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1
Schussman, Alan. "Making Real Money: Local Currency and Social Economies in the United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194682.
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Local currencies have been founded in dozens of communities around the United States. By printing their own money that can only be used at participating local merchants or service providers, or in direct exchange with community members, advocates of local currencies try to reinvigorate local commerce, demonstrate community opposition to "big box" retailers and globalization, and support local employment. Although many local currencies have been founded, most of them have had only limited success, but even where local currencies fail to thrive, they raise important questions about the ways in which we organize institutions. This dissertation has two key concerns that emerge from those questions, the first of which is to explore the ways in which the meaning of money is reconfigured by the organizers and the users of local currencies. Second, this project seeks to explain the conditions under which local currencies operate, with the goal of building an understanding of how organizations successfully challenge the deeply embedded and institutionalized practices that surround the use of money. Local currencies are an innovative form of community economic organization that has previously gone under-studied by scholars. This project, the first to address local currencies with a large set of quantitative macro-level data as well as case-oriented archival and survey data, adds to knowledge of movement development and maintenance, and the social construction and use of money. Local currency reminds us that the systems of dollars and cents are socially constructed and that they therefore are changeable. But changing institutions that are part of our everyday life is difficult; because the use of money is so deeply embedded in routines and institutions, it's difficult to even ask questions about money: Where does money come from? Why do we trust it? And how might alternatives to money work? Local currency reminds us that money is not necessarily as "real" as we tend to think and it invites us to think about the system of institutions in which we live.
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Baskurt, Ozge. "Financial Dollarization And Currency Substitution In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606172/index.pdf.
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This study aims to investigate currency substitution and financial dollarization in Turkey. The extend of dollarization in Turkey appears to be very high according to both the conventional currency substitution and the recently developed financial dollarization measures. This has serious policy implications as a source of financial fragility through currency/maturity mismatches and balance sheet effects. The empirical part of this study contained an investigation of the long run relationships between the variables in a system containing currency substitution ratio, expected exchange rate change and rates of return on domestic and foreign currency denominated assets. The results of the Johansen cointegration analysis based on quarterly data for the 1987-2004 period appeared not to be strongly supporting the General Portfolio Balance Model (GPBM). The theoretical part of this study suggests that the GPBM can be reduced to the Sequential Portfolio Balance Model (SPBM) under the uncovered interest parity (UIP) hypothesis. Consequently, the GPBM may be misleading under UIP. The Johansen cointegration results suggested the validity of the UIP for the Turkish data. The estimation of the SPBM suggested that there is a long-run relationship between currency substitution and expected exchange rate change in Turkey. The elasticity of currency substitution appeared to be high but consistent with those estimated for other high inflation developing countries. The results further supported the presence of a ratchet/hysteresis effect proxied by a trend variable. All these results are consistent with the argument that currency substitution and financial dollarization are important especially in high inflation countries.
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Pinar, Derya. "Debates On European Single Currency On European Integration Process." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608144/index.pdf.
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This thesis looks at how European Single Currency (EURO) that began circulating on January 2002 as a legal tender will affect the European integration process. Because money has been accepted as one of the founding elements of a state for centuries, whether the Euro will be effective in the direction of a probable &ldquo<br>United States of Europe&rdquo<br>or not? Firstly, theoretical and historical roots of European integration are explained in the thesis as the basis of economic integration. The foundation, the stages and institutional mechanism of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is looked at throughout the thesis with the theories of Regional Economic Integration and Optimum Currency Areas (OCA). The thesis reaches the conclusion that economic integration may gradually bring about the need for political integration in the EU, but not necessarily.
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Kazanci, Ahmet Koray. "The Impact Of The Single Currency Upon European Identity." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609093/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims at evaluating the impact of euro upon European identity. By analyzing the theory of identity and the concept of money, this thesis reveals the relationship between currency and collective identity and applies this logic to the dynamics between euro and European identity. In order to grasp a better understanding, the thesis studies some selected member states in more depth and evaluates each one within their special circumstances. The findings of this thesis suggest that the constructive impact of euro upon European identity is determined by the level Europeanization or the strength of the sense of Europeanness in respective member states. To this extent the euro has a constructive impact upon European identity in member states in which Europeanization or European identity is perceived positively. On the other hand, in those member states in which Europeanization or European identity is perceived negatively, the euro has neither negative nor constructive impact.
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Douglas, Jason G. "Towards a New Currency of Economic Criticism." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1466.
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“The Purloined Letter,” Edgar Allan Poe's third and final tale featuring the detective Dupin, has evoked a long history of critical response. Criticism has tended to read the text for its role in the development of detective fiction and as illustrative of various theoretical positions. However, the implications of the “The Purloined Letter,” as a tale of ratiocination, has largely been left unexplored. “The Purloined Letter” explores logical processes of value and exchange, particularly economic exchange, in a manner very similar to what Charles Sanders Peirce will call pragmatism several decades later. Dupin's deductive methods and Peirce's abductive logic express the nature of objects in terms of social systems of preference and perception rather metaphysics. Peirce's classification of signs as icon, index, or symbol provides a framework of signification which can be read in conjunction with “The Purloined Letter” to flesh out the role of materiality and value in the theory of economic criticism. Reading value and exchange as part of a social system of signs, perceptions, and representations of value will serve to expose a penchant for material fetishism in economic criticism and provide a theory of currency, value, and exchange that contextualizes representational and material notions of value within the social and economic system that provides the processes and mechanisms of value determination. The way that the Prefect, the Minister D___, and Dupin each conceptualize the purloined letter as having a different representational relationship with value can be used to demonstrate Poe's abductive framework for economy.
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Donnelly, Saraid L. ""Sell or Slaughter": The Economic and Social Policies of German Reunification." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/490.
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This paper looks at the struggles faced by German policymakers in the years following reunification. East Germany struggled with an immediate transformation from a planned economy to a social market economy, while West Germany sent billions of Deutsche Marks to its eastern states. Because of the unequal nature of these two countries, policymakers had to decide on what they would place more emphasis: social benefits for the East or economic protection for the West. The West German state-level, Federal Government and the East German governments struggled in finding multilaterally beneficial policies. This paper looks at the four key issues of reunification: currency conversion, transfer payments, re-privatization, and unemployment. In following the German Basic Law, the policies pursued in terms of these issues tended to place more emphasis on eastern social benefits.
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Della, Peruta Maëlle. "Monnaies mobiles sociales : viabilité et efficacité économiques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0014/document.
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Cette thèse analyse les monnaies mobiles sociales qui offrent aux consommateurs une complémentarité d'usage par rapport au panel de moyens de paiement existants. Ces nouvelles monnaies répondent à des besoins économiques spécifiques, selon le lieu où elles circulent et les initiatives qui les promeuvent. Elles ont pour objectif le développement économique local, le retour à l'emploi, l'inclusion sociale et l'inclusion financière. Cette thèse étudie les conditions nécessaires à leur déploiement, leur viabilité et leur efficacité<br>This Ph.D. thesis analyses the emergence and properties of social mobile money, which is more than a simple means of payment but also a way to provide other services and to satisfy other needs. These new currencies contributes to local development, reemployment, they facilitate social and financial inclusions, according their objectives, their location and the type of organisations which develop them. This Ph.D thesis studies the necessary conditions for implementation, sustainability and efficiency of mobile social money
8
Laurence-Allen, Antonia. "Class, consumption and currency : commercial photography in mid-Victorian Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3469.
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This thesis examines a thirty year span in the history of Scottish photography, focusing on the rise of the commercial studio from 1851 to assess how images were produced and consumed by the middle class in the mid-Victorian period. Using extensive archival material and a range of theoretical approaches, the research explores how photography was displayed, circulated, exploited and discussed in Scotland during its nascent years as a commodity. In doing so, it is unlike previous studies on Scottish photography that have not attended to the history of the medium as it is seen through exhibitions or the national journals, but instead have concentrated on explicating how an individual photographer or singular set of images are evidence of excellence in the field. While this thesis pays close attention to individual projects and studios, it does so to illuminate how photography functioned as a material object that equally shaped and was shaped by ideological constructs peculiar to mid-Victorian life in Scotland. It does not highlight particular photographers or works in order to elevate their standing in the history of photography but, rather, to show how they can be used as examples of a class phenomenon and provide an analytical frame for elucidating the cultural impact of commercial photography. Therefore, while the first two chapters provide a panoramic view of how photography was introduced to the Scottish middle class and how commercial photographers initially visualized Scotland, the second section is comprised of three ‘case studies' that show how the subject of the city, the landscape and the portrait were turned into objects of cultural consumption. This allows for a re-appraisal of photographs produced in Scotland during this era to suggest the impact of photography's products and processes was as vital as its visual content.
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Trudeau, Hamidi Sabrina. "The journey from brand's social currency to superior customer-brand relationships : the intermediary roles of experiential and transformational benefits." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6773.
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The rise in the popularity of digital communication and social media platforms has increased the speed of information exchange among customers, and enabled them to instantaneously voice their thoughts and opinions about brands. This trend however has created certain challenges for marketers since they could no longer exert the sole control over the identities of their brands. Past research has confirmed that social interaction plays a key role in development of strong relationships among individuals (e.g. Nahapiet and Ghosal, 1998; Lobschat et al., 2013). In branding context, social interactions and the benefits derived from them establish a brand’s social value, and contribute to the formation of solid customer-brand relationships.
As an attempt to better capture a brands’ social value, Lobschat et al. (2013) recently introduced the concept of social currency. Their findings reveal the importance of social currency as a key antecedent to several components of brand equity such as perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand trust. Due to the newness of the social currency construct, however, its relationship with many other key variables of consumer behavior has not been much verified yet. In particular, there has been very little investigation of the potential links between social currency and the two emerging paradigms of experiential and transformational branding.
Accordingly, the current study explores the role of brand’s social currency in providing experiential and transformational benefits in the context of cosmetics consumption. It further investigates the roles of brand experience and customer transformation in shaping greater customer attachment towards the brand. To test these relationships, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method is applied. In total, 373 participants took part in this study. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed, and participants were invited to report on their consumption of their favorite cosmetic brands. Findings confirm that the various dimensions of social currency lead to experiential and transformational benefits in different ways. Results further suggest that both experiential and transformational benefits contribute to the enhancement of customer-brand relationships. Theoretical and managerial contributions are discussed.
10
Milyaeva, Svetlana. "Making markets, making laws : non-deliverable currency forwards and the Amendment to Article 1062 of the Russian Civil Code." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4014.
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Being a part of social studies of finance, i.e. a perspective that, in its narrow sense, investigates the role of science and technology in financial markets, the thesis suggests that one can understand science in a wider sense, as an expert knowledge domain. The social studies of finance, then, can be broadened out to encompass the different ways in which expert knowledge shapes financial practices. Legal expertise is another instantiation of expert knowledge in the sense that both (science and law) are different forms of power; therefore this research aims at answering the question how finance is shaped by legal expert knowledge. The study employs the method of ‘opening the black box’ of regulation, and thus it argues that technicalities of regulation, which embody legal expertise, are crucial for the construction of financial markets. The thesis demonstrates how ‘just’ a concise amendment to Article 1062 of the Russian Civil Code has had significant ramifications for the interbank USD/RUB cash-settled forward market, and explores the controversies involved in and details of the law making process. The amendment was made in 2007 and changed the legal status of non-deliverable forwards, which had been classified by Russian courts as gambling transactions under Russian law in 1998-1999. Based on the evidence obtained from the study of the legal developments that resulted in the amendment, the thesis shows that the politics of the law-making process, as well as shaping the outcome, can in equal measure be disruptive and result in a delay in legal changes that market participants felt were much-needed. After almost a decade of painstaking negotiations, the amendment stated that cashsettled derivatives are legally enforceable under the Russian law. It rendered cash-settled forwards legally secure, hence encouraged cross-border transactions and enhanced the market’s liquidity; it is also made possible the introduction of netting as a risk management tool in the market. The contested, long-delayed amendment is thus an example of a pervasive process: the constitutive role of law (including esoteric law, little noticed outside of specialist spheres) in shaping markets.
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Anagrius, Hannes. "The case of Sarafu-credits : Examining how a community currency can contribute to sustainable livelihood in informal settlements." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-179180.
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Residents of informal settlements (slums) are vulnerable to various disturbances; e.g. diseases spreading and fluctuations in food prices and local access to credits. The lack of credits derives from the continuous outflow of money from communities. This study examines a financial innovation called Sarafu-credits (SC) implemented in Kenyan informal settlements by the organization Grassroots Economics (GE). SC is a community currency (CC), more particularly vouchers only used within a network of micro-businesses, which aim to complement scarcity of conventional money. In addition, GE have initiated community activities, e.g. tree planting, trash collection, food gardens and cultural events, where residents can be paid in SC to improve the community socially and environmentally. This study examines the design and practice of SC, and the activities, using mainly semi-structured interviews with SC-network-members and GE key persons, to understand how a CC can contribute to sustainable livelihood. The concepts specified and general resilience are used to understand the links between SC and the various social-ecological disturbances facing slum-dwellers. The results suggest that SC-members who are actively trading with SC are able to increase their sales, savings and access to basic goods and services thanks to SC. The results also suggest the networks and community activities are strengthening social contacts in the neighbourhood, and constitute examples of how a CC can help finance management of local environmental problems, where SC paid for community services also support local trade. The identified challenges are related to local leadership, where trust, communication and consistency of rules are lacking. In one of the networks, the confidence in the usefulness of the currency is lacking, due to these challenges. GE have experimented with different designs where one successful innovation is the ability to exchange SC to conventional money at certain occasions, which seem to strengthen the confidence in SC.
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Pacheco, Françoise Wilhelm Fontenele e. Vasconcelos [UNESP]. "A inserção social do banco dos cocais no município de São João do Arraial - PI." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138306.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-19<br>Os Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento são uma alternativa para a exclusão financeira, além de funcionarem como agentes impulsionadores do crescimento de pequenos territórios, quando devidamente configurados e entendidos dentro da perspectiva da Economia Solidária. No Brasil, a exclusão financeira ainda esta presente na forma de “sub bancarização”, principalmente nos pequenos municípios. Entre os prejuízos dessa, a falta de acesso ao crédito e aos demais serviços financeiros, provoca muitas vezes uma migração da renda dos municípios desprovidos desses serviços para outros, que os possuam. Isso provoca a diminuição da circulação de dinheiro nos municípios “sub bancarizados” e compromete o comércio local. O município de São João do Arraial-PI tem em 2007 a implantação do Banco Comunitário dos Cocais, uma ação mediada pela ação política local e apoiada pela maioria da população. A atuação do Banco no município proporcionou ganhos relativos ao alcance de serviços financeiros e acesso ao crédito solidário de “consumo”, por meio da moeda social “Cocal”, possibilitando maior circulação do dinheiro no município. Assim, este trabalho objetiva identificar as representações sociais construídas pela população e representantes de empreendimentos locais de São João do Arraial-PI, acerca da atuação do Banco dos Cocais no município, bem como a inserção deste por meio da moeda social “Cocal”. Para tal, fez-se pesquisa analítica-descritiva, utilizando-se de formulários, com os quais entrevistou-se 99 representantes de empreendimentos locais e 326 sujeitos constituintes da população. Para o estudo das representações sociais utilizou-se da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) e da estatística com o auxílio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS. A construção territorial do município foi realizada por meio de pesquisa em documentos e entrevistas com moradores antigos. O trabalho mostrou que o Banco dos Cocais tem sua representação social fortemente ancorada na imagem de um correspondente bancário, muitas vezes sendo solicitado a agir como tal. A figura do Banco está mais representada na expectativa de benefícios individuais, em detrimento dos coletivos, o que prejudica a construção do território solidário. Este, por sua vez, ocupa uma dimensão espacial efetiva, em termos numéricos, mas ainda insuficiente em termos qualitativos, no sentido da compreensão do ideal de um Banco Comunitário.<br>The development of community banks are an alternative to financial exclusion fleeing the bank traditional model of the National Financial System (SFN), boosters and agents growth of small territories, when properly configured and understood from the perspective of Solidarity Economy. In Brazil, financial exclusion is still present in the form of "sub banking", especially in small municipalities. Among the losses that the lack of access to credit and other financial services, often causes a migration of the income of municipalities deprived of financial institutions for others that have, causing poor circulation of money in the city and committing local businesses . The municipality of São João do Arraial-PI has in 2007 the implementation of the Community Bank of Cocais, an action mediated by the local political action and supported by the majority of the population. The activities of the Bank in the city provided gains for the achievement of financial services and access to mutual credit, offered in form of "consumption" through social currency "Cocal", allowing greater circulation of money in the city. This work identified the social representations built by the population and representatives of local enterprises of São João do Arraial-PI, about the role of the Bank of Cocais in the municipality as well as the insertion of this through social currency "Cocal". The research is analytical and descriptive, and used forms, with whom was interviewed 99 representatives of local enterprises and 326 subjects constituents of the population. For the study of social representations we used content analysis (Bardin, 2011) and statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS. The territorial construction of the city was carried out through research on documents and interviews with former residents. The work showed that the Bank of Cocais has its strongly anchored social representation in the image of a correspondent bank, often being asked to act like it. The figure of the Bank is more represented in anticipation of individual benefits, the collectives. The social currency is accepted by all municipal trader, and only 7 people in the population do not use it. Thus having a penetration of 100% in the municipality, but keeping restrictions on its use, by some.
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Wilson, J. V. "'Time eases all things' : a critical study of how time banks attempt to use time-based currency to alleviate social exclusion." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/37721/.
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This thesis explores the tension between the radical aims of time banks and their position within the State-led third sector. It does this by theorising the concepts and manifestations of social exclusion and the third sector, and the existing time bank literature. Firstly a critical realist stance is taken to define social exclusion as a structural problem, by utilising a Marxist Feminist position and Levitas’ analysis of government responses to social exclusion. Time banks intend to address social exclusion through social capital however, in scrutinising Putnam and Bourdieu’s theories it is argued that interventions which focus on non-monetary forms of capital maintain the status-quo of social exclusion. Secondly, it is argued that a process of ‘third sectorisation’ has occurred which neutralises what Gramsci proposed as the counter-hegemonic activity of civil society, by bringing it within the neoliberal structure of government. It is contended that this evidences Foucault’s theory of governmentality, whereby values are superseded by economic rationales. The existing literature fails to explore the tension between the radical potential of time banks to challenge structural inequalities by aiming to alter conceptions of work through a communistic time-based currency, and their potential to maintain social exclusion via their focus on social capital. By analysing observational and interview data from 12 months within a time bank, this thesis presents an in-depth examination of how a time bank works to depoliticise counter-hegemonic activity and maintain social exclusion. It is argued that time banks’ position within the third sector moulds them into an extension of the neoliberal state in which the activities of civil society are exploited to build resilience rather than resistance to the current structure in which social exclusion exists. The conclusion demonstrates the need to critically examine radical interventions aimed at alleviating social exclusion when they work within the third sector.
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Gallo, Lassere Davide. "Argent et capitalisme : de Marx aux monnaies du commun." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100130.
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Les analyses développées dans cette thèse de doctorat visent à mettre en évidence le rôle éminemment politique de la monnaie. À la différence de ce que soutient la doxa néoclassique, la monnaie n'est pas neutre du point de vue économico-politique. Elle matérialise des rapports de force qui traversent toute la société et qui s’avèrent riches d’implications variées.La recherche se divise en trois parties : « Argent et capitalisme », « Argent et néocapitalisme », « Argent et postcapitalisme ». Elles sont précédées par une préface, dans laquelle j’expose ma démarche épistémologique, et par une introduction ontologique, dans laquelle je me place du point de vue de la projectualité sociétale de subjectivités qui luttent pour réinventer l’argent en fonction de leurs besoins et de leurs exigences. La première partie de la thèse, à travers une analyse croisée de l’oeuvre de Marx, de Simmel et de Keynes, se focalise sur les caractéristiques principales de la monnaie capitaliste : outil de domination, facteur de mobilisation des passions et vecteur de transformation sociale. La deuxième partie explore les aspects cruciaux de la crise néocapitaliste : le redéploiement global du régime d’accumulation, la financiarisation de la vie quotidienne et l’institution de l’euro. La troisième partie, après avoir envisagé les conditions d’une transition postcapitaliste, examine deux pratiques susceptibles de déclencher des processus nouveaux de subjectivation politique : les revendications d’un revenu social garanti et les expérimentations de circuits monétaires complémentaires. Les conclusions sociopolitiques esquissent enfin quelques pistes qui visent à articuler une théorie générale des monnaies du commun<br>The analyses developed in my doctoral dissertation intend to stress the eminently political function played by money. Unlike neoclassic economic theory, I argue that currency is not neutral in economic and political terms. It materializes the power relationships that influence society, producing effects of different nature. The research consists of three parts: “Money and capitalism”, “Money and neocapitalism”, “Money and postcapitalism”. They are introduced by a preface in which I present my epistemological approach and by an ontological introduction, in which I focus on the social projects of the subjectivities who struggle to reinvent money adapting it to their needs. The first part of the dissertation, through a reading of the works of Marx, Simmel and Keynes, focuses on the main features of capitalist money: a tool for domination, a mobiliser of passions and a vector of social transformation. The second part explores some key elements of the crisis of neocapitalism: the global redeployment of the regime of accumulation, financialization of everyday life and the institution of euro. The third part, after an evaluation of the conditions of postcapitalistic transition, examines two practices capable to trigger original processes of political subjectivation: claims for a guaranteed social income and experimenting complementary monetary circuits. Finally, in the socio-political conclusions I delineate some paths in order to articulate a general theory of the common’s coins
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Burke, Brian J. ""Para que cambiemos" / "So we can (ex)change": Economic activism and socio-cultural change in the barter systems of Medellín, Colombia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228438.
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This dissertation examines the work of alternative economies activists who have spent the last 18 years constructing barter systems and local currencies in Medellín, Colombia. Through barter, these activists hope to spark an ethical re-evaluation of production, exchange, and consumption, and to create an economy that serves Medellín's middle-class professionals, rural peasants, urban workers, students and the chronically under-employed. They also see barter as an important social and political project to repair a social fabric torn by decades of violence and economic exploitation. For these activists barter is a counter to capitalism, violence, and social fragmentation; it is a new proposal rooted in cooperation, collective well-being, and the development of local capacities. Previous researchers have thoroughly examined the emergence, organization, and impacts of these types of alternative economies, but they have neglected what many activists consider to be the greatest challenge: to cultivate the new social relations and subjectivities necessary to enact and maintain those models. In the words of Colombia's barter organizers, the goal is to "change the chip" and "clean out the cucarachas" of our capitalist mindsets in order to "create a new culture of solidarity." This research is located at precisely that sticking point. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic research, I examine the nature and impacts of barter and the challenges that barter activists face as they try to recreate economies, social relations, and subjectivities. Medellín's barter projects, I conclude, offer extremely important opportunities for cross-class and cross-generational interaction in a city that is violently divided. They also provide material and social supports for traders who are seeking to develop alternative subjectivities, and they help active traders gain control over the means of production and the conditions of their work. However, their counter-hegemonic potential is significantly limited by three tensions within organizers' strategies: a tendency to prioritize socio-cultural forms of activism at the expense of economic ones, a focus on conscious and moral aspects of subjectivity rather than material and embodied aspects, and a stridently anti-capitalist stance that discourages economic articulations and thereby reinforces the material and socio-cultural power of capitalism.
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Daneluzzi, Fábio Lemes. "Criptomoedas complementares: uma tipologia para moedas locais, sociais e comunitárias criadas em blockchain." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/21963.
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-12<br>Criptomoedas criadas em blockchain representam um novo modelo de moedas digitais. Caracterizadas por permitirem uma alta descentralização, sem a necessidade de um emissor e controlador central, essas novas moedas têm sido criadas com maior velocidade desde 2009 com o surgimento do Bitcoin, a primeira a se utilizar de tal tecnologia. Nesse contexto, um grupo particular de criptomoedas tem surgido, que nesta pesquisa serão chamadas de 'Criptomoedas Complementares'. Tais criptomoedas visam atender demandas específicas da sociedade como, por exemplo de inclusão financeira, desenvolvimento social ou de preservação ambiental e, em alguns casos, destinadas a comunidades específicas, assim como ocorre com as 'clássicas' moedas complementares e comunitárias. Por ser um fenômeno recente, existem poucos estudos que visam compreendê-lo. Este, portanto, é o objetivo desta pesquisa. A partir de um estudo sobre 28 diferentes criptomoedas complementares e utilizando como base 8 modelos de classificação de moedas complementares e comunitárias já presentes na literatura, esta pesquisa permitiu a criação de uma tipologia específica para tal universo. Composta por 4 dimensões, essa tipologia final permitiu segregar as criptomoedas complementares em 10 diferentes grupos, dando maior clareza sobre suas semelhanças e diferenças em aspectos estratégicos e técnicos. Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua para que profissionais, instituições e pesquisadores envolvidos ou interessados em temas como finanças solidárias, moedas complementares e criptomoedas possam melhor compreender esse novo fenômeno e suas particularidades, através não apenas do mapeamento de criptomoedas complementares que foi realizado, mas também da tipologia criada, utilizando-a como um modelo para melhor categorizar, diferenciar e comparar projetos desta natureza.<br>Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies are a new group of digital currency. By allowing a highly decentralization, without the need of a central issuer to control the digital system, those new currencies have been created with increasing speed since 2009 after the emergence of Bitcoin, the first digital currency based on such technology. In this context, a particular group of cryptocurrencies have arisen, called 'Complementary Cryptocurrencies' in this research. These cryptocurrencies seek to meet specific demands of society, such as financial inclusion, social development or environmental preservation, in some cases at specific communities, as well as do the 'traditional' complementary and community currencies. Since this phenomenon is quite new, there are few studies that aim to understand it. This, therefore, is the goal of this research. Through a study of 28 different complementary cryptocurrencies and based on 8 different classification models designed to complementary and community currency already present in the literature, this research allowed the proposal of a new, specific typology for such a universe. Composed by 4 dimensions, this typology allowed to segregate the complementary cryptocurrenciesin 10 different groups, allowing greater clarity about their similarities and differences in strategic and technical aspects. It is expected that this research helps professionals, institutions and researchers involved or interested in themes such as solidarity finance, complementary currencies and cryptocurrency, to understand this new phenomenon and its particularities, not only through the mapping of complementary cryptocurrency done, but also through the typology created, using it as a model to better group, distinguish and compare projects of this nature.
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Fernandes, André Luis Milagres. "Fatores que influenciam a intenção de uso da moeda social digital: um experimento de campo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24533.
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Previous issue date: 2018-07-10<br>O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender fatores que influenciam a intenção de uso da moeda social digital, especificamente a influência da Percepção de Confiança Inicial, Percepção de Facilidade de Uso, Percepção de Risco e da Oportunidade de Experimentar o aplicativo da moeda social. O referencial teórico fundamenta-se nas teorias que buscam compreender a intenção de uso dos serviços de pagamentos móveis (M-payment). Os dados foram coletados a partir de um questionário em um levantamento amostral aliado a um experimento de campo aplicado a 256 usuários da moeda social em cédula de três bancos comunitários. A Oportunidade de Experimentar foi uma condição experimental aleatorizada para permitir uma inferência causal mais consistente. Para o teste das hipóteses de pesquisa empregamos o método de PLS-SEM (partial least squares - structural equation modeling). Os resultados indicam que a Oportunidade de Experimentar o aplicativo afeta positivamente a intenção de uso da moeda social digital por meio de seu efeito na percepção de facilidade de uso e percepção de risco sobre o aplicativo. A percepção de confiança também se mostrou como um fator que aumenta a intenção de uso da moeda social digital.<br>This study aims to understand factors that affect the intention to use a digital social currency, namely the influence of the Initial perception of trust, Perception of ease of use, perception of risk and opportunity to try the app of the digital social currency. The theoretical framework is based on theories that try to explain the intention to use mobile payment services (M-payment). The empirical data was collected by means of a questionnaire in a survey experiment applied to 256 users of the paper social currency of three different community banks. The opportunity to try the app was an experimental condition randomly assigned in order to allow for robust causal inference of its effects. Hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares structural equation models (PLS-SEM). Results indicate that the opportunity to try the app positively affects the intent to use the digital social currency by means of its effect on the perception of ease of use and the perception of risk about the app. Trust also showed a positive effect on the intention to use the digital social currency.
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Coetzee, Liezl. "Local exchange through community currency in an alternative gift economy : an anthropological analysis of the Cape Town talent exchange." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5277.
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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Internet has long stimulated thought and discussion around the idea of an alternative
economy based on reciprocal exchange. To date, however, the benefits of this gift
economy have been largely limited to the realms of cyberspace. Despite the dramatic
changes in social interaction and exchanges facilitated by online networking, and the
evolution of what may be referred to as a ‘high-tech gift economy’, the potential of the
Internet to really revolutionize economic systems has been limited, as the gifting involved
did not extend beyond the realms of cyberspace. By contrast to this global, virtual, gift
economy that has developed online, this thesis explores the way in which Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs), traditionally renowned for enhancing global reach,
can be used to build and strengthen local exchange systems using community currencies.
The research focuses specifically on the emergence of an alternative online currency, the
Community Exchange System (CES), which originated in Cape Town towards the end of
2002, and has since spread to be used by 218 exchanges in 29 countries. Particular
attention is paid to the pilot exchange that was launched in Cape Town, namely the Cape
Town Talent Exchange (CTTE).
The thesis proposes that web-based community currencies can provide an alternative to
the current economic system, allowing for a relationship-centred approach to exchange
that can be likened to a type of gift economy, centred on the principle of reciprocity, and
fostering a spirit of abundance over scarcity. By doing so it is proposed that what Karl
Polanyi (1944) referred to as the ‘great transformation’ of the 20th century, characterised
by a shift in emphasis from human relationships to market price mechanisms, may be
reversed in the ‘network society’ (Castells, 1996), in which principles of reciprocity and gift
exchange are re-embedded in ‘relationship economics’ (Deragon, 2007).
Part A provides a review of literature pertaining to online anthropology and the concept of
a reciprocal gift ‘e-conomy’, the social dimension of economics, and the theory of ‘money’
and alternative currencies. Part B provides an overview of research findings pertaining to
the CES as example of an alternative community currency operating a web-based
platform, beginning with an introductory overview of the CES and CTTE, followed by a
look at issues pertaining to reciprocity, and speculation on possible futures for this and
similar web-based community currency systems.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Internet prikkel al lank idees en gesprekke oor ‘n alternatiewe ekonomie gebaseer op,
‘geskenk-handel’. Tot dusver is die voordele van hierdie ’geskenk-ekonomie’ egter beperk
tot die dimensies van die kuber-ruimte. Ondanks dramatiese veranderinge in sosiale
verkeer, uitruil en handel wat deur die aanlyn-netwerke bewerkstellig is, en die evolusie
van wat as ‘high-tech geskenk ekonomie‘ beskryf kan word, was die potensiaal van die
Internet om werklik ekonomiese sisteme om te keer, beperk. In teenstelling met die
globale, virtuele geskenk/uitruil-ekonomie wat aanlyn ontwikkel het, ondersoek hierdie
tesis die manier waarop Informasie en Kommunikasie Tegnologieë, tradisioneel bekend vir
hul globale reikwydte, gebruik kan word om plaaslike uitruilsisteme te bou en te versterk.
Die navorsing lê klem op die ontstaan van ‘n alternatiewe aanlyn-geldeenheidsisteem, die
Gemeenskaps Uitruil Sisteem (‘Community Exchange System’ CES), wat aan die einde
van 2002 in Kaapstad ontstaan het. Dit het sedertdien uitgebrei na 218 uitruilskemas in 29
lande. Spesiale aandag val op die loods uitruilskema wat in Kaapstad begin is, te wete die
Cape Town Talent Exchange (CTTE) (Kaapstadse Talent Uitruilskema)
Die verhandeling voer aan dat ‘n web-gebaseerde gemeenskapmark ‘n alternatiewe
ekonomiese sisteem kan teweegbring. Dit kan lei tot ‘n benadering tot uitruil wat
verhoudings-gesentreerd is, vergelykbaar met ‘n soort geskenk-ekonomie wat toegespits
is op die beginsel van wederkerigheid. So kan ‘n oorvloed-bewustheid, pleks van
skaarsheidsbewustheid bevorder word. Dit word aangevoer dat dit waarna Karl Polanyi
(1944) as die ‘Groot Transformasie’ van die 20ste eeu verwys het, gekarakteriseer deur ‘n
klemverskuiwing van menslike verhoudings na markgedrewe meganismes, kan terug
verander na ‘n ‘netwerk-gemeenskap’ (Castells, 1996). Hierin is die beginsels van
wederkerigheid en geskenk-uitruil ingebed in 'n tipe ‘verhoudings-ekonomie’ (Deragon,
2007).
Deel A gee ‘n oorsig van die literatuur oor aanlynantropologie en die konsep van ‘n
wederkerige geskenk ‘e-ekonomie’, die sosiale dimensie van ekonomie, en die teorie van
‘geld’ en alternatiewe betaalmiddele. Deel B gee ‘n oorsig van navorsingbevindings ten
opsigte van die CES en CTTE as voorbeeld van ‘n alternatiewe
gemeenskapsbetaalmetode wat van ‘n webgebaseerde platform gebruik maak. Dit word,
gevolg deur opmerkings oor wederkerigheid (en) spekulasie oor die moontlike toekoms
daarvan en van soortgelyke Internet-gebaseerde gemeenskapsbetaalsisteme.
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Arinsoy, Memis Deniz. "The Determinants Of Original Sin." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615079/index.pdf.
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Original sin in economy literature is defined as the inability of countries to borrow in domestic currency from abroad (even from local markets with long maturities and fixed-rate). There are two dimensions of the problem, international and domestic. In this thesis, some of theories on determinants of international original sin phenomenon are investigated. The results suggest that absolute size of the economy is a significant determinant of the international original sin. Financial and economic development is also found to be necessary in order to redeem from the original sin problem. Existence of strong policies and institutions, monetary credibility, and flexible exchange rate regime are found as other significant factors in terms of explaining the phenomenon. Countries that faces credit market imperfections and poor contract enforcement more prone to original sin problem.
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Kose, Hasan. "Competition Between Euro And Us Dollar In International Markets And In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607659/index.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the extent of euro&rsquo<br>s challenge to the US dollar as an international currency, focusing on comparisons between these two major currencies&rsquo<br>international roles and their private and official uses as a store of value, a medium of exchange and a unit of account throughout the world, and specifically in Turkey. The thesis evaluates the roles of the euro and US dollar as financing and investment, invocing, vehicle, reserve, anchor and intervention currencies basically in financial markets, foreign trade, foreign exchange markets, foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate regimes globally and in Turkey. The evaluations highlight the fact that the euro has been
successfull as an international currency since its introduction in 1999 and is the second most widely used international currency in all the main international currency roles, after the US dollar. The findings of the thesis indicate that the use of the euro shows an increasing trend and the euro is likely to play an increasingly prominent role in the world, and specifically in Turkey.
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Hu, Shen. "Esquisse d’une théorie de l’encastrement thermo-économique du social : d’une enquête empirique sur la consommation d’alcool des Han à un renouveau épistémologique de la socio-anthropologie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080106.
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Ce travail de thèse repose sur une enquête commanditée par un fabricant de cognac. Ce dernier, lourdement frappé par la compagne anti-corruption qu’ont lancée les dirigeants chinois fin 2012, souhaiterait développer un cognac dédié au marché sinophone (chinois, singapourien et taïwanais) de la boîte de nuit et du bar. Adoptant une approche soumettant la problématique marketing à la méthode ethnographique, nous avons d’abord réalisé une ethnographie de la consommation d’alcool des jeunes sinophones en boîte de nuit et au bar. Cette enquête a été ensuite complétée par une autre portant sur la consommation d’alcool des Chinois en général. La méthode inductive que nous avons employée a permis de faire de ces recherches ethnographiques un générateur de questionnements auxquelles nous ne nous étions pas attendus. Ainsi, outre la partie descriptive consistant à restituer les différents modes de consommation d’alcool que nous avons observés, cette thèse est aussi composée d’une autre partie théorique. A partir des questions soulevées par la première partie descriptive, cette partie théorique a pour objectif d’esquisser, à contre-courant de la mouvance sociologiste qui caractérise l’anthropologie d’après-guerre, une théorie de l’encastrement « économique » du « social ». Dans la perspective de rompre à la fois avec les excès évolutionnistes et anti-évolutionnistes de l’histoire anthropologique, cette thèse consiste entre autres en une refonte de la théorie monétaire, laquelle aurait pour fonction de rendre compte de l’actuelle synergie géopolitique entre la Chine monopartiste et l’Occident pluripartiste<br>This work is based on an investigation commissioned by a cognac manufacturer. Heavily hit by the anti-corruption campaign launched by Chinese top leaders at the end of 2012, this manufacturer was seeking to develop a cognac product dedicated to the Sinophone (Chinese, Singaporean and Taiwanese) market of nightclubs and bars. Using an approach that subjects the marketing problem to the ethnographic method, we first performed an ethnography of the alcohol consumption of young Sinophone people in nightclubs and bars. This investigation was then supplemented by another one on the consumption of alcohol by the Chinese in general. The inductive method which we have employed has allowed us to use these ethnographic materials as a generator of research questions which we had not expected. Thus, apart from the descriptive part that synthesises the different modes of alcohol consumption that we have observed, this thesis is also composed of another theoretical part. On the basis of the questions raised by the first descriptive part, this theoretical part aims at sketching a theory of the “economic” embedding of the “social”, which runs counter to the sociologist trends characterising the postwar anthropology. In order to break with both the evolutionist and anti-evolutionist excesses of anthropological history, this thesis consists, among other things, in a revision of the monetary theory, the function of which would be to account for the geopolitical synergy between the “one-party China” and the “multi-party West” at present
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Båveryd, Victoria, Charlotta Grimfors, and Jennifer Speich. "Turistföretags marknadsföring online : Har sociala nätverk förvandlats till kundsegment?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30883.
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Uppsatsens syfte är att kartlägga hur nio svenska turistföretag ser på sociala mediers och konsumentens roll inom marknadsföring online. Vidare vill uppsatsförfattarna analysera potentiella effekter av virala marknadsföringskampanjer. Detta utifrån fyra teoretiska ramverk: webb 2.0, word-of-mouth, viral marknadsföring samt social valuta. I uppsatsens analys besvaras tre frågeställningar: hur ser turistföretagen på marknadsföring genom sociala medier, vad har konsumenternas sociala nätverk för betydelse i turistföretagens virala marknadsföring, samt vilka är de upplevda effekterna av virala marknadsföringskampanjer? Uppsatsens empiri baseras på data insamlad via nio semistrukturerade intervjuer. De generella resultaten visar på att konsumentens sociala nätverk online har en stor betydelse för företagens marknadsföring online, konsumenterna äger varumärket genom att de i sina sociala kanaler kan sprida både positiv och negativ word-of-mouth till det sociala nätverket. Sociala medier är en viktig faktor i turistföretagens marknadsföring och företagen måste idag vara närvarande på sociala medier då allt fler konsumenter befinner sig online. Studien har även visat att företagen endast upplever positiva effekter av företagens virala marknadsföringskampanjer. Kampanjerna leder till att konsumenterna integreras i marknadsföringen och sprider företagets varumärke till dess sociala nätverk. I och med detta bildas en positiv relation mellan företag och konsument.<br>The aim of this essay is to identify how nine Swedish tourism companies view the role of social media and the consumer in online marketing. Furthermore, the authors will analyze the potential effects of viral marketing campaigns. This is based on four theoretical frameworks: web 2.0, word-of-mouth, viral marketing and social currency. The analysis answer three questions: how tourism companies looks on marketing through social media, what consumer social networks importance of tourism businesses viral marketing, and what are the perceived effects of viral marketing campaigns? The essays empirics are based on data collected through nine semi-structured interviews. The overall results show that the social networks of consumers have a great significance for the companies’ online marketing. Through their social media channels, consumers can spread both positive and negative word-of-mouth to their social networks, this has the effect that consumers now can be said to own the companies’ brands. Social media is an important element of the tourism companies’ marketing strategies. Consumers increasing usage of social media means that companies today must be present online. Furthermore, the study has shown that tourism companies have only seen positive effects of their viral marketing campaigns. The campaigns have the effect of consumers integrating with the companies’ marketing and spreading the companies’ brands within their social networks. This creates a positive relation between company and consumer.
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Miranda, Felipe Abi-Acl de. "Uma investigação em torno do prêmio de risco cambial brasileiro no período de livre flutuação." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8323.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-10<br>This paper intends to test the validity of the interest rate parity hypothesis into the Brazilian context and, further, to investigate the main reason pointed in literature for the UIP rejection, whatever it is: the existence of a variant currency risk premium along the time. The classical Fama regressions view, applied to the cambial free float suggests rejection of this hypothesis when 12-month NDF contracts in Real Currency (BRL) are taken into consideration, identifying bias on the future contracts as estimators for exchange rate – it was not possible to obtain the same conclusion when working with 30-day USD future contracts dealt at BM&F. Once done the Fama regressions, it is applied into the Brazilian case the methodology implemented for developed countries by Clarida et. al (2009), in order to capture eventual relationship between volatility and excess of return in a carry trade strategy with Reais. As well as the results obtained off the international experience, it is noted negative correlation between volatility and excess of return of such strategy. From this conclusion on, Fama regressions are tested into subperiods, according to their respective volatilities. Periods of higher volatility were characterized for a Fama regression coefficient increment, once again aligned to the result obtained by Clarida et. al. (2009). Once the subject related to Fama regression is stressed out, we move onto the currency risk premium series estimative through the Kalman Filter methodology, applied to the 12-month NDF series, which pointed out a currency risk premium with positive average on the sampling taken into consideration – aligned with the intuition – but with dispersion measures highly elevated. The study remains trying to model the currency risk premium through a GARCH-M’s family model, being, however, unable to provide good estimative for the variable studied. A new chapter is started in order to introduce microfundamentation to the currency risk premium, bringing to the Brazilian case a method developed by Frankel (1982). The adherence of this model was low as well. In order to finish, it is presented a preliminary investigation about the relationship between currency risk premium and the presence of events considered rare into the PTAX series, following idea brought up by Rietz (1988) and expanded by Barro (2005). The Brazilian currency carries kurtosis that is superior to the other currencies taken into consideration on this sampling, thus indicating that the currency risk premium demanded in order to be positioned in domestic currency may be related to the recurrence of supposedly rare events.<br>Este trabalho se propõe a testar a validade da hipótese da paridade câmbio-juro para o caso brasileiro e, posteriormente, a investigar a principal explicação apontada pela literatura para a falência da UIP, qual seja: a existência de um prêmio de risco cambial variante ao longo do tempo. A clássica abordagem das regressões de Fama, aplicadas para o período de livre flutuação cambial, sugere falência da hipótese em questão quando considerados contratos de NDF de doze meses sobre o real, identificando viés nos contratos futuros como estimadores da taxa de câmbio – não foi possível obter a mesma conclusão ao se trabalhar com contratos futuros de dólar de um mês negociados na BM&F. Feitas as regressões de Fama, replica-se ao caso brasileiro metodologia implementada por Clarida et. al. (2009) para os países desenvolvidos, na tentativa de capturar eventual relação entre a volatilidade e o excesso de retorno de uma estratégia de carry trade com o real. Em linha com os resultados obtidos pela experiência internacional, detecta-se correlação negativa entre a volatilidade e o excesso de retorno de tal estratégia. A partir de tal conclusão, revisitam-se as regressões de Fama para subperíodos, conforme a volatilidade. Períodos de maior volatilidade foram caracterizados por um incremento do coeficiente da regressão de Fama, novamente em um resultado alinhado àquele obtido por Clarida et. al. (2009). Esgotado o assunto circunscrito às regressões de Fama, passa-se à estimativa da série de prêmio de risco cambial propriamente dita, por meio da metodologia de Filtro de Kalman imposta à série de NDF de doze meses, a qual detectou um prêmio de risco cambial com média positiva na amostra considerada – em linha com a intuição -, mas com medidas de dispersão bastante elevadas. O estudo segue numa tentativa de modelar o prêmio de risco cambial através de um instrumental da família GARCH-M, sendo, entretanto, incapaz de prover boas estimativas para o comportamento da variável sob interesse. Inicia-se um novo capítulo com o intuito de introduzir microfundamentação ao prêmio de risco cambial, trazendo ao caso brasileiro método desenvolvido por Frankel (1982). A aderência da modelagem também foi baixa. Para terminar, apresenta-se investigação preliminar sobre a relação entre o prêmio de risco cambial e a presença de eventos considerados raros na série de PTAX, seguindo intuição levantada por Rietz (1988) e expandida por Barro (2005). A moeda brasileira carrega caráter leptocúrtico superior às demais componentes da amostra, indicando que, de fato, o prêmio de risco cambial exigido para se estar na moeda doméstica pode estar relacionado à recorrência de eventos supostamente raros.
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Santos, Herberth Lima dos. "Desenvolvimento nacional, desenvolvimento regional e moeda: notas te?ricas ? luz da economia pol?tica do desenvolvimento." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14082.
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-21<br>This work analyses the ability of National States and regions have to formulations development strategies. Redeeming the initial development concept as a conflictual process, the hypothesis is that it presents internal and external constraints, as the latter have a higher preponderance, revealed the role played by money. In this case, one can point to as sub-hypothesis that the growth models with external constraint, mainly through the balance of payments, may illustrate the fact that countries are subject to international economic interactions that limit the possibility of bringing acylating strategies well successful in overcoming backwardness. For the specific case of regions, indicates that the external constraint remains an element of embarrassment for regional development, but redeems itself the center-periphery relations in this context to discuss the role of monetary and financial system as an explanation for the disparities regional income. On the domestic front, we highlight the importance of social structures of accumulation as an element of internal cohesion necessary to achieve successful development trajectories. It points also to the importance of the State in the process rescuing some of the main theoretical contributions of the political economy of development, incorporating the concept of globalization on theoretical frameworks presented. This construction where development depends on the actions of external and internal conditions, where money plays a key role as a guideline for reflections on regional development. The attempt was to transplant our considerations on the general development to address the case of regions. Finally, we conclude by greater confidence in the hypothesis and sub-hypotheses of departure, which led to propositions of economic policies<br>Este trabalho investiga o raio de manobra que Estados Nacionais e regi?es possuem para a formula??es de estrat?gias de desenvolvimento. Resgatando inicialmente o conceito de desenvolvimento como um processo conflituoso, a hip?tese desenvolvida ? que este apresenta condicionantes internos e externos, em que estes ?ltimos possuem maior preponder?ncia, revelada pelo papel desempenhado pela moeda. Nesse caso, pode-se apontar como sub-hip?tese que os modelos de crescimento com restri??o externa, fundamentalmente atrav?s do balan?o de pagamentos, podem ilustrar o fato de que os pa?ses est?o submetidos a intera??es econ?micas internacionais que limitam a possibilidade de levar adiantes estrat?gias bem sucedidas de supera??o do atraso. Para o caso espec?fico das regi?es, aponta-se que a restri??o externa continua sendo um elemento de constrangimento ao desenvolvimento regional, por?m resgata-se as rela??es centro-periferia nesse contexto para discutir o papel da moeda e do sistema financeiro como explica??o para as disparidades regionais de renda. No front interno, destaca-se a import?ncia das estruturas sociais de acumula??o como elemento de coes?o interna necess?rio para a consecu??o de trajet?rias de desenvolvimento exitosas. Aponta-se ainda para import?ncia do Estado nesse processo resgatando algumas das principais contribui??es te?ricas da economia pol?tica do desenvolvimento, incorporando o conceito de globaliza??o nos marcos te?ricos apresentados. Essa constru??o em que o desenvolvimento depende da atua??o de condi??es externas e internas, em que a moeda desempenha um papel fundamental serviu de orienta??o para as reflex?es em torno do desenvolvimento regional. A tentativa foi de transplantar nossas considera??es sobre o desenvolvimento em geral para tratar do caso das regi?es. Finalmente, conclui-se pela maior confian?a em rela??o a hip?tese e sub-hip?teses de partida, o que levou a proposi??es de pol?ticas econ?micas
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Berg, Florian. "Extra-Financial Risk Factors and the Cost of Debt." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED030/document.
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Cette thèse a pour ambition d’analyser si la performance environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) est intégrée par les marchés de la dette d'entreprise et souveraine. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur les informations ESG publiés à contenu négatif et leur impact négatif sur le coût de la dette. Plus exactement, dans les secteurs industriels et utilitaires les événements négatifs sociaux et de gouvernance font augmenter le coût de la dette. Également, un bon niveau général de performance ESG agit comme un mécanisme d'assurance contre ces événements négatifs. Dans un deuxième chapitre seront présentés les résultats d’une simulation de portefeuille intégrant la performance ESG d'entreprise. Un gérant de portefeuille peut améliorer le niveau agrégé de la performance ESG du portefeuille de 1,5 écart-type sans faire baisser la performance financière. Ainsi, le gérant peut combiner cette intégration avec des stratégies d'allocation d'actif financiers ou des stratégies de rendement absolu. Dans un troisième chapitre les résultats sur la réduction du coût de la dette dû à une bonne performance environnementale et sociale de souverains émergents seront analysés. Enfin dans le quatrième chapitre je décris comment la performance de gouvernance des souverains influence la différence entre le yield émis en devise étrangère et celui émis en devise locale. Dans les pays développés cette différence augmente avec le risque politique, i.e. le yield étranger augmente plus rapidement que le yield domestique. Dans les pays émergents, c'est l’effet inverse qui est observé. Cette différence entre les deux yields varie plus fortement avec un taux croissant de la dette domestique détenue par des investisseurs étrangers<br>This thesis analyzes if and to what extent debt markets value the environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance of firms and sovereigns. The first chapter shows that negative ESG news has a negative impact on the cost of debt of firms. The news relates to environmental and social events within the industrial/utilities sector. In this sector, a sound corporate social performance acts as an insurance against the adverse impact of negative environmental events on bond prices. The second chapter reveals that ESG scores integrated into portfolios do not change the financial performance ex post. A portfolio manager can increase the average ESG rating of her portfolio by 1.5 standard deviations without incurring cost. This leaves substantial room and opportunity for ESG ratings to be combined with asset allocation or absolute return strategies. The third chapter shows how ESG performance is linked to a lower cost of debt of emerging sovereigns. Research indicates that an emerging country’s average cost of capital decreases with its positive environmental and social performance. The fourth chapter discusses how governance performance may influence the spread of debt denominated in local and foreign currency. In developed countries, the spread between a foreign currency yield and a hedged local currency yield increases with our political risk indicator, i.e. the foreign yield increases faster than the domestic one. For emerging countries, the reverse trend is true. Interestingly, the foreign currency and local currency yield spreads move significantly stronger in absolute terms with increasing foreign investment participation in both emerging countries and developed countries’ debt markets
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Larsson, Robin, and Vilhelm Kjellsson. "En studie som undersöker om mobila betaltjänster skapar ett skifte i svensk konsumtion: En fallstudie av den mobila betaltjänsten Swish, med inriktning på B2C-transaktioner." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20520.
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The study aims to examine the current phenomena where consumers in Sweden increasingly choose mobile payment services as a payment method instead of using cash or credit cards. The study wants to answer the question “how does the increasing use of mobile payment services affect the consumer/user’s consumption and why do we choose the software as a payment method?” The study explains the main functions and characteristics of the top four mobile payment services in Sweden, but applies a case study on the most popular mobile payment service: Swish. The characteristics and functions that is examined is therefore delimited to Swish; but the linkages drawn from the why the consumer use mobile payment services, to a consumer’s consumption choices can of course generally apply to several mobile payment services.The study is divided into parts and chapters to increase reading comprehension, understanding of structure and fast identification of relevant and needed information.
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Kim, Dae Wook. "Data-Driven Network-Centric Threat Assessment." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1495191891086814.
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Jatobá, Pedro Henrique Gomes. "Desenvolvimento de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e gestão colaborativa: casos de cultura solidária na economia criativa." Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2014. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/21715.
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Pedro Henrique Gomes Jatobá.pdf: 32486392 bytes, checksum: fd90d6b0b76344c2870e47a6e6954277 (MD5)<br>A economia da cultura tem se tornado, nas últimas décadas, um importante vetor
produtivo e de inclusão social na economia brasileira. Dentre as políticas públicas que
estimulam a organização produtiva na cultura, destacam-se o Programa Cultura Viva e
as ações de fomento da Secretaria de Economia Criativa, ambos ligados ao Ministério
da Cultura. Mesmo beneficiados com incentivos públicos, os empreendimentos
comunitários têm dificuldades em acessar o mercado cultural do seu território, formar
público e dominar as tecnologias da informação necessárias a sua sustentabilidade. O
desenvolvimento de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e gestão colaborativa, adaptado
à realidade desses grupos, pode ser bem sucedido quando os futuros usuários dos
empreendimentos comunitários são capacitados para utilizar a nova solução em paralelo
ao seu desenvolvimento. A pesquisa participante junto a Produtora Colabor@tiva.PE na
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e a pesquisa-ação realizada Universidade LIVRE
de Teatro Vila Velha na Bahia, analisam como essas produtoras culturais colaborativas
conseguiram se beneficiar de novos suportes digitais em seus processos de gestão
interna e formação continuada. A colaboração desses usuários na comunidade de
desenvolvimento da plataforma CORAIS possibilitou aprimorar as ferramentas de
groupware existentes e desenvolver novas funcionalidades como a gestão transparente
de uma moeda social digital.<br>The culture economy has become in the last decades one of the most important
productive and social inclusion vectors on Brazilian economy. Among the public
finance actions made by the government the main actions that support productive
organization on the cultural groups are the Points of Culture network and the creative
economy secretary, both related do the Minister of Culture of Brazil. Even the
institutions that received public investments are showing difficulties in access in the
local market create and maintain consumers have access and learn how to use
information technology that is necessary to achieve economical sustainability. The
development of collaborative management and learning virtual environments
customized to these realities are only possible when these groups learn how to use free
software tools in their internal activities. The study of the Produtora Colabor@tiva.PE
in Recife at the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Universidade LIVRE de
Teatro Vila Velha in Salvador, Bahia, part of this research execute an analysis about how
this collaborative cultural producers got better results by adopting virtual environments.
The participation of these groups in the CORAIS platform development community
made possible that the existing groupware tools and develop new solutions as the public
management of a local digital currency.
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Lundkvist, Ylva. "Reinventing Money : Monetary Experiments and Trust Creation in the Argentinean Barter Club (1980-2009)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-138068.
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This is a study of the Argentinean Complementary Currency System el Club de Trueque (CT), which during its peak in the year of 2002 provided for its 2.5 million members. Focus is put on its initial years of 1995-1996 and the monetary experiments that would lead to a means of payment that partly would substitute the Argentinean peso during the convertibility crisis. This essay explains how the CT managed to create trust in their currency. Although the CT is a well researched phenomenon, this thesis offers some new information. First of all, the monetary development within the CT was not only driven by a practical need to lower transaction costs due to fast expansion—as previously assumed—rather, a confidence crisis was from the very start crucial for its development. Another important discovery is that although the club was created during a period of strong recession and high rates of unemployment, personal economic problems did not, in fact, seem to be the motivation behind its invention; rather the motives were based on a criticism against the functions of the contemporary economic system.<br>Esta tesis trata sobre el Club de Trueque (CT), un sistema monetario complementario, el cual creó posibilidades de mantenimiento para sus 2,5 millones de miembros durante la crisis económica de Argentina en el año 2002. El foco de este estudio es la fundación del club durante los años 1995-1996. En este período se hicieron experimentos monetarios que iban a generar un medio de pago que parcialmente reemplazó al peso argentino durante la crisis de convertibilidad. Esta tesis explica como el CT logró crear confianza en su moneda. Aunque el CT ha sido objeto de muchas investigaciones, ésta tesis ofrece información nueva. Ante todo, el desarrollo monetario en el CT no sólo tuvo su origen en la necesidad práctica de bajar los costos a causa de la rápida expansión del movimiento, sino que también, una crisis de confianza fue decisiva para el desarrollo desde el principio. Otro descubrimiento importante es que la razón por la cual el club se formó no fue exclusivamente debido a problemas económicos personales, a pesar de que se fundó durante una recesión fuerte con tasas altas de desempleo. Los motivos tenían más que ver con un criticismo ideológico al sistema económico contemporáneo.
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Bambia, Meriam. "Jointly integrating current context and social influence for improving recommendation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30110/document.
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La diversité des contenus recommandation et la variation des contextes des utilisateurs rendent la prédiction en temps réel des préférences des utilisateurs de plus en plus difficile mettre en place. Toutefois, la plupart des approches existantes n'utilisent que le temps et l'emplacement actuels séparément et ignorent d'autres informations contextuelles sur lesquelles dépendent incontestablement les préférences des utilisateurs (par exemple, la météo, l'occasion). En outre, ils ne parviennent pas considérer conjointement ces informations contextuelles avec les interactions sociales entre les utilisateurs. D'autre part, la résolution de problèmes classiques de recommandation (par exemple, aucun programme de télévision vu par un nouvel utilisateur connu sous le nom du problème de démarrage froid et pas assez d'items co-évalués par d'autres utilisateurs ayant des préférences similaires, connu sous le nom du problème de manque de donnes) est d'importance significative puisque sont attaqués par plusieurs travaux. Dans notre travail de thèse, nous proposons un modèle probabiliste qui permet exploiter conjointement les informations contextuelles actuelles et l'influence sociale afin d'améliorer la recommandation des items. En particulier, le modèle probabiliste vise prédire la pertinence de contenu pour un utilisateur en fonction de son contexte actuel et de son influence sociale. Nous avons considérer plusieurs éléments du contexte actuel des utilisateurs tels que l'occasion, le jour de la semaine, la localisation et la météo. Nous avons utilisé la technique de lissage Laplace afin d'éviter les fortes probabilités. D'autre part, nous supposons que l'information provenant des relations sociales a une influence potentielle sur les préférences des utilisateurs. Ainsi, nous supposons que l'influence sociale dépend non seulement des évaluations des amis mais aussi de la similarité sociale entre les utilisateurs. Les similarités sociales utilisateur-ami peuvent être établies en fonction des interactions sociales entre les utilisateurs et leurs amis (par exemple les recommandations, les tags, les commentaires). Nous proposons alors de prendre en compte l'influence sociale en fonction de la mesure de similarité utilisateur-ami afin d'estimer les préférences des utilisateurs. Nous avons mené une série d'expérimentations en utilisant un ensemble de donnes réelles issues de la plateforme de TV sociale Pinhole. Cet ensemble de donnes inclut les historiques d'accès des utilisateurs-vidéos et les réseaux sociaux des téléspectateurs. En outre, nous collectons des informations contextuelles pour chaque historique d'accès utilisateur-vidéo saisi par le système de formulaire plat. Le système de la plateforme capture et enregistre les dernières informations contextuelles auxquelles le spectateur est confronté en regardant une telle vidéo.Dans notre évaluation, nous adoptons le filtrage collaboratif axé sur le temps, le profil dépendant du temps et la factorisation de la matrice axe sur le réseau social comme tant des modèles de référence. L'évaluation a port sur deux tâches de recommandation. La première consiste sélectionner une liste trie de vidéos. La seconde est la tâche de prédiction de la cote vidéo. Nous avons évalué l'impact de chaque élément du contexte de visualisation dans la performance de prédiction. Nous testons ainsi la capacité de notre modèle résoudre le problème de manque de données et le problème de recommandation de démarrage froid du téléspectateur. Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent que notre modèle surpasse les approches de l'état de l'art fondes sur le facteur temps et sur les réseaux sociaux. Dans les tests des problèmes de manque de donnes et de démarrage froid, notre modèle renvoie des prédictions cohérentes différentes valeurs de manque de données<br>Due to the diversity of alternative contents to choose and the change of users' preferences, real-time prediction of users' preferences in certain users' circumstances becomes increasingly hard for recommender systems. However, most existing context-aware approaches use only current time and location separately, and ignore other contextual information on which users' preferences may undoubtedly depend (e.g. weather, occasion). Furthermore, they fail to jointly consider these contextual information with social interactions between users. On the other hand, solving classic recommender problems (e.g. no seen items by a new user known as cold start problem, and no enough co-rated items with other users with similar preference as sparsity problem) is of significance importance since it is drawn by several works. In our thesis work, we propose a context-based approach that leverages jointly current contextual information and social influence in order to improve items recommendation. In particular, we propose a probabilistic model that aims to predict the relevance of items in respect with the user's current context. We considered several current context elements such as time, location, occasion, week day, location and weather. In order to avoid strong probabilities which leads to sparsity problem, we used Laplace smoothing technique. On the other hand, we argue that information from social relationships has potential influence on users' preferences. Thus, we assume that social influence depends not only on friends' ratings but also on social similarity between users. We proposed a social-based model that estimates the relevance of an item in respect with the social influence around the user on the relevance of this item. The user-friend social similarity information may be established based on social interactions between users and their friends (e.g. recommendations, tags, comments). Therefore, we argue that social similarity could be integrated using a similarity measure. Social influence is then jointly integrated based on user-friend similarity measure in order to estimate users' preferences. We conducted a comprehensive effectiveness evaluation on real dataset crawled from Pinhole social TV platform. This dataset includes viewer-video accessing history and viewers' friendship networks. In addition, we collected contextual information for each viewer-video accessing history captured by the plat form system. The platform system captures and records the last contextual information to which the viewer is faced while watching such a video. In our evaluation, we adopt Time-aware Collaborative Filtering, Time-Dependent Profile and Social Network-aware Matrix Factorization as baseline models. The evaluation focused on two recommendation tasks. The first one is the video list recommendation task and the second one is video rating prediction task. We evaluated the impact of each viewing context element in prediction performance. We tested the ability of our model to solve data sparsity and viewer cold start recommendation problems. The experimental results highlighted the effectiveness of our model compared to the considered baselines. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms time-aware and social network-based approaches. In the sparsity and cold start tests, our approach returns consistently accurate predictions at different values of data sparsity
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Berezovskaya, Maria. "Current Trends in Corporate Social Responsibility in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193064.
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Abstract: The main purpose of this academic work is to study how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is incorporated in companies in pharmaceutical industry, with emphasis on the interaction between the enterprise and the community. The goal is to understand what benefits may this collaboration bring in the long-term. In order to fulfil these objectives, a study case was built based on GlaxoSmithKline Plc., which has been using these practices and has a valuable impact in the countries it is present in. The study insists on the necessity of seeing CSR as a part of any successful business strategy involving all members of the value chain. Patient is the one who benefits the most from CSR activities in pharmaceutical industry, and patient is the one who pays and talks.
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Lensing, Daniel Paul. "Social Security: an evaluation of current problems and proposed solutions." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18219.
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Master of Arts<br>Department of Economics<br>William F. Blankenau<br>This paper examines several different issues which could make the various Social Security programs insolvent. I evaluate each cause and how it is related to the problems experienced by each program to determine potential policy changes. I draw the majority of my data and information from peer-reviewed scholarly articles, as well as government agencies such as the Social Security Administration, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Congressional Research Service.
Section 1 of the paper explains the history of the Social Security program and the circumstances creating it. Section 2 goes into greater detail explaining different issues which could make the system insolvent. These areas are: earnings inequality, changes in healthcare, increased life expectancy, changes in the dependency ratio, general trust fund issues, disability trust fund issues, political climate, and recessions/reduced earnings. In Section 3, I evaluate two different proposed plans to fix Social Security. The first plan is an academic plan, the Diamond-Orszag Plan; the second is a plan created by a think-tank, The Heritage Plan. Section 4 gives a conclusion of the implications of the paper and explains the benefits and drawbacks of the two evaluated plans.
After evaluating all the problems with Social Security and the two proposed plans, I come to the conclusion that neither plan would be ideal by itself. The Diamond-Orszag Plan is the most politically feasible plan, as it doesn’t change the framework of the current program. A combination of the two plans would be most beneficial, as The Heritage Plan has policy specifically targeting the problems with the Medicare system, where the Diamond-Orszag Plan does not. The three different plans for changing the disability system I evaluate in Section 2.5 are specific, targeted plans and could be a nice addition to a plan such as the Diamond-Orszag Plan. In any case, the sooner politicians finally start taking Social Security’s instability seriously, the better. The longer we wait, the more complex and difficult the problem will become.
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Hess, Diana. "Discussing controversial public issues in secondary social studies classrooms : learning from skilled teachers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7549.
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Kinney, Ashley Rose. "The current state of local social justice education effective strategies for educators to teach for social justice /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2010. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession89-10MIT/Kinney_ARMIT2010.pdf.
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Nankoe, M. Hakiem. "The Caribbean in the flow of global currents." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Kátay, Gábor. "Essais sur deux enjeux majeurs des pays d'Europe de l'Est : l'endettement en devises étrangères et l'offre de travail." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010016/document.
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Cette thèse traite deux sujets distincts, les deux représentant des enjeux importants pour un grand nombre de Pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale (PECO). La première partie porte sur les emprunts en devises étrangères. Plusieurs études antérieures montrent que dans de nombreux PECO, l’endettement en devises étrangères a augmenté de manière considérable avant la crise et est devenu un enjeu majeur pour les entreprises, les ménages et pour la politique budgétaire et monétaire. Pour évaluer les risques associés à l’endettement excessif en devises étrangères, nous étudions la volonté des entreprises d’apparier la composition en devises de leurs actifs et leurs passifs ainsi que leurs incitations à dévier de l’appariement parfait. Nos résultats fournissent des preuves solides à l’appui du rôle de la couverture naturelle. Néanmoins, ce dernier n’est pas le motif principal d’endettement en devise étrangères : le motif de couverture naturelle n’explique qu’environ 10 à 20 pour cent de la dette totale en devises étrangères des entreprises avant et pendant la crise, respectivement. La plus grande partie de la dette en devises étrangères correspondrait, au moins en Hongrie, à des positions de carry trade détenues par des sociétés non financières. La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’exploration des liens entre les systèmes socio-fiscaux et l’offre de travail à la marge extensive. Le deuxième chapitre propose une nouvelle stratégie de modélisation de l’offre de travail comme alternative aux deux approches dominantes basées sur le calcul marginal et les modèles d’utilité aléatoire. Finalement, le dernier chapitre utilise ce modèle pour quantifier la part de la différence entre les taux d’activité tchèque et hongrois qui peut être expliquée par les divergences des systèmes d’imposition et de protection sociale. Les estimations donnent des élasticités d’offre de travail similaires, ce qui suggère que les préférences individuelles sont essentiellement identiques dans les deux pays. Nos résultats montrent que la moitié de l’écart entre les taux d’activité s’explique par les différences des systèmes socio-fiscaux<br>This thesis deals with two distinct topics, both of them representing central issues for many Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The first part of the thesis focuses on foreign currency (FX) lending. Several previous studies point out that in many CEE countries, FX borrowing rose significantly before the crisis and has become a major challenge for firms, households and for fiscal and monetary policy. To evaluate the risks associated with excessive FX indebtedness, we investigate firms’ willingness to match the currency composition of their assets and liabilities and their incentives to deviate from perfect matching. Our results provide strong evidence to support the role of natural hedging, however, it is not the primary motivation for firms to choose foreign currency : it explains only about 10 percent of the overall corporate FX debt during the pre-crisis and 20 percent during the post-crisis periods. Most likely, the largest part of the corporate FX debt, at least in Hungary, corresponds to open carry trade positions held by non-financial corporations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to exploring the links between tax-benefit systems and labour supply at the extensive margin. The second chapter presents an alternative modelling strategy of labour supply to the two dominating approaches based on marginal calculus and on random utility models. Finally, the last chapter uses this model to quantify the difference between the Hungarian and the Czech participation rates that can be attributed to differences in taxation and welfare benefits. We find that the estimated labour supply elasticities for the Czech Republic are very close to the results for Hungary, suggesting that, at least in this dimension, individual preferences are similar in the two countries. Results suggests that about one-half of the total difference in the participation rates can be explained by differences in the tax-benefit systems
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Brothers, Laura Lee. "Nearshore Sediimentary Pathways and Their Social Implications, Saco Bay, Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/brothersll2006.pdf.
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Serure, Dana Faye. "The Current State of Secondary Social Studies in Western New York." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10822464.
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<p> This study explored the current state of secondary social studies in Western New York (WNY) through the lens of social studies orientations, specifically the traditional, disciplinary, and progressive strands (Fallace, 2010), and their alignment with the <i>K-12 Social Studies Framework </i>, approved by NYS’s Department of Education in 2014, with new NYS Regents assessments to begin in 2019. It was, therefore, important to collect baseline data on secondary social studies teachers’ social studies purpose, practices, and knowledge of NYS reforms. </p><p> A mixed-method study began in the spring of 2017, which collected data from the <i>WNY S4</i> survey and two focus groups. Survey participants totaled <i>n</i> = 136, representing six counties in WNY; focus group members totaled <i>n</i> = 9. The <i>WNY S4</i> replicated survey items from a nationwide instrument, <i>Survey on the Status of Social Studies–S4</i> (Fitchett & VanFossen, 2013) and analyzed data with descriptive and inferential statistics. The researcher developed a semi-structured interview guide to collect focus group data, which were analyzed by the long-table approach (Krueger & Casey, 2009). </p><p> Major survey findings were: (1) 99% reported an unawareness of their <i> state/district standards</i>; (2) 100% reported developing <i>critical-thinking skills</i>, while 64% reported <i>content knowledge</i> as primary goals; and (3) top-ranked instructional practices were 87% <i> teach political history</i>; 83% <i>teach social history</i>; and 82% <i>examine sources</i>. Analyses of <i>t</i>-tests indicate gender and grade level-band indicators are influential to instructional practices. For example, female and high school teachers seem to engage students more often in non-history content emphases, such as <i>diversity of religious views, economics</i>, and <i>historiography</i> while also de-emphasizing the <i>lecture</i>; hence aligning more with the disciplinary strand and less with the traditional strand. </p><p> Focus group results pinpoint a struggle between participants’ intentions versus actual practice which may impact alignment to NYS social studies reforms. Misalignment attributed to teacher’s purpose being overshadowed by their own instructional choices or outside factors, such as assessments, time, and other school district issues. Five out of nine focus group participants associated with the hybrid disciplinary-progressive approach, suggesting that secondary social studies teachers do not situate themselves to a single social studies orientation; and also consistent with past studies (Long, 2017; Vinson, 1998). </p><p> Overall, <i>WNY S4</i> data suggests when purpose and practices are more closely aligned to the disciplinary and progressive approaches, secondary social studies instruction may find greater success with NYS social studies education reforms. In addition, gender and identified grade level-band (middle school and high school) differences provide insights for developing and tailoring professional development for different groups of teachers. </p><p> Two recommendations for policy and practice include: (1) refine the social studies orientation model into a continuum, and (2) apply the <i>Social Studies Purpose Compass</i> developed by the researcher to guide instructional alignment with NYS social studies reforms.</p><p>
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Montes, Nuvia. "Attitudes of current MSW students regarding title protection." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10099868.
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<p> A quantitative study measured the attitudes of current MSW students regarding title protection. At the time of writing no other research had explored this issue. Participants were asked to rate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with 21 statements related to social work practice and title protection. Participants were recruited from CSWE accredited schools of social work in California. Participants completed the survey through Survey Monkey. The study had a total of 264 participants of which the majority of participants identified as female. The study found that current MSW students in California support title protection and report plans on becoming licensed. The findings of this study were consistent with the findings of previous research that explored deprofessionalization and reclassification issues. The study also found that participants supported the aspect of competency in the profession through education and ethical practice. </p>
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Monasor, Jorro Jessica. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Current Crisis: how has it affected in Spain?" Thesis, KTH, Industriell arbetsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34480.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is practice that is followed with the controversy of whether is a real management tool or rather is a fad. A good context in order to study this polemic is the current crisis that has affected worldwide, because if CSR practices are kept in this context means that it is not a fad. Spain is the country chosen for focused this report, due to it is one of European countries most affected by economic crisis. So, this thesis seeks to check which polemic part is right as well as observes CSR situation in Spanish companies so far. CSR situation of large companies and SMEs are the main points investigated, in order to do this, it uses a quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, using surveys it is examined large companies’ situation, more specifically IBEX 35 companies that are Spanish enterprises that list at the stock market. Secondly, SMEs situation is analyzed qualitatively using gatherings, interviews and the documentary that are conducted by a Spanish awareness camping called “El valor de ser grande”. Moreover, it is reviewed and analyzed the existing literature creating a theoretical framework built on the pillars of CSR. The research allowed us to obtain the main features about Spanish companies both large companies and SMEs regarding CSR. In large companies CSR is root and is perform for years to gain momentum over time, i.e., it is performed as fundamental element in the company. Instead, in SMEs CSR is beginning to gain further strength and is increasingly performed but it still has a long way to go. Therefore, it is said that CSR is in the second phase, the first one was in big companies and now it is up to SMEs. Moreover, it is confirm that the crisis has increased CSR value to society and business provoking a clean effect over bad CSR policies. In conclusion, this research proves that companies have increased CSR actions in the crisis context so far. Therefore CSR is not a fad, although this will not be final result until the crisis is over and then its final effect will be rechecked.
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Holm, Stefan, and Dag Thorstensson. "The Current State of Controller Roles : Underlying Social Factors and Identity Control." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202592.
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The aim of this thesis is to gather insights on the underlying social factors behind the current state of controller roles in a multinational enterprise. Additionally, the thesis explores the possibility of managing perceptions and expectations of controller roles, in accordance to corporate business objectives. In order to do this, theoretical concepts of Role Theory, Boundary Spanning and Identity Control were utilized. This paper has a qualitative research design and is based on an embedded single-case study. Due to the exploratory nature of the research, the study is based on the method of „systematic combining‟. The objectives of the company were to establish both local and regional controllers as business partners. Findings indicate that the regional controller could focus on business advisory tasks to a large extent due to a formally appointed role, whereas the local controllers were restricted by their role and expectations to focus more on scorekeeping and managerial duties. The term „business partner‟ was spread throughout the organization. By ascribing this label to controllers, other expectations on the role were induced, which also infers a higher hierarchical positioning. Future research could go more in depth on the process of internalizing values.
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Parker, Sarah F. "Post-conflict social-civil rehabilitation in Bosnia Herzegovina, current trends and practices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ57318.pdf.
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Alamoudi, May Abdulaziz. "Corporate social disclosure in Saudi listed companies : current practice and stakeholders' perspectives." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/9258f039-0591-47a0-985c-6b2cfb9d194a.
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This study aims to explore and identify empirically the current corporate social disclosure (CSD) practices of Saudi listed companies, and to determine the perspectives of a range of stakeholder groups towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) and CSD issues in Saudi Arabia. The study examines the CSD practices through determining the volume and the nature of the information provided by companies, and identifying any noticeable differences in such information across companies and amongst different sectors. The study also examines stakeholders’ perspectives towards current CSD practices in Saudi Arabia including views on the motivations behind disclosing such information by companies and the factors that might deter or discourage companies from reporting such information. The results of the study are interpreted using a stakeholder perspective. The study uses content analysis to analyse companies’ annual reports and standalone reports, and a questionnaire survey to ascertain the perceptions of stakeholders. The findings reveal that all companies in the sample provided at least some CSD in their annual reports with wide variation across companies and industries. The most widely disclosed information was related to the employees and society disclosure categories, respectively, followed by environmental disclosures while disclosures relating to customers and products were almost nil. The results also demonstrate that the majority of the questionnaire respondents believe in the right of all stakeholder groups to have access to CSD, but they think the most important reason behind providing CSD by organisations is to communicate with those parties and groups with financial interests due to the importance of such information for decision-making. Also, respondents highlighted ‘the emphasis by companies on their economic rather than social performance’, followed by ‘society’s lack of awareness regarding CSR information’ and ‘an absence of legal or similar regulatory requirements’ as the most important reasons that might deter companies from providing CSD information. In addition, respondents generally support mandatory mechanisms being put in place for Saudi companies to establish CSD.
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Struwig, Zaskia. "An explorative study of the current practises of greenwashing in social media." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13658.
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The first section of this paper looks specifically at the concept of greenwashing from a theoretical perspective. It aims to establish exactly what greenwashing is, what it involves and how it has been used. The second section incorporates both the first section of this paper, and delves deeper into how greenwashing has been present in social media. The third section of this paper is a case study. This section has been broken down into three categories of industries in consideration of greenwashing practises. The first is ‘The Obvious’ - this looks at the obvious examples of industries that use greenwashing practises. ‘The Overlooked’ looks at the industries which are often disregarded in terms of greenwashing practises. The last is ‘The Unexpected’ which looks into the industries that focus on supporting the environment and would not commonly be associated with any form of greenwashing practises at all. This case study aims to identify how the selected companies chosen for the study have been associated with greenwashing in the past, and how their current social presence may still be contributing to greenwashed advertising. As the concept of greenwashing is based on a theory developed around two decades ago and mostly consisted of very direct claims and statements using traditional advertising mediums such as billboards and magazine adverts, and considering the amount of well-known corporations who were proven guilty of such greenwashing practises, it would be ignorant to consider that such practises have simply subsided and ceased to occur. Corporations are aware of being called-out with negative press, especially with regards to issues such as false environmental practises, therefore as the advertising industry has changed with time, wouldn’t such greenwashing practises have adapted as well? Corporations in the past have learnt that direct greenwash statements have backfired negatively, therefore in collaboration with the use of social media, the prospect of using subtle, or even subconscious greenwash strategies seem to create an issue which requires investigation.
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Saeed, Usman. "Corporate Social Responsibility : Analysis of current practices in selected companies and recommendations." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32804.
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Companies are recognising the need for being sustainable in their approach to business. There are mounting pressures from environmentalists, NGOs and Governments for greater transparency. Awareness of company’s reputation, contribution to society, and environment are all public knowledge these days thanks to the internet and free media culture. On one hand, there are companies who are unable to find their feet in CSR and perceive it isas a ‘publicity’ tool only, overlooking many other benefits which it brings along. On the otherhand, there are companies who have taken the first step in getting involved with CSR relatedactivities, however, need guidance for further improvements with their performance measurement and reporting. This thesis aims to present CSR as an ‘umbrella’ under which many of the sustainable development issues rest. It aims to present CSR as a tool which, if utilised, can bring benefitsto companies in environmental, social and long term financially. With the help of casestudies, recommendations and suggestions are given to improve CSR policies/strategies and broaden the horizons of business.<br>www.ima.kth.se
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Sorensen, Katie. "Is Social Studies Being Taught?: A Study of One District." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1000.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the status of social studies in elementary classrooms in a local school district. Status was determined by assessing the amount of instructional time that was devoted to social studies, its perceived importance in the curriculum, and challenges associated with teaching social studies. Three research questions were identified in order to examine the status of social studies in Apple School District (pseudonym): (1) To what degree is social studies being taught in the elementary grades one through five? (2) How important is social studies compared to other areas of the curriculum? (3) What do elementary teachers identify to be challenges associated with teaching social studies? Data for this study were gathered through a single distribution of a survey. Teachers of grades one through five from 19 elementary schools participated in this study. Surveys were collected from 351 teachers. Results of this study indicated that social studies was being taught in 98% of the classrooms of teachers surveyed. A post hoc analysis of variance revealed that fifth-grade teachers reported teaching social studies significantly more days per week than first, second, and third-grade teachers. Results also revealed that fourth-grade teachers taught significantly more days per week than second-grade teachers. Participants reported their perception that social studies was less important than literacy, math, and science. Participants also identified challenges to teaching social studies. The three most often mentioned challenges were time constraints, lack of resources and core curriculum issues.
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Robertson, Caroline June. "Current issues in the treatment of sexual offenders." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/857/.
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This thesis investigates the debate around sex offender treatment efficacy. Numerous methods are utilised to explore this topic, including a meta-analysis (N =15,931), empirical research (N =322) and a single case study. Chapter 1 reviews the efficacy of sex offender treatment in relation to study design, treatment type, and treatment setting. Results indicate a positive effect of treatment in reducing both sexual and general recidivism for treated versus untreated offenders. However, treatment effects varied greatly according to the study design used, with no significant effect of treatment found for randomised controlled trials. Within Chapter 2, survival analysis and logistic regression are used to examine the impact of treatment dose (‘Risk Principle’) on reconviction and within-treatment change. Results indicate that whilst controlling for Risk Matrix 2000 (Thornton, Mann, Webster, Blud, Travers, Friendship & Erikson, 2003) classification, treatment dose does not influence treatment outcome. The results are discussed in light of the need to consider the way that sexual offenders interact with the amount of treatment received. Chapter 3 uses a single case design to explore assessment and low-dose intervention with an internet offender. The case study explores practice based issues, including the difficulty in applying pre-existing knowledge of contact sexual offenders to internet offenders. Chapter 4 provides a critique of Risk Matrix 2000 (Thornton et al., 2003). Chapter 5 discusses the practical and theoretical implications of this thesis, explores limitations of the thesis, and provides recommendations for future research.
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Lellinger, Richard Eric. "Gender Differences in Knowledge of and Interest in Current Social and Political Events." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539720300.
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Haggerty, Susan. "Parental alcoholism, early social support, and family environment as predictors of current adjustment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40672.
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<p>The present study assessed 351 undergraduate subjects on
dimensions of parental alcohol abuse, childhood family
environment, childhood social support, current coping style,
current negative life experiences, current psychological
symptomatology, and current indices of drug and alcohol
abuse. Results indicated that, while paternal alcohol abuse,
in and of itself, was not related to any of the outcome
measures, maternal alcoholism was correlated with one
measure of alcohol abuse and three measures of drug abuse,
and was independently predictive of a portion of the
variance of one alcohol abuse measure among subjects. Early
environmental factors (family environment and low levels of
social support), as well as current coping style and current
negative life experiences, were found to be related to
psychological symptomatology and to indices of drug and
alcohol abuse. coping style was also found to be related to
early family environment and to childhood social support,
suggesting that coping style may have its developmental
roots in early environmental factors. An interaction between
paternal alcohol abuse and disengagement coping style was
shown to be predictive of a portion of the variance of
subjects' alcohol abuse. Interactions between maternal
alcoholism and low level of social support were predictive
of a portion of the variance of subjects' drug abuse.<br>Master of Science
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Luthra, Karan. "Can humans be patched? A short current state review." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21169.
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Informationssäkerhet är ett växande problem bland organisationer. Ett stort antal säkerhetsöverträdelser innefattar vårdslöshet bland anställda eftersom den mänskliga uppförande anses vara den viktigaste faktorn för informationssäkerhet. Därför är det avgörande för organisationer att utveckla en informationssäkerhetskultur. Syftet med denna studie är att öka vår förståelse av informationssäkerhetskulturen och belysa människans roll i informationssäkerhet. En kvalitativ systematisk litteraturöversikt från 2015 till 2019 gav 27 journalartiklar som identifierade nyckelkoncept inom forskningsområdet. Resultatet uppvisar fyra olika konceptkategorier; Förstå informationssäkerhetskultur, Informationssäkerhetspolicy lydnad, Kognition och medvetenhet. 26% försökte definiera och konceptualisera och även mäta informationssäkerhetskultur. 44,4% diskuterade Informationssäkerhetskultur som lydighet med ISP, 22,2% påpekar säkerhetsbeteende med hjälp av kognitiva modeller, och slutligen 7,4% kännetecknar kunskap och medvetenhet som motiverande faktor för informationssäkerhetskultur. Dessa resultat tyder på att informationssäkerhetskultur är ett framväxande område och att mänskligt beteende går utöver policy lydighet. Akademiker föreslår att samhällsvetenskapliga tillvägagångssätt ger djupare förståelse för mänskligt organisatoriskt beteende mot säkerhet. Organisationer bör därför kultivera ISC genom att uppmuntra anställda att bete sig informationssäkert snarare än att bete sig enligt policyriktlinjer.<br>Information security is a growing concern among organisations. A large number of security breaches involve employee negligence as human activity is considered as a critical factor in information security. Therefore, organisations must cultivate an information security culture (ISC). The purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of information security culture and elucidate the human’s role in information security. A qualitative systematic literature review from 2015 to 2019 yielded 27 journal articles which identified key concepts within the research field. Result demonstrate four sets of concept categories; Understanding ISC, Information Security Policy (ISP) compliance, Cognition and Awareness. 26% attempted to conceptualise measure ISC, 44.4% discussed ISC as compliance with ISP, 22.2% points out security behaviour with cognitive models, and finally 7.4% attribute awareness training as motivating factor for ISC. These findings suggest that ISC is a nascent field and that human behaviour goes above and beyond policy compliance. Academics suggest that social science approaches provide a deeper understanding of human organisational behaviour towards security. Organisations should cultivate ISC by encouraging employees to behave securely rather than behave as directed by policies.