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1
Henry, Stuart, and Ross L. Matsueda. Social Constructionist Theories of Crime. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Cornelissen, Joep, Mirjam Werner, and S. Alexander Haslam. Bridging and Integrating Theories on Organizational Identity. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.17.
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We review the existing literature on organizational identity and compare and contrast different theoretical perspectives, including social constructionist, social actor, and social identity theories. We argue that these perspectives can be usefully compared, and in turn integrated, by identifying the root metaphors, or images, of identity that form their theoretical base. By taking this approach, we are able to connect strands of organizational identity scholarship and identify possibilities for a greater cross-fertilization and integration between them. We in turn propose an integrative process model that describes key processes and outcomes of organizational identity formation and change, from a social interactionist perspective, and which provides a viable theoretical framework for further research.
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Kloos, John. Constructionism and Its Critics. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0027.
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Since the 1970s, social scientists increasingly have cast human emotions in the arenas of culturally or linguistically constructed expression. A wide spectrum of theoretical terminology has been employed, including “constructionism” and “constructivist.” This essay reviews constructionist theories that bear on the study of religion and emotion. It analyzes constructionist theories as both determinist and relativist. It focuses on the recent historical ethnographic work of an important anthropologist of emotion, William M. Reddy. It also examines how religious emotions get constructed and what forms serve to give them expression. Generally, religious ritual is a form that can function in such a way so that the emotional lows of loss and grief are made less low. Conversely, ritual can heighten the feelings of joy and happiness at times of celebration. The construction of ritual form reflects specific religious traditions, yet cultures also share more broadly emotional forms for handling death, birth, marriage, and personal formation.
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Rupp, Leila J., and Carly Thomsen. Sexualities. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.44.
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This chapter explores the ways that feminist theorists, from both social constructionist and poststructural perspectives, have addressed the question of what sexuality is. We suggest that core to all kinds of feminist thinking about sexuality is that it cannot be understood simply as a fixed biological essence and that it involves power dynamics, as captured by the phrase sexual politics. Yet there is no agreement among feminist theorists about the questions of whether women’s sexuality is fundamentally different than men’s, or whether women’s experiences of sexuality are characterized more by danger or pleasure. We take up these debates to think through the history and future of feminist theories of sexuality.
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Lapsley, Daniel, and Ryan D. Woodbury. Social Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.16.
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This chapter focuses on social cognitive constructs that emphasize self–other constructions in emerging adulthood. The authors first take up classic social cognitive stage theories, including the development of perspective-taking, interpersonal understanding, and interpersonal negotiation strategies and the development of self-understanding. They note that the upper boundary of structural stage development stretches well into emerging adulthood: the period from 18 to 25 sees a mélange of social cognitive developmental capacities with significant overlap across stages. The authors then introduce individuation and dyadic attachment as new categories of social cognition. Both constructs describe the recalibration of self–other perspectives that will be crucial for navigating the challenges of emerging adulthood. They conclude with an examination of recent neuroscience research on the social cognitive brain, with a particular focus on perspective-taking and mentalizing, and they draw implications for future research.
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Shefer, Tamara, Kopano Ratele, Anna Strebel, Nokuthula Shabalala, and Rosemarie Buikema. From Boys to Men: Social constructions of masculinity in contemporary society. UCT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/1-9204-9986-0.
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The current emphasis in research and education on women and girls is fraught with problems. It has raised a concern that boys and men should be included in research and intervention work on gender equality and transformation. As a result, academics with a background of many years of work in women’s and gender studies undertook a research project focusing on the construction of masculinities among young men. From Boys to Men was born out of this project. This highly original work arises from the conference ‘From Boys to Men’, held in January 2005. It represents the work of some of the best-known theorists and researchers in masculinities and feminism in South Africa, on the continent and internationally. The subjects covered are based on rich ethnographic studies, mostly in South Africa, but also elsewhere in Africa. Acknowledging that there are multiple versions of masculinity and that some are more valued than others, this book is concerned with documenting both hegemonic discourses on masculinity, as well as resistances and challenges to dominant forms of being a boy or man in different contexts of space and time. From Boys to Men provides valuable material for those working with issues of gender, identity and power, and will sharpen understanding of males, inform community-based interventions and facilitate theory-building. ‘This impressive collection of research on men, boys and masculinities would have been impossible just a generation ago. It took the worldwide impact of the women’s liberation movement, and the many feminisms that have since developed, to bring gender into focus … and to bring men into focus as participants in a gender system.’ Raewyn Connell, Professor at the University of Sydney & author of Masculinities, 1995 ‘Given the extant paucity of research and literature on masculinities, this book will undoubtedly prove to be an invaluable resource for scholars in the field of gender studies. The editors of the volume should be commended for this timely, well-constructed and significant contribution to the literature on masculinities studies, both in South Africa and internationally.’ Norman Duncan, Chair of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand ‘Setting this collection apart from existing scholarship on masculinities in South Africa is its interrogation of the gendered rhetoric of boyhood and manhood in the context of HIV/Aids. This is a multilayered and rich collection that suggests masculinities have the potential to be unmade and remade. The volume usefully opens up new avenues of analysis, telling us that masculinities are always in process, under negotiation, contradictory, for ever in crisis.’
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Takacs-Haynes, Katalin, and R. Duane Ireland. Social Construction of Boundaries in the Context of the Official and Unofficial Economies. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.9.
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This research draws from institutional, social constructionism, and stakeholder theories to describe how the boundaries of legality and legitimacy create official and unofficial economies. The theoretical model is also used to explain how boundaries shift and are crossed. Individual business activities are the unit of analysis for this work. We envision hierarchically positioned stakeholder groups as the creators of the boundaries of legality and of social acceptability. The activities in the unofficial economy fall into either the informal (illegal but socially acceptable) or the criminal (illegal and socially unacceptable) quadrants; activities in the official economy are either in the formal (legal and socially acceptable) or the marginal (legal but socially unacceptable) quadrants. The interdependence among the four quadrants highlights the importance of theoretically specifying how boundaries around each form, shift, and are crossed, leading to changes in the size and scope of each quadrant in developed, emerging, and developing countries.
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Tilley, Heather, and Jan Eric Olsén. Touching Blind Bodies: A Critical Inquiry into Pedagogical and Cultural Constructions of Visual Disability in the Nineteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0014.
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Changing ideas on the nature of and relationship between the senses in nineteenth-century Europe constructed blindness as a disability in often complex ways. The loss or absence of sight was disabling in this period, given vision’s celebrated status, and visually impaired people faced particular social and educational challenges as well as cultural stereotyping as poor, pitiable and intellectually impaired. However, the experience of blind people also came to challenge received ideas that the visual was the privileged mode of accessing information about the world, and contributed to an increasingly complex understanding of the tactile sense. In this chapter, we consider how changing theories of the senses helped shape competing narratives of identity for visually impaired people in the nineteenth century, opening up new possibilities for the embodied experience of blind people by impressing their sensory ability, rather than lack thereof. We focus on a theme that held particular social and cultural interest in nineteenth-century accounts of blindness: travel and geography.
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Ferri, Giovanni, and Angelo Leogrande. Entrepreneurial Pluralism. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.2.
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Economic manuals and the policy debate are generally permeated by the assumption that there is an archetypical form of enterprise: the private limited company, often viewed as a public company. Instead, enterprise forms differing from the archetype are viewed as anomalous, possibly the result of unstable constructions waiting to evolve into public companies. However, reality tells us that entrepreneurial pluralism is the norm rather than the exception, and that those non-archetype enterprises do not disappear, and often thrive. Furthermore, progress in the theories of industrial organization, corporate governance, stakeholder inclusion, and the common goods all seem to suggest that entrepreneurial pluralism may be welfare enhancing. Against this background, we draw on the literature with the purpose of shedding light on the potential causes and effects of entrepreneurial pluralism. Specifically, we focus on mutual producer/consumer associations, social enterprises, co-operative enterprises, and family firms.
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Myers, Alicia. Blessed Among Women? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677084.001.0001.
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Mothers appear throughout the New Testament. Called “blessed among women” by Elizabeth in the Gospel of Luke, Mary, the mother of Jesus, is the most obvious example. But Mary is joined by Elizabeth, a chorus of unnamed mothers seeking healing or promotions for their children, as well as male mothers, including Paul (Gal 4:19–20) and Jesus. Although interpreters of the New Testament have explored these maternal characters and metaphors, many have only recently begun to take seriously their theological aspects. This book builds on previous studies by arguing maternal language is not only theological but also indebted to ancient gender constructions and their reshaping by early Christians. Especially significant are the physiological, anatomical, and social constructions of female bodies that permeate the ancient world where early Christianity was birthed. This book examines ancient generative theories, physiological understandings of breastmilk and breastfeeding, and presentations of prominent mothers in literature and art to analyze the use of these themes in the New Testament and several, additional early Christian writings. In a context that aligned perfection with “masculinity,” motherhood was the ideal goal for women—a justification for deficient, female existence. Proclaiming a new age ushered in by God’s Christ, however, ancient Christians debated the place of women, mothers, and motherhood as a part of their reframing of gender expectations. Rather than a homogenous approval of literal motherhood, ancient Christian writings depict a spectrum of ideals for women disciples even as they retain the assumption of masculine superiority.
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Kenny, Kate, Andrea Whittle, and Hugh Willmott. Organizational Identity. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.11.
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What is the role of power and politics in the construction of organizational identity? In this chapter we depart from existing approaches that tend to focus on overt displays of power, including observable conflicts and attempts to influence. We propose instead that yet more subtle and insidious exercises of power can impact upon the enactment of organizational identity, shaping answers to questions such as “who are we?” In making our claims, we draw on ideas from Lukes, Foucault, and Laclau and Mouffe, influential social and political theorists who have to date remained under-utilized in the study of organizational identity. Developing this approach, we present a framework for examining how relations of domination and exploitation can become naturalized through constructions of organizational identity, and we conclude by discussing the contribution of this approach for the field of organization identity.
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Myrick, Nathan. Music for Others. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197550625.001.0001.
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Musical activity is one of the most ubiquitous and highly valued forms of social interaction in North America—from sporting events to political rallies, concerts to churches. Its use as an affective agent for political and religious programs suggests that it has ethical significance, but it is one of the most undertheorized aspects of both theological ethics and music scholarship. Music for Others: Care, Justice, and Relational Ethics in Christian Music fills part of this scholarly gap by focusing on the religious aspects of musical activity, particularly on the practices of Christian communities. It is based on ethnomusicological fieldwork at three Protestant churches and interviews with a group of seminary students, combined with theories of discourse, formation, response, and care ethics oriented toward restorative justice. The book argues that relationships are ontological for both human beings and musical activity. It further argues that musical meaning and emotion converge in human bodies such that music participates in personal and communal identity construction in affective ways—yet these constructions are not always just. Thus, Music for Others argues that music is ethical when it preserves people in and restores people to just relationships with each other, and thereby with God.
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Lokaneeta, Jinee. Violence. Edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.50.
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In this chapter, I discuss the ways in which violence as a concept has been studied over time. In contrast to legitimizing constructions of the state as representing the “monopoly of violence” linked to maintaining order, feminist scholars have pointed to the sexual and racial violence that ground the state and imperial orders. From theoretical discussions of the “sexual contract” that precedes and informs the “social contract” (Pateman 1988) to historical studies of slavery, colonial violence, ethnic conflicts, and genocide, feminist analyses have shattered states’ claims concerning their “rational, controlled, and purposive” deployment of violence for the public good. Instead, they have drawn attention to group-based patterns of violence enacted by some to the detriment of others within and beyond national communities whether in the context of genocide, war, civil conflict, and state sponsored terror or in everyday lives. Feminist theorists have also examined the complex roles of states, non state actors from dominant classes and communities and individual perpetrators in the enactment of violence with impunity and they have traced intricate modes of resistance in response to violence.
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Sharp, Carolyn J., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.001.0001.
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This volume explores historical, literary, and ideological dimensions of the books of the Latter Prophets of the Hebrew Bible—Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Book of the Twelve—along with Daniel. The prophetic books comprise oracles, narratives, and vision reports from ancient Israel and Judah spanning several centuries. Analysis of these texts sheds light on the cultural norms, theological convictions, and political disputes of Israelite and Judean communities in the shadow of the empires of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. ThisHandbookfeatures discussion of ancient Near Eastern social and cultic contexts; exploration of focused topics such as divination and other ritual practices of intermediation; textual criticism of the prophetic books, constructions of the persona of the prophet, and the problem of violence in prophetic rhetoric; historical and literary analysis of key prophetic texts; issues in reception history, from early reinterpretation of prophetic texts at Qumran and readings in rabbinic midrash to medieval ecclesial interpretations and modern Christian homiletical appropriations; and feminist, womanist, materialist, postcolonial, and queer readings of prophetic texts in conversation with contemporary theorists.
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Maas, Willem. Emerging Themes and Issues in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.163.
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Ethnicity and nationalism, interethnic conflicts, and human migration have been major forces shaping the modern world and the structure and stability of contemporary states. A notable reason for the current academic interest in ethnicity and nationalism is the fact that such phenomena have become so visible in many societies that it has become impossible to ignore them. In the early twentieth century, many social theorists claimed that ethnicity and nationalism would decrease in importance and eventually vanish as a result of modernization, industrialization, and individualism, but this never came about. Instead, ethnicity and nationalism have grown in political importance in the world, particularly since the Second World War. It is important to note that ethnicity and nationalism are social and political constructions, as well as modern phenomena that are inseparably connected with the activities of the modern centralizing state. One characteristic of a modern state is the presence of population diversity brought about by migration. Human migration can be defined as the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling permanently in the new location. One of the reasons why immigrants choose to migrate to another country is because globalization has increased the demand for workers from other countries in order to sustain national economies. Known as “economic migrants,” these individuals are generally from impoverished developing countries—usually people of color—migrating to obtain sufficient income for survival.
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Machan, Tim William. English Begins at Jamestown. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846369.001.0001.
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Abstract The history of English is not a ready-made thing—it takes shape only through the critical selection of language forms, usages, and pragmatics and through the deployment of these in narratives. English Begins at Jamestown is the first book to critique the historiography that makes this selection and deployment possible. It seeks to isolate competing narrative principles and to understand how they are constructed, what kinds of facts and analyses their constructions allow or prevent, and what can be known outside of them. The book’s focus is thus the general principles that enable the imagining and writing of a history of English, from its Indo-European origins to its present-day status as a global language whose largest group of speakers have learned it as a second language. To this end, the historically and critically wide-ranging argument draws on original research, and uniquely applies narrative as well as linguistic theories to a wide range of interconnecting historiographic paradigms: social purpose, aesthetics, periodization, and grammatical structure. Extending an emphasis on alternative narrative options and their consequences, the conclusion examines yet one more (largely untested) organizational principle, and this is by means of speakers, who have significantly redefined the grammar and pragmatics of English since the colonial period, symbolically begun with the Jamestown settlement. English Begins at Jamestown shows that there are better, worse, and wrong ways to relate the language’s history, even if there cannot be one necessarily right way.
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Laursen, Finn. The Founding Treaties of the European Union and Their Reform. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.151.
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Today’s European Union (EU) is based on treaties negotiated and ratified by the member states. They form a kind of “constitution” for the Union. The first three treaties, the Treaty of Paris, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, and the two Treaties of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) in 1957, were the founding treaties. They were subsequently reformed several times by new treaties, including the Treaty of Maastricht, which created the European Union in 1992. The latest major treaty reform was the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009. Scholarship concerning these treaties has evolved over time. In the early years, it was mostly lawyers writing about the treaties, but soon historians and political scientists also took an interest in these novel constructions in Europe. Interestingly, American political scientists were the first to develop theories of European integration; foremost among these was Ernst Haas, whose 1958 book The Uniting of Europe developed the theory later referred to as neo-functionalism. The sector on integration of coal and steel would have an expansive logic. There would be a process of “spill-over,” which would lead to more integration.It turned out that integration was less of an automatic process than suggested by Haas and his followers. When integration slowed down in the 1970s, many political scientists lost interest and turned their attention elsewhere. It was only in the 1980s, when the internal market program gave European integration a new momentum that political scientists began studying European integration again from theoretical perspectives. The negotiation and entry into force of the Single European Act (SEA) in the mid-1980s led to many new studies, including by American political scientist Andrew Moravcsik. His study of the SEA included a critique of neo-functionalism that created much debate. Eventually, in an article in the early 1990s, he called his approach “liberal intergovernmentalism.” It took final form in 1998 in the book The Choice for Europe. According to Moravcsik, to understand major historic decisions—including new treaties—we need to focus on national preferences and interstate bargaining.The study of treaty reforms, from the SEA to the Lisbon Treaty, conducted by political scientists—including the treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice—have often contrasted neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. But other approaches and theories were developed, including various institutionalist and social constructivist frameworks. No consensus has emerged, so the scholarly debates continue.