Academic literature on the topic 'Social classes, jamaica'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social classes, jamaica"
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Cook, Loraine D. "An Overview of Changes in Jamaica’s Secondary Education System (1879-2017)." Caribbean Journal of Education 42, no. 1&2 (April 27, 2021): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46425/c542126338.
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Using a post-colonial lens, this paper describes the changes and constants in Jamaica’s educational system between the 19th and the early 21st century using academic literature and secondary data from the Ministry of Education. High schools initially emerged in Jamaica for the upper and middle classes only, based on the families’ income level, thus excluding children from the lower income bracket. Over time, breaking the glass ceiling for lower-income students became more possible as education included students moving from elementary to high school based on merit. This still restricted a large body of lower-income students who needed the tools and merit for success in the exit examination to high schools. In the 21st century there is more direct intervention in the Jamaican school system through funding and policies that change the high school education structure available to lower-income families, making it more possible for upward mobility on the social ladder. While there may be legacies of the colonial era, Jamaica has made significant strides in moving away from her turbulent past.
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Rowe, Van Der. "Theorizing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Special Needs Students and Teachers in Physical Education and Sports in Jamaica." Journal of Sports and Physical Education Studies 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jspes.2021.1.2.1.
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Students with special needs are one of the most vulnerable groups in our society. Special needs students require distinct treatment and attention to function and make sense of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the routine and the special attention that are normally available to these students when they are in face-to-face school. One of the most anticipated aspects of face-to-face school is participating in physical education (PE) and sports, which provides physical, social, and psychological benefits for special needs students. However, the pandemic has forced schools online and has changed the ascetics of PE and sports. Furthermore, like a third-world country, Jamaica does not have the technological resources needed to fully engage special needs students in PE. As a result, this study sought to investigate the challenges that are facing special needs students and teachers in PE while conducting classes online during the COVID-19 pandemic, from the teacher’s perspective. The research took the form of a qualitative approach while utilizing a multiple case study design that used a purposive sampling method in selecting the four (out of 11) most prominent public special education schools in Jamaica. The results revealed that student participation in PE was significantly impacted. In some cases, up to 80% of the students were unaccounted for in PE classes since the start of the pandemic. The challenges were seen as magnified twofold, ranging from physical, psychological, social, environmental, and societal issues. The results of this study raise serious concerns about the physical health of students with special needs, with Jamaica struggling to reduce physical inactivity rates and chronic lifestyle diseases. The risk of special needs students developing secondary disabilities because of sedentary lifestyles practices is very worrying. A lack of physical activity also means lower levels of socialization and increased psychological issues that could worsen with the strict COVID-19 lockdown measures, internet connectivity issues, and lack of devices.
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Reddock, Rhoda. "Women's Organizations and Movements in the Commonwealth Caribbean: The Response to Global Economic Crisis in the 1980s." Feminist Review 59, no. 1 (June 1998): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014177898339451.
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In this paper I explore the emergence of women's organizations and feminist consciousness in the twentieth century in the English-speaking (Commonwealth) Caribbean. The global ideas concerning women's equality from the 1960s onwards clearly informed the initiatives taken by both women and states of the Caribbean. None the less, the paper illustrates, by use of examples, the interlocked nature of women's struggles with the economic, social and political issues which preoccupy the region's population. I examine in greater detail two case studies of women's activism and mobilization around the impact of structural adjustment policies in the two territories of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. By tracing the connections between and among the organizations and initiatives of women in the region, the paper situates the feminist movement in the English-speaking Caribbean as a continuously evolving one, fusing episodic struggles in different territories, engaging women of different classes and groups, and continuously building on past experience.
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Maydom, Katrina Elizabeth. "James Petiver's apothecary practice and the consumption of American drugs in early modern London." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 74, no. 2 (April 2020): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0015.
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In the late seventeenth century, there was a boom in English imports of drugs from the Americas, such as sassafras, guaiacum and sarsaparilla. This was a result of a wider increase in colonial trade, the English acquisition of new drug-producing territories, such as Jamaica, and a broader trend towards greater medical consumption of drugs. How were these American drugs received in early modern English medicine? James Petiver (1665–1718), an apothecary in London, incorporated these drugs in his retail trade and institutional care. Analysis of Petiver's medical receipt books, daily prescription journals and administrative records demonstrates that American drugs, such as Virginia snakeroot, guaiacum and jalap, were readily accessible and dispensed to patients of all social classes in London by the turn of the eighteenth century. One-third of Petiver's private patients and one-fifth of his institutional patients were treated with American drugs. While men, women and children were all routinely prescribed American drugs, a greater variety of these drugs were available to his retail clients.
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Banton, Caree Ann Marie. "1865 and the Incomplete Caribbean Emancipation Project: Class Migration in Barbados in the Long Nineteenth century." Cultural Dynamics 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019847575.
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The year 1865 has served a temporal marker of freedom in both the USA and the Caribbean. For African Americans who sought various means to escape the travails of an American slave society, 1865 symbolized the possibilities for a future secured by legislation. By contrast, instead of optimism, 1865 in the British Caribbean signaled demise, failure, and gloomy prospects for the future of an already 30-year-old emancipation legislation passed by parliament. It thereby came to mark a point of renewed resistance. While the Morant Bay Rebellion played a prominent role in symbolizing the failures of the 1833 Emancipation Act in Jamaica, everyday Barbadians had maintained the quest for liberty in the years leading up to 1865 and after. Indeed, as a point of legislative, economic and political collapse, the 1865 upheaval, by serving as a highpoint, reveals the connections between everyday resistance that flanked both sides. Viewing the failures of the emancipation legislation through the 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion, a temporally specific and spatially bounded phenomenon, would be to dismiss the quotidian efforts of the different social groups as they pushed against the boundaries erected around freedom. By exploring the different motivations and calculations by which different groups of Barbadians came to view migration as desirable after both 1834 and 1865, this essay shows how 1865 instead served as a point of continuity for different social classes in Barbados who had long used mobility to vigorously reimagine and transgress the boundaries around freedom throughout the long nineteenth century.
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Lafrance, Xavier. "Sociétés contemporaines et actualité de l’analyse de classe : une critique des théories de la société postindustrielle et des conceptions statiques des classes sociales." Cahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 52 (July 17, 2013): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017283ar.
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Les travaux de Daniel Bell sur la société post-industrielle décrivent la dilution de la classe des travailleurs et l’essor d’une nouvelle forme de stratification sociale articulée au contrôle de l’information. À partir des années 1980, et encore aujourd’hui, plusieurs auteurs du monde anglophone se sont inspirés de ces travaux afin de théoriser la fin de classes sociales. Ceux-ci ont tendance à associer le destin de la classe des travailleurs à l’essor et au déclin de la phase spécifiquement industrielle du capitalisme. Au cours des trente dernières années, Erik Olin Wright a tenté de répondre au défi lancé par les théories de la société post-industrielle en renouvelant l’analyse des classes des sociétés capitalistes avancées à travers la production de cartographies des structures de classes très élaborées. Une telle analyse synchronique présente toutefois de nombreuses lacunes et prête flanc aux critiques qui y voient un modèle abstrait arbitrairement apposé à la réalité sociale. S’il est important d’insister sur le fait que les divisions de classes associées au capitalisme sont plus important que jamais au sein des sociétés contemporaines, le renouvellement de leur analyse passe aussi par une conception des classes comme processus et relations ancrés dans un rapport d’exploitation historiquement spécifique, telle que proposée par Edward Palmer Thompson.
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Gaye, Abdoulaye. "‘Stir It Up’: Contestation and the Dialogue in the Artistic Practice of the Twin of Twins." Journal of Dialogue Studies 2, no. 2 (2014): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/pgdt6426.
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It is widely accepted in Caribbean studies that there is an ongoing resistance culture in Jamaica’s dancehalls. However, the notion of resistance has remained confined to the terrain of what Carolyn Cooper calls ‘border clashes’ – local versus global, culture versus slackness, uptown versus downtown, and popular culture versus high culture. This article underlines the distinctive creativity of dancehall artistes such as the Twin of Twins, whose artistic practice generates a textual arena where different discourses can interact dialectically in various forms. It primarily explores the Twins’ treatment of resistance culture in their represented spaces. It subsequently discusses the dialogic dynamics involved in the relationship between the dominant and dominated classes. These analyses reveal the relational ethos of dancehall DJs’ counter-narratives and the Twin of Twins’ ability to produce a dialogic relation to social reality.
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Lainé, Mathieu J. "Une lutte à trois." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2022.480202.
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La lecture des chapitres XXVI-XXXIII du livre I du Capital (1865–1867) montre que Marx prenait les vicissitudes ou les contingences de l’histoire anglaise pour d’authentiques nécessités historiques. Mais elle montre aussi que les propriétaires fonciers forment une classe sociale sui generis, qui joue un rôle décisif dans la théorie de la valeur. De fait, la lecture de ces chapitres permet aujourd’hui de répondre avec certitude à la fameuse question oratoire que se posait Marx au chapitre LII du livre III du Capital (1864–1865): “Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?” (“Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?”) et à laquelle il n’aurait supposément jamais répondu.A close reading of chapters XXVI–XXXIII of Capital, vol. I (1865–1867) shows that Marx (mis)took the contingencies of English history for genuine historical necessities. But it also shows that landowners form an actual social class in Capital, one that plays an actual role in Marx’s own theory of value. In fact, reading these chapters allows us to confidently answer that famous rhetorical question Marx first asked himself in chapter LII of Capital, vol. III (1864–1865): “Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?” (“Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?”). Unlike what we are sometimes led to believe, Marx actually answered that question.
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Simonin, Anne. "La mise a L'épreuve du nouveau roman. Six cent cinquante fiches de lecture d'Alain Robbe-Grillet (1955-1959)." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 55, no. 2 (April 2000): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.2000.279854.
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« Dis-moi comment tu classes, je te dirai qui tu es ». Roland BARTHES, cité par Alain ROBBE-GRILLET lors d'une intervention au Jeu de paume, le 22 septembre 1998Un centième seulement de la production culturelle brute d'une époque est publié. C'est là un constat trop souvent négligé lorsque Ton s'interroge, après Jean-Paul Sartre sur Qu'est-ce que la litterature ?(Gallimard, 1948). Si la lecture est assurément « un rêve libre », un « exercice de générosite », elle est aussi un acte dirigé : on ne lit jamais que ce qui est donné à lire au terme d'une sélection culturelle peu connue dans ses principes, méconnue dans ses effets. La lecture décisive, quel que soit le texte, n'est presque jamais mentionnée et reste d'autant plus secrète qu'elle est anonyme.
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Granemann, Sara. "O desmonte das políticas de seguridade social e os impactos sobre a classe trabalhadora: as estratégias e a resistência." Serviço Social em Revista 19, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-4842.2016v19n1p171.
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Tem sido parte da militância de dezenas de docentes – menos do que seria necessário dadas as condições de miserabilidade da classe trabalhadora brasileira – dispor os resultados de suas pesquisas realizadas, sobretudo, em universidades públicas, à disposição daqueles que produzem a riqueza social que mantém as universidades - públicas e privadas - e que, não raro, jamais a conseguem frequentar. Assim, parece-me importante que não somente o empresariado se beneficie dos conhecimentos gerados nas universidades, mas que também as lutas sociais possam se beneficiar do conhecimento produzido pela ciência. Penso que este seminário objetiva, ao propiciar a reflexão de um tema do tempo presente, juntar as necessidades da classe trabalhadora, suas demandas e lutas com as respostas que as pesquisas, a produção de conhecimento, pode ajudar a construir.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social classes, jamaica"
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Sjövall, Johanna. "Dance to Buss : An Ethnographic Study of Dancehall Dancing in Jamaica." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96266.
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Dancehall is an influential space of cultural creation and expression within Jamaican society. This study is about how Jamaican dancehall is being performed, and what this performance means to its participants. Dancehall is mainly practiced by lower-class Jamaicans. This thesis focuses on dancers as a specific group among these participants. During 15 weeks I lived in Kingston and participated in dancehall culture daily. The fieldwork was focused on one dance group called “The Black Eagles”. The dancehall is gender structured and most dancers are men who organize in male crews. Practicing dancehall can be seen as a cultural resistance to structural injustice, while it also works to enforce oppressive ideologies. Dancehall culture is criticized for being immoral, inappropriate and violent. Dancehall is a survival strategy for many lower-class Jamaicans and an alternative to a life in crime. The Black Eagles dance because they love it, but the main motivation for initiating a career as a dancehall dancer is the hope of getting a better life. Digital technology and social media have helped dancers to reach this goal. Through social media, the dancehall dance has gained international popularity. This thesis relates to broader themes such as development, poverty, globalization, gender and identity.
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Ekundayo, Olaniyi J. "Factors associated with sexual debut and depression among adolescents in rural Jamaica." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/ekundayo.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Social classes, jamaica"
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The Jamaican people, 1880-1902: Race, class and social control. Kingston: Univeristy of the West Indies Press, 2000.
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The Jamaican people, 1880-1902: Race, class, and social control. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1991.
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Gordon, Derek. Class, status, and social mobility in Jamaica. Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1987.
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Zett, Keith Novella, ed. The social origins of democratic socialism in Jamaica. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.
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Exceptional violence: Embodied citizenship in transnational Jamaica. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
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A, Johnson Michele, ed. "They do as they please": The Jamaican struggle for cultural freedom after Morant Bay. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2011.
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Figueroa, Mark. Class issues in industrialization policy: Lewis's ideas and the case of Jamaica 1945-1956. Salford: University of Salford Department of Economics, 1991.
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Figueroa, Mark. Class issues in industrialization policy: Lewis's ideas and the case of Jamaica 1945-1956. Salford, England: Department of Economics, University of Salford, 1991.
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Ideology and class conflict in Jamaica: The politics of rebellion. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social classes, jamaica"
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Anderson, Patricia, and Camille Daley. "Parenting Across Social Classes: Perspectives on Jamaican Fathers." In Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, 335–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_25.
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Nixon, Angelique V. "Negotiating Tropical Desires in Social and Physical Landscapes." In Resisting Paradise. University Press of Mississippi, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628462180.003.0005.
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Chapter five offers another case study of a tourist dependent economy and local resistance to paradise discourse in Jamaica while focusing on the negotiations of what Krista Thompson describes as a “tropical landscape of desire.” This chapter examines the multifaceted approach to challenging neocolonialism and participation in “resistance culture” by Jamaican writer, activist, and scholar Erna Brodber. Brodber utilizes both creative work and cultural activism to resist exploitative consumption of the Caribbean; in the novel Myal and research project Blackspace and Educo-tourism. This chapter also considers the work of Jamaican filmmaker Esther Figueroa in her documentary Jamaica For Sale about tourism, unsustainable development, and the impact on the environment and working class Jamaicans. In comparing these two very different responses to the burden of paradise, this chapter offers an analysis of how environment and class work to complicate cultural and political activism and desire for ethical and non-exploitative relations within and through a tourism dependent economy.
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Clarke, Colin. "Decolonization and the Politics of National Culture." In Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0016.
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The focus in this chapter shifts from the ghetto, politics, and violence in downtown Kingston (Ch. 5 and 6) to concentrate on the development of the plastic and performing arts during the last four decades of Jamaica’s decolonization and the first four decades after independence. Inevitably, it also concentrates on the experience and achievements of two generations of Jamaicans, who, with the help of a handful of Britishers during the 1920s and 1930s, laid the foundations for the flourishing of creole culture (the culture of the brown and black population) as national culture after 1962. However many of the themes that have previously been investigated— colonialism, race, pluralism, class, the ghetto, and politics resurface in this chapter and are bound into the argument. The chapter opens with a brief account of the late-colonial need to forge a national identity in Jamaica instead of relying on the imitative provincialism of white colonial culture. It then looks at the cultural complexity of Kingston, drawing brief attention to distinctions in family, religion, education, and especially language between the three principal social strata, in the lower two of which the modern arts movement has been embedded. The focus is subsequently placed on the plastic arts—sculpture, wood carving, pottery, and painting; poetry, and the novel; pantomime, dance, and plays. The final section concentrates on popular music and the creative role of the Rastafari movement in the development and diffusion of reggae, one of the quintessential expressions of Jamaican national culture. Here low-status black culture has been not only a national unifying focus for all (or almost all) sections of society, but also a vehicle for projecting a Jamaican black identity on to the international stage. However, reggae has been partially eclipsed by dance-hall (and slackness), and this has introduced renewed tensions between uptown and downtown. A major feature of Jamaican national culture (as it emerged around independence) is that it is creole, or local to Jamaica. However, it is also a plural culture, in that virtually all branches of the arts are divided into tutored and untutored versions: Cooper (1993) uses the terms ‘book’ and ‘long head’, reflecting the involvement of the middle and lower strata, respectively.
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Livesay, Daniel. "New Struggles and Old Ideas, 1813–1833." In Children of Uncertain Fortune. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634432.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the immediate years leading up to the emancipation of Britain’s enslaved population in 1833 and that period’s effect on mixed-race migrants. It contends that Britain was an increasingly hostile place for Jamaican migrants of color, as family and class position no longer sufficiently modified racialized oppression. This is seen in both family correspondences as well as in the experiences of political radicals such as Robert Wedderburn, whose mixed ancestry and social marginalization informed his activist ideologies in London. In Jamaica, however, mixed-race migrants who had returned to the Caribbean made advancements. Not only did the assembly improve the legal position of free people of color, but it promoted British-trained individuals of color in anticipation of the emancipation of enslaved Jamaicans. In particular, emancipation appeared to spell the doom of a permanent, growing white population. A British-educated class of color was now seen as the proper replacement for a declining white cohort.
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Virtue, Ardene. "Cultivating Pedagogical Proficiencies for Facilitating Discussions About Diverse Youth Literature." In Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education, 276–97. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7375-4.ch014.
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The effective facilitation of discourses about diverse youth literature (DYL) is dependent on teachers' application of vital instructional approaches. This has implications for how pre-service teachers (PSTs) are prepared to involve their students in relevant dialogues that critically examine how DYL mirror authentic life experiences. Hence, the author undertook this action research to execute a methodology model which illustrated instructional processes that may be employed in training PSTs to make conscious decisions about planning, designing, and guiding discussions in a lesson. The participants were 20 PSTs who pursued a literature methods course at a teacher training institution in Jamaica, and studied the texts “Bright Thursdays” by Olive Senior and “Barbie Doll” by Marge Piercy. The application of the model provided insights into the benefits and considerations for training PSTs to practice how to facilitate discussions about DYL during lessons and how to use their literature classes as opportunities for developing social responsibility among their students.
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Clarke, Colin. "Colour-Class and Race Segregation: The Spatial Dimension." In Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0013.
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It has already been shown that colour-class increasingly dissolved into class in the post-independence period in Kingston as the whites and the racial minorities left Jamaica, and the socially mobile blacks moved into middle-class and elite positions (Ch. 3). However, socio-economic neighbourhoods were still strongly set apart in 1991, and these distinctions were rooted in late-colonial residential patterns established on the Liguanea Plain (Chs. 1 and 2). This chapter is essentially a continuation of the previous one (Ch. 3), and builds on its findings. It concentrates on the spatial dimension of social processes by examining colour-class and race segregation—and desegregation—in the late-colonial and post-independence periods. Colour and race distributions are examined cartographically, and are supplemented by the index of dissimilarity, which measures the evenness/ unevenness of distribution of two categories or groups measured one against the other. The index of dissimilarity is also calculated for occupations, using them as a proxy for class, so that they may be compared to indices for race and colour. Finally, indices known as P* are calculated for colour, race, and occupational categories to measure a group’s comparative isolation, taking its size and the size of the group with which it is being compared into account. The spatial expression of the class structure of Kingston in 1960 and 1991 (to which the argument returns) provides the underpinning for the distribution of colour/racial categories at independence and since sovereignty (Figs. 1.8 and 2.6). The class mosaic was largely reflected in colour distributions in late-colonial times, and the location of the racial minorities was indicative of their degree of penetration of the creole colour-class hierarchy, and the level of their entrée. Likewise, changes in colour/racial distributions since independence may be used to examine the mobility into the elite and middle classes (and class areas) by the black and mixed populations, and to trace the social fortunes of the minorities, in the context of their demographic decline. The chapter begins with a discussion of changing colour and race distributions over the period 1943 to 1991, before examining the statistics for segregation. The white minority group in Kingston in 1943 was confined to the eastern, central, and northern suburbs and to some historic localities in the town centre, associated with business. The areas they occupied recorded at least median socio-economic status scores, and most of the heaviest concentrations were associated with areas of high rank.
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Livesay, Daniel. "Early Abolitionism and Mixed-Race Migration into Britain, 1762–1778." In Children of Uncertain Fortune. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634432.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how the demographic debates over interracial relationships in Jamaica, outlined in Chapter 1, became relevant in Britain in the 1760s and 1770s. The arrival into Britain of enslaved servants from the colonies aroused panic about British family formation, especially after the Somerset decision of 1772, which gave habeas corpus rights to enslaved people in England. But, while British observers grew nervous about the poor and enslaved people of color in their midst, they held relatively little reservations about elite mixed-race Jamaicans who were arriving. This chapter argues that the family standing and high-class position of these migrants of color made them more socially acceptable to Britons, despite a general rising tide of racism.
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Livesay, Daniel. "Imperial Pressures, 1800–1812." In Children of Uncertain Fortune. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634432.003.0007.
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This chapter chronicles the institutional pressures put on mixed-race migrants in the first decade of the nineteenth century. Although families continued to assist relatives of color—which included helping get them into the East India Company to advance their social standing—constricting notions of kinship and political wariness of African-descended people made it challenging for Jamaicans of color to thrive in Britain. Their attempts to assimilate were made more difficult by the growing calls of abolitionists and pro-slavery supporters to curtail interracial relationships in order to create a demographic separation between blacks and whites in the Caribbean. Within this abolitionist debate, Trinidad’s governor Thomas Picton went to court for having tortured a mixed-race girl named Louisa Calderon. Her arrival in Britain prompted a flurry of accusations that she had become pregnant by a Scottish protector, escalating the general public’s concern about mixed-race migrants and their impact on British demography. This chapter contends that by the early nineteenth century, high class standing and genetic connections to prominent Britons were losing their social power for Jamaican migrants of color.
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Thompson, Paul, Ken Plummer, and Neli Demireva. "Social divisions: class, gender, ethnicity – and more." In Pioneering Social Research, 163–98. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447333524.003.0007.
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This chapter shows how social divisions gradually emerged as a key concern in the social sciences. Focusing on early studies that looked at class, race, gender and sexuality, the chapter shows how early controversies anticipated later ones. Class was studied in four ways: through poverty research, community studies, education and culture, and finally through class measurement and mobility studies (The Affluent Worker). Gender for the first time became a very prominent issue in research and many of our pioneers were engaged in building the new feminist stance in social science feminist research (e.g., Ann Oakley, Judith Okely, Pat Caplan, Meg Stacey, Maxine Molyneux and Leonore Davidoff). The Original BSA meeting on Sexual Divisions in 1974 was formative and is discussed along with a series of problems facing women at this time. Ethnicity was also growing — largely through new migration and culture studies in the 1950s and 1960s. Key pioneers here are Robert Moore (who worked with John Rex and the breakthrough book Race, Community and Conflict; and the Jamaican born Harry Golbourne. There is a short comment on sexuality, disability and age to close. The chapter shows how many of the contemporary debates are pre-figured in some of this early work.
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Clarke, Colin. "Kingston: A Creole Colonial City (1692–1962)." In Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In colonial towns—settlements founded or developed by Western, imperial powers—two or more ‘cities’ usually exist: ‘the indigenous, ‘‘tradition-orientated’’ settlement, frequently manifesting the characteristics of the ‘‘pre-industrial city’’, and on the other hand, the ‘‘new’’ or ‘‘western’’ city, established as a result of the colonial process’ (King 1976: 5–6). But Caribbean cities gainsay this duality. Caribbean societies have virtually no pre- European inhabitants, and the non-Western elements in their cultures are no more indigenous than the traits of their white elites. Caribbean cities are quintessentially colonial, products of early mercantilism. Their creole (local or American) cultural characteristics were fashioned in the Caribbean by white sugar planters, merchants, and administrators who enslaved the blacks they imported from Africa, and with them bred a hybrid group—the free coloured people (Braithwaite 1971). Caribbean colonial cities are characterized by a morphological unity imposed by Europeans, yet their social and spatial structures have been compartmentalized by these creole social divisions (Clarke 1975a; Goodenough 1976; Welch 2003) Caribbean societies have been moulded by colonialism, the sugar plantation and slavery. These historical factors have also been underpinned by insularity, which facilitated occupation, exploitation, and labour control— and implicated port cities in such seaborne activities as sugar export and slave-labour recruitment. Accordingly, four themes provide the organizational framework for this chapter on Kingston, the principal city of Jamaica, during the colonial period: the economy, population, colour-class-culture stratification, and the spatial aspects of the city’s organization. The themes relate to different scales: the urban economy expresses the global aspects of commercial transactions; population and race-class stratification refer to the juxtaposition of different populations and cultures within colonial society; these socio-economic structures give rise to distinctive spatial configurations within the urban community. By 1800 Kingston was the major city and port of the largest British colony in the Caribbean, and its multiracial population was rigidly stratified into legal estates. Since the early nineteenth century, Jamaica has experienced a sequence of clearly identified historical events—slave emancipation in 1834, equalization of the sugar duties after 1845, a workers’ riot in 1938, and a slow process of constitutional decolonization after 1944, leading up to independence in 1962. This chapter is therefore organized around three major periods in Caribbean history—slavery (1692–1838), emancipation and the postemancipation period (1838–1944), and constitutional decolonization (1944– 62).