants in Kinshasa due to higher levels of early school dropout. Peer violence in the last 6 months (dependent variable) was defined as a four categorical variable: (1) no victimization or perpetration; (2) victimization only; (3) perpetration only; and (4) both victimization and perpetration. Agency was operationalized using 3 scales: freedom of movement, voice, and decision-making, which were further divided into tertiles. Univariate analysis and multivariable multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate the relationships between each agency indicator and peer violence. The multivariable regression adjusted for individual, family, peer, and community level covariates. All analyses were stratified by gender and site. In both sites, adolescents had greater voice and decision-making power than freedom of movement, and boys had greater freedom of movement than girls. Boys in both settings were more likely to report peer violence in the last six months than girls (40% to 50% versus 32% to 40%, p < 0.001), mostly due to higher rates of a perpetration–victimization overlap (18% to 23% versus 10% to 15%, p < 0.001). Adolescents reporting the greatest freedom of movement (Tertile 3) (with the exception of girls in Kinshasa) had a greater relative risk ratio (RRR) of reporting a perpetrator–victim overlap (boys Kinshasa: RRR = 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8, p = 0.003); boys Blantyre: RRR = 3.8 (1.7 to 8.3, p = 0.001); and girls Blantyre: RRR = 2.4 (1.1 to 5.1, p = 0.03)). Adolescents with the highest decision-making power in Kinshasa also had greater RRR of reporting a perpetrator–victim overlap (boys: RRR = 3.0 (1.8 to 4.8, p < 0.001). Additionally, girls and boys in Kinshasa with intermediate decision-making power (tertile 2 versus 1) had a lower RRR of being victimized (Girls: RRR = 1.7 (1.02 to 2.7, p = 0.04); Boys: RRR = 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9, p = 0.01)). Higher voice among boys in Kinshasa (Tertile 2: RRR = 1.9 (1.2 to 2.9, p = 0.003) and Tertile 3: 1.8 (1.2 to 2.8, p = 0.009)) and girls in Blantyre (Tertile 2: 2.0 (1.01 to 3.9, p = 0.048)) was associated with a perpetrator–victim overlap, and girls with more voice in Blantyre had a greater RRR of being victimized (Tertile 2: RRR = 1.9 (1.1 to 3.1, p = 0.02)). Generally, associations were stronger for boys than girls, and associations often differed when victimization and perpetration occurred in isolation of each other. A main limitation of this study is that the cross-sectional nature of the data does not allow a causal interpretation of the findings, which need further longitudinal exploration to establish temporality. Conclusions In this study, we observed that peer violence is a gendered experience that is related to young people’s agency. This stresses the importance of addressing interpersonal violence in empowerment programs and of including boys who experience the greatest perpetration–victimization overlap.
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Nkweleko Fankam, Falone, William Ugarte, Pierre Akilimali, Junior Ewane Etah, and Eva Åkerman. "COVID-19 pandemic hits differently: examining its consequences for women’s livelihoods and healthcare access – a cross-sectional study in Kinshasa DRC." BMJ Open 13, no. 9 (September 2023): e072869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072869.
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ObjectivesThe emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic led to multiple preventive actions as primary interventions to contain the spread of the virus. Globally, countries are facing enormous challenges with consequences for use of social, economic and health services. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was among the African countries implementing strict lockdown at the start of the pandemic, resulting in shortages and decreased access to services. The adverse effects of the pandemic had unpleasant consequences for the country. This study aimed to examine the association between COVID-19 pandemic-related factors, sociodemographic factors, and the need to visit healthcare facilities, including family planning services, among women aged 15–49 years in the DRC.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a performance monitoring for action (PMA) cross-sectional COVID-19 phone survey in Kinshasa, DRC, which had a response rate of 74.7%. In total, 1325 randomly selected women aged 15–49 years from the Kinshasa province who had previously participated in the PMA baseline survey participated in the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess associations.ResultsThe COVID-19 pandemic and related factors affected 92% of women in the Kinshasa province socioeconomically. A majority were highly economically dependent on their partner or some other sources for their basic needs to be met, and even more worried about the future impact of the pandemic on their household finances. Over 50% of women did not attempt visiting a health service, with some of the top reasons being fear of being infected with COVID-19 and not being able to afford services. We found a significant association between age groups and contraceptive use. The need for and use of contraceptives was higher among women aged 25–34 years than those aged 15–24 or 35–49 years.ConclusionEffective social/economic support to women and girls during pandemics and in crises is essential as it can have lasting beneficial effects on many domains of their lives, including their ability to access health services and the contraceptives of their choice.
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Kakumba, Jocelyn Mankulu, Jérémie Mbinze Kindenge, Paulin Mutwale Kapepula, Jean-Marie Liesse Iyamba, Murielle Longokolo Mashi, Jose Wambale Mulwahali, and Didi Mana Kialengila. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern Using WHO Access, Watch and Reserve Classification in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." Antibiotics 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081239.
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Background: The AWaRe tool was set up by the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote the rational use of antimicrobials. Indeed, this tool classifies antibiotics into four groups: access, watch, reserve and not-recommended antibiotics. In The Democratic Republic of Congo, data on antibiotic dispensing (prescribing) by health professionals according to the AWaRe classification are scarce. In this research work, we aimed to explore antibiotic dispensing pattern from health professionals according to the WHO AWaRe classification to strengthen the national antimicrobial resistance plan. Methods: For this purpose, a survey was conducted from July to December 2022 in the district of Tshangu in Kinshasa. From randomly selected drugstores, drug-sellers were interviewed and randomly selected customers attending those drugstores were included in the study for medical prescriptions collection. The prescribed antibiotics were classified into the access, watch, reserve and not-recommended antibiotics group and by antibiotics number by prescription among pharmacies surveyed. Results: 400 medical prescriptions were collected from 80 drugstores and among which, 301 (75.25%) contained antibiotics. Out of 301 prescriptions, we noticed 164 (54.5%) containing one antibiotic, 117 (38.9%) containing two antibiotics, 15 (5%) containing three antibiotics and 5 (1.6%) containing four antibiotics. A total of 463 antibiotics were prescribed and distributed as 169 (36.5%) were from the access group, 200 (43.2%) from the watch group and 94 (20.3%) from not-recommended antibiotics group, respectively. This can explain the fact of emerging bacterial strains, as, according to the WHO recommendations, the access group should be prioritized because of its activity against a wide range of commonly encountered pathogens and its showing low resistance susceptibility compared to antibiotics from other groups. Based on the anatomical, therapeutic and chemical (ATC) classifications, we observed that third generation cephalosporins represented 34.33% of the prescribed antibiotics, followed by penicillins (17.17%), macrolides (7.63%), aminoglycosides (7.36%) and Imidazole (7.36%), thus accounting approximately for 74% of the classes of antibiotics prescribed. Additionally, among them, the most frequently prescribed antibiotics were Ceftriaxone (21.38%), Amoxicillin (11.01%), Gentamycin (5.61%), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (5.61%), Azithromycin (4.97%) and Metronidazole (4.75%), thus accounting for approximately 54% of all the prescribed antibiotics. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of strict implementation of the national plan to combat antimicrobial resistance and the need to train health workers in the correct application of the WHO AWaRe classification.
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Ngondo, Denise, Celia Karp, Dynah Kayembe, Kisulu Samyonga Basile, Caroline Moreau, Pierre Akilimali, and Suzanne O. Bell. "Abortion information-seeking experiences among women who obtained abortions in Kinshasa, DRC: Results from a qualitative study." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 2 (February 21, 2024): e0002383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002383.
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Little is known about the process of seeking information related to abortion care options among women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Understanding how women obtain information can help identify opportunities for intervention to increase awareness and use of safe pregnancy termination options. Using qualitative data collected from women in Kinshasa, DRC who reported having an abortion in the last 10 years, this study aims to determine how women navigate obtaining information about their options for abortion and the role of their social network in their information-seeking processes. Data for this analysis come from a mixed-method study of abortion in Kinshasa conducted from December 2021 to April 2022. Fifty-two qualitative interviews followed a structured interview guide, including open-ended questions and probes, developed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers in Kinshasa and the United States. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti, and a thematic analysis matrix was used to describe the major themes and subthemes. Thematic analysis revealed two main themes with nested subthemes. The first and most salient theme highlighted the highly selective and narrow information search process women engaged in, involving no others or very few individuals (e.g., partners, women in one’s community, or providers) that the pregnant woman chose strategically. The second theme revealed the heterogeneous and often stigmatizing nature of these interactions, including attempts at deterrence from many sources and information of varying completeness and accuracy. While the recent liberalization of the abortion law in the DRC is essential to improve access to safe abortion, public health gains will not materialize unless they are accompanied by community-level actions to raise awareness about the legality and availability of safe abortions services, including medication abortion pills for safe self-managed abortion.
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Lemey, Gwen, Ynke Larivière, Trésor Matuvanga Zola, Vivi Maketa, Junior Matangila, Patrick Mitashi, Peter Vermeiren, et al. "Algorithm for the support of non-related (serious) adverse events in an Ebola vaccine trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 6 (June 2021): e005726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005726.
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Implementing an Ebola vaccine trial in a remote area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and being confronted with a dysfunctional health care system and acute unmet health needs of participants, ethical considerations were made regarding the ancillary care obligations of the sponsor and researchers. Spurred by the occurrence of non-related (serious) adverse events (NR-SAEs), the Universities of Antwerp and Kinshasa jointly developed an algorithm, accompanied by an algorithm policy. The algorithm consists of a set of consecutive questions with binary response options, leading to structured, non-arbitrary and consistent support and management for each NR-SAE. It is the result of dialogue and collaboration between the sponsor (University of Antwerp) and the principal investigator (University of Kinshasa), consultation of literature, and input of research ethics and social sciences experts. The characteristics of the project and its budgetary framework were taken into account, as well as the local socioeconomic and healthcare situation. The algorithm and related policy have been approved by the relevant ethics committee (EC), so field implementation will begin when the study activities resume in November 2021. Lessons learnt will be shared with the relevant stakeholders within and outside DRC.If NR-SAEs are not covered by a functioning social welfare system, sponsors and researchers should develop a feasible, standardised and transparent approach to the provision of ancillary care. National legislation and contextualised requirements are therefore needed, particularly in low/middle-income countries, to guide researchers and sponsors in this process. Protocols, particularly of clinical trials conducted in areas with ‘access to care’ constraints, should include adequate ancillary care arrangements. Furthermore, it is essential that local ECs systematically require ancillary care provisions to enhance the well-being and protection of the rights of research participants. This project was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.
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Maman, Suzanne, Rebecca Cathcart, Gillian Burkhardt, Serge Omba, and Frieda Behets. "The role of religion in HIV-positive women's disclosure experiences and coping strategies in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." Social Science & Medicine 68, no. 5 (March 2009): 965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.028.
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Kipp, Walter, Thomas Matukala Nkosi, Lory Laing, and Gian S. Jhangri. "Care burden and self-reported health status of informal women caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." AIDS Care 18, no. 7 (October 2006): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548500500294401.
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Tsumbu, Hippolyte Ditona, David Cammaerts, Ignace Adant, Françis Lelo Nzuzi, and Jean-François Deliège. "Water true-cost to manage social contestability? Users’ perceptions about community-managed water standpipes networks in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 260 (2022): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28619.
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Kubanza, Nzalalemba Serge, and Danny Simatele. "Social and environmental injustices in solid waste management in sub-Saharan Africa: a study of Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo." Local Environment 21, no. 7 (May 6, 2015): 866–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2015.1038985.
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Mpaka, Davin Mbeya, Adelin Makubu N’situ, Thierry Matonda-Ma-Nzuzi, Ally Omba Ndjukendi, Joachim Ebwel Mukau, Gilbert Lelo Mananga, Daniel E.-Andjafono Luwa Okitundu, et al. "Clinical characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study of cases attended at three centers specializing in neurodevelopmental disorders in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)." Annales Africaines de Medecine 16, no. 4 (September 28, 2023): e5291-e5308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aamed.v16i4.3.
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Context and objective. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are poorly studied. The aim of the present study was to describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of children with autism and to identify associated factors.
Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of children with ASD attended at three specialized centers in Kinshasa. We confirmed a ASD diagnosis through clinical observation using Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders four Text Revision (DSM-VI-TR) criteria and standardized autism diagnostic tools. We analyzed socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and main comorbidities of ASD. The comparison of proportions was done using Pearson’s chi-square test. One-way ANOVAs were calculated to test differences in averages.
Results. A total of 120 children (72.5 % male) were examined. Their mean age at diagnosis was 7.83 ± 3.4 years, while parents were alerted at 1.8 ±0.78 years. Language delays were the main alert sign (54%) and the main symptom (62%). Social interaction disorders (11.7 %) were under-reported by parents. The core signs of ASD were disorders of social interaction (90.5%), behavior (80%) and language (62.5%). The main ASD symptoms were associated with epilepsy (p=0.027), cerebral palsy (p=0.026) and hearing impairment (p=0.045).
Conclusion. The diagnostic and language delay co-occurring with epilepsy and hearing impairment are the main clinical features of autism in the DRC. This study suggests that screening children for autism and its main comorbidities using a multidisciplinary approach should be a priority in Kinshasa.
Contexte et objectif. Les troubles de spectre de l’autisme (TSA) en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) sont très peu étudiés. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’examiner les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et clinique des enfants avec autisme et d’identifier les facteurs associés.
Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale des enfants avec TSA des trois centres spécialisés à Kinshasa. Le diagnostic de l’autisme était confirmé par l’observation cliniques selon les critères diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders four Text Revision (DSM-VITR) et les outils diagnostiques standardisés de childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R). Les paramètres d’intérêt englobaient les données sociodémographiques et cliniques ainsi que les principales comorbidités. La comparaison des proportions a été faite à l’aide test du chi-carré de Pearson. Des ANOVA à sens unique ont été calculées pour tester les différences de moyennes.
Résultats. Au total, 120 enfants (sexe masculin 72,5 %) ont été examinés. Leur âge moyen au moment du diagnostic était de 7,83 ± 3,4 ans alors que les parents étaient alertés à 1,8 ±0,78 ans. Les retards de langage étaient le principal signe d'alerte (54 %) et le principal symptôme (62 %). Les troubles des interactions sociales (11,7 %) étaient sous rapportés par les parents. Les principaux signes étaient les troubles de l'interaction sociale (90,5 %), du comportement (80 %) et du langage (62,5 %). Les principaux symptômes des TSA étaient associés à l'épilepsie (p=0,027), à la paralysie cérébrale (p=0,026) et à une déficience auditive (p=0,045).
Conclusion. Le profil clinique de l’autisme en RDC se caractérise par le retard de diagnostic et de langage en cooccurrence avec l'épilepsie et la déficience auditive. Le dépistage de l'autisme et ses principales comorbidités chez les enfants dans une approche multidisciplinaire sont prioritaires à Kinshasa.
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Massikini, Elie Mary-Joe. "Influence de la Télévision sur la Délinquance Juvénile à Kinshasa (RD Congo) et Thérapie Sociale: Etude Menée dans le Quartier Kingasani." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 01, no. 01 (June 10, 2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.022.v1.i1.10.
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La présente étude avait pour but d’analyser l’influence de la télévision sur la délinquance juvénile communément appelée Kuluna à Kinshasa. En vue de trouver une solution durable à ce malaise social, une enquête selon la technique d’échantillonnage aléatoire simple a été réalisée auprès de 1700 sujets, pour la plupart jeunes, dont l’âge variait entre 13 ans à 26 ans, dans lequel il y a 844 individus de sexe masculin et 836 individus de sexe féminin, tiré de la population du quartier Kingasani dont la taille s’élève à 17 000 habitants. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que la télévision joue un rôle socialement pervers. La violence dans la strate sociale de jeunes et le média, principalement la télévision à travers ses chaines, contribuent à la production sociale de la délinquance juvénile en milieu pauvre Kinois. La famille joue ainsi un rôle important dans la mise en place d’une communication intrafamiliale susceptible de protéger les enfants contre l’influence des chaines télé-visualisées sur l’éthologie et la violence chez les jeunes. Mots clés: Communication intrafamiliale, Phénomène Kuluna, déterminants sociaux, loi dialectique, démission parentale
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Gage, Anastasia J., Francine E. Wood, and Pierre Z. Akilimali. "Perceived norms, personal agency, and postpartum family planning intentions among first-time mothers age 15–24 years in Kinshasa: A cross-sectional analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254085.
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Unintended pregnancy is an important global health problem and frequently occurs during the immediate postpartum period. However, few studies have examined postpartum family planning (PPFP) intentions among adolescent girls and young women. This study assessed whether perceived norms and personal agency predicted PPFP intentions among first-time mothers age 15–24 in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were derived from the 2018 Momentum Project baseline survey. Analysis was based on 2,418 nulliparous pregnant women age 15–24 who were approximately six months pregnant with their first child in six health zones of Kinshasa. Overall PPFP intentions were low and ten to thirteen percent of women stated they were very likely to discuss PPFP next month with (a) their husband/male partner and (b) a health worker, and to (c) obtain and (d) use a contraceptive method during the first six weeks following childbirth. The results of multivariable linear regression models indicated that the PPFP intention index was predicted by description norms, perceptions of the larger community’s approval of PPFP, normative expectations, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, and autonomy. Rejection of family planning myths and misconceptions was also a significant predictor. Interaction terms suggested that the association of normative expectations with PPFP intentions varied across ethnic groups and that the positive association of injunctive norms with PPFP intentions was significantly increased when the larger community was perceived to disapprove of PPFP use. Normative expectations and PPFP-related self-efficacy accounted for two-thirds of the variance in PPFP intentions. The results suggested that understanding different normative influences may be important to motivate women to use contraception in the immediate postpartum period. In addition to addressing institutional, individual, and social determinants of PPFP, programs should consider integrating norm-based and empowerment strategies.
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Muayila, KH, and E. Tollens. "Assessing the impact of credit constraints on farm household economic welfare in the hinterland of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 51 (May 28, 2012): 6095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.51.10705.
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This study investigates the impact of credit constraints on farm household economic welfare. Data were cross sectional and collected at household level in the Hinterland of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The sample survey consists of 202 farm households randomly selected. The survey was conducted from February to March 2008. The non-parametric method known as the Propensity Score Matching was applied to compute the impact of credit constraints on farm household welfare. The credit constraints were identified based on direct questions to households about their credit status. The household economic welfare was measured using the consumption approach. The results from descriptive statistics establish the existence of high level of credit constraints among farm households in the area of study. The majority of farm households (71%) have to endure credit constraints. The results of descriptive statistics indicate that the lack of collateral, the loan terms conditions, the credit technology, the higher level of agricultural risks, the high interest rates and the low returns on farming activities explain the limited access to credit by farmers. The results of logit model show that household social capital, household access to remittances, household land holding and household access to extension service tend to reduce the probability of being credit constrained, while the household size tends to increase the propensity of being credit constrained. The results of the propensity score matching report that credit constraints reduce per capita food consumption per day from -197 FC to -219 FC (-0.35$ to -0.39$). The impact of credit constraints on per capita non-food consumption per day is quite difficult to be supported. The results report that only ATT obtained from Radius estimator shows a negative and significant effect at p<0.010. The average effect of credit constraints on per capita total consumption per day is estimated at about -328 FC (-0.59$) under Radius matching, -269FC (-0.48 $) under Kernel matching and -280 FC (-0.50$) under Stratification matching. The average impact on the ratio of per capita total consumption per day to poverty line of 1$ and to poverty line of 2$ ranges from -0.59 to 0, 48 and from -0.29 to -0.23, respectively. The study concludes that the improvement of farm household access to credit could result in increasing economic welfare.
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Martinelli, Marta. "Helping Transition: The EU Police Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (EUPOL Kinshasa) in the Framework of EU Policies in the Great Lakes." European Foreign Affairs Review 11, Issue 3 (August 1, 2006): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2006031.
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The trilogy of peace, security and development compounded by the imperative of good governance is a principle enunciated in various EU official documents and has also become an operational concept in the EU’s instruments for external action. With Security Sector Reform identified as a core element of the EU’s peacebuilding efforts, the EU’s police mission in the DRC represents a key example of external donors’ initiatives designed to help shape the transitional phase of countries moving to a more stable situation. The challenges faced by ESDP missions on the ground are “only gradually becoming the subject of research-based evaluations” (see M. Merlingen and R. Ostrauskaite, ‘ESDP Police Missions: Meaning, Context and Operational Challenges’ (2005) 10 EFA Rev, pp. 215–235). This article builds on a conception of policing as one that goes beyond the provision of basic security to citizens to include the redesigning of social order through the transformation of police practices from non-liberal to best international practices. Thus it reviews the experience of EUPOL Kinshasa with two objectives in mind: 1) to provide insights into the process of consolidation of the EU’s crisis management expertise and capability with a view to assessing the coherency and effectiveness of its action and 2) to contribute to the discussion on how the EU’ approach to police reform contributes to the establishment of a different social order in the DRC.
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Olulu, Thérèse Olonga. "Politique Colonial D’enseignement Et Integration Scolaire Des Femmes Congolaises En Periode Coloniale Au Congo Kinshasa Exemple De Kisangani (Ex. Stanley Ville)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 16 (June 30, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n16p157.
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The setting up of a teaching layman system in view of the local (work hand) colonizer of the Congo Belge, constitute the way of entry of Kisangani (former stanley city) women in order to benefit the school formation, This, however, is in spite of the traditional reticence that was observed. As for what concerns the social consideration, this opportunity seems to have promoted the man more to the woman’s detriment. In fact, the documentary analysis and interview carried out with agents charged the archives of the primary and secondary education. Some women who were witness during the colonial time have helped in analysing this work. It comes out again that the minority which were considered to be the women of the city of Kisangani (former stanley city) was not neglected (disregarded). This means that some women were integrated into the school environment in the course of this period. However, in Kisangani, former Stanley city, girls’ schools which existed since 1924 such as Mapendano Secondary school and Grison primary school (domestic school) were created in 1935. Later in 1954, one of them gave attention to the creation of the primary girl’s schools amerced by the Mary missionary in the indigenous cities. However, these schools do not have an official objective to prepare the woman to participate in public life. This is because their objectives were not to prepare colonizer’s charging, but to offer him an auxiliary staff and maneuver (housewife, PP5 and D4 instructress). The bound factors of women experiences are not to be negligent based on their school integration. Nevertheless, this formation allowed auxiliary staff to widen their field of action to the public life involvement. This also is seen as a victory on the traditional brakes.
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Parker, L., S. Maman, A. Pettifor, J. L. Chalachala, A. Edmonds, C. E. Golin, K. Moracco, F. Behets, and SYMPA Study Team. "Feasibility Analysis of an Evidence-Based Positive Prevention Intervention for Youth Living With HIV/AIDS in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo." AIDS Education and Prevention 25, no. 2 (April 2013): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2013.25.2.135.
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Newman, Jamie E., Andrew Edmonds, Faustin Kitetele, Jean Lusiama, and Frieda Behets. "Social support, perceived stigma, and quality of life among HIV-positive caregivers and adult relatives of pediatric HIV index cases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 7, no. 3 (September 2012): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2011.648231.
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Agler, Robert A., Paul N. Zivich, Bienvenu Kawende, Frieda Behets, and Marcel Yotebieng. "Postpartum depressive symptoms following implementation of the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding program in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A cohort study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e1003465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003465.
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Background Social support and relevant skills training can reduce the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) by reducing the impact of stressors. The 10-step program to encourage exclusive breastfeeding that forms the basis of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) provides both, suggesting it may lessen depressive symptoms directly or by reducing difficulties associated with infant feeding. Our objective was to quantify the association of implementing Steps 1–9 or Steps 1–10 on postpartum depressive symptoms and test whether this association was mediated by breastfeeding difficulties. Methods and findings We used data from a breastfeeding promotion trial of all women who gave birth to a healthy singleton between May 24 and August 25, 2012 in 1 of the 6 facilities comparing different BFHI implementations (Steps 1–9, Steps 1–10) to the standard of care (SOC) randomized by facility in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Depressive symptoms, a non-registered trial outcome, was assessed at 14 weeks via the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to estimate the association of BFHI implementations on depressive symptoms and the controlled direct association through breastfeeding difficulties at 10 weeks postpartum. A total of 903 mother–infant pairs were included in the analysis. Most women enrolled had previously given birth (76%) and exclusively breastfed at 10 weeks (55%). The median age was 27 (interquartile range (IQR): 23, 32 years). The proportion of women reporting breastfeeding difficulties at week 10 was higher in both Steps 1–9 (75%) and Steps 1–10 (91%) relative to the SOC (67%). However, the number of reported difficulties was similar between Steps 1–9 (median: 2; IQR: 0, 3) and SOC (2; IQR: 0, 3), with slightly more in Steps 1–10 (2; IQR: 1, 3). The prevalence of symptoms consistent with probable depression (EPDS score >13) was 18% for SOC, 11% for Steps 1–9 (prevalence difference [PD] = −0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.14 to −0.01, p = 0.019), and 8% for Steps 1–10 (PD = −0.11, −0.16 to −0.05; p < 0.001). We found mediation by breastfeeding difficulties. In the presence of any difficulties, the PD was reduced for both Steps 1–9 (−0.15; 95% confidence level (CL): −0.25, −0.06; p < 0.01) and Steps 1–10 (−0.16; 95% CL: −0.25, −0.06; p < 0.01). If no breastfeeding difficulties occurred in the population, there was no difference in the prevalence of probable depression for Steps 1–9 (0.21; 95% CL: −0.24, 0.66; p = 0.365) and Steps 1–10 (−0.03; 95% CL: −0.19, 0.13; p = 0.735). However, a limitation of the study is that the results are based on 2 hospitals randomized to each group. Conclusions In conclusion, in this cohort, the implementation of the BFHI steps was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms in the groups implementing BFHI Steps 1–9 or 1–10 relative to the SOC, with the implementation of Steps 1–10 associated with the largest decrease. Specifically, the reduction in depressive symptoms was observed for women reporting breastfeeding difficulties. PPD has a negative impact on the mother, her partner, and the baby, with long-lasting consequences. This additional benefit of BFHI steps suggests that renewed effort to scale its implementation globally may be beneficial to mitigate the negative impacts of PPD on the mother, her partner, and the baby. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01428232
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Mirzeler, Mustafa Kemal. "Rethinking African Politics: An Interview with Crawford Young." African Studies Review 45, no. 1 (April 2002): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002020600031565.
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For political scientists, and particularly scholars and students of Africa, Crawford Young needs litde introduction. However, as he has now achieved an emeritus status at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, it is time to present his intimate understanding of African politics in the last forty years.Born in Philadelphia in November 1931, Young received his B.A, from the University of Michigan in 1953. He studied at the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London from 1955 to 1956 and at die Institut d'Etudes Politiques, University of Paris, from 1956 to 1957. He dien entered graduate school at Harvard University, completing his doctorate degree in political science in 1964. In 1963 Young was offered an assistant professor position by the Department of Political Science at die University of Wisconsin–Madison. He remained tiiere for his entire career, retiring in January 2001. He has held visiting professorships at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda (1965–66), and at the University of Dakar in Senegal (1987–88). He also served as dean of the Faculty of Social Science at the Université Nationale du Zaire from 1973 to 1975. Among his publications are twelve monographs, over one hundred articles, and chapters in numerous books. Several of Young's works have been translated into different languages.Young's professional career includes extended field research in Congo-Kinshasa, Senegal, and Uganda. He has received many prestigious awards such as the Herskovits Prize (African Studies Association) and the Ralph Bunche Award (American Political Science Association) for The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Wisconsin, 1976), and the Gregory Luebbert Prize (APSA) for The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (Yale, 1994).
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Kananga, A. Mubeneshayi. "Coordination of Care Within a Mobile Palliative Care Team and Organization of a Continuing Education Program for Health Professionals in Palliative Care." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 62s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.36800.
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Background: In DR Congo (DRC), many cancer patients in the terminal phase of their condition have minimal access to palliative care. There is a combined effect of poverty, the deterioration of the health system and the absence of a well-defined national policy on palliative care. Patients are for the most part abandoned to the care of inexperienced family members. Founded in 2009, Palliafamilli aims to improve the quality of life of patients requiring palliative care in the DRC by providing visits and care for patients, by striving to increase access to palliative care in the region and by informing, raising awareness and mobilizing key national stakeholders. In September 2018, Palliafamilli will launch a mobile palliative care team (MPCT) in partnership with the general hospital of Ndjili in Kinshasa. The MPCT is an interdisciplinary team consisting of physicians, nurses, a psychologist and a project manager; all experienced in accompaniment, symptom management and palliative emergency. It has a consultancy role for professionals, patients and their caregivers. Aim: Through a African Cancer Fellowship award, I will visit a mobile team of palliative care from CHRU Besançon, France, for one month in May 2018 to gain experience in designing and implementing best practices for a mobile palliative care team. Methods: I will work closely with the mobile palliative care team of the Besançon Regional Hospital Center to gain experience regarding the coordination and care administration of palliative care within a mobile team. I will also learn about the different programs of continuing education for health professionals, make comparisons and adapt the programs to the reality of DR Congo. Results: With a view to promoting access to palliative care patients, I intend to learn from the host organization the best practices that they apply to overcome communication difficulties with the patient and their relatives which can constitute delays to access to adequate care. This delay is more marked for patients suffering from cancer because the evolution of their pathology is unpredictable. The main barriers are the insufficient knowledge of patients' needs and the opportunities offered by palliative care. Upon my return, I will adapt the best practices learned in France to the DRC context during the launch of the new mobile palliative care team. Conclusion: In Congo, a cross-cutting approach is required to provide patients with palliative care and pain relief, as resources are limited, many people are in need of care, and there are few nurses and doctors empowered to provide care. An effective approach is to involve community or volunteer caregivers supervised by health professionals, and Palliafamilli is successful due in its multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach, with adaptation to cultural, social and economic specificities and its integration with existing health systems, focusing on primary health care and community and home care.
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Corley, Andrew, Nancy Glass, Mitima Mpanano Remy, and Nancy Perrin. "A Latent Class Analysis of Gender Attitudes and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health in the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084063.
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Gender role attitudes, views held by individuals regarding the roles men and women should play in society, are a powerful social determinant of health. However, work remains in elucidating the associations between gender attitudes and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization and mental health problems. We used latent class analysis to classify patterns of responses on survey items on gender attitudes by male and female adults in households that participated in an economic empowerment intervention and evaluation in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Attitudes about IPV and gender equality were two subdomains to emerge from analysis and a 3-class model solution was found to best fit response patterns. Results indicated that, as compared to the least gender equitable class, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated psychological abuse. Individuals within the moderately gender equitable class were at lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated physical or sexual violence. Further, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had significantly lower mean scores on symptoms associated with PTSD than individuals in the least gender equitable class. Future research should explore the relationships between gender attitudes, partner violence and mental health to build resilient families.
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EZINGA, Odon KINSWEKI, and Bias MPURU MAZEMBE. "Vulnérabilités Environnementales Face A La Coproduction Des Services De Base En Eau Potable, Electricité Et Assainissement Dans Les Quartiers Batumona A Kimbanseke Et Talangay A N’Sele A Kinshasa-Est/ Rd Congo." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 38, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.2.5342.
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Le sous-équipement, la destruction rapide du cadre de vie, l’inaccessibilité aux services de base et les vulnérabilités sont les problèmes environnementaux rencontrés dans les quartiers BATUMONA à Kimbanseke et TALANGAY à N’sele dans partie-Est de la ville de Kinshasa et méritent des solutions appropriées, pour espérer aux lendemains durables dans l’aire d’étude. Les mauvaises conditions d’approvisionnement en eau potable, électricité et assainissement dans les sites étudiés sont à la base de dysfonctionnement actuel dans les sites étudiés et risque de provoquer plus tard leurs isolements. Par ailleurs, l’étude précise que le phénomène de vulnérabilité est très peu connu sur le plan scientifique et trop peu pris en compte par les décideurs et autres acteurs des dynamiques urbaines sur le continent africain en général et en particulier en République Démocratique du Congo GUIGMA & ali.,(2015), MPIANA TSHITENGE, (2015) & KABUYAYA,(2015). Les études réalisées par plusieurs auteurs précisent que posséder une connaissance relative au phénomène des vulnérabilités environnementales exigent de s’intéresser tant aux causes qu’aux conséquences de ce phénomène. Ce phénomène résulte d’une problématique complémentaire qui se rapporte aux effets socio-économiques et environnementaux de la production de l’urbanisation et de la périurbanisation. Il s’agit là de la problématique émergente de l’efficacité urbaine, qui n’est d’autre que la manière dont l’organisation de l’espace urbain produit des effets souhaités sur le triple volet social, économique et environnemental MESSINA, (2018). En rapport avec les résultats de l’étude, l’on peut considérer que dans la perception du concept de vulnérabilité environnementale, les conditions environnementales immédiates des sujets enquêtés ont beaucoup joué dans le contenu formulé sous le concept. Les précarités urbaines et plusieurs manifestations de catastrophes et risques environnementaux auxquels sont confrontés plusieurs enquêtés ont élevé les scores de deux principales assertions, à savoir : difficulté d’accès aux services de base et conditions de vie déplorables ainsi que l’exposition aux catastrophes naturelles. Les autres scores, non négligeables sont accidentels et dépendent de plusieurs contextes familiaux rencontrés par les ménages enquêtés.
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Gummerson, Elizabeth, Carolina Cardona, Philip Anglewicz, Blake Zachary, Georges Guiella, and Scott Radloff. "The wealth gradient and the effect of COVID-19 restrictions on income loss, food insecurity and health care access in four sub-Saharan African geographies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): e0260823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260823.
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Introduction While there has been considerable analysis of the health and economic effects of COVID-19 in the Global North, representative data on the distribution and depth of social and economic impacts in Africa has been more limited. Methods We analyze household data collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first wave of COVID in four African countries. We evaluate the short-term changes to household economic status and assess women’s access to health care during the first wave of COVID-19 in nationally representative samples of women aged 15–49 in Kenya and Burkina Faso, and in sub-nationally representative samples of women aged 15–49 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Lagos, Nigeria. We examine prevalence and distribution of household income loss, food insecurity, and access to health care during the COVID-19 lockdowns across residence and pre-pandemic wealth categories. We then regress pre-pandemic individual and household sociodemographic characteristics on the three outcomes. Results In three out of four samples, over 90% of women reported partial or complete loss of household income since the beginning of the coronavirus restrictions. Prevalence of food insecurity ranged from 17.0% (95% CI 13.6–20.9) to 39.8% (95% CI 36.0–43.7), and the majority of women in food insecure households reported increases in food insecurity during the COVID-19 restriction period. In contrast, we did not find significant barriers to accessing health care during COVID restrictions. Between 78·3% and 94·0% of women who needed health care were able successfully access it. When we examined pre-pandemic sociodemographic correlates of the outcomes, we found that the income shock of COVID-19 was substantial and distributed similarly across wealth groups, but food insecurity was concentrated among poorer households. Contrary to a-priori expectations, we find little evidence of women experiencing barriers to health care, but there is significant need for food support.
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Okassa, Mouele Sedel. "Classification of the functions of shopping and entertainment centers taken into account the specifics of their construction in the republic of the Congo." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 68 (March 29, 2024): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2024.68.304-314.
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The article analyzes the location and makes a classification of the main, auxiliary and technical premises of shopping and entertainment complexes. The research was carried out on the basis of analyzed project experience and previous scientific research related to the formation of the structure of service facilities and shopping and entertainment centers. The classification includes all the variety of basic functions. The classification includes entertainment functions, consumer services functions and stores of various types of goods. The article discusses the rules for the location of product groups within shopping and entertainment centers. The author proposed a layout of the main groups of goods based on the rule of random purchase. According to the scheme, goods and services that are in greatest demand must be placed as far as possible from the entrance areas. Then, along the route to the main product groups, there is a possibility that the buyer will make a random purchase. This increases the likelihood of efficient functioning of the shopping and entertainment center Also in the article, the author proposes an additional set of basic functions that can increase traffic to shopping centers and provide entertainment services for different social and age groups. This list includes group fitness rooms without expensive sports equipment, as well as roller rinks, green areas, playgrounds, children's and adult educational out-of-school classes, as well as street food areas and street trading areas for fairs. Proper organization of these functions within shopping centers can increase their attendance and, as a result, increase their profits. This will also provide the opportunity for trade and service to the maximum number of people from different social groups.
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Brown, Chloe, Doreen S. Boyd, and Siddharth Kara. "Landscape Analysis of Cobalt Mining Activities from 2009 to 2021 Using Very High Resolution Satellite Data (Democratic Republic of the Congo)." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 9545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159545.
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The cobalt mining sector is well positioned to be a key contributor in determining the success of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Despite the important contribution to the DRC’s economy, the rapid expansion of mining operations has resulted in major social, health, and environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the cumulative impact of mining activities on the landscape of a prominent cobalt mining area in the DRC. To achieve this, an object-based method, employing a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, was used to map land cover across the city of Kolwezi and the surrounding mining areas, where long-term mining activity has dramatically altered the landscape. The research used very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery (2009, 2014, 2019, 2021) to map the spatial distribution of land cover and land cover change, as well as analyse the spatial relationship between land cover classes and visually identified mine features, from 2009 to 2021. Results from the object-based SVM land cover classification produced an overall accuracy of 85.2–90.4% across the time series. Between 2009 and 2021, land cover change accounted to: rooftops increasing by 147.2% (+7.7 km2); impervious surface increasing by 104.7% (+3.35 km2); bare land increasing by 85.4% (+33.81 km2); exposed rock increasing by 56.2% (+27.46 km2); trees decreasing by 4.5% (−0.34 km2); shrub decreasing by 38.4% (−26.04 km2); grass and cultivated land decreasing by 27.1% (−45.65 km2); and water decreasing by 34.6% (−3.28 km2). The co-location of key land cover classes and visually identified mine features exposed areas of potential environmental pollution, with 91.6% of identified water situated within a 1 km radius of a mine feature, and vulnerable populations, with 71.6% of built-up areas (rooftop and impervious surface class combined) situated within a 1 km radius of a mine feature. Assessing land cover patterns over time and the interplay between mine features and the landscape structure allowed the study to amplify the findings of localised on-the-ground research, presenting an alternative viewpoint to quantify the true scale and impact of cobalt mining in the DRC. Filling geospatial data gaps and examining the present and past trends in cobalt mining is critical for informing and managing the sustainable growth and development of the DRC’s mining sector.
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Porter, Amy, Winnie Eckardt, Veronica Vecellio, Katerina Guschanski, Peter Philip Niehoff, Urbain Ngobobo-As-Ibungu, Radar Nishuli Pekeyake, Tara Stoinski, and Damien Caillaud. "Behavioral responses around conspecific corpses in adult eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp.)." PeerJ 7 (April 2, 2019): e6655. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6655.
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Humans were once considered unique in having a concept of death but a growing number of observations of animal responses to dying and dead conspecifics suggests otherwise. Complex arrays of behaviors have been described ranging from corpse removal and burial among social insects to quiet attendance and caregiving among elephants and primates. Less frequently described, however, are behavioral responses of individuals from different age/sex classes or social position toward the death of conspecifics. We describe behavioral responses of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) to the deaths of a dominant silverback and a dominant adult female from the same social group in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and the responses of Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla b. graueri) to the corpse of an extra-group silverback in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. In gorillas, interactions between groups or with a lone silverback often result in avoidance or aggression. We predicted that: (i) more individuals should interact with the corpses of same-group members than with the corpse of the extra-group silverback; (ii) adult females with infants should avoid the corpse of the extra-group silverback; and (iii) in the mountain gorilla cases, individuals that shared close social relationships with the dead individual should spend more time with the corpse than other individuals in the group. We used a combination of detailed qualitative reports, photos, and videos to describe all occurrences of affiliative/investigative and agonistic behaviors observed at the corpses. We observed similar responses toward the corpses of group and extra-group individuals. Animals in all three cases showed a variety of affiliative/investigative and agonistic behaviors directed to the corpses. Animals of all age/sex classes interacted with the corpses in affiliative/investigative ways but there was a notable absence of all adult females at the corpse of the extra-group silverback. In all three cases, we observed only silverbacks and blackbacks being agonistic around and/or toward the corpses. In the mountain gorilla cases, the individuals who spent the most time with the corpses were animals who shared close social relationships with the deceased. We emphasize the similarity in the behavioral responses around the corpses of group and extra-group individuals, and suggest that the behavioral responses were influenced in part by close social relationships between the deceased and certain group members and by a general curiosity about death. We further discuss the implications close interactions with corpses have for disease transmission within and between gorilla social groups.