Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social conscience'

La conscience se définit comme la connaissance que chacun a de son existence et de celle du monde extérieur. Par extension, elle correspond à la représentation mentale claire qu'un individu peut se faire de la réalité d'une situation. Lorsque le monde extérieur prend les traits de l'environnement de travail et que les situations à appréhender relèvent de l'exécution du contrat y afférent, quelle peut être l'influence de la conscience ? Existe-t-il des limites quant à sa compatibilité avec l'accomplissement du travail ou avec le bon déroulement des relations sociales ? Cette thèse a pour objectif l'étude des différents "cas de conscience" au sein de l'entreprise, à travers le point de vue des différents acteurs concernés - employeurs, salariés, organisations syndicales et représentants du personnel, autorités administratives et organismes de protection sociale. Il s'agit de comprendre dans quelles types de situation la conscience, sous sa forme individuelle comme collective, a la possibilité de s'exprimer, voire de jouer un rôle. En outre, il convient de s'interroger sur l'appréhension - ou la non-appréhension - de ces manifestations de la conscience par le droit social interne, international et comparé. Si les contours de certaines occurrences de la conscience sont a priori cernés, à l'image notamment des droits d'alerte ou des clauses éponymes insérées parfois dans les contrats, l'encadrement d'autres déclinaisons, sans doute plus sensibles, demeure encore à construire
Consciousness can be defined as the knowledge of one’s existence and the outer world. By extension, it is someone’s clear mental picture of an actual situation and the ability of judging the morality of such a situation is called conscience. When the outer world is the work environment and when the actual situations to deal with are work-related, what could be the role of consciousness and conscience? Could they interfere with work duties or the conduct of good industrial relations? The purpose of this thesis is to study the “issues of conscience” within the corporation, in a broad sense, through the relevant stakeholders’ perspectives – including employers, administrative authorities, workers, trade unions, or even staff representatives – in order to know when individual and collective consciousness and conscience can have a legal impact. One should ask oneself about the existence of a statutory regime for those “issues of conscience” in domestic, comparative and international laws. Some manifestations of consciousness and conscience are already well known, such as whistleblowing or conscience clauses, but some others still need to be provided with a legal framework

Qu'est-ce que la télévision ? Cette question constitue l'axe de notre réflexion. Nous essayons de lui donner réponse de trois façons différentes, chacune d'elles correspondant à une partie de ce travail : le savoir, le media, la société. La première partie s'occupe des questions épistémologiques, elle vise notamment à définir l'objet d'étude - dont l'absence jusqu'à nos jours constitue une véritable lacune dans les discours sur la télévision, y compris dans les études spécialisées. Outre la vision naturalisant qui empêche la prise de recul par rapport à l'expérience ordinaire, la définition de la télévision comme objet d'étude se heurte au déterminisme technologique et au déterminisme sociologique : le premier exagère le pouvoir des medias et prétend que la télévision est la + cause ; de certains phénomènes sociaux ; le second, en revanche, abstrait complètement le media et se concentre sur les questions idéologiques du message. La définition de l'objet met en évidence à la fois l'aspect technique et l'aspect social de la télévision. A partir de là, deux développements parallèles se présentent : l'analyse de la dimension virtuelle ouverte par l'expérience médiatique et l'investigation des conditions qui ont permis l'expansion de cette expérience comme pratique sociale. Ces développements correspondent à la deuxième et a la troisième partie du travail, ou nous abordons la spécificité des medias dans l'univers de la technique, la signification de la télévision dans l'ensemble de l'évolution des medias, ainsi que la télévision comme formation de compromis entre le travail et le loisir. Ces deux démarches développent, chacune a sa façon, la thèse que la télévision est une simulation de la conscience. Cette formulation commune est due justement à notre préoccupation de ne pas perdre de vue l'unité de l'objet, en laissant un écart infranchissable entre ces deux registres de la télévision. Bref, il s'agit là de ce que l'on pourrait fixer comme l'objectif du présent travail : montrer la correspondance entre l'expression technique de la télévision et l'organisation sociale sous-jacente a la pratique de la télespectation.

This project sits within the field of popular culture, exploring the ways in which people read Terry Pratchett’s Discworld. The primary research objective was to ascertain whether political values encoded within the comedic text would be understood by its readers. An iterative mixed methods approach was used to gauge audience engagement. Of the potential audiences, there was an audience segment who rejected the text on generic (fantasy) grounds. Of those with a greater investment of time, in dramatic production, this led to resentment and a refusal to impute any significance to the text. Audiences of the productions who invested less time rejected the fantasy genre but accepted the significance of the text as they experienced it. Subsequent on-line research on the more engaged fan audience showed different levels of engagement. Among fans, there was a minority who enjoyed the text but rejected any real world significance. More often the fans described their Discworld favourites in terms that reflected a connection with their own lived experience. Specific themes emerged which were discussed in relation to the text: The accessibility of the comic protagonists is discussed in relation to models of masculinity in late modernity. Vimes was admired by all demographic groups, often as an aspirational figure, with 64% nominating him as a favourite. Transtextual relationships with the gothic articulate a female voice within the Discworld and shows how fans relate their own mortality to the Discworld character Death. The theme of personal social responsibility recurs in the Discworld and is discussed in relation to the macro level politics of terrorism and conflict. Discworld fans tended to be socially and politically active, the majority of the fan respondents felt that key socio-political themes were evident in the Discworld diegesis.

Scholars and civil society organizations have over the last decade referred to large-scale carbon sequestration TPPs as "carbon colonialism" (Carmody and Taylor, 2016) as well as a "development by dispossession" dressed in new clothing behind words such as climate change mitigation and development (Kröger, 2012). Concerns have been raised that the trade-offs from the implementation of industrial tree plantations (ITPs) may result in conflicting effects on countries' overall development (The Oakland Institute, 2019; Osborne, 2015; Nel & Hill, 2013). Moreover, NGO's and think tanks, such as FIAN (2012) and the Oakland Institute (2017, 2019), have released reports in which such tree planting projects are accused of displacing people and violating human rights (FIAN, 2012; The Oakland Institute, 2017, 2019; Carmody & Taylor, 2016).  This thesis explores the impacts of carbon forestry projects, emphasizing the impacts of ITPs on local livelihoods and their subsequent effects on development. Three dimensions have been chosen to limit the scope of this thesis: (1) food security; (2) access to land; and (3) employment & income. The thesis is conducted using a qualitative desk study and secondary analysis of two multiple case studies of Uganda and Mozambique. The findings presented suggest carbon forestry projects may negatively affect all three dimensions, ultimately affecting communities' sustainable development. The author recommends further research to evaluate the complex effects of carbon forestry projects.

What consciousness (awareness) do Northern Fair Trade coffee consumers have of Southern coffee producers and how do networks and social capital among consumers and Fair Trade promoters shape this consciousness? This study sought to answer these questions, based on a data analysis of semi-structured interviews of 20 coffee consumers, roasters, distributors, café owners, and baristas in Long Island, New York, augmented with documents from some key organizations in the Fair Trade (FT) coffee supply chain. This study is important because a conscious (aware) consumer of Fair Trade coffee products has the potential to make a substantial difference in the quality of life of the Global Southern coffee producer. Additionally, social capital concepts can help us better understand how this consciousness of FT coffee operates. Analyzing this data has shed light on the conscious coffee consumers' attitudes towards FT products, and FT coffee in Long Island specifically. Finally, this study has led me to a new and important research question that future research might address: how does the process of active participation in a FT-related social movement enable a coffee consumer to become more conscious of their connection to Global South's coffee producers? To explore this link further, an analysis of interviewees with a sample restricted to such movement participants -perhaps in a larger city - would be needed.
Ph. D.

Cette thèse propose une méthode de navigation fondée sur les risques, y compris à la fois la notion traditionnelle de risque de collision et la notion de risque de perturbation. Avec la demande croissante d'assistance à la mobilité personnelle et de la robotique de services mobiles, les robots et les gens doivent partager les mêmes espaces physiques et suivre les mêmes conventions sociales. Les robots doivent respecter les contraintes de proximité, mais aussi respecter les gens qui interagissent. Par exemple, ils ne doivent pas briser l'interaction entre les gens qui parlent, à moins que la tâche du robot est de prendre part à la conversation. Dans ce cas, il doit être en mesure de rejoindre le groupe à l'aide d'un comportement socialement adapté. Le système de navigation socialement conscient proposée dans cette thèse intègre à la fois l'évaluation d'un risque de collision en utilisant des modèles prédictifs d'obstacles mobiles, et une évaluation de conformité avec les conventions sociales. La gestion humaine de l'espace (espace personnel, o-espace, espace d'activité ...) inspirée de la sociologie et la littérature robotique sociale est intégré, mais aussi des modèles de comportement qui permettent au robot la realisation de une prédiction à moyen terme des positions de l'homme. Les résultats de la simulation et des expériences sur un fauteuil roulant robotisé donnent validite a la méthode en montrant que notre robot est capable de naviguer dans un environnement dynamique en évitant les collisions avec des obstacles et des personnes et, en même temps, en réduisant l'inconfort chez les personnes en respectant les espaces mentionnés ci-dessus
This thesis proposes a risk-based navigation method including both the traditional notion of risk of collision and the notion of risk of disturbance. With the growing demand of personal assistance to mobility and mobile service robotics, robots and people must share the same physical spaces and follow the same social conventions. Robots must respect proximity constraints but also respect people interacting. For example, they should not break interaction between people talking, unless the robot task is to take part in the conversation. In this case, it must be able to join the group using a socially adapted behavior. The socially-aware navigation system proposed in this thesis integrates both an assessment of a risk of collision using predictive models of moving obstacles, and an assessment of accordance with social conventions. Human management of space (personal space, o-space, activity space...) inspired from sociology and social robotics literature is integrated, but also models of behavior that enable the robot to make medium-term prediction of the human positions. Simulation and experimental results on a robotic wheelchair validate the method by showing that our robot is able to navigate in a dynamic environment avoiding collisions with obstacles and people and, at the same time, minimizing discomfort in people by respecting spaces mentioned above

Cette thèse prend pour point de départ l'ébauche de la recherche nouvelle dans laquelle se lança le sculpteur américain Isamu Noguchi (1904-1988), dès 1933. Elle a pour objectif essentiel de comprendre et d'analyser comment la production de l'artiste s'inscrit dans une tentative de définition de la sculpture publique dans la vie des hommes, et analyse les premières conceptions de monument de l'artiste, l'engagement politique de ce dernier, la situation de l'artiste durant les années de dépression et les concours auxquels il participa de 1936 à 1940; elle s'attache en outre au discours de Noguchi sur la réintegration des arts (1948-49) et prend en compte sa recherche d'une définition du loisir. Un chapitre est consacré aux collaborations de Noguchi avec des chorégraphes (Martha Graham, Ruth Page. . . ), et deux autres à l'écriture d'une autobiographie (1968) et a la création d'un musée monographique
This dissertation takes for its starting point the beginnings of the pursuits which the american sculptor Isamu Noguchi (1904-1988) undertook from 1933. The objective of the dissertation is to understand and analyze how the artist's production fits within a definition of public sculpture; it also analyzes the artist's first conceptions of the monument, his political commitment, the situation of the artist during the great depression, and the competitions in which he participated from 1936 to 1940. It investigates Noguchi's arguments concerning the reintegration of the arts (1948-49) and deals with his research into a definition of leisure (1950-56). One chapter is dedicated to noguchi's collaboration with choreographers (Martha Graham, Ruth Page. . . ), and two others to the writing of an autobiography (1968) and to the creation of a monographic museum (1985)

The academic literature has long noted the position of social entrepreneurship as an under-researched phenomenon. To contribute to the field of gender and social entrepreneurship effectively, this study approached social entrepreneurship as a process enacted within a wider social context which, like gender, was considered to be socially constructed. Whilst gender roles and the gendered division of labour have the potential to significantly, and negatively impact upon social entrepreneurial individuals, the practice of social entrepreneurship, and the development of social enterprise policy, these issues have not been sufficiently addressed in the emergent social enterprise and social entrepreneurship literature, and a substantial gap in knowledge and theory therefore persists. This thesis will make a contribution to knowledge by exploring the experiences of women social entrepreneurs operating in a variety of sectors, and in different locations across the UK, and applying a critical gender lens situated within a feminist theoretical framework within an under-researched context, that of UK-based social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. This thesis will offer theoretical contributions by advancing our understanding of the impact of gender of women’s social entrepreneurial activities in the UK, through an investigation of the dominant discourses of SE and SEship and their enabling and constraining effects, through the exploration of the women social entrepreneurs’ narrative construction of their social entrepreneurial identities, and their understandings of SE and SEship, and through an investigation of the effects of life experience on social entrepreneurial identity formation, and subsequent social enterprise establishment. As such, this thesis will contribute to the nascent gender and social entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the cumulative, and largely negative, effects of gender on women social entrepreneurs, and the ways in which gendered discourses, expectations, and stereotypes conspire with the ‘grand narrative of social entrepreneurship’ (Dey and Steyaert, 2010) to threaten women social entrepreneurs’ professional and organisational legitimacy. Furthermore, it contributes to the critical feminist entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating the applicability and transferability of critical feminist theory to the social entrepreneurial context, and the insight that such transfer offers into this emergent area of research. Finally, it contributes to the mainstream entrepreneurship literature through its exploration of the nexus of life experience, values/morality, and social entrepreneurial action, which demonstrates the fundamental way in which values and morality are situated within the women’s enactment of SEship through their SEs, and how these emerge as political responses to perceived injustices, in the form of (social) opportunity recognition, and are enacted as ‘ethical profit maximisation’.

Les situations de contact interpersonnel participeraient à la construction d’un sens basique du soi durant l’enfance, et de nos représentations de soi tout au long de la vie. Bien que l’on retrouve cette hypothèse de manière répandue dans la littérature, elle n’a été que très peu investigué expérimentalement. Cette thèse teste cet effet potentiel chez l’adulte. Deux études combinant mesures électrophysiologiques et comportementales montrent une augmentation d’une forme minimale de conscience de soi –des informations afférentes provenant du corps– suite à un contact social. Cet effet est reproduit dans 3 modalités sensorielles (contact social visuel, auditif et tactile). Une 3ème étude en magnétoencéphalographie teste l’effet d’un contexte de contact interpersonnel multisensoriel accru (vs réduit), entre un expérimentateur et des participants, sur la connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux cérébraux dits de repos, et sur le contenu des pensées des participants. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une augmentation des processus cérébraux et cognitifs orientés sur le soi sous une forme hautement intégrée, associée à une diminution des processus sensoriels orientés sur l’environnement extérieur, à la suite d’un contact social accru. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que le contact social améliore plusieurs facettes de la représentation de soi, aussi bien des aspects corporels, que des aspects plus haut-niveau et intégrés du soi narratif. Nos interactions sociales tout au long de la vie pourraient ainsi induire un contexte cérébral et cognitif centré sur un soi multifacette qui favoriserait la conscience de soi, et la construction d’un sens de l’identité incarné et situé
Situations of interpersonal contact could contribute to the construction of a basic sense of self during childhood and to self-representations through lifespan. Although this hypothesis is widespread in the literature, the effect of social contact on self-awareness has been rarely been investigated experimentally. The aim of this PhD thesis is to investigate such an effect in human adults. In two studies combining electrophysiological measurements and behavioural responses, we show an enhancement of a minimal form of self-awareness – i.e. of the afferent information arising from the body – following social contact. This is reproduced across three sensory modalities (visual, auditory and tactile social contact). In a third study, we use magnetoencephalography to test the effect of an increased (vs reduced) multisensory interpersonal contact context between an experimenter and participants, on the functional connectivity of resting-state networks and on the participants’ thought contents. Our results revealed an enhancement of self-oriented cognitive and brain processes in a highly integrated form, associated to a decrease in externally oriented sensory processes, as a result of the social context of increased interpersonal contact. Together, our results suggest that social contact enhances multiple facets of self-representation, including basic bodily aspects of a minimal self, as well as higher level and integrated aspects of a narrative self. Our social interactions throughout lifespan may thus induce a cerebral and cognitive context centred on a multifaceted self, which would foster self-awareness and the construction of an embodied and embedded sense of identity

This paper discusses ethical and legal arguments surrounding conscience-based objections and the corresponding refusal to treat in response to controversial medical procedures. The author unpacks the "right to conscientious refusal" into its component legal relationships and argues that proponents of conscientious objection in health care have inaccurately applied the freedom of conscience and religion. In this paper, the author canvasses various legal mechanisms for the protection of conscience in Canada. Opposed to the introduction of procedure-based "protection of conscience acts" and additional conscience clauses in Canadian legislation, the author argues that the exercise of conscience-based actions or more precisely, the refusal to act, is sufficiently and appropriately protected under the existing law in Canada.
Cette thèse traite des arguments éthiques et légaux qui entourent les objections de conscience et le refus de traiter dans le contexte des procédures médicales controversées. L'auteur délimite le droit de refuser de traiter dans son contexte légal et argumente que les partisans de l'objection consciencieuse qui œuvrent dans le domaine de la santé appliquent incorrectement la liberté de conscience et de religion. Dans cette thèse, l'auteur analyse de divers mécanismes pour la protection de la conscience au Canada. Opposée à l'introduction de « lois pourtant sur la protection de la conscience » qui sont procédurales et des clauses de conscience dans la législation canadienne, l'auteur argumente que l'exercice des actes fondés dans la conscience ou plus précisément, le refus d'agir, est suffisamment protégé par la loi existante au Canada.

Derriere les constats actuels d'anomie, de desagregation ou de 'revivalisme', se pose la question de ce qui peut etre aujourd'hui au fondement de la societe. Cette question classique, au coeur de l'investigation des peres fondateurs, trav plus ou moins de force, la reflexion sociologique aujourd'hui encore. A ce titre, elle constitue l'interrogation princip notre travail, celle-ci partant du postulat selon lequel l'idee de societe n'est pas vaine. Pour durkheim et weber, la q posee differemment par l'un et l'autre, est exclusivement ancree dans la societe moderne. Si chez durkheim, elle aboutit pallier l'anomie de cette societe, a reformuler une morale laique et rationnelle comme support d'integration et de cohes weber, elle conduit au constat de pathologie de la societe moderne. Ces auteurs nous permettent l'un et l'autre de preci question et constituent la condition d'une reflexion sur le lien social aujourd'hui. Ils ne permettent pas cependant de qui pourrait etre desormais au fondement de la societe. La sociologie contemporaine, a l'issue d'une oeuvre de specialis commencee dans l'apres seconde guerre mondiale, aborde, de maniere souvent adjacente, cette question du lien social. L'o de boltanski et thevenot sur les mecanismes de justification a retenu notre attention dans la mesure ou elle cherche a p certaines formes de justification, support de lien social. Une place preponderante est faite a la theorie de l'agir communicationnel de habermas tant elle rejoint notre interrogation. Apres avoir analyse les presupposes de cette theorie sont les concepts de raison pratique et d'espace public, et les questions du sens de weber, de l'autrui generalise de me monde commun de schutz, et de l'ethique communicationnelle de apel, nous avons expose comment cette theorie se deploie en redonnant force et sens d'une part a l'idee d'un concept de raison non reduit a la seule dimension cognitive-instrume d'autre part a l'idee de democratie lue comme participation de tous a une procedure deliberative et argumentative. Nous montrons ainsi comment le lien social s'opere par le biais de la rationalite communicationnelle qui a, outre le pouvoir l'action, celui de coordonner l'action par le principe meme d'une formation de la decision et d'un consensus par une dis fondee en raison et une procedure intersubjective, acquerant par la-meme une effective capacite d'integration et de cohe
Beyond the anomie, disintegration and "revivalism" that are so frequently observed today is the question of what actuall the foundation of contemporary society. This classical question, at the very heart of the work of sociology's founding f occupy a more or less significant place in the sociological thinking of our time. In that it does, it has provided the p investigation for the present study, which is based on the assumption that the concept of society is not a vain one. For durkheim and weber, the question was rooted, albeit differently by each of them, in modern society. Durkheim, who viewed modern society's principal caracteristic, came to conceive a rational, lay morality as the underpinnings for integration weber, on the other hand, arrived at a conclusion articulated in terms of the pathology of modern society. But while the authors help us to focus our inquiry more sharply and provide the basis on which to reflect upon today's social bonds, t to identify what will henceforth function as the foundation of society. Coming in the wake of the work in specialized fi in the post world war ii period, contemporary sociology has not ignored the matter of social bonds, even though it has o tangentially. Boltanski and thevenot's work on the various mecanisms of justification pays considerable attention. They approximate our work through their attempts to identify certain forms of justification as the basis for social bonding. Present study is devoted to the work of habermas. After analyzing the presuppositions of these theory of communicational namely the concept of practical reason and of public space, the weber's work on meaning, mead's work on the other, schut common world and apel's work on a communicational ethic, we proceed to demonstrate how communicational interaction gives meaning to both a rather broad concept of reason (one not reduced to its mere cognitive-instrumental dimension) and a id taken to mean the participation of all concerned in a process of deliberation and argumentation. We attempt to show in t social bonding functions by means of a communicational rationality which possesses, in addition to its capacity to lead power to coordinate action by virtue of the very nature of the decision making process and the consensus obtained throug based on reason and intersubjective exchange. Social bonding thereby acquires its ability to integrate and knit together

This thesis considers the character and development of clerical social criticism in England between c.1540 and c.1640. It draws principally on a number of sermons and treatises that offered critiques of the prevailing structures of wealth and power or exhortations to the fulfilment of charitable obligation. The paradigm through which these texts were constructed was that of ‘complaint’, a genre that was particularly vibrant in medieval discourse and in the sermons and ‘commonwealth’ tracts of the 1540s. It will be argued that rather than eschewing this tradition, late sixteenth-century preachers appropriated and refashioned its structures, themes and authorial positioning in response to far reaching economic, social and religious change. Particular aspects of socio-economic change, and of their effects on the clergy in particular, are examined in the introduction. Among the themes that are particularly germane to this thesis are the history of the enclosure movement; increasing commercialisation; and changing attitudes towards the poor. The first chapter assembles a number of printed texts in order to re-examine the trajectory of clerical complaint literature in the context of these developments. The second chapter considers the potential for social and political criticism in sermons preached at the county assizes, a sub-genre of ‘occasional’ sermons that until recently has received little attention from literary scholars or historians. The latter half of the thesis offers three case studies of selected sermons by three different authors. The intention of these chapters is primarily to examine the interaction between a text and its particular local context, although attention is also paid to broader social, political and discursive developments that help shed light on the historical meaning of these sermons. It is thus hoped that this study will contribute particularly to the ongoing interdisciplinary work of ‘contextualising’ the early modern English sermon and of reconstructing the role and status of the parish minister. Rather than a ‘voice in the wilderness’, it is concluded, the clerical moralist was an active agent in the discursive interpretation of economic change, and in the fashioning and communication of the reputation of powerful individuals.

Syftet med studien var att utforska socialarbetares upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad samvetsstress. Vi ville identifiera vad samvetsstress kan vara för yrkesgruppen socialarbetare vars arbetsuppgift innefattar myndighetsutövning och vad i arbetet som orsakar samvetsstress. Sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med socialarbetare vars yrke innefattar myndighetsutövning. Resultatet visar att samtliga intervjupersoner upplever samvetsstress när de beskriver sig ha svårt att hantera sitt dåliga samvete och att detta leder till negativa psykiska och fysiska stressymptom. Intervjupersonerna beskriver dock upplevelsen av samvetsstress i olika grad vilka kategoriserades: ständig närvaro av samvetsstress, närvaro av samvetsstress i vissa situationer samt medveten bortträngning av samvetsstress. Resultatet visar vidare att samvetsstress kan skapas av de krav och förväntningar som organisationen, brukare och anhöriga samt socialarbetaren själv har om de upplevs som övermäktiga och motstridiga. Vår studie indikerar på ett behov av vidare forskning om samvetsstress hos socialarbetare.
The purpose of our study was to examine the experience of work-related stress of conscience within social workers. We aimed to identify what stress of conscience is for the professional group social workers, whose work include exercise of public authority, and what specifically causes stress of conscience in their work. We conducted six qualitative interviews with social workers whose profession includes exercise of public authority. The result shows that all the respondents experience stress of conscience as they describe themselves having difficulties to cope with their bad conscience, thus leading to negative stress symptoms, both mentally and physically. The interviewees described, however, the experience of stress of conscience in various degrees which were categorized: constant presence of stress of conscience, presence of stress of conscience in specific situations, and conscious suppression of stress of conscious. The result further shows that stress of conscious can be created by the demands and expectations that the organisation, clients and their relatives, as well as the social workers have, if they are experienced as overwhelming and conflicting. Our study indicates that there is a need for further research regarding stress of conscience within social workers.

Fairtrade is a trading partnership which contributes to sustainable development by offering better conditions while safeguarding the rights of marginalised producers in the global South. This study presents a grounded theory of consumer purchase decision making in the context of Fairtrade. This thesis has identified the consumers' main concern to be the Demands of Conscience when faced with the choice of buying Fairtrade products, and presents the emergent grounded theory of Reconciling Demands of Conscience which explains conceptually the means by which consumers process this concern. The emergent process of ' Reconciling Demands of Conscience' is conceptualised as consisting of the four distinct stages of Comfort Zoning, Evaluating, Acting and Reflecting, with an experiential feedback loop from the purchase outcomes which could affect subsequent purchase decisions. This study also conceptualises consumer behaviour as mutable as a result of external or internal influences. Furthermore, five emergent behavioural types of Supporting and Committed, Supporting but Vacillating, Questioning but Supporting, Sceptical, and Cynical are presented on a behavioural continuum and the concept of Behavioural Mutability as emerged from the data, which explicates the potential for behavioural change within these five behavioural groups is proposed. The theory has been developed employing the complete gamut of classic grounded theory procedures and is based on seventy one-to-one, in-depth interviews, and observations with an eclectic mix of consumers. These interviews were further augmented by having respondents provide till receipts so as to identify any difference between stated and actual behaviour. The theory contributes to the extant fair trade consumer behaviour literature by explaining the significance of behavioural nuances involved in the consumer's purchase decision making, highlighting some important considerations for fair trade academics and practitioners. Furthermore, the theory of Reconciling Demands of Conscience, because of its conceptual nature also demonstrates relevance outwith its substantive area. Most notably, offering contributions to current research on attitude-behaviour discrepancy in ethical consumer behaviour, guilt coping mechanisms, and to ethical decision making literature by offering a conceptual explanation of consumer purchase behaviour when faced with an ethical option.

Thesis advisor: Christopher J. Kelly
This dissertation is an attempt to elucidate Jean-Jacques Rousseau's answer to the question "why keep a promise?" with the aim of answering the more particular political question of why one should keep the social contract. I begin by explicating Rousseau's arguments against natural law in order to demonstrate why the theme of promises is so important for his political thought. Rousseau rejects the position that natural moral inequalities among people dictate who should rule and who should be ruled. Like other modern political thinkers, he maintains that political right derives from each citizen's signing of the social contract. But unlike some other modern thinkers, Rousseau denies that the self-interest of each individual is sufficient motivation for keeping that contract. Moreover, he argues that one who is merely self-interested and who makes promises "only for profit" will "set himself in contradiction with himself." I show the nature and causes of this contradiction in the soul. But although self-interested, deceitful promises cause one to come into contradiction with oneself, Rousseau does not believe that even awareness of this fact can sufficiently motivate people to give up the desire for what can be gained by deception. I therefore turn to the question of what can provide this motivation. I first examine Rousseau's understanding of moral freedom, virtue, and the conscience. I find that virtue is constituted by the commands of reason and the conscience, and that the conscience is formed out of well-ordered sentiments. Having these sentiments and the strength of soul necessary for virtue can make a person keep his promises and avoid coming into contradiction with himself. But most people lack this strength of soul, and therefore belief in a providential God is needed in order for them to be just. I then show how the faith of Rousseau's Savoyard Vicar is capable of providing sanctity to the social contract by allowing for the civic-minded appropriation of what Rousseau calls "the language of sign."
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science

This research investigates the changes in the operations of CHSs (Christian health services) in developing countries, particularly their funding bases, relationships with their respective governments, and the extent to which these have resulted in changes to the socioeconomic characteristics of their users. Three main areas of study are woven together: the history of medical mission, health service management and its response to the pressures of the last half-century, and the role of non-state providers in a comprehensive health care system. Evidence was assembled from interviews with officials of twelve UK based mission organisations, a survey of CHSs in thirteen countries, and case studies of CHS provision in Malawi and India based mainly on extensive interviews with selected stakeholders. The research confirmed that funds received by CHSs from mission organisations have declined and are now more often in the form of project funding. CHSs have, for the most part, continued to provide services for the poor in a variety of ways: first, by providing low cost services; second, by developing hi-tech tertiary services, the profits from which subsidise services for the poor; and third, by working more collaboratively with governments, for which they receive varying degrees of financial and other support.

A presente dissertação consiste em uma pesquisa descritiva, em forma de um estudo de caso, que tem como questão norteadora a representação social que os alunos da Escola de Administração (EA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) fazem de quem é o administrador, considerando os fundamentos da ação ética, implicando na distinção necessária, no que tange aos fins, entre práxis e atividade. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo sobre os principais conceitos da Teoria das Representações Sociais, delineado o contexto do surgimento do profissional e do Curso de Graduação em Administração no Brasil, para, então, se deter na reflexão sobre a conduta ética, existencialmente fundada na práxis e no exercício da consciência crítica. Os elementos para a análise foram obtidos através de observação, da formulação e distribuição de questionários para alunos da EA/UFRGS, assim como a realização de um Grupo Focal com alunos pertencentes a grupos de liderança da instituição supracitada. Para a análise dos dados, a metodologia escolhida foi a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa são divididos em dois quadros - um quadro destinado à análise dos questionários e outro para a análise do Grupo Focal - com categorizações. O quadro de categorias derivadas da análise dos questionários é apresentado em três partes: treze categorias iniciais, posteriormente reagrupadas em seis categorias intermediárias e, por último, sintetizadas em duas categorias finais. Em relação ao Grupo Focal, a análise é mostrada em duas partes: seis categorias iniciais e duas finais. Os resultados da análise permitiram mostrar os desafios para o futuro administrador, e a relação entre o desempenho de sua atividade profissional com a sua formação universitária.
The present work consists in a descriptive research, as a case study, and has as main purpose the social representation of the administrator (business person) to students from the School of Administration (EA) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), regarding such aspects as ethical action, the praxis and activity. Thus, it has been done a presentation of the Social Representation Theory, from the context of the emergence of the professional together with the Business Administration course in Brazil, and finally, from the ethical conduct, praxis, and the critical awareness. The elements for the analysis were collected through the formulation and distribution of questionnaires to students in the EA/UFRGS, and holding a Focus Group along with students that belong to leadership groups of the institution said. For data analysis, the chosen methodology was the analysis of content. The results obtained from the survey are divided into two charts - one chart assigned to questionnaire analysis and the other one to the Focus Group analysis - with categorization. The chart created from the questionnaire analysis is presented in three parts: thirteen starting categories, later on reorganized in six intermediate categories and, finally, summarized into two final categories. Regarding the Focus Group, the analysis is shown in two parts: six starting categories and two final categories. The results from the analysis allowed to show the challenges for the future administrator, and the relationship between the performance of his career along with his university knowledge.

This thesis explores the interaction between business and the system of taxation in Greece, from the mid-1950s to the late-1980s. The key finding is that the system of taxation was one of the components of the Greek economic environment that was posing difficulties to business and was perceived by entrepreneurs as an obstacle to their activities. The issues explored are a series of administrative weaknesses of the system, such as the insufficient organisation and bureaucratic rigidities of the tax services, the complexity and constant alterations of the tax laws, but also the problematic relations with the tax officers, who were often accused to be lacking in training, arbitrary in their decisions and sometimes also corrupt. This study contributes to the current debates about the Greek economy and the causes of the crisis affecting the country. In this respect, it also throws light on the big issue of tax evasion burdening the country’s fiscal system. However, the research also belongs to the wider literature examining entrepreneurship from a business history perspective, to that focusing on the relation between entrepreneurship and institutions, to the debates regarding the ways entrepreneurship is affected by the socio-political and economic environment but also to institutional analyses about taxation. The thesis comprises of an introductory chapter, five main chapters and a conclusion. The introductory chapter presents the topic and its importance and analyses the theoretical basis on which the study is sustained. It also refers to the primary sources and the secondary material used in the thesis. The first one of the main chapters offers key information about the system of taxation, the political system and the system of public administration in Greece. The next four chapters examine disadvantages of the tax system such as the complexity of legislation and the insufficient organisation of the tax services, presenting also entrepreneurs’ perceptions about the effects of such disadvantages. The analysis also presents the voices of other parts of society, such as politicians, tax professionals and ordinary citizens, with regards to such disadvantages and the broader dysfunctionality of the tax system. The conclusion chapter suggests a series of possible reforms that could be implemented in order to improve the functioning of the tax system today. It also analyses the ways in which this thesis contributes to Greek historiography, to institutional analyses about taxation, but also to the literature concerning the interaction between institutions and entrepreneurship and more precisely, the interaction between entrepreneurship and taxation.

Caterina Percoto, auteure de nouvelles champêtres, est née et a passé l'essentiel de sa vie à San Lorenzo di Soleschiano, village du Frioul, à un moment crucial de l'histoire de l'Italie, le Risorgimento, qui aboutit à l'unification italienne. L'objet de cette thèse est de faire découvrir, à travers sa biographie et son oeuvre, cette écrivaine qui reste encore largement méconnue en dehors de sa région d'origine, en la replaçant en particulier dans le contexte historique du Risorgimento. Dans une première partie, les éléments proposés pour une biographie de Caterina Percoto permettent d'éclairer sa personnalité et son oeuvre. Il s'agit en particulier de montrer la tension constante entre les aspirations de cette femme au tempérament rebelle et les contraintes sociales, familiales et matérielles qui s'y opposent. La prise de conscience précoce de la condition subalterne de la femme, la nécessité de vivre à la campagne et de gérer la propriété agricole familiale, la rencontre avec les milieux libéraux et patriotes du Royaume de Lombardie-Vénétie, sont autant d'éléments qui trouvent une résonance dans son oeuvre. Dans une deuxième partie, l'étude des nouvelles italiennes de Caterina Percoto, met en évidence l'attention portée aux problématiques de son époque et l'engagement de l'écrivaine dans l'élaboration d'une nouvelle société italienne. Son oeuvre reflète en effet sa prise de position pour une réforme sociale qui conduise à une société plus juste et solidaire, intégrant dignement tous ses membres, femmes et paysans inclus, ainsi que sa dénonciation de la domination autrichienne dans la Péninsule et sa revendication patriotique d'un État italien indépendant et unitaire
Caterina Percoto, writer of countryside short stories, was born and spent most of her life in San Lorenzo di Soleschiano, a village of Frioul, at an essential moment in the history of Italy, the Risorgimento, which resulted in the Italian unification. The purpose of this thesis is, through her biography and works, to make discover this writer who remains largely unknown out of her region of origin, notably with placing her back in the historical context of the Risorgimento. First, the elements proposed for Caterina Percoto's biography enable us to highlight her personality and works. The purpose is more specifically to show the constant tension between the aspirations of this reckless woman and the social, family, and material constraints which stand in opposition. The early awareness of the inferior position of women, the necessity to live in the countryside and manage the family farm, her meeting with the liberal and patriotic circles of the Lonbardy-Venetia Kingdom, all these elements find an echo in her works. Second, studying Caterina Percoto's Italian short stories draws attention to the great issues of her time and the commitment of this writer in creating a new Italian society. Indeed her works reveal her engagement in favour of a social reform which would end up in a society with more justice and solidarity, a society where all members, peasants and women included, would stand together with dignity. But they also illustrate her denouncing of Austrian dominion over the Peninsula and her patriotic claim for an independent and united Italian state

L’étude qui s’ouvre se propose d’explorer, de définir et de valider une question d’un grand intérêt épistémologique transdisciplinaire, celui de l’existence des rôles, de la conscience de rôle et des relations de rôles. Elle veut donner un statut et une fonction à cette notion de rôle pour les sciences humaines, cela en prêtant attention aux évolutions de ces rôles au cours des derniers siècles. Partant de l’idée que nous sommes toujours en rôle, qu’il n’y a pas d’hors-rôle possible, que la rencontre intersubjective se fait toujours à travers des rôles, transitoires ou pérennes, cette recherche veut voir les aspects positifs et structurants, et aussi ses écueils, autant pour l’individu que pour le corps social, de ce système ou dispositif des rôles. La constitution de ces rôles et de leurs contenus réalise en effet un dispositif médiateur d’une importance particulière, définissant selon diverses modalités les attentes et accords que nous avons les uns vis-à-vis des autres, régulant l’organisation des liens et des tâches. Nous verrons comment les rôles se constituent, s’édifient, se redéfinissent et se réinventent constamment. Cette question du partage des rôles et de l’adhésion de chacun aux rôles, éventuelle et toujours problématique, doit être pensée dans la perspective du vivant. Un regard phylogénétique permet d’inscrire la formation du système des rôles comme une nécessité du vivant : pour confirmer cette thèse, on a eu recours non seulement à l’observation du monde animal mais on a voulu considérer également l’hypothèse de la néoténie humaine. S’approchant des implications psychologiques et psychopathologiques de la question, il revient à cette recherche d’explorer les différentes manières et modalités par lesquelles on se rapporte aux rôles. Sommes-nous toujours conscients du fait que nous occupons un ou plusieurs rôles et que c’est à nous d’en élaborer ou concevoir le cahier de charge ? Comment et pourquoi y adhérer ? C’est à partir de ces questions que s’est imposée l’analyse de la désinvolture, attitude qui porte la marque d’une légèreté ou négligence dans l’engagement et l’investissement de ces rôles que chacun s’est assigné d’occuper : par cette légèreté, par des impensées ou des négligences, faute d’une conscience de rôle pas ou peu élaborée, l’individu est souvent amené à échouer dans son rôle, à le manquer, sans lui restituer de réponses de substitutions. Une analyse anthropo-phénoménologique de la désinvolture montrera comment cette attitude, très proche de l’immaturité au point d’en être, dans certains cas, considérée comme une ultime manifestation, est présente, de manières différentes, aussi dans divers contextes pathologiques (personnalités pathologiques ou parfois pathologies véritables) soit par excès ou par défaut (chez le Typus Melancolicus, la désinvolture est totalement absente). Entre normalité et pathologies (pathopsychologiques aussi bien que pathoéducatives), le statut de la désinvolture est complexe car cette attitude est également associée à de nombreuses transgressions, que ce soit volontairement ou involontairement, par les nombreux impensés de rôle qui la caractérisent : le domaine de la sécurité routière exprime bien la dynamique désinvolte par le grand nombre de fautes d’imprudences, imprévoyances, inconséquences ou négligences ressortissant à ce registre des comportements désinvoltes. L’étude des liens entre désinvolture et transgressions alimente ainsi l’analyse formelle de la transgression (transgressologie générale). Une transgressologie générale se doit de mettre en évidence les modalités et raisons primaires de ces transgressions, quels que soient les accords préalables et la nature de ce qui est transgressé
This study aims to explore, define and validate a topic of great epistemological transdisciplinary interest, which is the existence of roles (anthropological, emotional and social roles), the role-consciousness and the role relationships. Indeed, the study aims to provide a status and a function to the notion of role for the human sciences, paying attention to the evolution of roles over the latest centuries. Taking into the account that we are always in the role (thrown to roles), the out-role is not possible, the inter-meeting is carried out through transient or everlasting roles, this research aims to consider its positive and its structuring aspects but also its obstacles, both referred to the individual and the social body. In fact, the establishment of roles and their contents outlines a particularly important mediator device, defining, in different ways, expectations and agreements that might have both elements, adjusting the organization of ties (benefits, obligations and constraints) and tasks. We will analyze whether this system of roles allows a limitation of the conflicts and an optimization of ergonomic or emotional subdivision, whether these roles can receive adaptations, redefinitions and necessary modulations. We will see how the roles are constantly built, redefined and reinvented. The issue of the partition of roles and the compliance of each person to his own role, if any and always problematic, must be analyzed from the living perspective. A phylogenetic perspective allows us to look at the formation of the system of roles as one of the living necessities: to confirm this thesis, we have observed not only the animal world, but we have also considered the possibility of human neoteny.Approaching the psychological and psychopathological implications of the matter, the task of this research is to explore the different ways by which we relate to the roles. Are we always aware of the fact we play one or more roles, and that we are in charge of elaborating the relevant tasks? How and why to join them? Starting from these questions, an analysis on nonchalance has emerged. The nonchalance, also defined as ease or calmness, is the attitude of carelessness or negligence in the commitment and investment of the roles that each person has chosen to play: through this carelessness or negligence, through what has not been thought (or evaluated) the individual is often led to fail in his role, to miss it, without giving him alternative answers. This happens due to a little or not elaborate role-consciousness. An anthropological-phenomenological analysis will show how this attitude of nonchalance - very close to immaturity to the point of being considered, in some cases, as a last manifestation of immaturity - is present in a different ways, also in various pathological contexts (pathological personality or sometimes true pathologies), both for defect and for excess (the Typus melancolicus does not express nonchalance at all).Stuck between normality and pathology, the status of nonchalance is complex since this attitude is associated with numerous voluntary or involuntary transgressions, due to the many aspects that have not been previously taken into account and that characterize it: the field of road safety shows the ease dynamic works, because of the many errors committed by imprudence, improvidence, incoherence or negligence that belong to the register of nonchalant behavior. The study of the links between confidence and transgressions feeds the formal analysis of the transgression (General transgressology). A general trasngressology has the task of highlighting the mode and the primary reasons for these transgressions, whatever the agreement and nature of what has been transgressed is

Background This thesis was part of the research programme ‘Stress of Conscience and Burnout among Healthcare Personnel in Elderly Care’ at Umeå University. Relationships have been found between stress of conscience, perception of conscience, burnout, and social support. No longitudinal studies investigating these relationships have been performed previously, thus it was not known how these relationships develop over time. Neither was it known how stress of conscience and other phenomena of importance might vary between organisations because no comparative studies have been performed. It seems important to organize the care of older people in such a way that healthcare personnel can stay healthy at their workplace, especially because the aging population is expected to grow. Studies have shown that stress of conscience is associated with the well being of healthcare personnel and the quality of care they provide. In order to develop measures against stress of conscience, it seems important to gain a deeper understanding of the aspects in daily work that can generate troubled conscience among healthcare personnel.   Aim The overall aim of this thesis was to describe, compare, and investigate longitudinal relationships between stress of conscience, perceptions of conscience, burnout, social support and person-centred care among healthcare personnel working in two different organisations for residential care of older people. Furthermore, the aim was to deepen the understanding of some aspects of importance that generate troubled conscience at each of the two organisations. Based on the emerging knowledge from the research programme and the results from studies І and ІІ, important aspects that can generate troubled conscience among healthcare personnel were shown to be working with guidelines and working during times of downsizing and reorganisation. Methods Studies Ι and ΙΙ took quantitative approaches with a longitudinal design (Ι) and a cross-sectional design (ΙΙ), while studies ΙΙΙ and IV were based on a qualitative approach. In study Ι, the participants were healthcare personnel working in an organisation for residential care of older people with a public mode of operation located in a small town in northern Sweden (baseline n = 488, follow-up n = 277). In study ΙΙ, the participants were healthcare personnel working in two different organisations chosen to be as different from each other as possible regarding their characteristics. In this study, an organisation with a private mode of operation and located in a large city in the south of Sweden (n = 98) was compared to the baseline data from the publically run organisation from the small town in study Ι (n = 488). In studies ΙΙΙ (n = 8) and IV (n = 7), the participants were care providers working at the same public organisation (ΙΙΙ) and private organisation (IV) as in studies Ι and ΙΙ. Quantitative data were analysed using partial least square regression with jack-knife approximate t-tests, hierarchical cluster analysis with multiscale bootstrap resampling, descriptive statistics, hypotheses tests, effect size measures, and confidence intervals. Qualitative data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results The main results showed that the healthcare personnel reported higher levels of stress of conscience than have been reported in other studies. Perceiving one’s conscience as a burden, having high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and noticing disturbing conflicts between co-workers were positively associated with stress of conscience. Associations between stress of conscience and perceiving one’s conscience as a burden and burnout were similar among healthcare personnel despite the differences in the characteristics of the organisations they worked in. Women reported higher levels of stress of conscience and less social support from their co-workers compared to men. This thesis also provides new insights about how working according to guidelines and during times of downsizing and reorganisation can be burdensome issues for care providers and can generate troubled conscience. An overall understanding of care providers experiences of guidelines in daily work was revealed as struggling to do their best; prioritising between arcane guidelines while keeping the residents’ needs in the foreground.  They described experiences that guidelines were coming from above, were controlling and not sufficiently anchored at their workplace. They also described guidelines as stealing time from residents, colliding with each other, lacking practical use and complicating care, and challenging their judgment. An overall understanding of care providers’ experiences of working  during times of downsizing and reorganisation was revealed as perceiving oneself as pinioned in between current circumstances to provide care and what one’s conscience conveyed. They perceived loss of good management, changed working conditions as exhausting and activating their conscience. They also expressed how they perceived troubled conscience when working conditions decreased the quality of care. Conclusion The results is reflected on in relation to a nursing care model as it seems important to understand the results from a society- and organizational perspective as well as from an individual perspective. The results of the thesis show that it is important to provide healthcare personnel with opportunities to follow and express what their conscience tells them at their workplace in order to buffer the effects of stress of conscience. Support, knowledge, involvement, time, and additional resources are key issues that can help care providers to work more constructively with guidelines in their daily practice. The results show that in times of downsizing and reorganisation it is important to exercise leadership that promotes care providers’ feelings of involvement, security, and togetherness in order to relieve some of the healthcare personnel’s burdensome experiences. An overall understanding of the results is that it seems important to organize the residential care of older people in such a way that registered nurses and leaders are able to be present in healthcare personnel’s daily practice. Healthcare personnel need attendant and supportive leaders who can help them to solve various forms of work-related problems and to help them make priorities in the daily care of residents. This seems important regardless of whether the priorities are between guidelines and residents’ needs or a consequence of an increasingly stressful work environment during times of downsizing and reorganisation. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the importance of gender in relation to stress of conscience and if different kinds of support are needed for women than for men in order to buffer the effects of stress of conscience. Finally, more longitudinal multilevel studies are needed in order to investigate how organisations’ characteristics and organisational changes affect healthcare personnel’s levels of stress of conscience.
Bakgrund Denna avhandling var en del av forskningsprojektet ”Samvetsstress och utbrändhet bland personal inom äldreomsorg”, vid Umeå universitet. Resultat har visat att det finns samband mellan samvetsstress, syn på samvete, utbrändhet och socialt stöd. Inga longitudinella studier som undersöker dessa samband har utförts tidigare och därför är det inte känt hur dessa samband kan utvecklas över tid. Det är inte heller känt hur samvetsstress och andra betydelsefulla fenomen kan variera mellan organisationer eftersom jämförande studier saknas. Det är viktigt att organisera vården av äldre personer på ett sådant sätt att vårdpersonal kan hålla sig friska på sina arbetsplatser, i synnerhet med tanke på att andelen äldre i befolkningen förväntas öka. Studier har visat att samvetsstress är relaterat med vårdpersonalens välbefinnande och kvaliteten på den vård de tillhandahåller. För att utveckla åtgärder mot samvetsstress är det viktigt att få en djupare förståelse om aspekter i det dagliga arbetet som kan generera dåligt samvete hos vårdpersonal. SyfteDet övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att beskriva, jämföra och undersöka longitudinella samband mellan samvetsstress, syn på samvete, utbrändhet, socialt stöd och personcentrerad vård bland vårdpersonal som arbetar inom två olika organisationer för äldreomsorg. Syftet innefattade även att fördjupa förståelsen av betydelsefulla aspekter som genererar dåligt samvete inom båda organisationerna. Baserat på den framväxande kunskapen från forskningsprogrammet och resultaten från delstudierna І och ІІ framkom det att viktiga aspekter som kan generera dåligt samvete var att arbeta med riktlinjer och att arbeta i tider av nedskärning och omorganisering. Metod Studierna Ι och ΙΙ baseras på kvantitativa metoder, en med longitudinell design (Ι) och en med tvärsnittsstudie design (ΙΙ).  Studierna ΙΙΙ och IV baseras på kvalitativ metod. Deltagarna i delstudie Ι bestod av vårdpersonal som arbetade inom en offentlig organisation för äldreomsorg lokaliserad i en liten stad i norra Sverige (baseline n = 488, uppföljning n = 277). Deltagarna i delstudie ΙΙ var all vårdpersonal som arbetade inom två olika organisationer för äldreomsorg valda att vara så olika varandra som möjligt gällande olika karaktäristika. Den ena organisationen hade privat driftsform och var belägen i en stor stad i södra Sverige (n = 98), baseline data från studie Ι (n = 488) användes beträffande den andra organisationen. Delstudierna ΙΙΙ (n = 8) och IV (n = 7) bestod av vårdpersonal som arbetar inom samma offentliga organisation (ΙΙΙ) och privata organisation (IV) som i delstudierna Ι och ΙΙ. Kvantitativt data analyserades med ‘partiel least squares regression’ och ‘jackknife’ approximativa t-tester, hierarkisk klusteranalys med ‘multiscale bootstrap resampling’, beskrivande statistik, hypotestester, olika effektmått, konfidensintervall. Kvalitativa data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Huvudresultaten visade att vårdpersonal skattade högre nivåer av samvetsstress jämfört med vad som har rapporterats i andra studier. Resultaten visade att uppfatta sitt samvete som en börda, höga nivåer av emotionell utmattning och cynism samt att bevittna störande konflikter mellan medarbetare var positivt korrelerat med samvetsstress. Trots stora skillnader gällande organisationernas karaktäristika var sambanden mellan samvetsstress och att uppfatta sitt samvete som en börda samt utbrändhet samstämmiga. Kvinnor skattade högre nivåer av samvetsstress och mindre socialt stöd från sina arbetskamrater jämfört med män.  Denna avhandling ger också nya insikter om hur arbete i enlighet med riktlinjer och under tider av nedskärningar och omorganisering kan vara en tung börda för vårdpersonal att bära och hur det kan generera dåligt samvete. Den övergripande förståelsen av vårdpersonalens erfarenhet av riktlinjer i det dagliga arbetet visade att vårdpersonalen kämpar för att göra sitt bästa, prioriterar mellan svårbegripliga riktlinjer samtidigt som boendes behov hålls i förgrunden. Vårdpersonalen beskrev hur dom upplevde att riktlinjer kommer från ovan, är kontrollerande och inte tillräckligt förankrade.  De beskrev också hur riktlinjer tar tid från de boende, krockar med varandra, saknar praktisk nytta och komplicerar omvårdnaden samt utmanar det egna omdömet. Den övergripande förståelsen av vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att arbeta under tider av nedskärningar och omorganisering visade att vårdpersonalen uppfattar sig själv som bakbundna mellan rådande omständigheter att ge omvårdnad och vad deras samvete förmedlar. Vårdpersonalen upplevde sig vara utan gott ledarskap och förändrade arbetsvillkor som utmattande och aktiverade samvetet. Vårdpersonalen uttryckte också hur de fick dåligt samvete när de upplevde att arbetsförhållandena försämrade vårdkvaliteten. Slutsatser Eftersom det förefaller viktigt att förstå resultaten utifrån ett samhälls- och organisationsperspektiv likväl som ur ett individperspektiv utförs reflektioner av resultaten utifrån en omvårdnadsmodell. Resultat i denna avhandling visar att det är viktigt att ge vårdpersonalen möjligheter att på sin arbetsplats följa och uttrycka vad deras samvete säger för att effekterna av samvetsstress ska mildras. Stöd, kunskap, engagemang, tid och övriga resurser är faktorer av betydelse som kan hjälpa vårdpersonal att arbeta mer konstruktivt med riktlinjer i sitt dagliga arbete. Resultaten visar att i tider präglade av nedskärningar och omorganisering är det viktigt med ledarskap som främjar vårdpersonals känslor av engagemang, trygghet och gemenskap för att en del av vårdpersonalens betungande erfarenheter ska kunna lindras. En övergripande förståelse av resultaten är att det förefaller vara av vikt att äldreomsorgen organiseras på ett sådant sätt att sjuksköterskor och chefer har möjlighet att vara tillgängliga i vårdpersonalens dagliga praktiska arbete. Vårdpersonal behöver stödjande och tillgängliga ledare som kan hjälpa till att lösa olika former av arbetsrelaterade problem och att göra prioriteringar i den dagliga omvårdnaden. Detta förefaller vara av vikt oavsett om prioriteringarna är mellan riktlinjer och boendes behov eller en konsekvens av en av en alltmer stressig arbetsmiljö under tider av nedskärningar och omorganisering. Ytterligare studier behövs för att undersöka vikten av genus i relation till samvetsstress och om olika former av stöd behövs för kvinnor och män i syfte att mildra effekterna av samvetsstress. Det behövs fler longitudinella ‘multilevel’ studier för att kunna undersöka hur organisationers karaktäristiska kan påverka vårdpersonalens nivåer av samvetsstress.
Stress of Conscience and Burnout among Healthcare Personnel

Parmi les maladies neurologiques, celles qui atteignent la conscience constituent la pire des épreuves infligée à la puissance de notre esprit, socle de notre autonomie. C'est bien à un défi éthique que se mesurent les soignants et les accompagnants, confrontés à la complexité de la rencontre avec cette personne blessée dans ses possibilités mêmes d'être présente au monde, d'affirmer son identité et sa liberté : comment proposer une attitude juste et aidante de la relation de soins répondant à cette tragédie humaine ? Comment préserver l'autonomie de ce sujet sans méconnaître son extrême vulnérabilité ? Comment affirmer la permanence de la personne alors que sa conscience s'en va ? Comment, dans les situations extrêmes, savoir éviter une obstination que la loi qualifie de déraisonnable ? Nous proposons dans ce travail les réponses nuancées qu'impose la déclinaison de la conscience en degrés, dans son état ou ses contenus, s'opposant ainsi aux réponses obligatoirement binaires de la loi ou d'une éthique exagérément principliste. Mais manier la complexité n'empêche pas l'audace des paris ni la sagesse des limites. Parier sur les capacités plus que sur les déficits ne guérit pas le malade, mais modifie totalement la relation soignante dans le sens de la préservation de l'autonomie, dût-elle être accompagnée. En même temps, ces situations qui touchent parfois à l'extrême vulnérabilité, aux limites de l'humain comme de la médecine, interpellent notre responsabilité ainsi que notre souci de bienfaisance, nous invitant à éviter la pente de l'abandon, la tentation de la violence comme la déraison de l'obstination. L'éthique n'est-elle pas par essence la recherche d'une sagesse pratique visant à atténuer le tragique des situations ?

Les effets d’amorçage comportemental ont fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Ces travaux ont révélé que l’activation incidente de concepts pouvait orienter le comportement des individus et que cette influence pouvait avoir lieu en dehors de la conscience. Toutefois, des critiques ont émergé à propos de ce champ de recherche, remettant en question la robustesse de certains types d’effets d’amorçage et la véracité de ces effets. L’identification des processus sous-jacents aux effets d’amorçage comportemental s’est alors imposée comme indispensable afin de mieux comprendre sous quelles conditions ils apparaissent et ainsi pourquoi ils font l’objet de difficultés de réplication. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’apporter une contribution à l’identification des processus sous-jacents aux effets d’amorçage. A travers neuf expériences, nous avons testé d’une part, l’idée selon laquelle des caractéristiques méthodologiques (e.g., la durée d’exposition aux amorces) étaient propices à l’émergence de ces effets, d’autre part le rôle modérateur de certains facteurs (i.e., le concept de soi) dont une partie de la littérature suppose qu’ils sont impliqués dans ces effets. Les résultats montrent que le concept de soi pourrait être un déterminant de l’ampleur et de la direction des effets d’amorçage comportemental, selon l’implication de la conscience de soi ou de l’estime de soi. De plus, le niveau de perception des amorces semble être un candidat privilégié des modérateurs de l’amorçage comportemental. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats fournissent des éléments afin de poursuivre l’investigation des mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets d’amorçage comportemental
The prime-to-behavior effects have been widely studied. Research revealed that incidental concept activation could guide subsequent behavior and that this influence could be unconscious. However, some critics have emerged about these effects, questioning the robustness and the veracity of the prime-to-behavior effects. Identifying the underlying processes is essential to better understand under which conditions these effects appear and why some researchers have failed to replicate them. This work aimed at contributing to the identification of underlying mechanisms of these effects. Through nine experiments, we tested at one hand some methodological characteristics supposed to promote the emergence of these effects and, on the other hand some supposed theoretical moderators of the prime-to-behavior effects. Results prove the self-concept could determine the magnitude and the direction of these effects, depending on the self-consciousness or the self-esteem to be involved. Moreover, the level of conscious perception of the primes seems to be a potential moderator of the prime-to-behavior effects. Together, these results provide elements to continue the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the prime- to-behavior effects

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Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional Guaxupé
This research intends to investigate the contributions of Agnes Heller s thoughts, which was formulated between 1956 and 1978, to the construction of the social been ethical and political consciences. Agnes Heller, a name with an international projection in the Contemporary Philosophy, was a Georgy Lukács pupil and assistant, who was the greatest marxism exponent, mostly in the Esthetics and the Ontology of the Social Being areas. She was considered by Lukács the more productive member of group called School of Budapest . The objective of this group was to creat a line of thought based on Lukács s theoretical and philosophical writings, re-read Marxian work to heve a correct understanding in Marx s method. She remained in Hungary until 1978 and produced some works in which we see expressed the Budapest school s kind of guidance. The ideo-political persecution in Hungary, Heller did that come out of his native in 1978, to reside in Australia with Ferenc Fehér. In 1986 she was bound to Hannah Arendt s post of Political Science and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research, in New York, and she is until now in fruitful activities in the United States of America and Hungary. Her works written until 1978, therefore, during the Marxist time, bring important contributions to consolidate the ethical and political conscience of the social being, having for basis the ontology of the social being, its theory about everyday life and its writings direct to the ethical and political conscience. We believe Heller tried to complete the big project of Lukács of writing an Ethics in the Marxist s point of view, so we set from the hypothesis that her theory points towards a praxis philosophy and non-alienated everyday life experiences. We seek to understand the main fundaments of her theory as a proposal for a way of thinking, being and conscientious acting at and to everyday life, in the social s relations and inter-relation, in ethical and political s proposition of the social life, towards the collective and individual revolutionary subject. Therefore, our research objective is the recognition of individuality while the sine qua non condition for ethical and political conscience of the social being
Esta pesquisa busca investigar a contribuição do pensamento de Agnes Heller, formulado entre os anos de 1956 e 1978, para a construção da consciência ética e política do ser social. Agnes Heller, nome de projeção internacional na filosofia contemporânea, foi aluna e assistente de Georgy Lukács, principal expoente marxista, sobretudo, no campo da Estética e da Ontologia do Ser Social. Heller foi considerada por Lukács como o membro mais produtivo do grupo de intelectuais denominado Escola de Budapeste . Este grupo tinha por objetivo formular uma linha de pensamento baseada nos escritos teórico-filosóficos de Lukács e fazer uma releitura da obra marxiana, no sentido de uma correta compreensão do método em Marx. Até 1978 Heller permaneceu na Hungria e produziu obras que expressavam o tipo de orientação dessa escola. Nesse período, comungava com as ideias de se mestre e da proposta marxista. As perseguições ideo-políticas da Hungria, fizeram com que Heller saísse de seu país natal, indo residir na Austrália juntamente com Ferenc Fehér. Em 1986, vincula-se a cadeira de Hannah Arendt de Filosofia e Ciência Política da New School for Social Research, em Nova Iorque e mantém até os dias atuais em profícua atividade nos Estado Unidos e na Hungria. Suas obras, escritas até 1978, ou seja, em sua fase marxista, trazem importantes contribuições para a consolidação de consciência ética e política do ser social, tendo como base a ontologia do ser social, a sua teoria sobre a vida cotidiana e de seus escritos direcionados à consciência ética e política. Acreditamos que Heller buscou complementar o grande projeto de Lukács de escrever uma Ética na visão marxista, portanto, partimos da hipótese de que sua teoria aponta na direção de uma filosofia da práxis e da vivencia de uma vida cotidiana não-alienada. Buscamos, desse modo, compreender os principais fundamentos de sua teoria enquanto proposta para um modo de pensar, ser e agir consciente na e para a vida cotidiana, nas relações e inter-relações sociais, na proposição ética e política da vida social, rumo ao sujeito revolucionário individual e coletivo. Para tanto, temos como objeto de pesquisa o reconhecimento da individualidade enquanto condição sine qua non para a consciência ética e política do ser social

Background. Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events and psychological strain from work might increase the risk of burnout. This thesis focuses on patrolling police officers (PPO), who work most of their time in the community and have daily contact with the public. Since police work traditionally is a male coded occupation we assume that there are differences between women and men in burnout as well as experiences from psychosocial work environment. Aim. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore burnout, psychosocial and physical work environment, coping strategies, and stress of conscience when taking gender into consideration among patrolling police officers. Methods. This thesis employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. In Paper I a qualitative approach with narrative interviews was used where male PPO described experiences of traumatic situations when caring for victims of traffic accidents. A convenience sample of nine male PPO from a mid-sized police authority was recruited. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Papers II, III, and IV were based on a cross-sectional survey from a randomly selected sample stratified for gender from all 21 local police authorities in Sweden. In the final sample, 1554 PPOs were invited (778 women, 776 men), response rate was 55% (n=856) in total, 56% for women (n=437) and 53% for men (n=419). The survey included a self-administered questionnaire based on instruments measuring burnout, stress of conscience, psychosocial and physical work environment, and coping. Results. Findings from Paper I were presented in three themes; “being secure with the support system,” “being confident about prior successful actions,” and “being burdened with uncertainty.” Results from Paper II showed high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), 30% for female PPOs and 26% for male PPOs. High levels of depersonalization (DP) were reported for 52 % of female PPO, corresponding proportions for male were 60%. Multiple logistic regression showed that stress of conscience (SCQ-A), high demand, and organizational climate increased the risk of EE for female PPO. For male PPO stress of conscience (SCQ-A), low control and high demand increased the risk of EE. Independent of gender, stress of conscience (SCQ-A) increased the risk of DP. Psychometric properties of the WOCQ were investigated with exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a six-factor solution was confirmed. DIF analysis was detected for a third of the items in relation to gender. In Paper IV a block wise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed investigating the predictive impact of psychological demand, decision latitude, social support, coping strategies, and stress of conscience on EE as well as DP. Findings revealed that, regardless of gender, risk of EE and DP increased with a troubled conscience amongst the PPO. Conclusion. “Being burdened with uncertainty” in this male-dominated context indicate that the PPO did not feel confident talking about traumatic situations, which might influence their coping strategies when arriving to a similar situation. This finding can be related to Paper II and IV showing that stress of conscience increased the risk of both EE and DP. The associations between troubled conscience and the risk of experiencing both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization indicate that stress of conscience should be considered when studying the influence of the psychosocial work environment on burnout. Results from this study show that the psychosocial work environment is not satisfying and needs improvement for patrolling police officers in Sweden. Further studies including both qualitative and quantitative (longitudinal) methods should be used to improve knowledge in this area to increase conditions for preventive and rehabilitative actions.

In the Philippines, as in the US and UK and elsewhere, evangelical conversion is normally regarded as a ‘turning’ from a life ‘without Christ’ towards a life of ‘faith in Christ’. Traditionally, the potential convert is invited to ‘accept’ or ‘receive’ Christ as personal lord and saviour. Once a decision to ‘accept’ is indicated, the individual is considered ‘born again’ or ‘saved’, whereupon he or she is expected to manifest behavioural signs, such as participating actively in a ‘Bible-believing’ church, while adapting to its distinct ethos. This conversion, however, has not generally led to a commitment to issues of economic or social justice. In the years 1946-1986, Filipino evangelicals have tended to neglect the social question. This is consistently shown in their general silence during the 1972-81 martial law, the 1983 murder of Aquino and the 1986 people power revolution. Historically and theologically, this particularly conservative social disposition may have been influenced by a lopsided emphasis on aggressive evangelism and a general evasion of social questions, especially by US evangelical missionaries who carried the ‘baggage’ of the fundamentalist-modernist debate of the 1920s and 1930s. This theological orientation seems to have been perpetuated, one way or other, by their Filipino converts. That there are in the Philippines examples of previously socially-disengaged evangelical converts who eventually moved towards a socially-engaged path, however, seems to indicate the possibility of a theological re-orientation within this Christian tradition. This study tackles this particular ‘conversion’ or re-orientation within, not away from, the evangelical tradition, with the goal of shedding some light on the nature and possibility of a ‘second conversion’ towards a socially engaged posture. To explore this phenomenon of interest, the study identifies four different trajectories of change exemplified by particular theological pilgrimages travelled by Filipino evangelicals during their adult years. The first trajectory is about the development of a social conscience which benefited from an active involvement in an international evangelical student movement. The second represents a largely noncritical exposure made possible by a protracted career in medical missions that led to a similar awakening to social injustice. The third involves an evangelical who ended up accommodating Marxist social analysis. And the fourth concerns how an underprivileged evangelical managed to attain a second, more critical, perspective on poverty, leading to a commitment to combat economic injustice. These trajectories are explored through extensive interviews with each of the four subjects. Though necessarily limited in scope, the value of this study lies in its potential to gain some insights into factors that have the potential to ‘convert’ or ‘transform’ minds and ideological postures. It thus suggests that, at least in contexts of social and economic polarisation, the evangelical Protestant tradition may not be so inescapably tied to social and political conservatism as is often assumed. The study ends by drawing some wider conclusions about the possibility of a second conversion within the evangelical Protestant tradition.

L’étude historique des pratiques de pêche à la ligne représente un champ de recherche privilégié pour l’utilisation conjointe du social et de l’environnemental. Dans les années 1960 les pêcheurs à la ligne font preuve d’une véritable conscience écologique. Mais cet état de fait n’est pas du « donné » mais du « construit ». La question centrale consiste donc à se demander si un siècle avant l’apparition de l’écologie politique en France, il y a eu une sensibilisation aux problèmes environnementaux par la pratique d’une activité qui met les citoyens aux prises avec le problème de la qualité de leur environnement proche ? Entre le deuxième tiers du XIXe siècle et les années 1940, la pêche à la ligne a évolué : d’une pratique élitiste à une activité de plus en plus populaire. Dans cette évolution, le rôle des hommes et des femmes et des différentes catégories socio-économiques a varié selon les époques et les régions. Les facteurs, les rythmes et la géographie de la prise de conscience des pêcheurs à la ligne de la nécessité de protéger leur environnement sont différents selon les espaces envisagés. Certaines régions, telles que le nord de la France, ont connu un développement précoce de la pêche à la ligne. Cette multitude de réseaux sociaux a donné naissance à un nouveau rapport des hommes à leur environnement, doublé de sociabilités inédites
By the 1960s, anglers in France had come to display a real environmental consciousness. The aim of this thesis is to show this consciousness had a long history. Anglers in France, a century before the rise of political ecology, exhibited a growing sensibility to environmental problems that came directely from their experiences of the quality of their surroundings as they fished. In this thesis, I show that between 1829 and 1941, the practise of angling evolved from an elitist to a more working-class form of leisure. I also examine how the respective roles of men and women of different social classes changed over time and acoording to place. In addition, I explore the factors, rhythms and geography of this new environmental awareness. It gave rise to some unexpected developments with, for example, the working classes playing a major role in the movement of the protection of nature in France

L'avant-dernier chapitre du Contrat social, intitulé « De la Religion civile », est un texte qui suscite encore de nombreuses polémiques. Jean-Jacques Rousseau semble avoir inventé la notion de « religion civile » pour trouver un moyen de garantir au Souverain la fidélité de chaque citoyen. Mais qu'est-ce précisément que cette « religion civile » ? Par quel moyen peut-elle garantir la fidélité des citoyens ? Pour répondre à ces questions, notre étude a choisi de se concentrer sur les termes employés par Rousseau et qui nous semblent résumer le mieux, d'une manière concrète, l'essentiel de la « religion civile » : les « sentiments de sociabilité ». Pour ce faire, cette étude s'articulera en quatre parties : La Partie I consacrée à la notion de « sentiment » chez Rousseau relève d'une étude « psychologique ». La Partie II relève d'une étude historique : à travers la lecture des œuvres écrites juste avant et après la publication du Contrat social, nous préciserons le contexte historique de la rédaction du chapitre « De la Religion civile ». La Partie III sera consacrée à l'idée de « sociabilité » : nous mesurons la portée de cette idée employée par Rousseau dans un contexte à la fois théorique et polémique. La Partie IV sera consacrée à la lecture du Contrat social lui-même. Nous expliquerons finalement ce que signifient les termes « sentiments de sociabilité » dans cet ouvrage. À travers l'ensemble de ce travail, nous vérifierons la pertinence de la thèse suivante : la « religion civile » chez Rousseau est un dispositif qui déclenche et renforce l'auto-contradiction chez le citoyen. Notre projet précisera donc le point de confluence de la pensée morale, politique et religieuse de Rousseau, qui se trouve dans le Contrat social
The eighth chapter of the Book IV of the Social Contract, entitled “On the Civil Religion”, still remains problematic. Jean-Jacques Rousseau seems to have invented the concept of “civil religion” to find a way to guarantee the fidelity of each citizen to the Sovereign. But what is this “civil religion” precisely? By what kind of means can this religion guarantee the citizens' fidelity? To solve these problems, we will examine the expression used by Rousseau which seems to summarize precisely the essence of the “civil religion”: the “sentiments of sociability [sentiments de sociabilité].” We will be able to show the importance of this expression only after a detailed exploration of its historical and philosophical context, which can be divided into four Parts: Part I will offer an analysis of the concept of “sentiment” used by Rousseau in the late 1750s. This Part will also show the philosophical background of this concept. Part II will describe the historical background of the writing and the publication of the Social Contract, focusing on the chapter “On the Civil Religion.” Part III will offer a detailed examination of the concept of “sociability:” we will verify the theoretical and polemical aspect of this concept, as it is used by Rousseau. Part IV will offer a detailed analysis and commentary of the chapter “On the Civil Religion” of the Social Contract, weaving together the various threads of the explanations provided in the previous parts. As a whole, this dissertation asserts that religion was a necessary component of Rousseau's political system, insofar as it provided a tool to generate self-contradiction and, as its consequence, moral thought and moral choice in the citizens' conscience

Bakgrund: Samvetsklausul inom abortvården är vanligt världen över. Flera studier har visat hur samvetsklausul påverkar såväl personalen som kvinnors tillgång till abort. Kvinnors upplevelser av abort i ett land med samvetsklausul är däremot ett outforskat fält. Studien genomfördes i Kroatien. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av abort i ett land med samvetsklausul. Material och metod: Sju kvinnor med erfarenhet av abort deltog i semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ textanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultatet diskuterades utifrån scriptteori med inslag av Rubins cirkel och stigmabegreppet. Resultat: Resultatet sammanfattades i ett övergripande huvudtema; att navigera i minerat landskap – kvinnors upplevelser av abort i ett land med samvetsklausul. Studien visar att samvetsklausul påverkar kvinnornas psykiska hälsa, tillgången till abortvård, bemötande samt bidrar till en moraliserande syn på sexualitet. Samvetsklausul som resultat av religiösa invändningar får konsekvenser inom offentligt vård då den påverkar personalens uppfattningar om abort och därmed information om abort samt information om preventivmedel. Kvinnans sexualitet och beslut om abort blir en kollektiv angelägenhet och kvinnorna stigmatiseras. Sammanfattning: Samvetsklausul inom abortvården, trots en fri abortlag, legitimerar moralisering då möjligheter ges för personalen att tolka lagen utifrån egna moraliska ståndpunkter. Samvetsklausulen påverkar därmed en diskurs som riskerar att leda till en uttalad stigmatisering av kvinnan och hennes sexualitet.
Background: It is common worldwide to have a conscience clause within abortion care. Several studies have shown how the conscience clause affects both staff and women's access to abortion. Women's experiences of abortion in a country with a conscience clause is however an unexplored field. This study was conducted in Croatia. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore women's experiences of abortion in a country with conscience clause. Data and Methods: Seven women with experience of abortion participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analysed using qualitative text analysis with inductive approach. The data was discussed from script theory with elements of Rubin's circle and the stigma concept. Results: The results were summarized in a comprehensive main theme; to navigate the minefield - women's experiences of abortion in a country with conscience clause. The study shows that the conscience clause affect women's mental health, access to abortion care, treatment, and contributes to a moralistic view of sexuality. A conscience clause as a result of religious objections has implications in public health as it affects the staff's views on abortion and thus information about abortion and contraception. The woman's sexuality and decisions about abortion becomes a public affair, and the women become stigmatized. Summary: The conscience clause in abortion care, despite a free abortion law, legitimizes moralizing when opportunities are provided for staff to interpret the law based on their own moral positions. The conscience clause thereby affect a discourse that could lead to a pronounced stigmatization of the woman and her sexuality.

Cette recherche menee sur 800 sujets d'age variable (de 8 a 85 ans) s'interesse : 1) a l'evolution de l'age et du sexe, des representations de soi liees a l'internalite et a la masculinite feminite. 2) aux effets de ces representations de soi sur le jugement de conduites deviantes. On constate, avec l'age, que les auto-attributions de caracteristiques feminines progressent aux depens de celles masculines, ainsi qu'une augmentation puis, une diminution de l'internalite (les deux registres d'internalite, celui des renforcements positifs et celui des renforcements etant au depart non correles). D'autre part, les sujets ayant des perceptions de soi "unisexuees" (ou feminines, ou masculines), ou "internes", adoptent des jugements tres negatifs vis-a-vis des conduites deviantes. On a etudie egalement les effets, de la mise en avant des appartenances sexuelles, sur les representations de soi et les jugements. En definitive, on montre l'aspect dynamique (non irreductible aux appartenances sociales) et socio-normatif de l'internalite et de la masculinite feminite
This research which has been done on 800 subjects ages 8 to 85 deals with : 1) the evolution depending on age and sex of self-representation linked to internality, and to masculinity feminity. 2) the effects of the self-representation on the judgment of deviant behaviour. It is noted that, with age, the self-attribution of feminine characteristics increases at the expense of the masculine just as an increase, then a decrease of internality (the two registers of internality, the one concerning the positive reinforcements and the other concerning the negative reinforcements which are unconnected to begin with). Moreover, the subjects having unisexual self-perception (feminine or masculine), or internal self-perception, adopt extremely negative judgments towards deviant behaviour. We have also examined the effects of revealing of sex-type on self-representation and judments. Finally, we show the dynamic aspect (which connot be reduced to social group) and which is socio-normative of internality and of masculinity feminity

Cette thèse s'articule autour de la théorie de la conscience de la situation et son application dans le domaine de l'analyse de l'activité de conduite automobile. Après avoir examiné les aspects fondamentaux de la théorie de la Conscience de la Situation (chapitre 1), nous aborderons les travaux soviétiques réalisés des années 1940 aux années 1970 (chapitre 2) dans le champ de l'analyse de l'activité des opérateurs. Ce pont jeté nous permettra de rapprocher la théorie de la conscience de la situation avec des travaux plus classiques de la psychologie cognitive : le champ de la représentation mentale. Enfin, nous nous focaliserons sur l'application de ces concepts dans le domaine de la conduite automobile en abordant plus particulièrement trois points l'expérience de conduite, les ressources cognitives des conducteurs et les conducteurs seniors (chapitre 3). Suite à quoi nous présenterons notre propre protocole expérimental, OSCAR, mise en place afin d'analyser les représentations mentales du conducteur en fonction de différentes sources de variations (chapitre 4). Après une présentation détaillée des résultats obtenus par OSCAR, nous listerons les atouts et les limites de ce protocole, bases pour élaborer une seconde version, ICARE (chapitre 5). Une fois la comparaison des données recueillies par nos deux outils, nous nous attacherons à montrer en quoi ICARE permet d'analyser d'une manière originale les représentations mentales des conducteurs. Cela nous permettra de considérer le potentiel applicatif d'ICARE d'une part pour la recherche scientifique et d'autre part dans le domaine de la formation des conducteurs (chapitre 6 et 7) ; Sous la direction de : Monsieur Le Professeur Robert MARTIN Devant le jury composé de : - Mr Yves CROZET, Professeur, Université Lumière Lyon II (Président) - Mr Claude BASTIEN, Professeur, Université de Provence (Rapporteur) - Mr Guy BOY, HDR EURISCO Int., Toulouse (Rapporteur) - Mr Robert MARTIN, Professeur, Université Lumière Lyon II, - Mr Thierry BELLET, Ingénieur de Recherche, INRETS-LESCOT, Bron - Mr René CHOMETTE, PDG, CESR-ECF, Bron. Mots clés libres : psychologie cognitive, conduite automobile, conscience de la situation, représentation mentale, protocole expérimental, outil pour la formation des conducteurs, aide à la conduite.

Depuis une décennie, les études sur la pensée de Brentano connaissent un souffle de renouveau. De sa doctrine, on retient le fameux thème de l'intentionnalité qui a soulevé un certain nombre de discussions sur ce que signifie réellement ce concept et ce que Brentano a voulu dire lorsqu'il l'a réintroduit. Dans la philosophie contemporaine, le passage en question qui décrit ce concept l'interprète le plus souvent comme la marque d'une irréductibilité du mental au physique, l'idée qu'il existerait un idiome ou vocable particulier pour décrire les états mentaux et l'esprit en général (intensionnalité). Récemment dans les contributions en philosophie de l'esprit, sa conception de l'esprit a connu un accueil favorable qui se distingue nettement de la première reception de son concept d'intentionnalité dans la philosophie du langage. D'une manière significative, sa théorie de la conscience s'est vu associée à différentes conceptions rivales de l'esprit : théories d'ordre supérieur, autoreprésentationnalisme et différentes autres variétés de représentationnalisme et d'intentionnalisme qui se réclame d'un aspect ou un autre de la conception de l'esprit de Brentano. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer le thème du néo-brentanisme en identifiant dans la littérature contemporaine les théories dîtes "néobrentaniennes".

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho parte da constataÃÃo GÃis de que, dentre os diversos fatores que atuam no processo de conscientizaÃÃo, encontra-se o modo de participar de atividades comunitÃrias. Pergunta-se, a partir dessa afirmaÃÃo, de que modo a forma de participar interfere nesse processo, definido aqui a partir de Paulo Freire. Tem como objetivo, portanto, discutir de que maneira o modo de participar de atividades comunitÃrias influencia no processo de conscientizaÃÃo. Para tanto, inicialmente, estabelece uma discussÃo a respeito das diferentes formas de participar e os fatores que atuam no fenÃmeno da participaÃÃo. Em seguida, a partir da Psicologia ComunitÃria, da EducaÃÃo Libertadora e da Teoria HistÃrico-Cultural da Mente, discorre acerca das implicaÃÃes psÃquicas das interaÃÃes humanas, discutindo os conceitos de: comunidade, atividade comunitÃria, consciÃncia e conscientizaÃÃo. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, com enfoque etnogrÃfico, entrevistando-se uma pessoa que faz parte do Projeto de EducaÃÃo em CÃlulas Cooperativas (PRECE), por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, com foco na histÃria de vida do entrevistado. Realizaram-se registros da entrevista e diÃrio de campo, de um total de sete visitas. A partir de entÃo, foi possÃvel analisar o modo de participar do sujeito da pesquisa e realizar uma anÃlise temÃtica de sua entrevista. Como resultado, pÃde-se verificar que um modo de participaÃÃo mais ativo e cooperativo propicia condiÃÃes para que o sujeito fortaleÃa suas interaÃÃes com a realidade pela apropriaÃÃo e significaÃÃo dessa maneira de se relacionar, por parte do indivÃduo.
This work is based on GÃisâs verification that, among the many factors that act on the awereness process, the way to participate of communiÂtarian activity is one of them. It is asked from the statement of that the way to participate influences this process, defined here for Paulo Freireâs theory. It has as objective, therefore, discuss how the way to participate of communiÂtarian activity influences on the the awereness process. For in such a way, initially, it establishes a quarrel regarding the different forms to participate and the factors that act in the phenomenon of the participation. After that, from Communitarian Psychology, of the Liberating Education and the Historical-Cultural Theory of the Mind, it discourses concerning the psychic implications of the interactions human beings, arguing the concepts of: community, communitarian activity, conscience and awareness. A qualitative boarding was used, with ethnographic approach, interviewing a person who is part of Projeto de EducaÃÃo em CÃlulas Cooperativas (PRECE), through the half-structuralized interview, with focus in the history of life of the interviewed one. Registers of the daily interview and of field, a total of seven visits had been become fullfilled. From now on, it was possible to analyze the way to participate of the citizen of the research and to carry through a thematic analysis of its interview. As result, we could verify that way of a more active and cooperative participation propitiates conditions so that the citizen in this way fortifies its interactions with the reality through the appropriation and significaÃÃo of if relating, on the part of the individual.

Cette thèse traite de l’adaptation automatique des applications sensibles au contexte par l’utilisation d’informations liées à l’environnement social des utilisateurs afin d’enrichir le service rendu par les applications. Pour cela, notre contribution s’articule autour de la modélisation multidimensionnelle des différents niveaux de contextes sociaux, notamment le poids de la relation entre les acteurs. Plus spécifiquement, nous synthétisons des contextes sociaux non seulement liés à la familiarité mais aussi liés à la similitude des communautés statiques et dynamiques. Deux modèles basés respectivement sur les graphes et les ontologies sont proposés afin de satisfaire l’hétérogénéité des réseaux sociaux de la vie réelle. Nous utilisons les données réelles recueillies sur les réseautages sociaux en ligne pour conduire nos expérimentations et analysons les résultats en vérifiant l’efficacité de ces modèles. En parallèle nous traitons le point de vue de l’application, et nous présentons deux algorithmes utilisant des contextes sociaux pour améliorer la stratégie de transmission des données dans le réseau opportuniste, et particulièrement la contre-mesure aux nœuds égoïstes. Les simulations des scénarios réels confirment les avantages liés à l’introduction des contextes sociaux, en termes de taux de succès et de délais de transmission. Nous effectuons une comparaison avec d'autres algorithmes de transmission traditionnellement décrits dans la littérature pour compléter notre démonstration
This thesis deals with the dynamic adaptation of context-aware applications using information related to the social environment of users to enrich the service rendered by the applications. To achieve this goal our contribution mobilizes multidimensional modeling of the different levels of social contexts, especially the weight of the relationship between the actors. Particularly, we synthesize not only social contexts related to familiarity but also social contexts reasoned from the similarity of static and dynamic communities. Two models based on respectively graphs and ontologies are proposed in order to satisfy the heterogeneity of the social networks in real life. We use the actual data gathered on online social networking services for conducting experiments and the results are analyzed by checking the effectiveness of the models. In parallel we consider the point of view of the application, and we present two algorithms using social contexts to improve the strategy of transmission of data in the opportunistic network, particularly countermeasure against selfish nodes. The simulations of real scenarios confirm the advantages of introducing social contexts in terms of success rate and delay of transmission. We carry out a comparison with other popular transmission algorithms in the literature

Dans le domaine des apprentissages, la compréhension de notre propre fonctionnement est centrale. Ainsi, le développement de la métacognition et la transmission des compétences liées sont ici primordiaux. Dans ce travail nous resituons la métacognition par rapport aux notions de conscience, d'attention, et de subjectivité. En mettant en exergue l'intrication existant entre ces dimensions, nous montrons en quoi il est possible de s'inspirer de pratiques travaillant sur la conscience et l'attention pour développer la métacognition. Grâce à une étude longitudinale auprès de jeunes adultes, nous constatons qu'il est possible d'utiliser ces outils nommés pratiques de l'attention (qui regroupent les techniques de relaxation et de méditation) pour développer la métacognition (connaissances et autoévaluations de ses propres performances) de manière significative. Ces résultats ouvrent une réflexion sur l'élaboration de nouvelles remédiations dans ce domaine. Le sujet est alors replacé au coeur de la métacognition tant au niveau théorique que pratique, ce qui offre une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement métacognitif, et permet une mise en perspective de la métacognition par rapport aux autres dimensions de la cognition humaine.

L'émergence du thème de la « diversité » dans le discours politique français a rendu public les débats autour de la part de représentation des « minorités visibles» dans les secteurs audiovisuels et cinématographiques. L'exigence de représentativité et d'inclusion qui leur est désormais adressée pose la question du rôle social et symbolique attribué à ces secteurs, aussi bien par les pouvoirs publics que par les publics eux-mêmes. Cette thèse interroge les termes du débat contemporain autour de la « diversité » et du cinéma, appréhendant dans le cadre d'une sociologie compréhensive les croyances de spectateurs ordinaires vis-à-vis de la représentativité cinématographique. Ce portrait du spectateur tel qu'il vit la diversité sur grand écran, constitué à. Partir d'entretiens semi-directifs individuels et collectifs, permet de questionner en retour les préconceptions de l'action publique en ce domaine. Il s'agit de comprendre si la « pâleur des écrans », postulée par les pouvoirs publics, contribue à. La reproduction d'identités, de pratiques ou de conduites participant du racisme systémique. En s'inspirant de la sociologie et du champ anglo-saxon des Critical White Studies, cette thèse présente les types d'articulation entre expériences spectatorielle et ethnoraciale. Elle se concentre ainsi sur les processus de subjectivation et d'identification raciales, tels que vécus par des spectateurs de cinéma s'identifiant comme « blancs ». En investiguant le sens social donne par des spectateurs « blancs» à leur expérience croisée des rapports sociaux de race et du cinéma, il s' agit de contribuer au débat public français relatif à la « diversité » dans l'audiovisuel et le cinéma.

L'étude porte sur les conflits d'interprétation concernant le caractère et les effets supposés du mouvement 68 en France et en Allemagne dans les années 1970 et 1980. Elle prend comme point de départ le mouvement 68 lui-même pour analyser les luttes d'interprétation entendues comme les luttes mémorielles d'un mouvement social. Ces luttes mémorielles sont issues de la structure et de l'histoire même du mouvement 68 désintégré. Elles ont abouti à la genèse d'une interprétation du mouvement 68 qui s'est imposée en France ainsi qu'en Allemagne : le mouvement aurait échoué sur le plan politique, mais aurait conquis la sphère culturelle. Mettant en rapport la position des acteurs dans les conflits d'interprétation et leur place au sein du mouvement 68, la recherche montre que la relation entre le mouvement désintégré et les conflits d'interprétation était un processus dynamique, une lutte permanente menée sur trois niveaux : celui de la perception du temps tout d'abord ; après la désintégration du mouvement 68, son rapport spécifique à l'avenir structure ses luttes mémorielles ; celui de l'orientation cognitive ensuite, dans la mesure où les débats internes des anciens groupes et réseaux porteurs du mouvement 68 sur les stratégies d'action et les formes d'organisations légitimes, c'est-à-dire le « politique » du mouvement, se poursuivent après sa fin et se concentrent, à partir des années 1980 sur la formulation de son échec politique et de son succès culturel. Enfin, cette lutte mémorielle s'affirme autour des positions de porte-parole qui se livrent une concurrence féroce revendiquant chacun la légitimité d'interpréter et d'organiser l'histoire du mouvement 68
The study focuses on the interpretation battles concerning the character and the supposed effects of the 68 movement in France and Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It takes as its starting point the 68 movement to analyze the interpretation battles, understood as the memory battles of a disintegrated social movement. These memory struggles emerge from the structure and history of the 68 movement itself. They led, both in France and Germany, to the genesis of an identical interpretation of the 68 movement which is that the movement would have failed politically, but had conquered the cultural sphere. By relating the position of the interpretation battles' actors and their place in the 68 movement, the research shows that the relationship between the former 68 movement and the later interpretation battles can be analyzed as a dynamic process and a permanent struggle on three levels

Le fait d'être conscient, en éveil et donc en veille, implique une relation, éthique en ce qu'elle manifeste ses capacités d'ouverture sur l'altérité. Il suit de là que la conscience de soi est aussi conscience de l'autre. Cette conscience, interface entre l'Etre et l'être humain, est conscience morale, conscience dont la structure interne n'est pas le remord (repli sur soi tourné vers l'intériorité) mais ek-sistence vers autrui. Au nom de quoi une telle conscience se laisse t-elle nécessairement interpeller et comment se manifeste sa capacité à sortir de soi ? L'Être, porteur du discours ontologique de l'inquiétude, la convoque à s'ouvrir à l'être. L'intrusion de l'inquiétude dans ma conscience l'enjoint à une authenticité : celle d'avoir à être pour autrui, obligation manifestée et inscrite dans mon devoir. Le je suis conscient (qui n'est pas le j'ai conscience) signifie je suis présent d'une présence qui n'est pas une coïncidence et qui me renvoie par l'Être à ma responsabilité pour l'être. Au dieu des philosophes donneur d'Être répond une conscience dont l'effectivité n'est pas divine mais strictement humaine. Une conscience qui renvoie à une finalité commune quant à la relation entre le patient et le médecin, celle de ne pas en faire une relation d'objet et qui répond à une interrogation existentielle de la finitude humaine : pourquoi y a-t-il de l'Être

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'effet d'un entraînement explicite de la conscience phonémique (CP) en anglais L2 et les apports potentiels du tableau blanc interactif (TBI) comme instrument permettant de réaliser cet entraînement avec des apprenants de CE1. A partir des travaux de pédagogues tels que Borel-Maisonny et Caleb Gattegno, nous avons conçu des aides multimodales qui sont à la fois visuelles, sonores et kinesthésiques. Les couleurs de l'approche Gattegno ont été reprises pour créer des cartes de couleur auxquelles nous avons joint une représentation sonore du phonème. La carte sonore est également manipulable sur le TBI. En ce sens, la manipulation sur TBI pourrait aider la manipulation mentale des éléments. Les représentations des phonèmes constituent des représentations externes multimodales intégrées (REMI). Ces REMI ont été intégrées à un dispositif d'apprentissage permettant de valider les hypothèses de recherche. Il s'agissait non seulement d'évaluer l'efficacité de tâches explicites de conscience phonémique dans le cadre de l'apprentissage de l'anglais, mais également d'évaluer l'efficacité de l'utilisation du TBI pour réaliser les tâches de conscience phonémique. Ces hypothèses de recherche ont été testées à l'aide de trois groupes d'apprenants : deux groupes expérimentaux et un groupe contrôle. Un groupe a effectué des tâches explicites de conscience phonémique avec les REMI sur TBI (groupe ConsPhonoTBI), un groupe a effectué ces mêmes tâches de manière classique, c'est-à-dire mentalement sans aide multimodale (groupe ConsPhono), tandis que le groupe contrôle a fait des activités de vocabulaire anglais. La comparaison du groupe contrôle avec le groupe ConsPhono permet de déterminer l'effet d'un entraînement explicite de la conscience phonémique, tandis que la comparaison du groupe ConsPhono avec le groupe ConsPhonoTBI permet de déterminer l'effet des aides multimodales et de leur utilisation sur TBI dans le cadre de cet entraînement explicite. Cette recherche a pour objet une intervention dans le domaine du travail puisque les enseignants et les apprenants sont considérés comme étant en situation de travail. Cette recherche s'inscrit alors dans le cadre de l'ergonomie cognitive. En l'occurrence, la quasi-expérimentation a été menée en 2011-2012 auprès d'apprenants issus de classes de CE1 situées dans l'Isère. Dans la méthodologie de recherche mixte adoptée, les données qualitatives et quantitatives ont été triangulées et permettent d'obtenir des résultats ayant une validité interne. L'étude indique que le travail explicite de la conscience phonémique a un effet sur le niveau atteint dans ce domaine et que l'utilisation des REMI sur TBI permet d'atteindre un meilleur niveau dans le même laps de temps. Par ailleurs, cette étude indique que l'utilisation du TBI pour mener cet entraînement explicite permet à des enseignants non-spécialistes en langue de se décentrer pour réguler l'activité, de proposer une prononciation correcte aux élèves, renforçant ainsi le sentiment d'auto-efficacité au sens de Bandura (2003). En outre, le TBI favorise les échanges entre les apprenants au niveau du groupe classe et permet une découverte collective des phonèmes anglais.

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The current dissertation leads to reflections regarding the justice representations, linked to the racial quotas system for the admission into the University, present in the speeches made by the Law undergraduates from UEPG. It is understood that, most Law courses have presented formal representations of justice in its teaching-learning process. This fact has made the formation of the undergraduate with a sensitive view towards reality more difficult, and, it has been reflected in the graduation of the lawyers and affecting the constitution of the social and political identity of the Jurists.In order to identify the justice representations which go beyond the lawyer graduation, it becomes necessary the use of the racial quotas system. Having said that, the present study has as objectives: a) identify the social justice representations linked to the racial quotas system; b) analyze the justice representations in the new Lawyers graduation; c) identify characteristics of the historical conscience linked to this superior level formation; d) contribute with directives for the Law student from a valued Law perspective, in which cultural, economic, political and social aspects are identified by Law students as aspects which give them existence. The social representations were collected with the application of a methodological tool as an open, written questionnaire, constituted of an interlocutory tool about racial quotas system for access to University. The questionnaire was applied to the Law undergraduates from UEPG in 2008. The study uses the Theory of Social Representations and Theory of Historical Conscience. After the data analysis, it´s observed that, among the 84 respondents, 65 academics confess their position against the racial quotas system under the formal isonomy view. Based on the reasons written by the students, we can suppose the predominance of formal representation of justice in the academics speeches, referring to the analysis of racial quotas system. One of the reasons which has led to this situation is the existence of a technicist process of Law teaching. There is the necessity of greater efforts for a graduation which allows the professional to have an informed, critical and sensitive view towards social and cultural reality of the country, so that the operationalization of Law doesn´t take place in an inner formalism in relation to the social medium in which it is inserted. As it is about a matter related to the interpretation of past, since the reservation of vacancies aims to fix what it is interpreted as historical injustice, it was chosen to work with the concept of historical conscience of Rüsen, which can be strongly described as the mental processes of attribution of meaning to the time. Regarding the characteristics of historical conscience, 57 students, among the 86 respondents, noticed reflexes of racial prejudice in the current time, and are capable of looking at the reality of slavery and racism in critical basis, without repeating canonic speeches like the lenience of Brazilian slavery or racial democracy. However, despite the technical competence in dealing with the historical knowledge, it is observed that most of the students asked do not sustain their historical speech in the principle of material equality.
A presente dissertação empreende reflexões acerca das representações de justiça, subjacentes ao sistema de cotas raciais para ingresso ao ensino superior, presentes nos discursos dos acadêmicos de Direito da UEPG. Compreende-se que, a maioria dos cursos de Direito tem apresentado representações formais de justiça em seu processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Esse fato tem dificultado a formação de um acadêmico com uma visão sensível à realidade, e, se repercutido na constituição da identidade social e política dos juristas. A fim de identificar as representações de justiça que perpassam a formação do bacharel, faz-se uso do sistema de cotas raciais. Sendo assim, o presente estudo traz como objetivos: a) identificar as representações sociais de justiça subjacentes ao sistema de cotas raciais; b) analisar as representações de justiça na formação dos futuros bacharéis; c) identificar características das consciências históricas ligadas a esta formação de nível superior; d) contribuir com diretrizes para a formação do aluno de Direito a partir de uma perspectiva valorativa do Direito, em que aspectos históricos, culturais, econômicos, políticos e sociais sejam identificados pelos estudantes de Direito como aspectos que lhe dão existência. As representações sociais foram coletadas com a aplicação de um instrumento metodológico na forma de questionário aberto, escrito, constituído por um agravo de instrumento sobre cotas raciais para acesso à universidade. O questionário foi aplicado a formandos de Direito da UEPG no ano de 2008. O estudo faz uso da Teoria das Representações Sociais e da Consciência Histórica. Após a análise dos dados,observa-se que, dentre 84 respondentes, 65 acadêmicos assumem sua contrariedade ao sistema de cotas raciais sob o viés da isonomia formal. Com base nas justificativas escritas pelos alunos, podese deduzir a predominância de representação formal de justiça nos discursos dos acadêmicos no que se refere à análise do sistema de cotas raciais. Um dos motivos que tem acarretado essa situação é a existência de um processo tecnicista de ensino do Direito. Há a necessidade de maiores esforços no sentido de uma formação que permita ao profissional um olhar informado, crítico e sensível à realidade cultural e social do país, para que a operacionalização do Direito não se dê dentro de um formalismo inócuo em relação ao complexo meio social no qual se insere. Como se trata de assunto referente à interpretação do passado, na medida em que a reserva de vagas visa reparar o que se interpreta como injustiças históricas, optou-se por trabalhar com o conceito de consciência histórica de Rüsen, que pode ser sumariamente descrita como os processos mentais de atribuição de significado ao tempo. No que se refere às características das consciências históricas, 57 acadêmicos, dentre 86 respondentes, percebem reflexos da discriminação racial no tempo presente, e são capazes de olhar a realidade da escravidão e do racismo em bases críticas, sem repetir discursos canônicos como o da leniência da escravidão brasileira ou da democracia racial. Porém, apesar da competência técnica em lidar com o saber histórico, observa-se que a maioria dos pesquisados não sustenta seu discurso histórico no princípio da igualdade material.