Academic literature on the topic 'Social classes, cuba'

Subject area Entrepreneurship; tourism and hospitality. Study level/applicability Junior or senior-level business students as well as graduate-level (MBA and/or EMBA) classes in entrepreneurship, small business management, strategic management, international business or international economics. Case overview Cuban tour guides working for the communist Castro Government dream of working for themselves or leaving for the USA. Their story is contrasted by a visit to Cuba as told by a US business professor. Expected learning outcomes To compare entrepreneurship under capitalism that is slowly relaxing their communistic rules, to learn more about the island of Cuba and its potential for tourism and new venture creation, to understand the legal, social, political, historical and cultural barriers to entrepreneurship, to hypothesize or brainstorm potential new ventures for Cuba. Supplementary materials Teaching notes; photos also available upon request from the author.

The comprehensive training of future professionals is a fundamental objective of Higher Education. In this sense, cooperative learning, while contributing to learning, also favors the development of social competences that promote the social cohesion of the group or class. The objective of this research is to compare two class groups of Bachelor’s degree courses in Tourism from universities in Cuba and Mexico, taking into account the social cohesion achieved from the cooperative learning experience. The Social Network Analysis method is used to obtain those indicators that show the social cohesion achieved by these class groups subject to cooperative learning practices. The results show that the Cuban class group exhibits better results with respect to Mexico. On the other hand, some elements that should continue to be worked on from this experience for the development of social competencies and to achieve greater social cohesion are evidenced.
 Received: 8 April 2022Accepted: 16 April 2023

A Revolução Cubana empreendeu construir um Estado nacional -popular, que combina uma adesão social antiimperialista, antimonopolista e antilatifundista que faz oposição contra a classe dominante externa. Por isso, não descarta o controle estatal por parte da burguesia nacional, e mesmo que não seja liderado pelas classes populares, envolve a participação popular. Trata-se de um nacionalismo dos dominados que guarda, assim, um caráter progressista. Na representação política dos trabalhadores cubanos existem alguns aspectos que podemos chamar de socialistas. Os trabalhadores interferem em parte dos processos de decisão política, exatamente por se tratar de um “Estado na cional-popular”, atendendo algumas das demandas do setor nacional e do proletariado em geral

SummaryNineteenth-century Cuban colonial and slave society sharply divided its inhabitants by race and ethnicity. These race and ethnicity divisions, and the formidable repressive apparatus necessary to sustain slavery and colonialism, hindered the emergence of a class identity among the urban popular classes. However, this oppressive atmosphere created working and living conditions that compelled workers of diverse ethnicity and race to participate, increasingly, in collective action together. Free labour shared many of the adversities imposed on unfree labour, which led the emerging Cuban labour movement, first to oppose the use of unfree labour in the factories, and later, to become openly abolitionist.

Resumo: O percurso metodológico do presente artigo é vinculado à trajetória de pesquisas realizadas em Cuba, com aproximação ao materialismo dialético. O processo histórico, fez com que concorressem à consolidação da cubanía três correntes fundadoras: a dos indígenas, dizimados em razão dos maus tratos e da perda do interesse pela sobrevivência, a dos colonizadores espanhóis e a dos homens africanos escravizados. Uma profunda tarefa de séculos, caracterizada por mesclas de sangues, coagulou a identidade cubana formada por retalhos de diferentes origens e condições sociais. O artigo busca discutir se em Cuba, por um lado, ocorreu um processo de “solidariedade cultural” no lugar da “homogeneização das diferenças” ou, por outro, se o tempo cristalizou um esquecimento, não ingênuo, na ligadura classes-etnias ao longo da formação da nacionalidade.
 
 Resumen: El recorrido metodológico de este artículo está ligado a la trayectoria de investigaciones realizadas en Cuba, con un acercamiento al materialismo dialéctico. El proceso histórico hizo competir por la consolidación de la Cubanía a tres corrientes fundacionales: la de los pueblos indígenas, diezmados por el maltrato y la pérdida del interés por la supervivencia, la de los colonizadores españoles y la de los hombres africanos esclavizados. Una profunda tarea de siglos, caracterizada por mestizajes, coaguló la identidad cubana formada por parches de diversa procedencia y condición social. El artículo busca discutir si en Cuba, por un lado, hubo un proceso de “solidaridad cultural” en lugar de la “homogeneización de las diferencias” o, por otro lado, si el tiempo cristalizó un olvido no ingenuo en la unión clase- étnica al largo de la formación de la nacionalidad.

A quite large number of developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, which are today characterised by chronic underdevelopment, general social retardation, slow social mobility, and political instability became highly prone to military interventions in politics in their initial phases of decolonization soon after World War II. These military interventions in the fragile civil polities and stagnant economies, termed by some scholars as the coup zone, are justified and legitimised on various pretexts of modernisation, democratisation, and reform; which means that the military seeks to fill the institutional vacuum when the overall civil administration of the country breaks down as a consequence of the rivalry for pelf and power between various ruling classes. Thus, the military has emerged as the most powerful institution in these countries. Some social revolutions of modern times, in China in 1949, for example, and in Cuba in 1959, were caused by endemic military interventions in the civil society.

Résumé II s'agit de synthétiser les principaux apports théoriques de trois recherches sur les coopératives et leur implication dans le processus de développement, effectuées à Cuba, en Tunisie et au Sénégal entre 1963 et 1973. Dans les trois cas, une idéologie faisant la nlus wanri" II semble bien qu'il soit difficile de considérer le système coopératif comme un mode de production en lui-même. Qu'il s'implante au sein d'une société socialiste ou capitaliste, il est vite neutralisé lorsque, se transformant en mouvement social, il risque de remettre en cause le pouvoir des classes dominantes dans ces sociétés. C'est cet échec relatif du mouvement coopératif que nous avons eu l'occasion d'observer dans les trois sociétés étudiées. On peut donc affirmer que le système coopératif n'y présida pas à la naissance d'un nouveau type de société, mais servit plutôt à faciliter le passage au mode de production dominant, soit capitaliste, soit socialiste. Au-delà de l'idéologie exprimée, ce furent les intérêts de la classe politique au pouvoir qui l'emportèrent sur la participation populaire.

En un país en crisis permanente, las reformas anunciadas por Raúl Castro en 2007, un año antes de convertirse en presidente de Cuba (2008-2018) supusieron la coartada perfecta para una serie de ajustes económicos que, en su implementación, han funcionado como detonadores de una serie de desigualdades sociales. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una investigación de doctorado sobre la configuración de las desigualdades de las clases sociales en la Cuba contemporánea. De manera que, tomando como pretexto el estudio de las dinámicas que tienen lugar en el Centro Histórico Habanero, exploramos cómo el acceso diferencial a las reformas se traduce en una posición, también diferencial, en terminos de una estratificación social.

Aguirre, M., Monal, I., & García, D. (1980). El leninismo en “La historia me absolverá”. La Habana. Ciencias Sociales, 46. Alonso, A. (2009). ¿Existen aún modelos alternativos? Cuba: el desarrollo y el nuevo contexto internacional. En El laberinto tras la caída del muro (pp. 179-192). Buenos Aires: Ruth Casa Editorial Clacso. Álvarez, A. e Águila, R. (2016). Mercados agropecuarios en Cuba: evolución, análisis y mejora. Revista Economía y Desarrollo, 156(1), 200-218. Banco Mundial. (2020). World Development Indicators | DataBank [Database, anos 1996-2020]. Recuperado de https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators Bettelheim, C. (1975). The transition to socialist economy. Brighton: Harvester. Bettelheim, C. (1964). Formas y métodos de la planificación socialista y nivel de desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas. El Trimestre Económico, 31(4), 513-534. Cabrera, G. e Hernández, A. (2020). Reporte del estado de transparencia en los sitios Web ministeriales de Cuba. Alcance, 9(23), 132-152. Campos, P. (2011). Democracia para controlar la burocracia. Kaos en la red. Recuperado de https://observatoriocriticodesdecuba.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/compendio-oc-julio-08_2011.pdf Chaguaceda, A. e Centeno, R. (2011). Cuba: una mirada socialista de las reformas. Espacio Laical, 1, 50-53. Cohen, S. (1979). The Friends and Foes of Change: Reformism and Conservatism in the Soviet Union. Slavic Review, 38(2), 187-202. doi: 10.2307/2497078 Constitución Política de la República de Cuba de 1940 (2008). [Const.]. (2021, 28 de maio) Artigos 23, 24. Título IV - Derechos fundamentales Recuperado em: https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Cuba/cuba1940.html Dagnino, R. e Novaes, H. (2007). As forças produtivas e a transição ao socialismo: Contrastando as concepções de Paul Singer e István Mészáros. ORG & DEMO, 8(1/2), 23-46. doi: 10.36311/1519-0110.2007.v8n1/2.381 Díaz, J. (2000). Tierra y relaciones de dependencia económica en Cuba (1510-1958). Economía y Desarrollo, 126(1), 95-117. Espinosa, O. (2006). La crisis de la producción agropecuaria cubana: Causas y posibles soluciones. Annual Proceedings Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 6. Recuperado de https://www.ascecuba.org/asce_proceedings/la-crisis-de-la-produccion-agropecuaria-cubana-causas-y-posibles-soluciones/ Fernández, J. (1980). El sistema de dirección y planificación de la economía en Cuba y las relaciones monetarias-mercantiles. Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía, 11(42), 170-178. García, A. e González, R. (2016). Mercados agropecuarios en Cuba: Evolución, análisis y mejora. Economía y Desarrollo, 156, 200-218. García, J. (2013). Reforma de los noventa y actualización del socialismo en cuba: Continuidad y ruptura. Economía y Desarrollo, 149(1), 35-53. Guanche, J. (2009). Autocríticas. Un diálogo al interior de la tradición socialista. La Habana: Ciencias Sociales/Ruth Casa Editorial. Guevara, C. (1964). Sobre el sistema presupuestario de financiamiento. Recuperado 4 de diciembre de 2000, de Marxist Internet Archive website: https://www.marxists.org/espanol/guevara/64-finan.htm Hernández, R. e Pañellas, D. (2020). Sobre los conceptos de propiedad social y mercado [Cubarte Portal de la Cultura Cubana]. Recuperado de Catalejo. El blog de Temas | Política y Sociedad website: http://cubarte.cult.cu/revista-temas/sobre-los-conceptos-de-propiedad-social-y-mercado/ Kerblay, B. (1963). Les propositions de Liberman pour un projet de réforme de l’entreprise en U.R.S.S. Cahiers du Monde Russe, 4(3), 301-311. Liberman, E. (1969). Le plan, le profit, la prime. Pravda. Littlejohn, G. (1979). State, plan and market in the transition to socialism: The legacy of Bukharin. Economy and Society, 8(2), 206-239. doi: 10.1080/03085147900000008 Machado, D. (1993). Nuestro propio camino. Análisis del proceso de rectificación en Cuba. La Habana: Política. Mandel, E. (1967). El debate económico en Cuba durante el periodo 1963-1964. En El gran debate sobre la economía en Cuba, 1963-1964 (pp. 347-357). La Habana: Ciencias Sociales. Marín de León, I. e Rivera, C. (2015). La gestión pública y el desarrollo del sector cooperativo en Cuba. Cooperativismo y Desarrollo, 3(2), 117-125. Marx, K. e Engels, F. (2020). Manifiesto Comunista. La Montaña: Ediciones Socialistas. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books?id=JGvwDwAAQBAJ Mesa-Lago, C. (1991). El proceso de rectificación en Cuba: causas políticas y efectos económicos. Estudios Políticos, 74, 497-530. Mesa-Lago, C. (2010). El desempleo en Cuba: de lo oculto a visible. ¿Podrá emplearse el millón de trabajadores que será despedido? Espacio Laical, 6(4), 59-66. Mesa-Lago, C. (2013). Los cambios en la propiedad en las reformas económicas estructurales de Cuba. Espacio Laical, 9(1), 79-92. Miranda, O. (1996). Cuba/USA: nacionalizaciones y bloqueo. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. Noguera, A. (2004). Estructura social e igualdad en la Cuba actual: Los efectos de la reforma de los noventa sobre la estructura de clases cubana. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 76, 45-59. doi: 10.18352/erlacs.9684 Nova, Ar. (2008). El sector agropecuario en Cuba. Nueva Sociedad. Democracia y política en América Latina, 216, 77-89. Partido Comunista Cubano. (1978). 1 Congreso del PCC: Tesis y Resoluciones. Sobre el sistema de dirección y planificación de la economía. PCC. Recuperado de http://congresopcc.cip.cu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/I-Congreso-PCC.-Tesis-y-Resoluciones-sobre-el-sistema-de-direcci%C3%B3n-y-planificaci%C3%B3n-de-la-econom%C3%ADa.pdf Partido Comunista de Cuba. (2011). Lineamientos de la política económica y social del partido y la revolución. Cuba Debate. Recuperado de https://www.tsp.gob.cu/documentos/lineamientos-de-la-politica-economica-y-social-del-partido-y-la-revolucion Pérez, O. (2011). The political economy of change in Cuba: la actualización del modelo económico cubano. Nueva York. Recuperado de http://cubaproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Omar.Everleny.-2011-Presentation.pdf Pérez, O. e Torres, R. (eds.). (2013). Economía cubana: Ensayos para una reestructuración necesaria. La Habana: Instituto de Información Científica y Tecnológica. Pérez-López, J. e Murillo, L. (2003). El interminable periodo especial de la economía cubana. Foro Internacional, 43(3), 566-590. Quintana, Y. (2013). Inversión extranjera en la agricultura cubana. Una oportunidad para la sustitución de importaciones. Cuba: Investigación Económica, 1(2), 60-75. Ramírez, J. (1988). El sector cooperativo en la agricultura cubana. Revista de Idelcoop, 15(58), 1-16. Richardson, R., Peres, J., Wanderley, J., Correia, L. e Peres, M. (1989). Pesquisa social; métodos e técnicas. Sao Paulo: Atlas. Rodríguez, J. (1987). Agricultural policy and development in Cuba. World Development, 15(1), 23-39. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(87)90100-8 Rodríguez, J. (2005). Estrategia del desarrollo económico en Cuba. La Habana: Ciencias Sociales. Sociedad Cubana de Derecho Internacional. (1989). Agresiones de EE.UU. a Cuba revolucionaria. La Habana: Ciencias Sociales. Sovilla, B. y García, F. (2013). La economía cubana: entre voluntarismo e intentos de planifcación (1959-2012). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 58(219), 157-187. Sovilla, B. (2019). Dificultades y contradicciones en la construcción del socialismo en Cuba al inicio del periodo revolucionario. América Latina en la Historia Económica, 26(3), 1-20. doi: 10.18232/alhe.983 Terrero, A. (2017). Inversión extranjera en Cuba: amenazas de la lentitud. Cuba Debate. Recuperado de: http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2017/11/06/inversion-extranjera-en-cuba-amenazas-de-la-lentitud/ Tironi B., E. (1973). Debates económicos durante la transición soviética al socialismo. El Trimestre Económico, 160(4), 821-843. Torres, R. e Fernández, O. (2020). El sector privado en el nuevo modelo económico cubano. Estudios del Desarrollo Social, 8(3), 1-13. U-Echevarría, O. (1999). Estado, economía y planificación: Una primera aproximación. Investigación Económica, 5(4), 1-25. Valdés, A., Díaz, O. e Rivas, E. (2018). La propiedad en la transición al Socialismo en Cuba. XIII Coloquio Nacional Carlos Rafael Rodríguez in Memoriam. Presentado en Cienfuegos. Cienfuegos: Universo Sur. Vasconcelos, J. (2012). Acumulação socialista originária e o debate econômico da transição em Cuba. Leituras de Economia Política, 19, 21-49. Vidal, A. (2005). Los procesos nacionalizadores durante la revolución cubana según los testimonios de los inmigrantes gallegos en la isla: 1959-1968. Anuario Americanista Europeo, 3, 61-92. Everleny Pérez Villanueva, O. (2014). La inversión extranjera directa en Cuba: necesidad de su relanzamiento. Economía y Desarrollo, 152(2), 37-52. Villegas, A. (1970). Lenin y la Revolución Cubana. Revista de la Universidad de México. Recuperado de: https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/9f78e7f4-06d4-4909-919d-6384070f1391/lenin-y-la-revolucion-cubana


 
 
 Social media usage and online learning for education has increased because of COVID-19. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how parents feel about the increase in online enrichment programs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the part that social media played in it. The data was gathered, and the study objectives were analyzed using the online survey. A survey of 100 parents was completed in total. By encouraging learning and encouraging students to be active participants, the use of social media by higher education institutions positively impacts the educational process. There were also some challenges found in the teaching and learning process. The physical closure caused a quick transition to remote learning, which gave parents and guardians more responsibility for their children’s education. It is important to investigate parents’ interactions with their children during remote learning because they are one of the key participants in the educational process. Parents have shown keen interest in enrolling their children in online enrichment classes like chess, rubric cube, dance, arts and craft, among others. Learning objectives based on socialization, interpersonal interactions, and interpersonal problem-solving require special consideration. Young learners participate in play-based learning and pick up skills like taking turns, cooperating in groups, and forming good relationships with peers. The study will be significant in analyzing the role of social media in promoting enrichment classes and how effective were these online classes. These interactions and learning activities, specific to the lower grades, need connections with classmates. There is
 
 

Cette thèse aborde la constitution du champ des études afro-cubaines au début du XXè siècle par l'œuvre de Fernando Ortiz, avocat, ethnologue, historien et folkloriste. On y verra la tension entre les logiques disciplinaires européennes et les formes de co-production des savoirs avec les sujets afro-cubains qui participent du processus ethnographique. Il est ainsi proposé une déconstruction des principaux sujets et notions sur lesquels s'instituent un regard « scientifique » sur l'Afrique à Cuba : sorcellerie, dégénérescence, « pègre », classements ethniques, écritures afro-cubaines (tatouages, symbolisme, musique, cultes et rites). L'accent mis sur les classes et les systèmes de classification des disciplines médicales et sociales mènera à une généalogie des conceptions de classe et de race noire adoptées par les Afro-cubains. Pour ce faire, on proposera l'analyse d'un corpus d'archives sur l'intellectuel et artiste afro-cubain José Antonio Aponte, exécuté en 1812 comme conspirateur<br>This dissertation analyzes the constitution of the field of Afro-Cuban Studies at the beginnings of the XXth century in the work of Fernando Ortiz, criminal lawyer, ethnologist, historian and folklorist. We will find in it the tension between the European logics of disciplines and the forms of Afro Cuban agency in the co-production of ethnographical knowledge. In that way, we propose a deconstruction of the principals subjects and concepts on which is instituted a vision of Africa in Cuba: witchcraft, degeneration, "mob", ethnic classifications, Afro-Cubans' writings (tattoos, symbolisms, music, cults and rites). The accent on the classes and the classifications systems of social and medical disciplines will lead to a genealogy of the conceptions of black class and race adopted by the Afro-Cubans. For this, we will propose the analysis of a corpus of archives about the Afro Cuban artist and intellectual Jose Antonio Aponte, accused and executed in 1812 as conspirator and rebel

L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en l’estudi del treball domèstic i de cura a l’Estat espanyol des d’una perspectiva concreta: l’anàlisi de classe i de gènere. La tesi analitza com es configura la cura entre classes i entre gèneres, és a dir, com es distribueix i es gestiona la cura en funció de la posició particular dels individus en ambdós eixos de coordenades. Per tant, aquesta tesi parteix d’una mirada sociològica que posa l’accent en el conflicte, les divisions socials i les relacions de poder i que, com a conseqüència, s’allunya de les teories més funcionalistes o harmòniques de la realitat social. Aquesta tesi tampoc no casa amb un enfocament individualista o culturalista de l’objecte d’estudi, sinó que, contràriament, reivindica la classe social com a eix d’escissió social i com a font distributiva dels recursos materials, culturals i simbòlics en una societat determinada. La tesi neix d’una preocupació triple que es concreta en tres nivells d’anàlisi: a) nivell macro: el context global de la cura; b) nivell meso: el context de la cura dels països mediterranis i c) nivell micro: les decisions i les pràctiques entorn de la cura a les llars–famílies, i més particularment, de les dones. Per tant, aquestes pràctiques són analitzades des dels seus condicionants macroestructurals, tot entenent que no són configuracions aleatòries, fruit de "preferències individuals" o principis motivacionals, sinó que són desenllaços resultants de la intersecció dels eixos de poder subjacents al model d'organització de la cura de la societat espanyola: la classe i el gènere, així com altres factors ineludibles com l'etnicitat o la generació. Es parteix de la idea, doncs, que la cura és un fenomen dividit socialment, és a dir, un fenomen que no només és viscut, interioritzat i experimentat per les dones diferencialment, sinó que és un fenomen producte i productor d’unes desigualtats socials intergèneres ―entre gèneres― i intragèneres ―entre dones. Així, l’objectiu final de la tesi doctoral és construir una “tipologia de dones” en funció de la seva manera diària de gestió del treball domèstic i de cura. Però, més enllà de veure com les dones organitzen i gestionen aquest treball en la seva vida quotidiana, la tesi indaga en el per què d’aquesta gestió concreta i en les possibilitats que aquest model de gestió canviï. Aquesta aproximació hermenèutica a les practiques de cura només és assolible mitjançant la metodologia qualitativa. De fet, l’observació empírica se centra en l’anàlisi qualitativa d’una mostra (teòrica) de vint-i-cinc dones procedents de diferents classes socioeconòmiques, que es sintetitzen en quatre “tipus”: classe treballadora, classe mitjana nova, classe mitjana vella i classe propietària. La posició socioeconòmica de les dones entrevistades s’ha construït a partir de la seva classe ocupacional i s’ha complementat amb altres factors d’estratificació social com la generació ―cicle de vida. Tot i la pertinença de l’aproximació qualitativa, l’anàlisi quantitativa és altament profitosa per aquesta tesi, atès que l’explotació de dades primàries i secundàries és una tasca bàsica en el procés de selecció dels informants clau. En aquest sentit, les dades quantitatives han permès delimitar els eixos de distribució mostral i centrar el camp d’anàlisi: la regió metropolitana de Barcelona.<br>The objective of this thesis focuses on the study of domestic and care work in Spain from a specific perspective: an analysis of class and gender. The thesis discusses how care is configured between classes and between genders, in other words, how care is distributed and managed depending on the particular position of individuals in both coordinate axes. Therefore, this thesis is based on a sociological perspective that emphasizes conflict, social divisions and power relations and, consequently, it differs from the harmonic or functionalist theories of social reality. This thesis does not converge with an individualistic or culturalist approach of the object of study, but on the contrary, claims social class as an axis of social division and as a source of distribution of material, cultural and symbolic resources in a determined society. This thesis rose from a triple concern that consists of three levels of analysis: a) macro level: the global context of care, b) meso level: the context of care in the Mediterranean countries and c) micro level: care decisions and care practices of the Spanish households, and more particularly, of women. Therefore, these practices are analyzed from its macro structural context, understanding that are not random configurations or the result of "individual preferences" or motivational principles, but are outcomes resulting from the intersection of the axes of power underlying the model of care of the Spanish society: class and gender, as well as other essential factors such as ethnicity or generation. The thesis is based on the idea, then, that care is a phenomenon socially divided, this is to say, a phenomenon that is not only experienced and internalized by women differentially, but is a product and producer of social inequalities: intergender ―between genders― and intragender ―between women. The ultimate goal of the thesis is to construct a "typology of women," according to their way of managing domestic and care work. But beyond seeing how women organize and manage it in their daily lives, the thesis explores the reasons of this management and the possibilities of its transformation. This hermeneutic approach to the care practices is only achievable through qualitative methodology. In fact, empirical observation focuses on the qualitative analysis of a theoretical sample of twenty-five women from different socioeconomic classes, which are summarized into four "types": working class, new middle class, old middle class and capitalist class. The socioeconomic position of women was constructed from the occupational class which has been complemented with other important factors of social stratification as the generation ―life-cycle. In addition, quantitative analysis is highly beneficial to this thesis. The exploitation of primary and secondary data is a basic task in the selection process of the key informants. In this regard, quantitative data have been used to construct the sample and to center the observation field: the metropolitan region of Barcelona.

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida junto aos moradores de uma vila de classes populares localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre. Aborda as representações e relações sociais de ordens diversas envolvidas no relacionamento entre profissionais da saúde e uma determinada população alvo de suas práticas. É a partir da percepção da doença que estes dois agentes sociais entram em relação, confrontando assim, diferentes concepções é' práticas relacionadas a saúde, doença, corpo e cura. O presente estudo toma como contexto específico uma prática médica que se centra na noção de prevenção e uma população de baixa renda habitante da perifeira urbana.<br>This is an etnographic study carried out in Porto Alegre, Brazil, which approaches the representations and social relations involved in the interaction between tho groups: medicai professionals working in preventive medicine and a low income group, target-population of the medicai practices. Through the health professional' s and the population' s perception o f illness, the two groups o f confront their diferent practices about their bodies, illness and health.

Ce mémoire approfondit les connaissances portant sur le phénomène de l'économie souterraine cubaine, La recherche porte sur l'étude des salariés de l'État dont le domicile est situé dans les municipalités de Cerro et Plaza de la revoluciòn à La Havane. En sus de l'économie souterraine, la recherche traite aussi des classes sociales et du budget familial à Cuba. Ce mémoire comprend une monographie de 45 pages. La recherche a été réalisée à partir d'une enquête de terrain d'une durée de trois mois. Cette enquête à été centrée sur des ménages dont les soutiens reçoivent un salaire de l'État cubain. Elle a débuté par une dizaine d'entrevues exploratoires au cours desquelles le budget familial des ménages a été abordé. Les informations recueillies lors de ces entrevues ont mené à l'élaboration d'un questionnaire couvrant systématiquement les postes de dépenses et les sources de revenus des ménages. Ce questionnaire a servi à la réalisation d'une dizaine d'entrevues additionnelles. Les résultats démontrent que les salariés de l'État reçoivent un salaire insuffisant pour boucler leur budget et qu'ils recourent à l'économie souterraine pour réduire leurs dépenses et augmenter leurs revenus. Les résultats démontrent aussi qu'une part significativement importante de la production de l'économie cubaine se cache dans l'économie souterraine et reste non comptabilisée dans les données officielles. Enfin, l'étude montre que les classes sociales à Cuba ne se limitent pas à une séparation entre les riches qui auraient accès à la monnaie forte et les pauvres confinés à la monnaie faible. Ce sont plutôt la fréquence, la régularité et le montant des revenus de chacun qui déterminent l'appartenance à une classe sociale. En conséquence, l'idée d'une société cubaine à deux niveaux, calquée sur les deux monnaies ayant cours à Cuba, fait place à un cadre d'analyse des classes sociales à partir d'une stratification des revenus. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Cuba, Économie souterraine, Classe sociale, Budget familial.

This chapter emphasizes how Black women communists endeavored to unify a broad contingent of laboring women. Communist activists of all races promoted workers’ rights, including the right to strike, equality for women and Blacks, government regulation of major industries, and the creation of social welfare programs. Black women communists, as they embraced these perspectives, aligned themselves politically with the laboring classes—whether they were professionals, agrarian or factory workers, or domestic workers—and called for state intervention on their behalf. Many took on elected positions within the Communist Party during the early 1940s, and they elevated campaigns for anti-discrimination legislation while achieving improved working conditions. With the rise of anti-communism by the late-1940s, African-descended women communists helped refashion the party’s image to present its women supporters as guardians of democracy, both at home and globally. As such, they maintained a political bloc that actively organized women through the 1950s.

The chapter highlights some of the important questions raised by DH debates in work that problematizes the omission of critical race, gender, and class perspectives, with respect to the study of the digital, and builds on these perspectives to consider the ongoing dilemmas of the field in Cuba during a new era of transnational relations contributing to the further transformation of Cuban society. Across the Americas, new research is taking up questions that include an understanding of how digital social networks mediate Latinx immigrant sociality and activism, and how others articulate the problems of digital segregation.

Nesse estudo, cuja pesquisa intitulada: “A hora da estrela: o imbricamento filosófico, social e estético entre Clarice Lispector, Rodrigo S. M. e Macabéa”, propõe-se analisar o viés filosófico, no qual a escritora destaca os limites e alcances do conhecimento e consciência do mundo de si e do outro por meio da linguagem literária. Analisa-se também o viés social, pela conjuntura dos arquétipos sociais com foco na territorialização nordestina. Acresce o viés estético, cujo exercício de metalinguagem reflete o processo de criação do romance e das personagens. Na conjuntura social, dialogamos com os estudos do Geógrafo Milton Santos que destaca os caminhos e as redes hierárquicas dos indivíduos em conformidade com as suas classes sociais. Diante disso, a princípio, pode-se concluir que a perspectiva filosófica se faz perceptível, no romance, mediante a reflexão existencialista que explora temas como a alienação, a consciência, solidão e a autodescoberta. No que se refere à perspectiva social, essa conjuntura se apresenta como o desmascaramento das estruturas, normas e desigualdades na sociedade. A perspectiva estética inferida por Lispector e, consequentemente, por Rodrigo S.M. tornou-se inovadora e imbricada, considerando tanto a forma quanto o conteúdo.

A partir da Revolução urbana industrial constatam-se mudanças de atitude, valores, costumes e de novos estilos de vida, um surto pela procura de produtos e de serviços que incentivaram o/a consumidor /a o desejo de consumir de forma ilimitada. Nesse cenário, vale-se do fenômeno do aumento da expectativa de vida, do envelhecimento e do conceito de qualidade de vida para reintroduzir o/a idoso/a nessa nova sociedade, cuja imagem passa a ser identificada como grupos ativos, com potencial enorme para consumir produtos e serviços. Com base nessa problemática, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar e compreender as representações sociais dos/as idosos/as de classes alta, médias e populares sobre envelhecimento, consumo e qualidade de vida. Isso implica, analisar e compreender o perfil socioeconômico, demográfico e cultural dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, cujo método de análise se constitui das representações sociais dos /as entrevistados/as. A amostra da pesquisa se compõe de 30 idosos/as com 60 anos de idade ou mais, trabalhadores/as, aposentados/as ou desempregados/as, pertencentes às classes sociais A, B, C, D e E segundo classificação do IBGE (2015/2017). O instrumento de coleta de dados versa de um formulário de entrevista composto de perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos/as idosos/a é do sexo feminino, casado, predominando a faixa etária entre 60 a 64 anos, funcionários públicos aposentados/as, pensionistas, trabalhadores/as empregados/as, empresários/as e beneficiários/as do BPC/LOAS. A maioria é católico/a, a escolaridade é baixa, configurando as escassas oportunidades de acesso a escola, por conseguinte, uma melhor condição e qualidade de vida. Os resultados mostram que há modos diferentes de as pessoas idosas conceberem o envelhecimento, o consumo e a qualidade de vida, influenciados/as diretamente pelas visões, experiências, valores, renda, padrão, nível educacional, sobretudo, pela classe social a que os/as entrevistados/as pertencem.

Middle-class Cubans in the nineteenth century had developed the capacity to admire themselves, a self-assurance inscribed in the very ethos by which an emerging social class advanced its claim to ascendancy. These developments implied a heightened confidence in the authority to act in common in the pursuit of collective interests: developments occurring at a time when the propriety of Cuban was gaining currency as a matter of cultural displacement and moral deportment, when pretensions to being a separate people were enacted through multiple forms of social differentiation. Successive generations of Cubans had crossed into new realms of self-awareness, in part political, to be sure, but also moral and cultural, reaching deeply into those interior spaces where a people accept as a matter of a shared conviction the need to exert their claim to agency and exercise the prerogative of choice as a way to situate themselves as subjects of history in narratives of their own making. The habit of volition had taken hold as a facet of far-reaching cultural shifts, a deepening consciousness of the authority of agency within an emerging moral system formed to accommodate the cosmology of Cuban....

Abstract This chapter focuses on the actors of the armed struggle option of Latin American social movements, la via armada. Starting from a discussion of the main theories of Revolution, revolutionary movements and social revolutions, it passes to the more modern concept of revolutions “with a small r” that is gaining prominence in the theory and practice of revolutionary movements in contemporary Latin America. Then, it moves on to present the social (class, gender) and educational background of the guerrilleras/guerrilleros, both leaders and grassroots, the main strategies that have been elaborated and followed by Latin American guerrillas, and how they have evolved in time through trial and error (from foquismo, to the prolonged people’s war, and the Chilean road to socialism). It also analyzes some particularly interesting and unlikely cases of Latin American revolutionaries: poets, priests, and military men. In addition it traces the sources of inspiration and resonance of revolutionary movements and the role of other Latin American states, especially Cuba, in their development. The chapter concludes by arguing that while it seems the age of Latin American Revolutions with a capital R is coming to an end, we may be entering an age of revolutions (with a small r, following John Holloway) in which Revolution has changed meaning, becoming more of a political process, and not so much of a political event.

This chapter goes beyond classic nudges in introducing public policy practitioners and researchers worldwide to a wide range of behavioural change interventions like boosts, thinks, and nudge pluses. These policy tools, much like their classic nudge counterpart, are libertarian, internality targeting and behaviourally informed policies that lie at the origin of the behavioural policy cube as originally conceived by Oliver. This chapter undertakes a review of these instruments, in systematically and holistically comparing them. Nudge pluses are truly hybrid nudge-think strategies, in that they combine the best features of the reflexive nudges and the more deliberative boosts (or, think) strategies. Going forward, the chapter prescribes the consideration of a wider policy toolkit in directing interventions to tackle societal problems and hopes to break the false synonymity of behavioural based policies with nudge-type interventions only.

Chapter 1 provides background for understanding the contentious interethnic relations explored in the book. It details Miami’s turbulent Jim Crow history, the historical forces that brought Cubans to Miami, and the clashes that would arise between white Anglos, Cubans, and African-Americans. The chapter illustrates how racist forces and ideologies of worthy citizenship imposed a strict separation between the categories of “African-American” and “Cuban,” and “black” and “white” in Miami, despite the actual heterogeneity of people placed in these categories. The chapter argues that three dominant race-making frames involved in the creation of worthy citizenship, traditionally utilized by whites to divide themselves from groups of color, become useful for racialized groups when they are faced with political, economic, and social instability. Using the case of Miami, the chapter illuminates how histories of white colonial and settler domination, and ideologies that justify such domination, are connected to interethnic conflict writ large.

This chapter studies the 1970 Chilean presidential election. As the Marxist Left had a good chance of winning, the 1970 election stood as a rare opportunity for a nation to head toward socialism by freely choosing an avowedly Marxist leader and an explicitly revolutionary project. The implications of such a choice, everyone understood, were enormous. From the viewpoint of Salvador Allende and the Left, the so-called “Chilean road to Socialism” would eventually lead to a thorough renovation of Chile's political framework and economic system and realize the goals of social justice long sought by the parties representing the true interests of the working class. From the viewpoint of anti-Marxist sensibilities, especially in the Christian Democratic Party, a government of Popular Unity could transform Chile's fine democracy into an authoritarian or dictatorial system like those of Cuba or Eastern Europe. On the international scene, an Allende victory would also have profound repercussions. An Allende victory would be a huge triumph for the cause of world revolution and, consequently, a crushing blow for the standing of the United States in the global Cold War.

The prologue introduces the reader to Pan-American feminism: a movement that promoted women’s rights throughout the Americas over the first half of the twentieth century. It argues that inter-American feminism was at the vanguard of global feminism and international human rights. One of the movement’s signal contributions was its promotion of women’s rights treaties at Pan American and League of Nations conferences. The movement was also defined by its increasingly expansive definition of feminismo americano pioneered by Spanish-speaking Latin American activists, that included women’s political, civil, social, and economic rights; anti-imperialism; anti-fascism; and anti-racism. The movement culminated after the Second World War when, at the 1945 founding of the United Nations, a group of inter-American feminists pushed women’s rights and human rights into the UN Charter. The prologue introduces the six feminists at the heart of this activism: Paulina Luisi (Uruguay), Bertha Lutz (Brazil), Clara Gonzoz (Panama), Ofelia Dom쭧uez Navarro (Cuba), Doris Stevens (the United States), and Marta Vergara (Chile). Their friendships and their conflicts, over language, race, class, nation, empire, and different understandings of “women’s rights” and feminist strategy, were critical to the movement’s dynamics and its greatest accomplishments.

O texto define o conceito de intelectuais e caracteriza a sua função social à luz das ideias de Antonio Gramsci e Michel Foucault. Para o filósofo italiano, os intelectuais não constituem um grupo social autônomo face aos vínculos orgânicos estabelecidos com as classes sociais que os constituem enquanto funcionários das superestruturas , portanto, a serviço dos seus interesses. Ao diferenciar intelectuais orgânicos e intelectuais tradicionais , defende a importância da formação de intelectuais nas fileiras das classes trabalhadoras cuja função seria contrapor-se à hegemonia burguesa, contribuindo, assim, para a transformação da realidade social. Por sua vez, o filósofo francês diferencia os intelectuais universais , que têm o objetivo de formar e despertar a consciência das massas, engajando-se nas suas mais variadas lutas sociais e políticas, e os intelectuais específicos , que, sem aquela pretensão, almejam, no entanto, lutar contra as formas de poder exatamente onde o próprio intelectual é, ao mesmo tempo, o objeto e o instrumento, tanto na ordem do saber, da verdade, da consciência quanto do próprio discurso.,

monitoramento das condições de saúde em seu ambiente de trabalho uma das principais vertentes direcionadas à classe trabalhadora vulnerável e faz parte de um sistema de cuidados da saúde do trabalhador(a) e no caso das gestantes trabalhadoras a ênfase no cuidado centrado ao paciente. O objetivo é verificar a eficácia/ benefícios da redução da carga horária a este grupo. E cuja metodologia é pesquisa-ação; longitudinal e no modelo de Kuhne e Quingley em 3 fases: planejamento, ação e reflexão; com análise de dados pela Medicina Baseada em Evidência (MBE) pela busca de evidência com instrumento PICO: Paciente, Intervenção, Comparação e "Outcomes" (desfechos) e Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Para melhoria da comunicação entre os diversos profissionais de saúde que atendem aos trabalhadores acidentados e a adesão ao protocolo de monitoramento de gestantes e condições de saúde e de trabalho no contexto saúde e ambiente, faz-se necessária uma informação e análise correta visando a aproximação entre cuidador e quem está sendo cuidado para uma efetiva ação desempenhada pelas áreas de Vigilância em Saúde: Vigilância Epidemiológica, Ambiental, Sanitária e do Trabalhador(a) e vínculo com as Ciências Sociais, visto que existe a relação implícita do ser humano e a sociedade com suas relações de trabalho, em destaque o acidente de trabalho como fenômeno social. E a redução de carga horária é condição de sobrevida nesta população que já reflete toda a população humana para que todos os trabalhadores possam ter e realizar um trabalho seguro e eficiente e ambos ratificados em processo de Acreditação em Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador (a) e produtos de pesquisa da autora - redução de carga horária é intervenção protetora para o cuidado individualizado e centrado no paciente.

Un análisis crítico de los relatos de Maryse Condé (Pointe-à-Pitre, 1937) no puede pasar por alto la presencia recurrente de un elemento en particular: el agua. Nuestro estudio intenta analizar la manera en que la escritora de Guadalupe recurre al agua empleándola, en primer lugar, como símbolo, siempre de forma sutil y poética. Así, el agua, que se manifiesta generalmente como elemento del paisaje y que el narrador introduce a través de concisas descripciones, suele representar un reflejo externo de las convulsas emociones de los personajes. Los prestigiosos trabajos de Gaston Bachelard y Gilbert Durand permiten arrojar luz hasta cierto punto sobre las implicaciones del mencionado símbolo en la obra de Maryse Condé. Por otra parte, el mar constituye al mismo tiempo un componente indispensable del espacio, como no podía ser de otra manera al desarrollarse la acción de los relatos en las Antillas. Por lo tanto, el agua no queda tan sólo relegada a símbolo ocasional, sino que supone además un factor cuya pura presencia determina las dramáticas historias de los personajes. En concreto, el mar aísla a personas y a poblaciones, los condena a un trágico estancamiento, provoca que nadie pueda llegar a escapar de su isla ni de su destino. Sólo algunas mujeres protagonistas de estos relatos tratarán heroicamente de zafarse de la maldición de su sexo (en una cultura patriarcal y discriminadora), de su condición social humilde (un abismo infranqueable separa las clases sociales, en pleno siglo XX), de su mestizaje (en una sociedad dividida en compartimentos estancos debido a la segregación racial). Por todo ello, creemos que conviene considerar este original tratamiento del agua como un rasgo característico y valioso de la escritura de Maryse Condé.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.3020

En los últimos años, Perú ha sido líder regional en desempeño macroeconómico, mostrando ser una de las economías más dinámicas, en un ambiente caracterizado por la estabilidad fiscal, el equilibrio externo y la baja inflación. El crecimiento económico ha sido alto y sostenido en la última década, en particular a partir de 2005 cuando se observa una especial aceleración de la economía. Con estos resultados económicos y sociales, el Perú se ha destacado como una de las economías de ingresos medios más sólidas de la región. Sin embargo, para consolidar esta tendencia será fundamental avanzar en la reducción de las brechas sociales y económicas entre los ámbitos rural y urbano, y paralelamente sostener las ganancias obtenidas en el nivel de ingresos y en la calidad de vida de aquellos que han logrado salir de la pobreza. Lo anterior implica, necesariamente, contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de la llamada clase media, cuya emergencia es un fenómeno que el país ha experimentado en la última década y que ha sido sujeto de numerosos análisis recientes.

En la presente nota de clase correspondiente al curso del programa de Ingeniería Civil, Electiva Específica I, cuya denominación es “Hábitat Sustentable y Eficiencia Energética” del noveno semestre, se abordan las problemáticas ambientales y sociales relacionadas con las edificaciones destinadas a proyectos de vivienda no VIS, VIS y VIP, en el contexto de la ciudad de Villavicencio, Meta. Para ello, se inicia con la elaboración de una conceptualización de “edificación” en términos de la Ley 400 de 1997, seguida de la aplicación de medidas pasivas conforme a la Resolución 1025 del 2021 y la Resolución 549 del 2015. En estas normativas se establecen tanto las medidas activas como las medidas pasivas destinadas al ahorro y consumo eficiente del agua y la energía. Esta fundamentación es esencial para el futuro profesional en Ingeniería Civil, permitiéndole construir edificaciones que sean amigables con el entorno y saludables para sus ocupantes. La nota de clase proporciona al estudiante una metodología clara para evaluar edificaciones desde el diseño hasta la construcción y el posterior mantenimiento, asegurando que cumplan con los criterios de construcción sostenible. El objetivo es promover edificaciones en armonía con el medio ambiente y que contribuyan al bienestar de quienes las ocupan. Como actividad de aprendizaje, los estudiantes diseñarán y modelarán una edificación sostenible, en una determinada ciudad de la geográfica colombiana, aplicando la metodología que propone la nota de clase. Esta actividad busca que los estudiantes obtengan como resultado una edificación que cumpla con los principios de sostenibilidad establecidos.