Academic literature on the topic 'Social Darwinism in literature'

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Journal articles on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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BILGILI, ALPER. "An Ottoman response to Darwinism: İsmail Fennî on Islam and evolution." British Journal for the History of Science 48, no. 4 (September 4, 2015): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087415000618.

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AbstractThe Scopes trial (1925) fuelled discussion in the United States on the social and political implications of Darwinism. For the defenders of the 1925 Tennessee law – which prohibited the teaching of Darwinism in schools – Darwinism was, amongst other things, responsible for the German militarism which eventually led to the First World War. This view was supported by İsmail Fennî, a late Ottoman intellectual, who authored a book immediately after the trial which aimed to debunk scientific materialism. In it, he claimed that Darwinism blurred the distinction between man and beast and thus destroyed the foundations of morality. However, despite his anti-Darwinist stance, İsmail Fennî argued against laws forbidding the teaching of Darwinism in schools, and emphasized that even false theories contributed to scientific improvement. Indeed, because of his belief in science he claimed that Muslims should not reject Darwinism if it were supported by future scientific evidence. If this turned out to be the case, then religious interpretations should be revised accordingly. This article contributes to the literature on early Muslim reactions to Darwinism by examining the views of İsmail Fennî, which were notably sophisticated when compared with those of the anti-religious Darwinist and anti-Darwinist religious camps that dominated late Ottoman intellectual life.
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Vorachek, Laura. "MESMERISTS AND OTHER MEDDLERS: SOCIAL DARWINISM, DEGENERATION, AND EUGENICS IN TRILBY." Victorian Literature and Culture 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090123.

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About two-thirds of the way through George Du Maurier's Trilby (1894), a novel that entranced the reading public with its descriptions of Bohemian Paris and mesmerism, there is a seventeen-page digression on The Origin of Species. This rumination is sparked by the fact that Little Billee is “reading Mr. Darwin's immortal book for the third time” while he contemplates proposing to the parson's daughter, Alice (180; pt. 5). Ultimately, he cannot bring himself to do so because Alice believes, among other Bible stories, that “[t]he world was made in six days. It is just six thousand years old,” a view debunked in The Origin by Darwin's depiction of the gradual evolution of species over vast periods of time (174; pt. 5). While the controversy elicited in the second half of the nineteenth century by Darwin's theory of natural selection continues today, the question remains: what is this debate doing in a novel about expatriate artists and the woman they love? I read this seeming digression from the sentimental and sensational plot of the novel as a cue to the importance of Darwinian ideas to reading Trilby. In this article, I trace Du Maurier's engagement in Trilby and in his cartoons with various permutations of Social Darwinism, notably degeneration (especially its relationship to class), society's moral and cultural evolution, and eugenics. I argue that the novelist negotiates between Darwin and his interpreters as he resists collectivism, or state intervention in questions of social welfare, in favor of individual liberty in matters of sexual selection.
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Berliner, Jonathan. "Jack London’s Socialistic Social Darwinism." American Literary Realism 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2008): 52–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27747307.

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Jiang, Man. "The Danger of Social Darwinism-Judging from the History of the 20th Century." Learning & Education 10, no. 2 (September 16, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2319.

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The idea of Social Darwinism was promoted by Herbert Spencer and it was quite popular until in the Second World War to reach its summit, with hazardous impact on the human society. This paper uses quantitative approach and literature research to discuss the danger of Social Darwinism.
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Mukhataev, Pavel Nikolaevich. "Social Darwinism discourse in the USA fiction at the turn of the 19–20<sub> th</sub> centuries." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104205.

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This paper presents an attempt to analyze the relationship between social Darwinism ideology and American literature at the turn of the 1920th centuries. According to philologists, critical realism was customary of that period in literature. The famous authors nowadays such as Theodore Dreiser and Jack London or less well-known, for example, Edward Bellamy and Robert Herrick, presented their plots against the same intellectual background and described them using similar expressions and clichs. Such expressions as struggle for existence, natural selection, survival of the fittest became the usual ones in American public life at the turn of the 1920th centuries. Social Darwinism rhetoric united the worlds of politics, science and literature. The language determines our ideas about what can be right or wrong, fair and unfair. Ideology and the language played a fundamental role in shaping behavior in the context of the American dream especially. The American dream contained an idea of equality of opportunities for individuals, provided that they have talent and diligence. The author analyzes the language used in American literature and the influence of social Darwinism ideology on public consciousness. This discourse reveals the essence of social problems and attitudes of the American society in that historical period.
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Hans-Peter Breuer. "Darwinism in Victorian Letters." Literature and Medicine 6, no. 1 (1987): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2011.0020.

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Urban, Martin. "Stát jako organismus? Kritická reflexe dosavadních interpretací konceptu státu Friedricha Ratzela." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 16, no. 1 (June 11, 2024): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2024.7.

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Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) is often portrayed in the Czech context as a controversial figure in the development of political-geographical or geopolitical thought. This is probably a consequence of the lack of attention and research interest in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, his conception of the state resonates quite strongly in the domestic literature. Available sources indicate that under the influence of Social Darwinism he came up with the idea of the state as a (living or biological) organism that must grow (expand its Lebensraum), become stronger and occupy more and more space in order to survive (in the struggle for life). This interpretation, which is in fact very misleading, forms an important pillar of Ratzel’s overall negative perception. For it implies that his conception of the state is an application of Darwin’s natural selection and the struggle for survival to human society, states and international relations. Such an interpretation of Ratzel’s thought sounds truly sinister, and in this vein could be used to justify territorial expansion as the natural right of the stronger. On closer examination, however, it turns out that the Social Darwinist interpretation of Ratzel’s thought is highly questionable and that his conception of the state cannot be used in this way.
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Guo, Xiaotong. "“Survival of the Fittest” and George Eliot’s Critique of Capitalism in The Mill on the Floss." George Eliot - George Henry Lewes Studies 74, no. 2 (December 2022): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/georelioghlstud.74.2.0110.

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Abstract In The Mill on the Floss, the ruthless rules of social Darwinism play out even before the term “survival of the fittest” was coined, and the fiction translates the “survival of the fittest” that Darwin identified in nature to a human community in the early stages of industrial capitalism. This article aims to demonstrate how George Eliot evaluates laissez-faire capitalism through her use of the Darwinian struggle for existence among the Tullivers and the Dodsons, and how George Eliot’s criticism of materialism and Mammonism of the early industrial capitalism in The Mill on the Floss works as a warning for her Victorian contemporaries who are devoted to “economic survival of the fittest.”
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Mukhataev, Pavel Nikolaevich. "The Social Darwinist ideology in American domestic policy at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984213.

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This paper presents an attempt to analyze the interrelation between American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist ideology at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Soviet and Russian historiography presents a deep analysis of socio-economic and political processes in that period in terms of criticism of liberal ideology and market economics. Significant social stratification was explained by insufficiently developed socially directed normative base, illegal interaction between representatives of large business and politicians, the purpose of which was personal enrichment, etc. In general, the economic and political system of the United States in the late XIX - early XX centuries was criticized from Russian scientists. In Soviet literature the conclusion was made about the insolvency of bourgeois ideology, with elements of criticism of Social Darwinism as a minor component of this ideology. American historiography considers the subject of our study more wholly. Foreign historiography, basically, analyzes the connection of American domestic policy with the activities of financial magnates, who were becoming a new serious power in American politics. This paper attempts to explain the connection between the American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist discourse, which was an undoubted part of the intellectual and daily life of citizens in that historical period. The author points to the significant influence of the Social Darwinist ideology in the adoption of key inner-political decisions by the government of the United States.
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Chamberlin, Vernon A. "Social Darwinism: An Unnoticed Aspect of Galdós's Animal Imagery inMiau." Romance Quarterly 35, no. 3 (August 1988): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831157.1988.9933478.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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Taggart, Ashley. "Evolutionary dramas : tragic responses to the aftermath of Darwinism." Thesis, University of York, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359270.

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Worden, Joel Daniel. "The Galapagos in American consciousness American fiction writers' responses to Darwinism /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 225 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=954001621&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Owen, John. "Social Darwinism and social policy : the problem of the feeble-minded 1900-1914." Thesis, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266322.

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Cullen, Ben Sandford 1964-1995. "The cultural virus." Phd thesis, School of Archaeology, Classics and Ancient History, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9055.

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Gordon, Shea. "The influence of social Darwinism on Progressive Era political thought and policy." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/44574.

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Woodrow, Ross Daniel. "Darwinism and images of race in the Australian popular press (c.1860-1900)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1994. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26912.

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This thesis began as an examination of the influence of Darwinism on images of racial types in the Australian illustrated popular press. Taking a broad scope, encompassing depictions of the Irish, Chinese, Aborigine and South Sea Islander, I soon discovered that a single focus on social Darwinist influence was perhaps more restrictive than revealing. Consequently, although I maintain Darwinian evolutionary theory is at the hub of influences on the iconography of racial types, I have allowed my analysis to range outside the Darwinian influence to encircle a more complex ideological construction of these racial images. Nevertheless, I have kept the core of the study as a demonstration of the significant impact of Darwinian evolutionary theory on the iconography of racial groups. I argue that the influence of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species on racial representations was mainly on the modification of existing iconographic stereotypes, but I also claim that the evolutionary impact did produce new images or types. The principal focus is the Australian popular illustrated and comic press. However, to investigate the derivation of particular iconographic types, selected English and American sources are also examined.
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Sánchez, Delgado Marcelo Javier. "De la botica a su hogar: el Almanaque 18 de 1921 a 1931. Diez años de difusión del darwinismo y la eugenesia en la literatura popular chilena." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/108558.

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El presente trabajo aspira a estudiar, describir y analizar un proceso particular de difusión del imaginario darwinista social, racista y eugenésico en la literatura popular chilena. Específicamente el que se presenta en el Almanaque 18, publicación de la empresa farmoquímica Daube y Cía. Dicho almanaque, se inscribe en el género de la literatura popular y en su período inicial de publicación (1921 – 1931), podemos observar un proceso de difusión de pensamiento científico al mundo de la cultura popular. La investigación ha tematizado diez años de publicación del Almanaque 18 en torno de los discursos y representaciones del darwinismo, el racismo y la eugenesia. Subsidiariamente, la investigación indaga en las prácticas de lectura y en el proceso de apropiación social de estos discursos, en el entendido que no es posible trasladar mecánicamente una grilla social dada al mundo de la cultura y a las comunidades de interpretación de los textos. La hipótesis de mayor alcance de la investigación postula la existencia de un proyecto eugénico en curso en las primeras décadas del siglo XX chileno y que el nacionalismo en clave de integración forma parte secundaria de este proyecto biopolítico, basado en la degradación de la vida humana a recurso.
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Lyle, Louise. "Social darwinism and the evolutionary 'struggle for Frenchness' in fin-de-siècle fictions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412192.

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Alderman, Christopher John Finlay. "British Imperialism and social Darwinism : C.L. Temple and colonial administration in Northern Nigeria, 1901-1916." Thesis, Kingston University, 1996. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20592/.

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This research examines the concept of Social. Darwinism in relation to British imperialism, with particular reference to Northern Nigeria and the administrative work of Charles Temple during the period 1901 ~ 1916. At the centre of previous portrayals of Temple and his career is the suggestion that he was an introspective and unusually speculative man, whose significance in the history of Northern Nigeria is limited to the contribution of some abstruse ideas of narrow relevance to the practical administration of colonial government. The existing historical accounts, which are often based on uncontextualised and sometimes casual appraisals of his book Native Races and Their Rulers, also suggest that Temple believed in minimal intervention into native communities. The result of these assessments has been that Temple's rationale for colonial rule (in particular his wish to protect indigenous communities from sudden or abrupt change) has been over- emphasised, whilst his advice on the practical implementation of this rationale has been largely ignored. Against this background Native Races can only be properly understood from a detailed analysis of its ideological and historical context. The relationship between British imperialism and Social Darwinism, and particularly the specific aspects of this debate likely to have interested a man of Temple's age, background and profession, are outlined. It is concluded that within such a context, the most likely function of Social Darwinism in relation to British imperialism was to provide justification for intervention into, and for the subjugation of, foreign communities - as well as a means of explaining the racial and other contradictions which this process involved. A detailed analysis of Temple's Native Races establishes that there is a strong contiguity between his ideas and those expressed in the contemporary mainstream debate that combined ideas on British imperialism with Social Darwinist assumptions. It is argued that the techniques which Temple proposed for interpreting specific native customs, beliefs and institutions, as well as his version of the policy of Indirect Rule, displayed Social Darwinist assumptions. It is also clear that Temple required a great deal of practical intervention from British administrators - even if they were cautioned to allow the natives to find their own path of progression. Substantial new evidence indicates that Temple was a man out to make a name for himself as a modern, scientific and liberal administrator and that he had a real, powerful and continuous influence on the administration of Northern Nigeria for nearly sixteen years. Whilst Temple thought detailed and scientific administrative policy was vital, he also realised that without organizational efficiency and continuity in practice, little could be achieved. Temple believed that this stage in the development of Northern Nigerian communities required sustained and rigorous intervention, and he consistently justified this approach in official documents and journal articles from a Social Darwinist interpretation of native societies. The thesis offers considerable evidence, including a detailed appraisal of his wider connections and interests, to support the case that the contribution which Temple made towards British government in Northern Nigeria lay in the translation of administrative theory into actual practice. It is therefore concluded that Temple not only used Social Darwinism to explain racial differences and justify British imperialism, but also caused it to have a direct impact on the practical administration of colonial rule in Northern Nigeria between 1901 and 1916.
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Mesoudi, Alex. "The transmission and evolution of human culture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13955.

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'Culture' is defined as information, such as knowledge, beliefs, skills, attitudes or values, that is passed from individual to individual via social (or cultural) transmission and expressed in behaviour or artifacts. 'Cultural evolution' holds that this cultural inheritance system is governed by the same Darwinian processes as gene-based biological evolution. In Part A of this thesis it is argued that as compelling a case can now be made for a Darwinian theory of cultural evolution as Darwin himself presented in The Origin Of Species for biological evolution, If culture does indeed evolve, then it follows that the structure of a science of cultural evolution should broadly resemble that of the science of biological evolution. Hence Part A concludes by outlining a unified science of cultural evolution based on the sub-disciplines of evolutionary biology. Parts B and C comprise original empirical and theoretical work constituting two branches of this science of cultural evolution. Part B describes a series of experiments testing for a number of hypothesised biases in cultural transmission. Evidence was found for a 'social bias' that acts to promote information concerning third-party social relationships over equivalent non-social information, and a 'hierarchical bias' that acts to transform knowledge of everyday events from low-level actions into higher-level goals. Three other hypothesised biases concerning status, anthropomorphism and neoteny were not supported, although each gave rise to potential, future work using this methodology. Part C presents a theoretical investigation into the coevolution of the genetic bases of human mating behaviour and culturally inherited folk beliefs regarding paternity. Gene-culture coevolution and agent-based models suggested that beliefs in 'partible paternity' (that more than one man can father a child) create a new more polygamous form of society compared with beliefs in singular paternity (that only one man can father a child).
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Books on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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Wainwright, Michael. Toward a sociobiological hermeneutic: Darwinian essays on literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Toward a sociobiological hermeneutic: Darwinian essays on literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Preston, Claire. Edith Wharton's social register. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

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Machann, Clinton. Masculinity in four Victorian epics: A Darwinist reading. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub., 2010.

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Brundiek, Katharina. Raabes Antworten auf Darwin: Beobachtungen an der Schnittstelle von Diskursen. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2005.

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Schnackertz, Hermann Josef. Darwinismus und literarischer Diskurs: Der Dialog mit der Evolutionsbiologie in der englischen und amerikanischen Literatur : E. Bulwer-Lytton, S. Butler, J. Conrad, Ch. Darwin, Th. Dreiser, G. Gissing, H. Spencer, K. Vonnegut, H.G. Wells. München: W. Fink, 1992.

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Die Evolutionsthematik in Doris Lessings "Space Fiction". Frankfurt am Main, Germany: P. Lang, 1994.

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Hawkins, Mike. Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945: Nature as model and nature as threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Birkett, Kirsten. The essence of Darwinism. Kingsford, N.S.W: Matthias Media, 2001.

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Beckstrom, John H. Darwinism applied: Evolutionary paths to social goals. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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Mogilski, Justin K. "Social Darwinism." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_448-1.

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Steinberg, David. "Social Darwinism." In The Multidisciplinary Nature of Morality and Applied Ethics, 31–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_3.

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Olzer, Rachel. "Social Darwinism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6506–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_137.

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Olzer, Rachel. "Social Darwinism." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_137-1.

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Mogilski, Justin K. "Social Darwinism." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 7657–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_448.

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Semmel, Bernard. "Social-Darwinism." In Imperialism and Social Reform, 29–52. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003368908-2.

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Jonsson, Emelie. "Darwinism in Literature." In The Early Evolutionary Imagination, 69–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82738-0_3.

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Kreutzer, Ralf T., and Karl-Heinz Land. "How the Social Revolution Is to Be Managed." In Digital Darwinism, 99–128. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54401-9_4.

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Hawkins, Mike. "Social Darwinism and Race." In A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 224–35. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996263.ch17.

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Kreutzer, Ralf T., and Karl-Heinz Land. "Social CRM: The New Rules of the Game in Leading Customers." In Digital Darwinism, 163–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54401-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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Salvatori, Luca, and Fausto Marcantoni. "Social commerce: A literature review." In 2015 Science and Information Conference (SAI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sai.2015.7237152.

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Abubaker, Ali Adnan, Derar Eleyan, Amna Eleyan, Tarek Bejaoui, Norliza Katuk, and Mohammed Al-Khalidi. "Social Engineering in Social Network: A Systematic Literature Review." In 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isncc58260.2023.10323826.

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Li, Yong. "A literature review on social enterprise." In 2016 2nd International Seminar on Social Science and Humanistic Education. Asian Academic Press Co., Limited, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24104/rmhe/2017.03.01006.

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Bogolyubov, Pavel, and Mikhail M. Komarov. "Social Computing Literature: A Systematic Review." In 2013 IEEE 15th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbi.2013.67.

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Al-Saadi, Mustafa Raed Ameen, and Asia Mahdi Naser Alzubaidi. "Social Recommendation System: A Literature Review." In 2022 International Conference on Data Science and Intelligent Computing (ICDSIC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdsic56987.2022.10076047.

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Su, Rong-Jia, and Xiao-Wen Jie. "Literature Review on Corporate Social Responsibility." In 2015 International Conference on Management Engineering and Management Innovation (icmemi-15). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmemi-15.2015.3.

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"A Literature Review of Financing Constraints of SMEs." In 2020 International Conference on Social Sciences and Social Phenomena. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001163.

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Chen, Liyu. "Research on the Literature Sensibility in Ancient Literature Researches." In 2016 5th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssehr-16.2016.63.

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Nazaruddin, Kahfie, Ryzal Perdana, Rian Andri Prasetya, and Ali Mustofa. "Environmental Wisdom of Lampung Warahan Oral Literature in Literature Ecology Perspective." In Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220102.097.

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Bakhtikireeva, Uldanai. "TRANSNATIONAL LITERATURE: RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE LITERATURE BY NON-RUSSIAN WRITERS." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/6.2/s27.076.

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Reports on the topic "Social Darwinism in literature"

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Lynn, Kathy, Katharine MacKendrick, and Ellen M. Donoghue. Social vulnerability and climate change: synthesis of literature. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-838.

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Nico, Magda. Reconfigurations and positioning of the concept of social mobility in the social sciences literature. Observatório das Desigualdades, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/ciesodwp022015.

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Carter, Becky, and Paul Harvey. A Literature Review on Social Assistance and Capacity in Yemen. Institute of Development Studies, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.003.

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Yemen is experiencing one of the worst crises in the world in terms of levels of suffering and humanitarian need. Intense civil war since 2014 has devastated the national economy, and approximately two-thirds of the population (21.6 million people) were assessed as being in need of humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2023 (OCHA 2023a). In response to such huge levels of need, a substantial humanitarian aid operation has been ongoing for the past eight years. The social assistance landscape in Yemen is a complex mix of humanitarian aid and the legacies of social protection systems, with local institutions still playing a role in the delivery of assistance. This paper reviews the literature, looking at the following issues: how best to balance humanitarian and social protection approaches; how to balance meeting acute immediate needs and support for longer-term systems in an ongoing conflict; and how to maintain support in the face of donor fatigue, and a complex and dynamic political landscape in Yemen. In a context where aid actors are committed to localisation, and in order to strengthen the nexus between development, humanitarian and peace-building approaches, it is vital to understand how local capacities have been affected by conflict and how the international aid effort is trying to engage with national and local actors. However, efforts to strengthen local capacities also need to take into account the divided governance in Yemen, ongoing conflict, and tensions between the main donor governments’ funding of assistance and the de facto authorities in the north of Yemen. This paper provides an empirical building block that will help to inform efforts to engage with local capacities by comprehensively mapping the complex mix of local and national actors involved in the management, delivery and regulation of social assistance. This review summarises the key literature and evidence on the capacities of national and international actors involved in providing social assistance in Yemen. It has been undertaken to inform a Yemen study on social assistance capacities and systems, part of the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme.[1] The primary audience is donors providing social assistance in Yemen, to help their decision-making on how to support local actors’ capacities for social assistance. Social assistance refers to the non-contributory transfers (provided as food, cash or vouchers) to poor and vulnerable households and individuals. Today in Yemen these transfers support millions of people, funded by humanitarian and development aid, and implemented by international aid agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with national quasi-governmental bodies and national and local NGOs. Other local stakeholders (national and local governance authorities in the north and south of the country, and community members and beneficiaries) are also involved. This Yemen study feeds into broader BASIC Research work on the resilience of social protection systems in crises. We draw on the inception review by Slater, Haruna and Baur (2022) to frame our understanding of capacity along three interlinked dimensions: institutional, organisational and individual capacities. We found a small published literature on capacities for social assistance in Yemen (mainly donor and aid agency strategic and programme documents and some independent analysis of aid effectiveness). In this report, we summarise the political economy of international support in Yemen (Section 2). We map the social assistance landscape (Section 3), as well as the capacities of key national actors (Section 4) and international actors (Section 5 and Annexe). Section 5 sets out some preliminary conclusions.
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Lam, Kim, Anita Harris, Michael Hartup, Philippa Collin, Amanda Third, and Soo-Lin Quek. Social Issues and Diverse Young Australians. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/vdjq8889.

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5

Pederson, Ann. The Relationship Between Social Isolation and Child Abuse: A Critical Literature Review. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2643.

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6

Bebler, Anton. Social Science Research and Literature on the Contemporary Military in Socialist States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226925.

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7

Rodgers, Mark, Gary Raine, Melissa Harden, and Alison Eastwood. Regulating and inspecting integrated health and social care in the UK: Scoping the literature. NIHR, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr-tr-131078.

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Nally, Cheryl. An Exploration of Theoretical Issues Related to Mediation Found in the Social Science Literature. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6812.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Donor Support for ‘Informal Social Movements’. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.085.

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“Social movements” are by definition informal or semi-formal, as opposed to the formal structure of a stable association, such as a club, a corporation, or a political party. They are relatively long lasting over a period of weeks, months, or even years rather than flaring up for a few hours or a few days and then disappearing (Smelser et al., 2020). There is a substantial and growing body of work dedicated to social movements, encompassing a wide range of views about how to define them (Smelser et al., 2020). This is complicated by the use of other terms which shade into the idea of “social movements”, such as grass-roots mobilisation/ movements, non-traditional civil society organisations, voluntary organisations, civic space, new civic activism, active citizenship, to name a few. There is also an implied informality to the term “social movements”, so that the research for this rapid review used both “social movement” and “informal social movement”. Thus this rapid review seeks to find out what approaches do donors use to support “informal social movements” in their programming, and what evidence do they base their strategies on. The evidence found during the course of this rapid review was drawn from both the academic literature, and think-tank and donor reports. The academic literature found was extremely large and predominantly drawn from single case studies around the world, with few comparative studies. The literature on donor approaches found from both donors and think tanks was not consistently referenced to research evidence but tended to be based on interviews with experienced staff and recipients.
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Clausen, Debra L., and Robert F. Schroeder. Social acceptability of alternatives to clearcutting: discussion and literature review with emphasis on southeast Alaska. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-594.

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