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Pretorius, Liezille. "The participation of women in rap music: An exploratory study of the ro1e of gender discrimination." University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8459.
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Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)This study is about the way in which men, specifically in the local context of Cape Town, dominate the rap music culture. Globally, rapping is associated with poetic lyrics that express the rappers' environment or worldview. Historically women's worldviews were kept silent and it is within this context that this investigation explored why women are not represented well in the rap culture. The significance of the study lies in the possibility of identifying ways in which women interested in becoming rap artists could overcome the barriers that currently inhibit their participation. This project represents an interdisciplinary study that falls within the realms of social psychology, music, feminism and social constructionism. Specifically, this thesis employed feminist psychology and social constructionism to construe and interpret the roles of women in rap music. Working within a qualitative feminist framework, the data was gathered through focus groups and in-depth telephonic individual interviews with participants. The discussions held with the participants were transcribed and the data was analyzed thematically. The results reflect that women feel that they are being discriminated against in rap culture on the basis of their gender. Despite the key finding that women are being discriminated against in the rap culture, it was also found that when the two sexes came together and spoke about the gender inequalities in the culture, a strong awareness of gender sensitivity was created. This study therefore suggests that one powerful way of challenging gender inequality in rap culture may be through raising awareness by way of discussions of gender bias and discrimination at rap forums, radio talk shows and workshops aimed at unifying the South African rap culture.
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Alvarado, Orellana Sara Lucia, and Cynthia Kamariza. "An analysis on how the media describe intimate partner violence from a social constructionist perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23737.
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The purpose of this study was to get a better understanding on how Swedish media describes intimate partner violence from a social constructionist perspective. This was done by analysing the way this violence is projected in three Swedish newspapers namely Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter & Expressen. Our study focused on heterosexual relationships and investigated how some sample of Swedish newspapers described the image of “men and women as perpetrators; gender construction”, “the presentation of the violence” and “the way society treats intimate partner violence victims (male/female)”. The theoretical approach in this analysis was based on social constructionism with a special focus on gender. In order to address the research objectives, a content analysis was performed and some comment and analysis on themes were given. The research findings revealed that both men and women could be perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence with a main focus on woman as victims from media.
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Hellmann, Bryan Dov. "A social constructionist exploration of male law enforcement officers' attitudes towards male rape." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05282008-125949.
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Nebbe, Marrianne Barbara. "Exploring the reasons white middle-class women remain childfree in the South African context : a feminist social constructionist study." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29172.
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In this study I qualitatively explore how women who choose not to have children account for this choice in the South African context. I consider the reasons for women to remain childfree and the changing discourses of femininity that enable women to make the choice not to have children. I am also concerned with the possible implications of this choice for women’s interpersonal relationships. This study is conducted from a feminist social constructionist framework. Dominant discourses of femininity revolve around motherhood, which is considered to be the most important role. Motherhood is believed to be a “natural” identity. Mothers are highly regarded in most societies; they are perceived to be devoted to the care of others and to be self-sacrificing. Although most societies consider motherhood to be an essential feature of femininity, it can also cause ambivalent feelings and not all women wish to take on the role of motherhood. The number of women who choose to remain childfree is growing in various societies. Women increasingly have the power to choose whether they want to remain childfree. Through resisting discourses that meld femininity with motherhood, childfree women create alternative discourses that have the potential to change constructions of femininity. I used feminist social constructionism to endeavour to understand the ways in which women’s realities inform their decision not to have children. I also explore how society serves to either problematise or promote this decision. Finally, I attempt to gain a deeper understanding of how being female and childfree impacts on women’s beliefs about themselves. Interview data from semi-structured interviews conducted with women who choose to remain childfree are analysed using thematic analysis. The women interviewed were white and middle class and were found via convenience and snowball sampling. The women participating in the study report various reasons for remaining childfree. Freedom from childcare responsibility and the resulting greater opportunity for self3 fulfilment is shown to be one of the strongest reasons for remaining childfree. Other important reasons include unequal labour division in the family, concerns about the physical aspects of childbirth and recovery, life partners’ acceptance of the choice to remain childfree as well as early socialising experiences. Other reasons cited less frequently include the negative impact of childrearing on women’s emotional well-being, concerns regarding the overpopulation of the planet and a general dislike of children. Two of the themes identified in the text are not evident in the existing literature. The first of these relates to the fact that the women participating in the study do not regard motherhood as the central feature of femininity. Instead, they tend to associate femininity with the act of nurturing, rather than with the act of mothering. These women are able to strongly identify with the female role, as they do not believe that choosing to remain childfree conflicts with their female gender role. The second theme relates to the belief that the world is an evil or unsafe place and that it is therefore better to remain childfree. This belief appears to be context dependent and is based on the women’s perceptions of the crime situation in South Africa. This study contributes to the expansion of the existing literature concerning childfree women, specifically within the South African context. The findings of the research support the findings of previous studies and offer a fresh perspective through the identification of new themes. By exploring reasons women cite for remaining childfree, I argue that some women refute motherhood. The challenging of the dominant discourse that “all women are mothers” is aimed at changing the dialogue about women and thus altering existing dominant discourses. CopyrightDissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Psychology
unrestricted
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Rustin, Carmine Jianni. "Gender equality and happiness among South African women." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6511.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDHave South African women's lives become happier since the transition to democracy? If they are, could this be linked to gender equality? This is the central question of this study. This study explored a group of women’s subjective experiences of gender equality, by which I mean equality on the basis of gender; and happiness, which refers to women’s life satisfaction and their affective state. It further explores whether gender equality and happiness are linked. The study assumed that everything being equal, endeavours to liberate women from patriarchy and towards gender equality enhance women’s happiness. 1994 ushered in a democratic South Africa and numerous legislative and policy changes were introduced that affect women. Considerable gains have been made at the constitutional and political levels for women’s equality and gender justice. This is reflected in the rankings of South Africa on many different indices. Yet, we see numerous challenges facing women including poverty and gender-based violence. This study examined whether the presence of a range of policies as well as affirmative and protective measures for women have impacted on how they experience their lives. In particular, do they feel that they are happy and do they see happiness as linked to gender equality efforts? Given the research question, this study was grounded within a feminist framework. A mixed methods approach utilising both qualitative and quantitative methods was employed.
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Caner, Havva Ayşe, and Fatma Nevra Seggie. "Gender, student achievement, and regional discrepancies." Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6592/.
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Lindblom, Erica. "Reporting on Gender Equality and Diversity: A Discourse Analysis of the GRI Framework for Sustainability Reporting." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-141607.
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Organizations around the world increasingly publish voluntary sustainability reports. Stakeholders want more information than financial statements, and environmental and social concerns have grown in the past two decades. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework for sustainability reporting is used by most organizations today. This is an analysis of the indicators in the GRI framework used to report on gender equality and diversity. I have used Carol Bacchi's method "What Is the "Problem" Represented to Be?" to discover how the "problems" of gender equality and diversity are presented in the framework and what effects those constructions of the problem might have.
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Lee, Jillian April. "Gender differences in psychopathology examined under an expanded transactional theory of stress framework." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2590.
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Wurtz, Olivier. "Expatriate coping : theorical framework, determinants, and effectiveness." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHEC0009.
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Ce travail porte sur des aspects souvent oubliés de l'expatriation : les réactions des individus. A partir des théories du « coping » (faire face), et de la collecte de 559 questionnaires, les actions et cognitions des expatriés sont examinées au sein de trois essais – deux portants sur les facteurs qui affectent ces réactions, et le troisième sur leurs conséquences.Le premier essai étudie le soutien social organisationnel et révèle que le supérieur de l'expatrié possède une influence émotionnelle : son soutien facilite l'acceptation et la réinterprétation positive des difficultés auxquelles l'expatrié fait face. L’aide provenant des pairs a des conséquences plus instrumentales, favorisant la recherche d’informations et de conseils.Le second essai montre que différentes catégories d’expatriés réagissent différemment aux défis de l’expatriation : les femmes ont davantage recours à du soutien social, et ont plus de facilité à accepter leur expérience et à la voir de manière positive que les hommes. Les jeunes ont davantage de risque de consommer alcool et drogues que leurs aînés, et les expatriés ayant initiés eux-mêmes leur expatriation ont des réactions plus émotionnelles que les expatriés classiques. Enfin, dans un troisième travail l’influence des réactions des expatriés sur leur adaptation est examinée. Il en ressort notamment le rôle positif des réactions d’acceptation, ainsi que les risques à limiter ou arrêter ses effortsSome individuals enjoy their expatriation to the point of being reluctant to eve come back to their home country, but some experience terribly hard times. This research seeks to advance knowledge in the understanding of this variance by applying coping theory and methodologies. Three essays based on 559 questionnaires. Filled out by expatriates examine expatriate reactions. The first two aim to uncover antecedents of individual behavior ad cognitions abroad, while the third essay investigates the effectiveness of these reactions.The first essay focuses on the role of organizational social support and shows that supervisor’s influence is emotional, facilitating emotion-focused engagement coping reactions, such as acceptance or positive reappraisal, whereas peer support is more instrumental, easing the search for useful information and advice.The second essay focuses on expatriate categories that have been neglected for a long time in research: the self-initiated, female and young. This work shows that women use more social support and display more acceptance and positive reappraisal to face the problems of expatriation, the young are more at risk of drinking alcohol and taking drugs, and self-initiated expatriates have more emotional reactions than organizational ones.Finally, the third essay analyzes coping consequences. It notably shows that being able to realize and accept expatriation hardships (acceptance) facilitates adjustment. It also appears that giving up trying to solve the problems one is face with a dangerous reaction, jeopardizing professional and cross-cultural adjustment
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Doyle, Meredith C. "Gender Inequality in the Law: Deficiencies of Battered Woman Syndrome and a New Solution to Closing the Gender Gap in Self-Defense Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/149.
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Dr. Lenore Walker developed battered woman syndrome to address the issue of domestic violence and to give battered women a defense in situations in which they kill their abusive partners when they are not overtly threatening them. Self-defense law is based on male on male combat. Women are less able to protect themselves in an attack by a man, and so they may preemptively attack their sleeping partners to avoid a situation in which they cannot adequately protect themselves. Battered woman syndrome explains why these battered women act in a way that is irrational to a non-battered person. Walker's theory of learned helplessness explains why the woman does not leave the abusive relationship, and the cycle of violence theory explains why she perceives an imminent threat. Battered woman syndrome is problematic in its legal application because of problems with its scientific validity and reliability. It also furthers gender stereotypes and blurs the line between a justification and an excuse defense. While, Dr. Walker's intentions were good, battered woman syndrome is inadequate. Women's difference from men still have to be acknowledged in cases in which battered women kill their husband's, but social agency framework is a more effective way to acknowledge gender differences. This framework takes into account social circumstances that would explain a woman's actions rather than including pathology. This would explain why the woman did not leave an abusive relationship. To avoid the pathology of BWS while explaining why the woman felt an imminent threat, the defense can turn to a pattern of abuse that helps her reasonably recognize when violence is likely.
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Milot, Alyssa. "Positive Youth Development as a Framework for Examining the Relationships Between Conformity to Gender Norms, Social Support, and Adolescent Mental Health." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3805.
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Thesis advisor: James MahalikThe mental health issues of depression and substance abuse are a major public health concern in the U.S. The timing of the onset of depression and substance use is critical to the lifelong prevalence of these issues (e.g., Gayman, Lloyd, and Ueno, 2011). Symptoms of depression during adolescence are associated with major depressive episodes during adulthood (e.g., Pine, Cohen, Johnson, Brook, 1999). Alcohol use during adolescence has been linked to substance abuse in young adulthood (Griffin, Bang, and Botvin, 2010) and adulthood (Chung and Martin, 2011). Due to the influence that adolescent depression and alcohol use has on lifelong development, potential factors related these outcomes during adolescence are essential to examine. The Five C's model of positive youth development (PYD) provided a framework for the current study to understand how internal (e.g., conformity to gender norms) and external (e.g., social support) characteristics of an individual lead to the development of personal qualities of PYD, which in turn are associated with behaviors (e.g., depression, alcohol use; Lerner et al., 2005). A sample of 642 high school students from several Catholic high schools in the Northeast was utilized for the analyses. T-tests indicated that females report greater depressive symptoms compared to males, but no gender differences in alcohol use. Regression analyses indicated significant relationships between greater conformity to feminine norms and decreased alcohol use and increased social support and PYD. Conformity to masculine norms was associated with decreased social support and PYD. The current study expands the existing body of literature by including internal characteristics involving identity such as conformity to gender norms in the Five C's model of PYD and examining both the benefits and costs of one's gender, conformity to gender norms, and social support on PYD, depression, and alcohol use during adolescence. The findings suggest that gender, conformity to gender norms, and social support contribute to the adolescent outcomes of PYD, depression, and alcohol use, which have clinical and developmental implications
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology
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Kammah, Jerry Calson. "Legal and Policy Framework for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: a Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal in Liberia." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22834.
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This paper critically analyse the extent to which legal and policy frameworks have contributed in achieving the third Millennium Development Goal (3rd MDG) in Liberia. It explores the feminist theory of Intersectionality by examining the intersection of historical, social and political context which all contribute to social division in Liberia. The paper goes further to examine how these social divisions affects gender equality and women’s empowerment through the indicators associated with the 3rd MDG on education, employment and political participation. It concludes by noting that though 2015 is a year away, much still has to be done to achieve the 3rd MDG, other MDGs as well as promotion of human rights in Liberia.
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Rydén, Ida, and Josephine Hellström. "Drabbade män och beroende kvinnor : En aktstudie utifrån ett genusperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för socialpedagogik och sociologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-6553.
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Syftet med studien var att analysera biståndsutredningar utifrån ett genusperspektiv för att undersöka om det finns några skillnader både språkligt och innehållsmässigt utifrån kön. Vårt gemensamma intresse för genusfrågor och socialt arbete för individer med funktionsnedsättningar är anledningen till valet av studiens inriktning. Karin Barrons teori om att kvinnor och män med funktionsnedsättningar inte tilldelas kön har inspirerat till studien. Med hjälp av socialkonstruktivism och ett genusperspektiv har empirin analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens empiri består av biståndsutredningar enligt Lagen om stöd och service för vissa funktionshindrade (SFS 1993:387) angående ansökan om personlig assistans. Utredningarna kommer ifrån en relativt stor kommun. Resultatet visar att språket i biståndsutredningarna synliggör kön och skapar olika bilder av kvinnor och män med funktionsnedsättningar. Utredningarna porträtterar mannen som drabbad av sin funktionsnedsättning, drabbad men fortfarande stark och kompetent. I samma sorts texter skildras kvinnan som att hon är, har eller har utvecklat sin funktionsnedsättning och som beroende av hjälpmedel och annat stödThe purpose was to analyze needs assessment investigation to explore if there are differences in the linguistic and content regarding gender. We have common interest in both gender perspective and disability care. Therefore these areas were chosen for the study. Karin Barron and her theory about disabled people being declined their gender was the inspiration to the study. A social constructionist and a gender perspective were used throughout this research and a qualitative content analyze were used to analyze and process the documents. The documents consisted by needs assessment investigation regarding applications about personal assistance. The applications are regulated by the Swedish law, Lagen om stöd och service för vissa funktionshindrade (SFS 1993:387). The data was collected from a relatively large municipality. The results show that in these documents gender is visible and creates different images of disabled men and women. The documents presented the men as victims of their disability, victims but still strong and abled and the women were presented as accountable of their disability and dependent of means
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Winges-Yanez, Nick. "A Foucaultian Discourse Analysis of Person-Centered Practice Using a Genealogical Framework of Intellectual Disability." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4505.
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A genealogical framework highlights the important role sexuality has played in constructing the current label of intellectual disability (ID). The genealogical framework is meant to replace the social, medical, and/or rights-based model(s) that have dominated social work and social services working in the disability field. With this framework, or perspective, I use a Foucaultian discourse analysis to read through seminal texts regarding person-centered practice.
Person-centered practice is the foremost intervention used in social work, and other disciplines, to work with people labeled with intellectual disability. My research questions focus on what is revealed about ID in PCP through a genealogical framework and what implications do these discoveries hold for sexuality education and social services, including social workers?
Predetermined concepts taken from the genealogical framework are used in the Foucaultian discourse analysis. These concepts (subject, government, biopower, and normalization) provide insight into how ID has been constructed and maintained through the practice of person-centered processes. Paradoxes emerge throughout the analysis, providing space for productive resistance by professionals working in sexuality education and social services to improve equity for people labeled with intellectual disability, specifically regarding their sexuality and healthy expression of it.
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Stough-Hunter, Anjel Nicolette. "Examining the Role of Community and Gender on Perceptions of Impaired Water Quality: A Comparative Case Study." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1307997067.
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Mubarak, Kamakshi N. "Everyday networks, politics, and inequalities in post-tsunami recovery : fisher livelihoods in South Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6140f40d-9b68-4148-b62e-a3d8d9bdc646.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore how livelihoods are recovering in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka through the lens of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and the social networks approach—methods of inquiry that have gained considerable impetus in livelihoods research. The study is conducted with reference to two tsunami-affected fisher villages in the Hambantota District, Southern Province. It employs a qualitative ethnographic methodology that examines narratives emerging from households, local officials of government and non-government organizations, office bearers of community-based organizations, local politicians, village leaders, and key informants. Focus is on evaluating how particular roles, activities, and behaviour are given importance by these groups in specific post-tsunami contexts and how these aspects relate to broader conceptualizations of social networks, informal politics, social inequality, and ethnographic research in South Asia. The findings support four major contributions to the literature. First, social networks are significant as an object of study and a method of inquiry in understanding livelihoods post-disaster. Second, paying heed to varied forms of informal politics is critical in post-disaster analyses. Third, the concept of intersectionality can extend and improve upon prevailing approaches to social inequality in disaster recovery. Fourth, ethnographic research is valuable for understanding everyday networks, informal politics, and change in South Asia. Collectively, these findings present a human geography of post-tsunami livelihoods in Sri Lanka, where networks, politics, and inequalities, which form an essential part of everyday livelihoods, have been reproduced in disaster recovery. The thesis constitutes a means of offering expertise in the sphere of development practice, highlighting internal differentiation in access to aid as a key issue that needs to be identified and systematically addressed by policymakers and practitioners.
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Gerbais, Juliette. "Women Representation in Disaster Risk Reduction : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the UNDRR Frameworks." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18446.
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While early relocation is not makeable, disaster risk reduction seems to be the most effective tool to decrease the impact of a disaster. This case study focuses on three UNDRR frameworks as they appear to be the greatest instance of international documents referring to disaster risk reduction (DRR). Especially, this research examines the representation of women within these frameworks and how their portrayal in DRR has changed over the last two decades. To do so, a critical discourse analysis of the three UNDRR frameworks is conducted. This study benefits from a social vulnerability approach and further engages with the Feminist Political Ecology theory. The analysis finds that even though women are increasingly represented in the frameworks, their roles as active participants remain negligible. Their knowledge and interest are still not recognised as valuable in DRR. Rather, women seem to be employed as tools to include more gender-sensitive programmes. This study recommends a greater and more complex emphasis on women in future DRR policies.
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Ryder, Suzanne Elize. "A Hobby or a Job?: A Multi-sited Examination of Gender and Labour Relations in Professional Women’s Road Cycling." Thesis, 2021. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42975/.
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Women’s road cycling is one of the oldest professional sports for women, yet current professional cyclists experience precarious labour conditions that relate to sexism, and lack of respect, recognition, and inclusion. Issues and challenges for women cyclists are often overshadowed by the sport’s much-celebrated progress of professionalism, for example, their inclusion in elite men’s races and a mandated minimum wage. My research questions are about how professional women cyclists and their labour are shaped and constrained by gender relations. This feminist ethnography includes two and a half years of fieldwork. The collected data consists of fieldnotes of participation in the local Melbourne, Australia road racing scene, and seven months of observations at the highest level of competition in elite road cycling in Europe – the Women’s World Tour. The voices of 15 elite and professional cyclists are included via the presentation of interview data. This data forms the backbone of this explicitly feminist study on professional women cyclists’ lived experiences. The methods and analysis were shaped by critical feminist theory and Raewyn Connell’s (1987, 2021) social constructionist gender framework. My findings show how the power of gender relations in the different sites of women’s cycling socialises women into a dominant masculine structure and culture that leads to the internalisation of socio-cultural norms that reinforce the current gender order. Women’s participation – even their progress in professional cycling – does not challenge the superior position of men in the field of cycling. This thesis explores the gender regimes of local and professional road cycling, women cyclists’ construction of labour, their suffering in the sport, and progress narratives that dominate the field. While resistance agency of women is also identified, gender and labour relations continue to be dominated by masculinity which constrains the impact of such practices. This research offers in-depth analysis of complex gender and labour relations that underlie the socio-cultural conditions that professional women cyclists are constantly exposed to.
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Bhana, Jyoti. "A social constructionist understanding of mourning : Indian widows' experiences." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1808.
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Death is one of the few certainties in life. It comes to all of us, but the way in which we deal with it will vary according to a range of social and cultural factors. Based on my mother's experiences since being widowed, this dissertation has undertaken a qualitative research method to examine how Hindu widows express their mourning in their context, thereby defining their experiences of widowhood. The aim of this dissertation is to give voice to the mourning experiences of Hindu widows. By examining these constructions of mourning experiences, one is able to gain an understanding of grief from a cultural perspective, which may serve as a guide for professional counsellors and academics in their endeavours to provide much needed support and understanding for bereaved Hindu women.
The epistemological framework is social constructionism. In this study five Hindu widows were interviewed with the intention of providing readers and fellow researchers with insight into their narratives, and the data was hermeneutically analysed. The participants' stories were interpreted and categorised into themes.
This study allowed for elaborate and detailed descriptions about Hindu widows' experiences to surface, with the view that this study will broaden the way Hindu widowhood is thought of. Analyses reveals that within patriarchal society, Hindu widows appear inadequately prepared for their widowhood. As a result they experience financial, emotional and psychological difficulties, which make adjusting to widowhood a challenge. The perspective this study hopes to argue for is broader, inclusive, collaborative engagement and thinking in respect of Indian widowhoodPsychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)
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Brubaker, Cathryn Elise. "Doing health, doing gender: Testing a social constructionist view of health and risk behavior engagement." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3289234.
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The sex differential in health-related behaviors is well established. What is less clear is precisely how health behavioral differences vary within sex groups. This dissertation looked through the lens of gender to explore within-sex health behavior differentials. Taking a social constructionist position, I argued that health behaviors are gendered enactments. Due to a combination of individual agency, structural opportunities and constraints, people construct gender in myriad ways. I therefore expected to find gendered health behavior variation among men and among women, perhaps as much as has been found between the sexes. In this cross-sectional analysis (1995-6 National Survey of Mid-life in the U.S., N=3,690), a number of different gender indicators were used to interrogate this idea. I examined two individual level indicators: attitudes about gender and gendered personality traits. And since people use gender to guide social interactions within institutions, I looked within two highly gendered institutions, paid employment and the family. I also examined how the intersection between my individual level and institutional gender indicators affected health-related behaviors. The health behaviors in this study included self-care and medical check-ups, and the risk behaviors included risky sexual behavior and several substance abuse measures. The findings showed that my four measures of gender were far more widely associated with risk behavior than health behavior, especially among women. Additionally, the gendered institutions were more widely associated with the health-related behaviors than the individual level gender measures. Not only were the health-related relationships to the family and paid employment more widespread than those to attitudes about gender and gendered personality traits, but the strength of these associations were often relatively strong. As expected, the individual level gender indicators showed that nontraditionally oriented women were more likely than traditionally oriented women to engage in a variety of risk behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, risky alcohol and drug use, risky sexual behavior, and leading an overall riskier health lifestyle. But the interactions between attitudes about gender and family structure indicated these associations to risk behavior were exacerbated when nontraditionally oriented women also had family responsibilities. Under these circumstances, nontraditional women's engagement in physical activity was also diminished. Nontraditionally oriented men on the whole did not behave quite as healthily as traditional men in this study. However, in circumstances where men with egalitarian attitudes hold occupations that are feminine or sex-balanced, their engagement in health-positive behavior was greater than that of men with traditional attitudes about gender doing the same type of work. One possible explanation for these findings is that when a misalignment occurs between an individual's attitudes about gender and her or his involvement in gendered institutions, role strain is the result. This tension may manifest itself in less engagement in health-positive behaviors.
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Barker, Ruchelle. "Discursive representations of femininity in a contemporary South African women's magazine : a social constructionist approach." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6030.
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In this dissertation, the researcher presents the findings of a discourse analytic enquiry on the construction of femininity within a contemporary South African magazine. It is argued that gender is a social construction and that women’s magazines provide a channel through which discourse of femininity reaches women. These discourses in women’s magazines are often narrow and stereotypical in nature which may limit the development of women’s feminine gender identities.
A discourse analytic approach was utilised to reveal the different discourses of femininity within a contemporary women’s magazines, Cosmopolitan, as well as to indicate how they may contribute to the construction of femininity. From the magazine, relationship-focused articles were selected, from which three predominant discourses of femininity were identified which includes femininity as heterosexual, nurturing, and managerial.
An important finding is that competing discourses of empowerment and traditional femininity were evident. This points to the highly complex ways in which gender, specifically femininity, is constructed in the magazine under study.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
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Rodrigues, Debbie June. "Funny little witches and venerable-looking wizards: a social constructionist study of the portrayal of gender in the Harry Potter series." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4774.
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In this study I apply social constructionism as propounded by Vivian Burr (1998) to show that although J. K. Rowling uses stereotypes in the Harry Potter series as a reflection of how gender is constructed across a wide range of societal institutions in contemporary Britain, she created complex characters who on an individual level subvert social constructs and thereby offers her readers alternatives to culturally defined concepts of gender. I explore the all-pervasive social phenomenon of gender and examine how it is constructed in present-day Britain and reflected in the series (bearing in mind that the first book was published in 1997 and the last one in 2007). My analysis of female and male characters in the books, and their interpersonal relationships, shows that Rowling's often tricky portrayal of femininities and masculinities gives us an honest view of teenagers’ lives and contemporary gender relations in an ever-changing, complex world.English Studies
M. A. (English)
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Fältholm, Y., and A. Berg-Jansson. "From liberal feminist to social constructionist approaches – Research school for women and other gender equality interventions at Luleå University of Technology." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13725.
Full text
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Klaas, Ntombifikile Elizabeth. "The role of culture and gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS and strategies for the reduction of HIV and AIDS among farm workers in South Africa." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23590.
Full textAbstract:
Worldwide, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic has proven to be a health care challenge from the perspective of testing and treatment, including how to create sustainable positive prevention, prevention after becoming HIV positive, that is culturally relevant and gender sensitive. South Africa has been severely affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic and the agricultural sector is no exception. This statement is supported by the findings of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) study.
According to an IOM study, the HIV prevalence rate among farm workers in the country is about 40%, the highest ever recorded in Southern Africa. A study conducted in Limpopo and Mpumalanga farms revealed that the prevalence of the twenty-three farms was 39, 5% which is twice the UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS) national prevalence percentage of 18, 1% in South Africa. The researchers of this study could not pin-point a single factor causing this high rate of HIV infection on these farms. A multitude of factors, such as multiple and concurrent partnerships, transactional sex, irregular condom use, presence of sexually transmitted infections and sexual violence. The research also showed that almost half of the women working on farms around these provinces are HIV positive, compared to only a third of the male workforce.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of culture and gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS among farm workers in South Africa; with the view of developing culture and gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies. descriptive and explorative qualitative approach was adopted. In depth individual semi-structured interviews were used to explore and describe the role of culture and gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS among farm workers. Purposive and convenient sampling methods were used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria in the Tshitwani and Barota farming community in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Religious and cultural beliefs were believed to be fuelling the spread of HIV among farm workers. Multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom usage was common among participants. It was evident that stigma and social isolation leading to non- disclosure had adverse repercussions as some participants stated that they would spread HIV intentionally. Powerlessness and lack of decision-making by female farm workers was common as they were dependent on their male partners to make decisions regarding sexual matters in their relationship.
Conclusion: More HIV prevention programmes tailored to dispel fears about stigma and correct myths about HIV-transmission should reach ordinary men and women in order to curb the spread of HIV among farm workers. The researcher believes that the strategies that emanate from this study would be applied in other settings other than the farming community.Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Kibblewhite, Andrew. "A framework for social capital : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerton [i.e. Palmerston] North, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/939.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is concerned with enhancing the utility of social capital by developing and testing a comprehensive and measurable framework as a tool for researchers, policy-makers, and development theorists and practitioners. A framework was developed for measuring the degree to which different forms of social capital reside in a community and for distinguishing community-to community variations. The Framework was also designed to identify the accumulation of social capital in relation to structural characteristics within a community, and to identify what advantages might be associated with variants of social capital. The pursuit of the understanding of social capital has been convened within narrow disciplinary fields and has reduced the notion in definition, purpose, and utility. Much of the literature and past research has focused on approximations to identify social capital that are field-specific and representative of, at best, markers of social capital, rather than social capital itself. For this reason, this dissertation is concerned with developing a robust framework that has the potential to embrace the nature and extent of social capital across these disciplinary fields, while providing insight into the forms, influences, and trajectories of social capital. The utility of the Social Capital Framework that was developed for this dissertation was examined by transforming the Framework into a survey tool for administering in two communities to identify applicability and sensitivity for identifying the degree to which variants of social capital reside. The results showed that the Framework was able to distinguish the degree to which different forms of social capital existed, and how the social capital accumulates in relations to structural variables, in particular, gender. The Framework’s utility was not universal across all forms of social capital and showed that further enhancements are required, particularly, if it is to enable social capital to be attributed to forms of advantage. The results also identified areas where future research would be of value, particularly, in examining the trajectory of people’s forms of social capital.
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Buchner, Elsje Petronella. "“Ek het 'n roeping” : vrouepredikante se toelating in die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk : 'n kerkhistoriese en prakties-teologiese studie (Afrikaans)." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27588.
Full textAbstract:
In hierdie navorsing word die toelating van vrouepredikante in die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk vanuit ’n kerkhistoriese en prakties-teologiese hoek bestudeer. Die navorsingswaardes wat in die sosiaal-konstruksionisme geld, naamlik dat sodanige navorsing ’n deelnemende en verhalende proses is, dat die invloed van diskoerse bestudeer word en dat die belangrikheid van taal in ag geneem word, is in die navorsing verreken. Vanuit ’n post-fundamentele teologiese posisionering is van ’n paar van die bewegings in ’n postfundamentele prakties-teologiese metodologie gebruik gemaak om na die belewing van agt vroueproponente en -predikante deur die loop van die proses van toelating, én daarna, te luister en saam met hulle te interpreteer. Daar is van die volgende bewegings gebruik gemaak: Die beskrywing van die verskillende kontekste waarteen die roepingsverhale en loopbane van vrouepredikante afgespeel het; die aanhoor en beskrywing van die kontekstuele ervarings van die betrokke vroue; die interpretasie van en betekenisgewing aan die verhale in samewerking met die vroue wat as medenavorsers geag word en die beskrywing van en refleksie oor die ervaring van God se teenwoordigheid in hulle roepingsverhale en bedieninge as proponente en predikante. Hierdie postfundamentele prakties-teologiese metodologie is inherent narratief van aard en sluit ook nou aan by die denklyne wat in die sosiaal-konstruksionisme geld. Deur hierdie metodologie is daar probeer om ’n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling en uitbou van mondelinge geskiedenis. Die beskrywing van vroue se verhale is terselfdertyd ook vrouegeskiedenis wat poog om vroue meer hoor- en sigbaar in algemene geskiedenis, maar spesifiek ook kerkgeskiedenis te maak. Die metodologie pas ook binne ’n meer postmoderne benadering tot geskiedenis in. Aan die hand hiervan is die breër landkaart en historiese konteks waarteen die roepingsverhale van vrouepredikante en kerklike vergaderings oor ’n tydperk van bykans 107 jaar afgespeel is, in breë trekke en deur middel van tydlyne beskryf. Die ontwikkeling en uitbouing van die volksmoederdiskoers oor die dieselfde tydperk is van nader beskou. Daar is verder gekyk na die invloed wat die breër konteks en die volksmoederdiskoers op vroue gedurende die twintigste eeu gehad het, hoe vroue oor die algemeen hulleself in bepaalde vroueruimtes soos vroue-organisasies uitgeleef het en of Afrikanervroue se stemme in die openbaar gehoor is al dan nie. Teen hierdie agtergrond is die verloop van die kerklike debat oor die toelating van vroue tot die besondere ampte, naamlik diakens, ouderlinge en vrouepredikante, beskryf. Hierdie debat kan in drie tydperke opgedeel word. Die eerste tydperk wat van 1966-1978 strek kan as ’n tyd van nadenke beskryf word. Vanaf 1982 tot 1990 is die debat deur ’n sterk verskil in Skrifbeskouing gekenmerk. Die laaste tydperk wat vanaf 1991 tot 2007 strek, beskryf hoe die praktyk stadig pos gevat het en hoe die gesprek uiteindelik na gendersake uitgebrei het. Die vroueproponente en -predikante se roepingsverhale, hulle belewenis van God in die pad wat hulle moes loop en eerste treë in die bediening is weer deurgaans teen die agtergrond van die breër landkaart, volksmoederdiskoers en die NG Kerk se verskillende sinodes aangehoor, beskryf en in samewerking met hulle geïnterpreteer. Bykomend tot die groep persoonlike verhale is twee verhale van vroue wat reeds voor 1950 teologie studeer het en nie meer vandag leef nie, opgeteken. In al die gesprekke het die belangrikheid van vrouepredikante se roepingsverhale, hulle positiewe en negatiewe belewenisse in die kerk, die impak van oorwegend manlike kerktaal op vroue, die gemis en impak van rolmodelle, die frustrasies rondom proponentskap en hulle belewing van God onder andere na vore gekom. Dit is ook opmerklik dat vrouepredikante oor die algemeen nie aktief aan die debat deelgeneem nie en dat die meeste van die medenavorsers in hierdie studie ’n bepaalde stuk ongemak met gendersake en feminisme beleef. Hulle laat net soos in die volksmoederdiskoers die praatwerk aan ander oor.Thesis (DD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Church History and Church Policy
unrestricted
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Kruss, Julie L. ""Country women are resilient but....” : family planning access in rural Victoria." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21315/.
Full textAbstract:
Most women use family planning services during their reproductive lifetime, but many lack ready access to such services, particularly in a rural area. The aim of this study was to document and thus develop an understanding of the facilitators and barriers to accessing three types of family planning services (emergency contraception, termination of pregnancy, and options counselling) within a particular rural area of Victoria, Australia, and how these might affect women’s psychosocial health and their ability to make timely decisions about continuation of a pregnancy.
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Grobler, Hermanus Bosman. "Manlike identiteit: `n begeleidingsraamwerk vir vaders en hul seuns." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1496.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansThis study is aimed at the development of a guiding framework for fathers and their adolescent sons by focusing on male identity as the main binding factor in the relationship between father a and son. The establishment, as well as the confusion regarding male identity, have been stated as starting point and problem statement of the study. The need regarding the way in which the father and son can be guided within this dynamic relationship in order to establish male identity, has been stated as motivation for the study. The need regarding the guidance of fathers and their sons was thus the primary aim with the research question, namely what the most applicable factors in a guiding framework should be that would guide fathers and their sons in order to support the formation of male identity within the sons. The research methodology that has been followed, was from a Gestalt perspective as meta theoretical assumption from which qualitative, explorative and descriptive strategies were followed. The qualitative strategy consisted of an auto-ethnography and semi-structured interviews. The trustworthiness of the research has been strengthened by a quantitative component of the research by utilizing questionnaires, after which data was collected and analysed. A purposive sample was drawn that included respondents from the Drakenstein municipal area in the Boland district. Categories that were identified from data from the semi-structured interviews, as well as indicators from the questionnaires, have been integrated, from which propositions were constructed. Six themes and resulting guiding strategies were presented in the form of a guiding framework.
Hierdie studie is gerig op die ontwikkeling van 'n begeleidingsraamwerk vir vaders en hulle adolessente seuns deur te fokus op manlike identiteit as die samebindende faktor in die verhouding tussen vader en seun. Die vestiging, asook die verwarring ten opsigte van manlike identiteit, is as vertrekpunt en probleemstelling vir die studie gestel. Die behoefte ten opsigte van die manier waarop vader en seun binne hierdie dinamiese verhouding begelei kan word ten einde manlike identiteit te vestig, is as motivering vir die studie gestel. Die behoefte aan begeleiding vir vaders en huile seuns was dus die primere doel met 'n navorsingsvraag, naamlik wat die mees toepaslike faktore sal wees wat in 'n begeleidingsraamwerk aan vaders en hulle seuns leiding sal bied ten einde die vorming van manlike identiteit by die seuns te ondersteun. Die navorsingsmetodologie wat gevolg is, was vanuit die Gestaltperspekief as metateoretiese aanname waaruit kwalitatiewe, verkennende en beskrywende strategies gevolg is. Die kwalitatiewe strategie het bestaan uit 'n outoetnografie en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Die vertrouenswaardigheid van die navorsing is deur 'n kwantitatiewe komponent van die navorsing versterk deur vraelyste te benut waarna data ingesamel en geanaliseer is. 'n Doelgerigte steekproef is getrek, wat respondente ingesluit het uit die Drakenstein munisipale gebied in die Boland distrik. Kategoriee wat vanuit die data van die semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude geidentifiseer is, asook indikatore vanuit die vraelyste, is geintegreer waaruit proposisies saamgestel is. Ses temas en voortspruitende begeleidingstrategiee is aangebied in die vorm van 'n begeleidingsraamwerk.
Social Work
D.Diac. (Spelterapie)
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Divakarannair, Nandakumar. "Livelihood assets and survival strategies in coastal communities in Kerala, India." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/260.
Full textAbstract:
Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities.
Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation.
Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being.