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Journal articles on the topic 'Social classes Thailand Bangkok'

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Published: 11 December 2022
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Kong-Ngoen, Thida, Sirijan Santajit, Witawat Tunyong, Pornpan Pumirat, Nitat Sookrung, Wanpen Chaicumpa, and Nitaya Indrawattana. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Retail Foods Marketed in Bangkok, Thailand." Foods 11, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11050661.

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Nontyphoidal-Salmonella bacteria cause foodborne gastroenteritis that may lead to fatal bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis if not treated properly. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains is a global public health threat. Regular monitoring of genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from humans, animals, foods, and environments is mandatory for effective reduction and control of this food-borne pathogen. In this study, antimicrobial-resistant and virulent genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from retail food samples in Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated. From 252 raw food samples, 58 Salmonella strains that belonged only to serotype Enteritidis were isolated. Disc diffusion method showed that all isolates were still sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems. More than 30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Twenty isolates resist at least three antibiotic classes. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that 12.07% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-Lactamase. Polymerase chain reaction indicated that 32.76, 81.03, 39.66, and 5.17% of the isolates carried blaTEM-1, tetA, sul2, and dfrA7, respectively. All isolates were positive for invasion-associated genes. Effective prevention and control of Salmonella (as well as other food-borne pathogens) is possible by increasing public awareness and applying food hygienic practices. Active and well harmonised “One Health” co-operation is required to effectively control food-borne zoonosis.
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Boonjubun, Chaitawat. "Also the Urban Poor Live in Gated Communities: A Bangkok Case Study." Social Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070219.

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Gated communities, one of those originally Western developments, have suddenly been found in cities in the Global South. “Gated communities”, often defined on the basis of their physical form, have been criticized for disconnecting residents from their neighbors outside the gates and reducing social encounters between them. Focusing on cities in the Global South, a large body of research on social encounters between the residents of gated communities and others outside has used case studies of the middle class living in gated communities versus the poor living outside in slums, squats, or public housing. The assumption that gated communities are regarded as enclosed residential spaces exclusively for the middle class, while the poor are found solely in “informal” settlements, may have an effect of stigmatizing the poor and deepening class divisions. It is rare to find studies that take into account the possibility that there also exist gated communities in which the poor are residents. This article examines who the residents of gated communities are, and at the same time analyzes the extent to which people living in gated communities socialize with others living outside. Based on the results of qualitative research in Bangkok, Thailand, in particular, the article critically studies enclosed high-rise housing estates and shows the following: Walls and security measures have become standard features in new residential developments; not only the upper classes, but also the poor live in gated communities; the amenities which gated communities provide are available to outsiders as well; and residents living in gated communities do not isolate themselves inside the walls but seek contact and socialize with outsiders. This article argues that the Western concept of “gated communities” needs to be tested and contextualized in the study of cities in the Global South.
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Daniere, Amrita, Lois M. Takahashi, and Anchana Naranong. "Social Capital, Networks, and Community Environments in Bangkok, Thailand." Growth and Change 33, no. 4 (September 2002): 453–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00206.

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Princhankol, Pornpapatsorn, and Kuntida Thamwipat. "The Design and Development of Digital Contents on Social Media Network with Mega Influencers for Crowdfunding to Support Students with Financial Hardship." 13th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 13, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.1(24).

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Pornpapatsorn Princhankol , Associate Professor and M.Ind.Ed. Program Secretariat in Department of Educational Communications and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok ,Thailand. She graduated her PhD. from Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok ,Thailand , program in Higher Education and come to be a lecturer in Department of Educational Communications and Technology from year 2004 till now. She has experience in mass communication field in radio broadcasting programs of Chula Radio and the Department . Also she has experience in active learning ; co-operative learning and University quality assurance for over 10 years. Kuntida Thamwipat , Associate Professor in Department of Educational Communications and Technology, Associate Dean in Students Development and Organization Communication in Faculty of Industrial Education Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok Thailand . She graduated her PhD. from Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok Thailand , program in Communication Arts and came to be a lecturer in Department of Educational Communications and Technology from year 2000 till now. She has experience in mass communication field such as radio and television broadcasting program and experience in active learning ; service learning. Also she has experience in University public relations for over 15 years. Keywords: Digital Contents, Social Media Network, Mega influencers, Crowdfunding
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5

Han, Jianghua. "A Study on Identity of New Chinese Immigrants in Bangkok." Asian Social Science 16, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n4p87.

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Survey results of this study have showed that: The Chinese new immigrants in Bangkok have a consistency on ethnic identity; they all agree that they are Chinese. However, on the national identity and cultural identity, the identity of them has multi-tendency. There are 45.29% respondents identify China, 30.63% respondents identify Thailand, and 24.08% respondents identify both China and Thailand. The degree of identifying China of them has declined with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, their degree of identifying Thailand has increased with the increase of settlement years in Bangkok. The cultural identity is very complicated, they are increasingly accepting and identifying Thai culture with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, they did not deny or abandon Chinese culture, lots of people still identify Chinese culture. Especially in the identity of traditional culture, in general, the degree of identifying Chinese traditional culture of them has declined with the increase of their settlement years in Bangkok; however, the proportion of people who identify Chinese traditional culture is still much higher than people who identify Thai traditional culture.
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CHANDIRAMANI, Kunal Dilip, Nachimuthu MAHESWARI, and Manickam SIVAGAMI. "INSIGHTS OF GENDER BASED TOURISTS PREFERENCES BY CONSTRUCTING TRAVEL DIARY USING SOCIAL MEDIA DATA." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.38415-749.

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Insights into traveller’s behavior are important for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to draw up plans and make decisions to manage and promote their capital city (Bangkok) as a tourism hub. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of traveller's behavior in Bangkok. To achieve this, we used a variety of methods such as activity, temporal, and spatial analysis to identify visitor patterns in Bangkok by utilizing a relatively new data gathering technique to extract social media check-in data. The findings include comprehensive statistics about traveller’s behavioral patterns at these spots that have practical implications in various city management applications.
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Agarwal, Ruchi, and William J. Jones. "Social Media’s Role in the Changing Religious Landscape of Contemporary Bangkok." Religions 13, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13050421.

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In this article, the authors argue that social media is becoming a more influential medium for religious services in Bangkok, Thailand. Buddhism, with an attendant mixing of Thai animistic beliefs in spirits, inanimate objects, and talismans, along with other expressive forms of religious enterprise, is adapting to a changing personalized media landscape to reach ever more diverse audiences. Social media in particular is allowing for social and personal entrepreneurship of religious expressions that formerly were largely limited by physical space and its attendant costs. The authors argue that utilizing the Uses and Gratification approach will provide a powerful method for understanding and evaluating how and why religious entrepreneurship is shifting in contemporary Thailand.
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Naemiratch, Bhensri, and Lenore Manderson. "Control and adherence: Living with diabetes in Bangkok, Thailand." Social Science & Medicine 63, no. 5 (September 2006): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.006.

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Yokota, Fumihiko. "Sex behaviour of male Japanese tourists in Bangkok, Thailand." Culture, Health & Sexuality 8, no. 2 (March 2006): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050500526068.

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Iamtrakul, Pawinee, Apinya Padon, and Jirawan Klaylee. "Measuring Spatializing Inequalities of Transport Accessibility and Urban Development Patterns: Focus on Megacity Urbanization, Thailand." Journal of Regional and City Planning 33, no. 3 (January 10, 2023): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2022.33.3.4.

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The metropolis of Bangkok is characterized as a primate city because of its role as the capital of Thailand. Its suburbanization spreads to five surrounding provinces. Compared to other provinces in Thailand, it has highly concentrated urban development, without disparity between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the travel volume in Bangkok and its surrounding areas is the highest in the country, with the majority related to private vehicle usage. This is why Bangkok is ranked as the world’s most congested city. To solve this problem and sustain the urbanization of the capital, it is necessary to understand the urban development patterns in Bangkok and their associated factors in measuring the accessibility of transportation. This research applied factor analysis and cluster analysis to characterize the different district contexts of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, by selecting the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) as the capital city area and Pathum Thani Province as a suburbanized area. Consequently, their transport accessibility could be represented by the level of accessibility in terms of the inequalities in the existing transportation system. Furthermore, by clustering the districts according to their economic and social factors, the causes of these inequalities could be identified by spatializing and geographically highlighting them. These findings should be integrated into the urban planning and development policies to overcome urban development challenges and create a city with more accessible and affordable public transport opportunities.
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Wissink, Bart, and Lara Van Meeteren. "Art Organisers as Commoners: On the Sustainability and Counter‐Hegemonic Potential of the Bangkok Biennial." Social Inclusion 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4895.

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As part of a remarkable wave of perennial contemporary art events in Thailand, the Bangkok Biennial was organised for the first time in 2018. Without central curation or funding, the organisational strategy of this artist‐led, open‐access event was strikingly different from the state‐organised Thailand Biennale and the corporate Bangkok Art Biennale that were inaugurated several months later. Through the eyes of the literature on “commoning” as a third way of organising next to the state and market, we explore the “common spaces” that the Bangkok Biennial has produced. Reflecting on arguments articulated in the introduction to this thematic issue, as well as on Chantal Mouffe’s analysis of the detrimental nature of an “exodus strategy” for counter‐hegemonic action, we focus on the connections—if any—of the Bangkok Biennial with the state and corporations. Specifically, we address the following research questions: What are the characteristics of the Bangkok Biennial as a common art event? Which connections with the state and market have its organisers developed? And what are the consequences of this strategy for its sustainability and counter‐hegemonic potential? We conclude that the organisers have consciously resisted developing relationships with the state and market, and argue that this “exodus strategy” is a necessity in Thailand’s socio‐political setting. And while this strategy might endanger the sustainability of this biennial as an art event, we argue that at the same time it supports an infrastructure for counter‐hegemonic action inside and—possibly more importantly—outside art.
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Koojaroenprasit, Sauwaluck. "Services Marketing Mix of Starbucks Coffee in Bangkok, Thailand." Asian Social Science 14, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n9p107.

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The purposes of this study were to identify the importance of services marketing mix influencing the Starbucks consumers in Bangkok, Thailand, to examine the relationship between personal factors and consumer behaviors and to examine the relationship between services marketing mix and consumers behaviors.A questionnaire survey was used. The sample was 400 Starbucks coffee consumers. It was found that the respondents were female and male of 63.90 percent and 36.10 percent respectively. The majority respondents were in age group 21-30 years old, the majority occupation were office workers with level of monthly income more than 30,000 baht. The majority of respondents went to Starbucks coffee 1-2 times a week. The average expenditure of each purchase was 101-200 baht with the beverage size of Grande (16 oz.).The majority favorite beverage was Iced Cappuccino. The reason for buying Starbucks beverages was the flavor of coffee.The results indicated that the most importance of services marketing mix was product, process, people, place, physical environment, promotion and price, respectively. Both personal factors and components of services marketing mix affected consumer behaviors. The results showed that gender affected three consumer behaviors; the frequency of visit at Starbucks shop, cup sizes and favorite beverage. Career affected all five consumer behaviors. Age affected the frequency of visit the Starbucks shop and favorite beverage. While education and income level affected two consumer behaviors; the frequency of visit the Starbucks coffee shop and expenditure of each purchase.
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Elango, Dinesh, Rawin Vongurai, and Kirana Srifah. "The Factors Influencing Intention to Study Via Online Education: The Case Study of People In Bangkok, Thailand." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 4 (July 8, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.4.150.

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Recently, online education or online learning is an interest in Thailand and some of Thai people study via the internet, noticed that in Thailand not only some universities provide online education such as Massive Open Online Courses, called MOOCs, but various schools and institutions provide online learning for their students as well.Online education provides an opportunity to improve people at the lower cost via computer technology, which is beneficial to developing countries.Thailand is still a developing country and online education is likely to be a new trend in Thailand because it reduces costs and enhances the quality of education.Consequently, this research analyzes influencing factors which have an impact on usage intention of online education. This research aims to study various factors, which are able to be improved for usage intention of online education in Bangkok, Thailand, in the future. Based on the conceptual framework in this research, it consists of social influence, information quality, system quality, function quality as key factors of usage intention.The research applied many methods such as Single Linear Regression and Multiple Linear Regression to analyze all hypotheses with 441 respondents who live in Bangkok, Thailand,and use online education.This paper addresses the effects of information quality, system quality, function quality, and social quality influencing toward usage intention of online education. Besides, social quality not only affects usage intention but also has an impact on other factors which information quality, system quality, and function quality.
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Sringernyuang, L., S. Thaweesit, and S. Nakapiew. "A situational analysis of HIV/AIDS-related discrimination in Bangkok, Thailand." AIDS Care 17, sup2 (July 2005): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120500120161.

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Janepanish, Poolsuk, Barbara L. Dancy, and Chang Park. "Consistent condom use among Thai heterosexual adult males in Bangkok, Thailand." AIDS Care 23, no. 4 (January 24, 2011): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.516336.

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Meechunek, Krishnapong. "Using Social Media Affecting Lifestyle and Social Behaviors of Generation Y in Bangkok Metropolitan, Thailand." PSAKU International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12778/235108618x15452373186047.

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17

RICHTER, KERRY. "Child Care Choice in Urban Thailand." Journal of Family Issues 18, no. 2 (March 1997): 174–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251397018002004.

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This article uses qualitative and quantitative evidence to examine child care decision making in Bangkok, Thailand. The preference model developed from qualitative data predicts a strong preference for care by a relative, even if the child has to live separately from his/her mother, and distrust of nonrelative and formal care. Overall about three quarters of children in the sample were cared for by their mother (some of whom were combining work with child care) or another relative when they were age 2. Although the degree to which mothers were working in a formal setting was the strongest predictor of being in nonmaternal care, children of higher socioeconomic status were also found more likely to be in nonmaternal care and less likely to be in a relative's care. The results are discussed in light of changing roles for women in a society undergoing rapid socioeconomic change.
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Riyapan, Pakwan, Sherif Eneye Shuaib, and Arthit Intarasit. "A Mathematical Model of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Bangkok, Thailand." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (March 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6664483.

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In this study, we propose a new mathematical model and analyze it to understand the transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangkok, Thailand. It is divided into seven compartmental classes, namely, susceptible S , exposed E , symptomatically infected I s , asymptomatically infected I a , quarantined Q , recovered R , and death D , respectively. The next-generation matrix approach was used to compute the basic reproduction number denoted as R cvd 19 of the proposed model. The results show that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R cvd 19 < 1 . On the other hand, the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium occurs if R cvd 19 > 1 . The mathematical analysis of the model is supported using numerical simulations. Moreover, the model’s analysis and numerical results prove that the consistent use of face masks would go on a long way in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Srinaruewan, Preeda, Wayne Binney, and Colin Higgins. "Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Thailand." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 27, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 628–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2014-0151.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Thailand by focusing on the consumer-organisational relationship and test the conceptual framework of Du et al. (2007). Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative study was conducted using a mall intercept survey of 184 Thai mobile phone service provider consumers in Bangkok, Thailand. Findings – A CSR emphasised brand is more likely than non-CSR emphasised brands to accrue consumer CSR awareness, positive attitude to company motivations and beliefs in the CSR of that company. Although beliefs are associated with consumers’ greater identification and advocacy behaviours towards the CSR emphasised brand than the non-CSR emphasised brands, they are not associated with loyalty. Practical implications – The paper provides potential guidance for companies to more effectively position and communicate their CSR activities to create differential advantages. Originality/value – Findings of the study demonstrate some support for a business case for CSR in Thailand.
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Anantsuksomsri, Sutee, and Nij Tontisirin. "Assessment of Natural Disaster Coping Capacity from Social Capital Perspectives: A Case Study of Bangkok." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 5 (August 1, 2020): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0571.

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Many cities and regions have recently experienced economic and environmental losses due to natural disasters. Economic losses are particularly high in urban areas where population and many economic activities are highly concentrated. Urban communities’ abilities and capacities to cope with natural disasters are essential to understand the impacts of natural disasters. Urban communities’ coping capacity is found to be closely linked to social capital of such communities. This paper aims to assess the natural disaster coping capacity of urban residents with social capital approach. The case study is Bangkok, Thailand. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the analysis shows that social cohesion, empowerment, and trust plays a key role in social capital level of Bangkok residents. Mapping social capital index at the district level suggests that urbanization may be contributable to the level of social capital.
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Li, YAN, LIJUAN Kong, MASANAKA Hotta, and Som-Arch Wongkhomthong2 and Hiroshi Ushijima. "Breast-feeding in Bangkok, Thailand: Current status, maternal knowledge, attitude and social support." Pediatrics International 41, no. 6 (December 1999): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-200x.1999.01149.x.

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Sopranzetti, Claudio. "Framed by Freedom: Emancipation and Oppression in Post-Fordist Thailand." Cultural Anthropology 32, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca32.1.07.

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Based on ethnographic research conducted between 2009 and 2014, this article examines the discourse of freedom (‘itsaraphāp) among motorcycle taxi drivers in Bangkok and the practices, both emancipatory and oppressive, that it supports and makes possible. I explore its central role in their self-construction as successful migrants, entrepreneurial subjects, and autonomous urban dwellers, as well as its relations to capitalist restructuring and precarity in post-crisis Thailand. I show how freedom offers a way for precarious workers—such as the drivers—to consciously make sense of and make do with political-economic, social, and conceptual shifts taking place around them. In this sense, this article explores the construction of consent in contemporary Thailand without falling in the trap of assigning false consciousness to the drivers or of framing them as subjugated subjects. Rather, I locate the effectiveness of ‘itsaraphāpdiscourse precisely in its ability to connect preexisting forms of exploitation, personal desires, and aspirations with a restructuring of the relations between capital and labor in contemporary Bangkok.
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Nirathron, Narumol, and Gisèle Yasmeen. "Street vending management in Bangkok: the need to adapt to a changing environment." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 4 N. 1 | 2019 | FULL ISSUE (May 31, 2019): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v4i1.562.

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This research paper proposes that the administration of street vending in Bangkok is consistent but not compatible with changes in the economic and social situation in Thailand as well as the growth of street vending around the world as well as increasing appreciation of its important role. To support this argument, the paper presents the policy measures on street vending since the founding of Bangkok in 1973, the paradigm shift in employment since the Asian Economic Crisis in 1997, and empirical data from a study of street vending in four districts in Bangkok in 2016. The study collected data from street vendors and buyers in Bangrak, Pathumwan, Phranakhon and Samphanthawong. The sample size of the vendors in each district was 100 and participants were selected through random sampling. A sample of 50 buyers in each district was selected through convenience sampling. From the documentary study and the field data, the paper recommends that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration should realign the administration of street vending in accordance with dynamics of the economic and social situation and international trends.
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Rogozhina, N. "Is Democracy Possible in Thailand?" World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-101-110.

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The political development of Thailand in XXIth century is characterized by a deep split of the society into opponents and supporters of democratization. The latter are consolidated around the figure of Taksin Sinavatra, the former prime minister. He was overthrown by the military in 2006, but still enjoys the support of the popular majority he gained due to his economic policy aimed at improving the life conditions of the poor in periphery regions. The triumph of his parties in elections since 2001 caused the new power balance in politics traditionally viewed as a focal area of the political establishment – the representatives of the Bangkok upper and middle classes only. The marginalization of their position in the political system and the impossibility of coming to power through elections determined their integration into the anti-government movement, for the purpose of cancelling the representative democracy system that doesn’t meet the interests of the traditional political elite finding itself in a “minority” and unwilling to be under the reign of a “majority”. The deepening of the political crisis provoked the military into undertaking the coup d’&#233;tat in May 2014 and establishing an authoritarian regime, which ensured the accrescency of power for the traditional elite. Nevertheless, as the author concludes, the future political development of Thailand seems unclear. The power of military in cooperation with their civilian followers is unlikely to reconcile the society, split by class differences and political aspirations. The contemporary political development of Thailand reflects the situation when the “populace” doesn’t want just to remain under control any longer, and the “upper strata” refuses to be under the rule of the electoral majority. The main question raised today is not of the Taksin's destiny, but of an alternative for the Thailand's future political development – restricted democracy directed by upper classes, or representative democracy.
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Koldunova, E. V. "POLITICAL CRISIS AND SOCIAL PROTEST IN THAILAND." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-222-228.

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The article focuses on socio-political activism, main features of socio-political contradictions and the couses of the recent social protests in Thailand. Thailand has the longest democratic tradition among ther countries of South-east Asia. Yetbackin 1932 the country has changed the absoulute monarchy to a constitutional one. However in the XXth century Thailand had lived through more than five decades of authoritarianism. The number of military coupd'etats which took place in Thailand now equals to almost twenty. At the same time, despite such a long authoritarian rule the country witnessed the formation of various elements of civil society. In the second part of the XX century the student protests of 1973–1976 became the most vivid example of civic activism. The social protest in Thailand reached its most active phase in the first decade of this century when the country splitted into two camps – one of thes-o-called «Red Shirts» and Another One of the «Yellow Shirts». The «Red Shirts» supported billionere Thaksin Shinawatra, a Prime Minister of Thaialnd in 2001–2006. The «Yellow Shirts» opposed him. Thet women tioned camps created new social movements – «People's Alliance for Democracy» («Yellow Shirts») and «United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship» («Red Shirts»). Since 2006 Thailand has seen several stages of the development of the social protest. The most recent one starte din November 2013 and end edin May 2014 when after more than half a year of mass meetings in the country's capital Bangkok the military took power again.
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Mutalib, Hussain. "Second Annual Conference of the “ASEAN Muslim Social Scientists’ Forum”." American Journal of Islam and Society 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v5i2.2725.

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The Muslim Social Science Scholars’ Forum of ASEAN (Associationof Southeast Asian Nations) held its Second Meeting in Bangkok, Thailandfrom Mubrram 20-23, 1409lSeptember 1-4, 1988, under the auspices of theFoundation for Democracy and Development Studies. The theme for themeeting was “Muslim Scholars and Social Science Research,” aimed atdocumenting, discussing and analyzing the types of scholarship or researchthat have been done about Muslims in the Southeast Asian region, particularlywithin the ASEAN countries.A select group of Muslim social science scholars (together with someMuslim politicians) from the countries within ASEAN, except Brunei, wereinvited to the “Forum.” They included: Drs. Dawan Raharjo and NurcholisMajid, and Professor Moeslim (Indonesia), Drs. Surin Pitsuwan, SeneeMadmarn and Chaiwat (Thailand), Drs. Yusof Talib and Hussain Mutalib(Singapore), Professors Taib Osman and Wan Hashim and Umar Farouq(Malaysia), and Drs. Carmen Abubakar, Madale and Mastura (Philippines).All participants were either presenters of papers or discussants.Throughout the four-day deliberations, participants discussed the typesof studies and research that have been the focus of scholars studying Muslimcommunities in the ASEAN region. Some titles of papers included: “MuslimStudies in the Phillipines;” “Social Science Research in Thailand;” and “SocialScience Research in Malaysia: the Case of Islamic Resurgence.”Given the “closed-door” ‘nature of the meeting (participation was byinvitation only), there was adequate time for a more intensive, frank andthorough discussions of the papers. Problems and issues were aired and posed,and alternative options offered by participants. For every paper, there wasa discussant; hence, the issues that came out of the papers managed to beseen, discussed and appreciated from a more complete and balancedperspective.By and large, the Bangkok meeting was a successful one. Theapproximately twenty participants were generally pleased with the high qualityof papers presented and the sense of brotherhood that prevailed. The warmhospitality of the hosts from Thailand was also appreciated ...
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Chaiyasoonthorn, Wornchanok, and Watanyoo Suksa-ngiam. "The Diffusion and Adoption of Electronic Payment Systems in Bangkok." International Journal of E-Business Research 15, no. 2 (April 2019): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijebr.2019040106.

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This article aims to study the diffusion and adoption of electronic payment systems in Bangkok, Thailand. This study is a cross-sectional survey of 394 respondents who lived in Bangkok. This research employs Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) to answer two research questions: 1) How do the socio-economic classes of people show differences in the use of e-payment systems? and 2) What are significant factors driving customers to use e-payment systems? The findings show that user behavior has a positive correlation with personal income. Higher-income people tend to use electronic payment systems more than lower-income people. There is no relationship between areas and use behavior. Moreover, the research shows that adoption readiness, income, and internet banking positively influence use behavior significantly, while electronic money shows a significant negative relationship with use behavior. Education and age indirectly influence use behavior via personal income. The authors also addressed both theoretical and practical implications.
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Sattayathamrongthian, Mahachai, and Yingsak Vanpetch. "The consequence of logistics development toward economy and local community (the case of Bangkok, Thailand)." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124408014.

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This research was to define the Logistics Development Toward Economy and Local Community in the Urban Area around Bangkok Metropolitan, Thailand, Besides, observe the necessary planning, implementing, and monitoring.The appropriate analysis units are derived from the research questions and used to determine the data collection scope. Purposive sampling was used to select 28 Thai stakeholders and academics who influenced the planning, funding, construction, and monitoring of logistic infrastructure development in Thailand or those affected by logistic infrastructure in Thailand. The researchers designed semi-structured with open-ended questions. Besides, used in-depth interviewing and observation as instruments for data collection. Choosing 28 participants who understand road infrastructure planning, investments, construction, formulation, implementation, and monitoring of economic development strategies generated information-rich data, which was the study’s primary goal.Kanchanapisek road project prompts economic and social change by making the network’s association with the network, developing productsand ventures, incitement or speculation exercises, and the help of another foundation advancement example, schools, medical clinics. Transportation Foundation has, as of late, been credited for supporting different social administrations and giving admittance to schools, emergency clinics, and business places.Unfortunately, there are the issues disregarded, and hardly any endeavors have been made to decrease them.The policymakers should intercede to decrease every one of these effects and the methods for mediation that is generally attractive to create the most practical result in financial, social, and ecological terms.
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Viriyathorn, Shaheda, Mathudara Phaiyarom, Putthipanya Rueangsom, and Rapeepong Suphanchaimat. "Spatial Panel Data Analysis on the Relationship between Provincial Economic Status and Enrolment in the Social Security Scheme amongst Migrant Workers in Thailand, 2015–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010181.

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Background: Thailand has a large flow of migrants from neighbouring countries; however, the relationship between economic status at the provincial level and the insured status of migrants is still vague. This study aimed to examine the association between provincial economy and the coverage of the Social Security Scheme (SSS) for migrants. Methods: Time-series data were analysed. The units of analysis were 77 provinces during 2015–2018. Data were obtained from the Social Security Office (SSO). Spatiotemporal regression (Spatial Durbin model (SDM)) was applied. Results: Migrant workers were mostly concentrated in Greater Bangkok, the capital city and areas surrounding it, but SSS coverage was less than 50%. However, the ratio of insured migrants to all migrants seemed to have positive relationship with the provincial economy in SDM. The ratio of insured migrants to all migrants was enlarged in all regions outside Greater Bangkok with statistical significance. Conclusions: Low enforcement on employment law in some areas, particularly Greater Bangkok, can result in lesser SSS coverage. The provincial economic prosperity did not guarantee large SSS coverage. Interventions to ensure strict insurance enrolment are required.
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KERR, THOMAS, NADIA FAIRBAIRN, KANNA HAYASHI, PAISAN SUWANNAWONG, KARYN KAPLAN, RUTH ZHANG, and EVAN WOOD. "Difficulty accessing syringes and syringe borrowing among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand." Drug and Alcohol Review 29, no. 2 (July 8, 2009): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00093.x.

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Glassman, Jim. "“The Provinces Elect Governments, Bangkok Overthrows Them”: Urbanity, Class and Post-democracy in Thailand." Urban Studies 47, no. 6 (May 2010): 1301–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010362808.

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Urban social movements are often associated with what are considered ‘progressive’ causes and most activists involved in such movements are inclined to describe themselves in such terms. The Thai coup of September 2006 poses problems for any such easy identification. Although executed by the military, on behalf of royalist interests, the coup was supported by an array of primarily Bangkok-based and middle-class groups, many of them associated with organisations such as NGOs and state enterprise unions. Although some of these groups claimed anti-neo-liberal political orientations, their support for the coup effectively placed them on the side of forces opposed to quasi-Keynesian policies and in favour of specific forms of neo-liberalism—at least for Thai villagers. This paper explores this development by focusing on the Bangkok/upcountry and urban/rural divisions in Thai politics, which, although socially constructed, have taken on political substance, in part because of their grounding in regionally differentiated class structures.
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Phonthanukitithaworn, Chanchai, Chavis Ketkaew, and Phaninee Naruetharadhol. "Relevant Factors for Success as an Online Entrepreneur in Thailand." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401882175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821757.

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This research aims to study the success factors of an online entrepreneur. With the recent rapid growth of the online market for different goods and services, the need to investigate the business strategy of online entrepreneurs in specific markets such as in Thailand and extract relevant success factors is dire. The researcher collected data by using a seven-point Likert-type scale that measured the responses of 180 online businesses in Bangkok, Thailand. The study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for statistical analysis. The results indicated that the thirteen most relevant factors related to an online entrepreneur are ACO, EOU, government support, networking, risk-taking propensity, reliability, AFF, BIM, logistics and transportation, product quality, product price, advertising on social media and staff and employee.
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Liang, Xi Yao, and Renee Shiun Yee Chew. "Parent Emotional and Social Support for Child Adaptation: A Study of Chinese Preschoolers in Thailand." International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 13, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/int-jecse/v13i1.211012.

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In recent years, there has been various research on Chinese international students. This research aimed to understand Chinese parents’ consciousness of the difficulties Chinese children experienced and their coping strategies in Thailand. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with the parents was adopted. Participants were 9 Chinese families whose children aged 3 to 6 enrolled in a private international kindergarten located in Bangkok. Results revealed that interaction adjustment, school environment, and cultural adjustment are common difficulties encountered by Chinese mothers and children. Additionally, results showed that: extracurricular activities and frequent interaction with peers can help children reduce stress and accelerate adaptation.
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Evers, Hans-Dieter. "Trade and State Formation: Siam in the Early Bangkok Period." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 751–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009306.

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Though local and international trade is a main point on the agenda of any government and though economists build elaborate models around trade statistics, the social consequences of trade have hardly ever been explored in full by social scientists. This is particularly the case in Thailand where only a few studies of limited scope exist on traders, businessmen and markets. There is a reason for this lack of attention to trade. The series of post-war village studies, carried out mainly by anthropologists in isolated villages, stressed intra-village relations and neglected as a consequence larger networks of trade. The most important study on trade during that time was probably the work of Skinner (1962, 1967) on the Bangkok Chinese in which, however, ethnic relations rather than trade and business constituted the main theme of the study.
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Sirita, Udomsak. "Construction and Implications of Cannabis Discourse in Thailand’s Cannabis Legalization: A Comparative Study of English-language Traditional and New Media." Suranaree Journal of Social Science 16, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/aumo7803.

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Although news reports about cannabis legalization in Thailand were constructed on medical cannabis, several discourses were found in cannabis legalization in traditional and new media. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to examine how English-language texts were linguistically constructed to support or oppose Thailand’s cannabis legalization found in newspaper reports and posts on social media. This study is a qualitative research employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the main theoretical framework in which texts were analyzed by using a linguistic analysis tool. The finding suggests that cannabis is constructed as an economic crop, a national property protected for only Thais, a patient benefit, traditional medicine, and a normal thing in pro-movement found in both Bangkok Post Newspaper and Highland Network Page which discourses are related to economic, social, cultural, political, and scientific dimensions. Furthermore, cannabis represented as traditional medicine is an outstanding discourse found in Thai context, which is rarely found in previous studies. However, Highland Network Page tends to provide the only positive side of cannabis and cannabis legalization. Although the negative implications of cannabis were mostly found in Bangkok Post, anti-movement contents were not explicitly reported. The construction of cannabis discourse also reveals the movement of social actors such as patients and activists campaigning against hegemony, farmers in the unfair economic system, healthcare system problems, and stigmatized cannabis users in Thailand.
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Tonmitr, Nayatat. "Materials for Extension Low-Income Housing: The Case of Bang Bua Community in Bangkok, Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.218.

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Housing for the poor in Thailand in a period of a decade, Baan Mankong Programme (BMP) has been largely focused. This paper focuses on an architectural engineering point of view to explore the housing phenomena with its conversion as well as the usage of extension materials. Extension materials are clarified and made categorizations to unveil the trends of practical urban poor housing case, Bang Bua community in Bangkok, Thailand. Two types of extension were apparent which roof and wall extensions are. The imperative factors to be determined for the extension materials consist of easiness of affordability, easiness of installation, materials cost, durability of usage as well as social situation; safety for instance.
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Gozzoli, Pattarachit Choompol, Theerada Rongrat, and Roberto Bruno Gozzoli. "Design Thinking and Urban Community Development: East Bangkok." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074117.

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This research focuses on community development and ways in which community members can express their opinions and maintain well-being. However, in many contexts, these voices have been enfeebled through top-down approaches, lack of a concrete scenario, and attention to community problems, all of which are frequently associated with prejudices based on social status, education, or gender. For the first time within an urban context, the Ban Bu/Wat Suwannaram community in Bangkok, Thailand, has been given the opportunity to voice their opinions about the community, the direction it should take, and the overall improvement to be made, without the constriction of external authorities. This study applies design thinking, which despite being one of the major trends in business over the last couple of decades, is not generally used to address social issues. Since design thinking requires data collection and the creation of a model/prototype, two complementary procedures are employed. Firstly, the community is studied through observation and interviews, which helped creating a SWOT analysis to identify its potential and facilitate an informal discussion with members of the local community on the situation before urbanisation loosened community ties. After this initial stage, a prototype for various areas of community development is discussed in a community workshop to enable participants to offer their opinions on how the community could develop further. The results reveal the aspirations of the local community towards improving social and environmental issues.
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Wongphyat, Waricha. "A Proxemic Study of Waterfront Shophouses at the Hua Takhe Market, Bangkok, Thailand." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 16 (June 30, 2019): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj201916101118.

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Given that a physical environment is a manifestation of its socio-cultural context, this paper seeks to examine the development of the Hua Takhe settlement, the physical components of the community, the socio-spatial interconnection, and the spatial essences of the waterfront shophouses in relation to the ownership patterns. Based on field surveys, oral histories, and observations, the research employs Hall’s theory of space to extricate the anthropological aspects of the case studies. It is noted that different types of ownership, i.e. inherited and long-term rental, affect the physical and spatial transformations as well as the social proxemics of the shophouses. This paper concludes the intimate space, the intermediary space, the spaces in space, the dialogical space, and the communal space as the key components of the waterfront dwellings in the new context.
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Riyanto, Agus. "Prospects of Asean Legal Cooperation." Humaniora 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v7i1.3487.

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization in the countries of Southeast Asia established in Bangkok, Thailand, on August 8, 1967 (the Bangkok Declaration) by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. One form of cooperation that could further encourage the establishment of ASEAN's goal was legal cooperation. This was because, this cooperation could further strengthen cooperation in politics, economy, social and culture in Southeast Asia. This paper aimed to identify and learn how the real prospect of legal cooperation could be realized. Therefore, it should be known that areas of cooperation of the law which allows conducted cooperation among ASEAN countries use sectoral laws as an alternative legal cooperation. Method of this paper was comparative law in the ASEAN countries due to the countries in Southeast Asia have different legal systems. The result of this paper is the prospects of ASEAN legal cooperation is very open to be realized, because the settings are clear legal basis exists and regulated. Just to get to the realization of such cooperation, the ASEAN countries must have a strong political will to become solid cooperation.
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Kongsakon, R. "Quality of Life Among the Navies at Six Months After the Tsunami in Phang-NGA Naval Base, Phang-NGA Province, Thailand." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71487-7.

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Objective:This study aimed to identify the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among the navies or their spouses at 6 months after the tsunami disaster, to compare HRQOL with the 2006 Thailand normative data for Short Form - 36 (Bangkok)4.Method:A structured questionnaire modified from the 36-item Medical Outcome Study Short-Form Health Survey (MOS SF - 36), including demographic data, characteristics and amount of loss, social support, health information, and type of Tsunami exposure were recorded.Result:A total of 434 subjects participated in this study. Male was 77%. Married was 67%. Mean age was 33.56 ± 9.26 years old. The QOL scores among members of the Navy or their spouses were lower than the 2006 Thailand normative data (Bangkok) in almost all subscales except physical functioning, bodily pain, and social functioning. The major consequence of the Tsunami was mental health problems. A majority of the survivors who seriously experienced mental problems were female, low education, decreased income, loss of one's family members/loved ones, or property. Bodily pain was the only indicator subscale of QOL which was significant statistically associated with Tsunami exposure.Conclusion:The QOL measurement provided essential information that helped healthcare providers to identify survivors’ needs and outcomes. In addition, the changes in QOL over time after Tsunami disaster might be an effective guideline for health resources allocation. To improve their quality of life, these people required appropriate social support as well as physical and mental health care.
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Des Jarlais, Don C., Kachit Choopanya, Suphak Vanichseni, Patricia Friedmann, Suwanee Raktham, and Samuel R. Friedman. "High HIV Seroprevalence Epidemics among Injecting Drug Users; New York City and Bangkok." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700106.

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New York City, U.S.A., and Bangkok, Thailand, experienced two of the most important HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the world. The epidemic in New York was the first, and by far the largest, HIV epidemic among IDUs. The Bangkok epidemic was notable both for the rapidity of HIV transmission among IDUs and for demonstrating that HIV transmission could occur among IDUs in developing countries. Rapid HIV transmission among IDUs in both cities was followed by large-scale behavior change and stabilization of HIV seroprevalence at high levels. The stabilization of seroprevalence includes unacceptably high rates of continued HIV seroconversions—estimated to be 4 per 100 person-years at risk or greater in both cities. Recent additional HIV prevention efforts in both cities—long-term methadone maintenance treatment in Bangkok and legal access to sterile injection equipment in New York—indicate possibilities for father reducing HIV transmission among IDUs in the two cities.
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Alderton, Amanda, Kornsupha Nitvimol, Melanie Davern, Carl Higgs, Joana Correia, Iain Butterworth, and Hannah Badland. "Building Capacity in Monitoring Urban Liveability in Bangkok: Critical Success Factors and Reflections from a Multi-Sectoral, International Partnership." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147322.

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Cities are widely recognised as important settings for promoting health. Nonetheless, making cities more liveable and supportive of health and wellbeing remains a challenge. Decision-makers’ capacity to use urban health evidence to create more liveable cities is fundamental to achieving these goals. This paper describes an international partnership designed to build capacity in using liveability indicators aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and social determinants of health, in Bangkok, Thailand. The aim of this paper is to reflect on this partnership and outline factors critical to its success. Partners included the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, the UN Global Compact—Cities Programme, the Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, and urban scholars based at an Australian university. Numerous critical success factors were identified, including having a bilingual liaison and champion, establishment of two active working groups in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, and incorporating a six-month hand-over period. Other successful outcomes included contextualising liveability for diverse contexts, providing opportunities for reciprocal learning and knowledge exchange, and informing a major Bangkok strategic urban planning initiative. Future partnerships should consider the strategies identified here to maximise the success and longevity of capacity-building partnerships.
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Inagaki, Rika, and Motoyuki Nakaya. "Relationship Between Japanese Language Anxiety, Beliefs About Learning, and Language Use in Japanese Language Classes." European Journal of Educational Research 11, no. 3 (July 15, 2022): 1327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1327.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">This study examined the relationship between Japanese language (JL) anxiety, beliefs about JL learning, and the amount of JL used in JL classes. The participants in this study were 670 undergraduate students studying JL at the Institute of Technology in Bangkok, Thailand, as compulsory subjects. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis found that the amount of JL used by learners had a negative relationship with JL anxiety and a positive relationship with beliefs about JL learning and the amount of JL used by both native Thai and Japanese teachers. In addition, JL anxiety interacted with the amount of JL used by native Japanese teachers and beliefs about JL learning. JL teachers, especially native Japanese teachers, should attempt to reduce their learners' JL anxiety in order to maximize the effect of teachers’ JL use and learners’ beliefs and to support them in using JL more in classes.</p>
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NISHIZAKI, YOSHINORI. "Prostitution and Female Leadership in Rural Thailand: The Story of Phayao Province." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 6 (February 17, 2011): 1535–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000047.

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AbstractFor all the attention paid to the economic, social, and moral dimensions of prostitution in Thailand, no scholar has thus far conducted an empirical study of the relationship between the vice and political change in the countryside, where most sex workers come from. Using the case of Phayao Province in northern Thailand, I attempt to redress this lacuna. I show how rampant prostitution, the most acute social issue in Phayao, has ushered in the rise to power of one virtuous woman from an ethnic minority family—Ladawan Wongsriwong. Located on the economic and social margins of Thailand, many village families in Phayao traditionally relied on prostitution for income, causing a massive influx of young girls into the lucrative sex industry in Bangkok and abroad. In the 1990s, however, AIDS started taking a heavy toll on Phayao's small population. Against this backdrop, Ladawan emerged as a prominent female leader in the male-dominant rural society of Phayao by conducting an extensive issue-oriented campaign against prostitution. This case questions much of the literature on rural politics and female leadership in democratizing Southeast Asia that underestimates the importance of social issues.
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Nemoto, Tooru, Mariko Iwamoto, Usaneya Perngparn, Chitlada Areesantichai, Emiko Kamitani, and Maria Sakata. "HIV-related risk behaviors among kathoey (male-to-female transgender) sex workers in Bangkok, Thailand." AIDS Care 24, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.597709.

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TANSAWAT, Tithiwach, Kunihiro KISHI, Kasem CHOOCHARUKUL, and Kunnawee KANITPONG. "UNSATISFACTORY TRANSPORTATION AND ITS EFFECTS IN SOCIAL EXCLUSION: THE CASE OF THE ELDERLY IN BANGKOK, THAILAND." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management) 73, no. 5 (2017): I_723—I_733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejipm.73.i_723.

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Nemoto, Tooru, Mariko Iwamoto, Maria Sakata, Usaneya Perngparn, and Chitlada Areesantichai. "Social and cultural contexts of HIV risk behaviors among Thai female sex workers in Bangkok, Thailand." AIDS Care 25, no. 5 (October 22, 2012): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.726336.

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Kirby, Richard. "Fuller, T.D., Kamnuansilpa, P., Lightfoot, P. and Rathanamongkolmas, S. 1983: Migration and development in Modern Thailand. Bangkok: Social Science Association of Thailand." Progress in Human Geography 15, no. 1 (March 1991): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913259101500126.

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Nimmanunta, Kridsda, and Thunyarat (Bam) Amornpetchkul. "A Clampdown on Service Refusals by Bangkok Taxis." Asian Journal of Management Cases 16, no. 1 (March 2019): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820119825975.

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One of Bangkok’s most perennial problems was the misbehaviour of taxi drivers. In only 4 months, from October 2015 to January 2016, the Department of Land Transport under the Ministry of Transport (MOT) of Thailand received almost 15,000 complaints regarding the quality of services provided by Bangkok’s taxi drivers. The number one complaint was passenger refusal. Anybody taking a taxi, particularly during rush hour, was likely to get frustrated with some taxi drivers, who got flagged down but refused to go to the requested destinations. Several attempts had been made by the MOT to resolve the issue of taxi drivers refusing passengers, including imposing fines and suspending taxi drivers, allowing fare raise to improve taxi drivers’ well-being, hoping to provide higher quality services and to abide by the laws and regulations. So far, the results had been unsatisfactory. This case aims to show the beauty and usefulness of real options in real-world applications by looking at one of Bangkok’s most perennial problems of taxi drivers refusing passengers. A real option is a powerful framework for business, finance and economic decisions. Not only that, but it is also a versatile tool for resolving social issues.
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Marks, Danny. "An urban political ecology of Bangkok's awful traffic congestion." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 732–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23604.

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Urban political ecology (UPE) can contribute important insights to examine traffic congestion, a significant social and environmental problem underexplored in UPE. Specifically, by attending to power relations, the production of urban space, and cultural practices, UPE can help explain why traffic congestions arises and persists but also creates inequalities in terms of environmental impacts and mobility. Based on qualitative research conducted in 2018, the article applies a UPE framework to Bangkok, Thailand, which has some of the world's worst congestion in one of the world's most unequal countries. The city's largely unplanned and uneven development has made congestion worse in a number of ways. Further, the neglect of public transport, particularly the bus system, and the highest priority given to cars has exacerbated congestion but also reflects class interests as well as unequal power relations. Governance shortcomings, including fragmentation, institutional inertia, corruption, and frequent changes in leadership, have also severely hindered state actors to address congestion. However, due to the poor's limited power, solutions to congestion, are post-political and shaped by elite interests. Analyses of congestion need to consider how socio-political relations, discourses, and a city's materiality shape outcomes.Key Words: urban transport governance, Bangkok traffic congestion, urban political ecology, Thailand political economy, Bangkok's bus system
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