Journal articles: 'Social Darwinism in literature'

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BILGILI, ALPER. "An Ottoman response to Darwinism: İsmail Fennî on Islam and evolution." British Journal for the History of Science 48, no. 4 (September 4, 2015): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087415000618.

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AbstractThe Scopes trial (1925) fuelled discussion in the United States on the social and political implications of Darwinism. For the defenders of the 1925 Tennessee law – which prohibited the teaching of Darwinism in schools – Darwinism was, amongst other things, responsible for the German militarism which eventually led to the First World War. This view was supported by İsmail Fennî, a late Ottoman intellectual, who authored a book immediately after the trial which aimed to debunk scientific materialism. In it, he claimed that Darwinism blurred the distinction between man and beast and thus destroyed the foundations of morality. However, despite his anti-Darwinist stance, İsmail Fennî argued against laws forbidding the teaching of Darwinism in schools, and emphasized that even false theories contributed to scientific improvement. Indeed, because of his belief in science he claimed that Muslims should not reject Darwinism if it were supported by future scientific evidence. If this turned out to be the case, then religious interpretations should be revised accordingly. This article contributes to the literature on early Muslim reactions to Darwinism by examining the views of İsmail Fennî, which were notably sophisticated when compared with those of the anti-religious Darwinist and anti-Darwinist religious camps that dominated late Ottoman intellectual life.

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Vorachek, Laura. "MESMERISTS AND OTHER MEDDLERS: SOCIAL DARWINISM, DEGENERATION, AND EUGENICS IN TRILBY." Victorian Literature and Culture 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090123.

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About two-thirds of the way through George Du Maurier's Trilby (1894), a novel that entranced the reading public with its descriptions of Bohemian Paris and mesmerism, there is a seventeen-page digression on The Origin of Species. This rumination is sparked by the fact that Little Billee is “reading Mr. Darwin's immortal book for the third time” while he contemplates proposing to the parson's daughter, Alice (180; pt. 5). Ultimately, he cannot bring himself to do so because Alice believes, among other Bible stories, that “[t]he world was made in six days. It is just six thousand years old,” a view debunked in The Origin by Darwin's depiction of the gradual evolution of species over vast periods of time (174; pt. 5). While the controversy elicited in the second half of the nineteenth century by Darwin's theory of natural selection continues today, the question remains: what is this debate doing in a novel about expatriate artists and the woman they love? I read this seeming digression from the sentimental and sensational plot of the novel as a cue to the importance of Darwinian ideas to reading Trilby. In this article, I trace Du Maurier's engagement in Trilby and in his cartoons with various permutations of Social Darwinism, notably degeneration (especially its relationship to class), society's moral and cultural evolution, and eugenics. I argue that the novelist negotiates between Darwin and his interpreters as he resists collectivism, or state intervention in questions of social welfare, in favor of individual liberty in matters of sexual selection.

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Berliner, Jonathan. "Jack London’s Socialistic Social Darwinism." American Literary Realism 41, no. 1 (October 1, 2008): 52–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27747307.

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Jiang, Man. "The Danger of Social Darwinism-Judging from the History of the 20th Century." Learning & Education 10, no. 2 (September 16, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2319.

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The idea of Social Darwinism was promoted by Herbert Spencer and it was quite popular until in the Second World War to reach its summit, with hazardous impact on the human society. This paper uses quantitative approach and literature research to discuss the danger of Social Darwinism.

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Mukhataev, Pavel Nikolaevich. "Social Darwinism discourse in the USA fiction at the turn of the 19–20<sub> th</sub> centuries." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104205.

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This paper presents an attempt to analyze the relationship between social Darwinism ideology and American literature at the turn of the 1920th centuries. According to philologists, critical realism was customary of that period in literature. The famous authors nowadays such as Theodore Dreiser and Jack London or less well-known, for example, Edward Bellamy and Robert Herrick, presented their plots against the same intellectual background and described them using similar expressions and clichs. Such expressions as struggle for existence, natural selection, survival of the fittest became the usual ones in American public life at the turn of the 1920th centuries. Social Darwinism rhetoric united the worlds of politics, science and literature. The language determines our ideas about what can be right or wrong, fair and unfair. Ideology and the language played a fundamental role in shaping behavior in the context of the American dream especially. The American dream contained an idea of equality of opportunities for individuals, provided that they have talent and diligence. The author analyzes the language used in American literature and the influence of social Darwinism ideology on public consciousness. This discourse reveals the essence of social problems and attitudes of the American society in that historical period.

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Hans-Peter Breuer. "Darwinism in Victorian Letters." Literature and Medicine 6, no. 1 (1987): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2011.0020.

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Urban, Martin. "Stát jako organismus? Kritická reflexe dosavadních interpretací konceptu státu Friedricha Ratzela." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 16, no. 1 (June 11, 2024): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2024.7.

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Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) is often portrayed in the Czech context as a controversial figure in the development of political-geographical or geopolitical thought. This is probably a consequence of the lack of attention and research interest in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, his conception of the state resonates quite strongly in the domestic literature. Available sources indicate that under the influence of Social Darwinism he came up with the idea of the state as a (living or biological) organism that must grow (expand its Lebensraum), become stronger and occupy more and more space in order to survive (in the struggle for life). This interpretation, which is in fact very misleading, forms an important pillar of Ratzel’s overall negative perception. For it implies that his conception of the state is an application of Darwin’s natural selection and the struggle for survival to human society, states and international relations. Such an interpretation of Ratzel’s thought sounds truly sinister, and in this vein could be used to justify territorial expansion as the natural right of the stronger. On closer examination, however, it turns out that the Social Darwinist interpretation of Ratzel’s thought is highly questionable and that his conception of the state cannot be used in this way.

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Guo, Xiaotong. "“Survival of the Fittest” and George Eliot’s Critique of Capitalism in The Mill on the Floss." George Eliot - George Henry Lewes Studies 74, no. 2 (December 2022): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/georelioghlstud.74.2.0110.

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Abstract In The Mill on the Floss, the ruthless rules of social Darwinism play out even before the term “survival of the fittest” was coined, and the fiction translates the “survival of the fittest” that Darwin identified in nature to a human community in the early stages of industrial capitalism. This article aims to demonstrate how George Eliot evaluates laissez-faire capitalism through her use of the Darwinian struggle for existence among the Tullivers and the Dodsons, and how George Eliot’s criticism of materialism and Mammonism of the early industrial capitalism in The Mill on the Floss works as a warning for her Victorian contemporaries who are devoted to “economic survival of the fittest.”

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Mukhataev, Pavel Nikolaevich. "The Social Darwinist ideology in American domestic policy at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984213.

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This paper presents an attempt to analyze the interrelation between American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist ideology at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Soviet and Russian historiography presents a deep analysis of socio-economic and political processes in that period in terms of criticism of liberal ideology and market economics. Significant social stratification was explained by insufficiently developed socially directed normative base, illegal interaction between representatives of large business and politicians, the purpose of which was personal enrichment, etc. In general, the economic and political system of the United States in the late XIX - early XX centuries was criticized from Russian scientists. In Soviet literature the conclusion was made about the insolvency of bourgeois ideology, with elements of criticism of Social Darwinism as a minor component of this ideology. American historiography considers the subject of our study more wholly. Foreign historiography, basically, analyzes the connection of American domestic policy with the activities of financial magnates, who were becoming a new serious power in American politics. This paper attempts to explain the connection between the American domestic policy and the Social Darwinist discourse, which was an undoubted part of the intellectual and daily life of citizens in that historical period. The author points to the significant influence of the Social Darwinist ideology in the adoption of key inner-political decisions by the government of the United States.

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Chamberlin, Vernon A. "Social Darwinism: An Unnoticed Aspect of Galdós's Animal Imagery inMiau." Romance Quarterly 35, no. 3 (August 1988): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831157.1988.9933478.

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Murray, Tim. "Illustrating ‘savagery’: Sir John Lubbock and Ernest Griset." Antiquity 83, no. 320 (June 1, 2009): 488–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098598.

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Much has been written about the extraordinary impact of Darwinism during the mid- to late nineteenth century, expressed in the scholarship of 'reception studies' (see for example Ellegård 1958; Glick 1988; Numbers & Stenhouse 1999). A significant focus has been on developing an understanding of the impact of Darwinian thinking on just about every aspect of Victorian society, particularly on literature, science, politics and social relations (see for example Beer 1983; Frayter 1997; Lorimer 1997; Moore 1997; Paradis 1997; Browne 2001). A great deal of attention has also been paid (by historians and philosophers of science) into the specifics of how the Darwinian message was disseminated so quickly and so broadly. Here the interest lies in the links between the rhetoric of scientific naturalism and the politics of the day, be it Whig-Liberal or Tory (see for example Clark 1997; Barton 1998, 2004; Cliffordet al.2006). A consequent interest lies in the ways in which science was popularised in Victorian Britain (see especially Lightman 1997, 2007).

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Barker, Andrew. "Giant Bug or Monstrous Vermin? Translating Kafka's Die Verwandlung in its Cultural, Social, and Biological Contexts." Translation and Literature 30, no. 2 (July 2021): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2021.0463.

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Since it would have been feasible for Kafka to call his story ‘Die Metamorphose’, the article first considers why most translators render Die Verwandlung as (The) Metamorphosis and not literally as The Transformation. Given the widespread impact of Darwinism and Social Darwinism when Kafka wrote the work in 1912, particular attention is paid to socio-biological factors that may have influenced his choice of title. The article further considers the possible impact of Yiddish theatre and Nietzschean philosophy upon Kafka's decision. It then examines how translators have tackled the story's opening sentence, given the difficulties of rendering the phrase ‘ungeheures Ungeziefer’ (literally ‘monstrous vermin’) in a way that does justice to the sentence's original structure and vocabulary. Finally, the article offers a possible solution to this problem.

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Cole, Jennifer, Adam Badger, Phil Brown, and Oli Mould. "Social Kropotkinism: The Best ‘New Normal’ for Survival in the Post COVID-19, Climate Emergency World?" Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 6 (November 5, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0143.

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Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin was originally an evolutionary biologist, writing shortly after Charles Darwin, who pointed to collaboration rather than competition as the underlying driver of (human) evolution, development and survival. This paper questions why ‘Social Darwinism’ has entered the language when ‘Social Kropotkinism’ has not. We position Social Kropotkinism – based on mutual support and community cooperation as opposed to Darwinian survival of the fittest – as having value as a new societal organising principle that can help to ensure social justice and equitable distribution of increasingly scarce resources in the post-pandemic, climate emergency world. We chart the re-emergence of Kropotkin’s ideas of mutualism against the current literature on the evolution of human cooperation, showing how the blossoming of community-level mutual aid during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exposed and filled many cracks in UK Government provision of welfare and social care, is the inevitable end-result of the empathy and predisposition for cooperation that has underpinned the development of complex societies and civilisation. Received: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 13 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

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Francis, Mark. "Social Darwinism and the construction of institutionalised racism in Australia." Journal of Australian Studies 20, no. 50-51 (January 1996): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059609387281.

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GALLAROTTI, GIULIO M. "Monetary Darwinism: The Political Economy of Monetary Relations." Contemporary European History 16, no. 4 (November 2007): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077730700416x.

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According to theories of evolution, species evolve according to survival imperatives generated by their physical environments. Traits are selected and rejected based on their adaptability to the structures of the physical world in which these species live. Biological differences mirror differences in climate; the acutely developed senses of many species have adapted either for capturing prey or eluding predators, and so forth. So too in economic systems do we observe changes in human behaviour modes and policies that suggest adaptation. With respect to money, scholars continue to look for the most important adaptation mechanisms to explain the evolution of international monetary relations. What was once the preserve of strictly economic analysis has now become open ground for a wider array of social scientific analyses. In only a few short decades the study of monetary relations has developed into a more fully multi- and interdisciplinary enterprise. The four books reviewed here represent some of the latest attempts at constructing a broader social scientific explanation of monetary history. These valuable works complement one another in filling gaps in the literature on a complex and more diverse adaptation of monetary relations. Above all they stand as impressive political economies of monetary relations. Moure and Kettell concentrate on specific cases of monetary policy transformation in the interwar period, while Flandreau et al. and Obstfeld and Taylor cover a broader evolutionary timeline. The value of the contributions lies in several factors.

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Murray, Keat. "Surviving Survivor: Reading Mark Burnett's Field Guide and De-naturalizing Social Darwinism as Entertainment." Journal of American Culture 24, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-4726.2001.2403_43.x.

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Greve, Julius. "Hip Hop Naturalism: A Poetics of Afro-pessimism." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 13, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2022.13.1.4441.

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This article examines the cross-discursive constellation of hip hop studies, ecocriticism, Black Studies, and literary studies. It proposes the notion of “hip hop naturalism” to come to terms with the way in which current U.S.-American rappers express their social ecologies. Taking its cue from scholars such as Imani Perry, Gregory Phipps, and Kecia Driver Thompson, the article argues for the relevance of literary naturalism in contemporary forms of cultural expression: not merely in the audiovisual archives of TV or film, but in hip hop lyricism. Greve scrutinizes how rap has dealt with themes of social heredity, cultural ecology, and structural racial violence by using similar or even identical diction to that of turn-of-the-twentieth-century American literary naturalists. Furthermore, juxtaposing the essentializing aspects of post-Darwinian discourse with those of Afro-pessimism, the article ultimately argues that what Darwinism was to authors like Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and Frank Norris, Afro-pessimist discourse is to major representatives of contemporary rap, including Mobb Deep, Danny Brown, Earl Sweatshirt, and Kendrick Lamar. The writings of Frank Wilderson III and other scholars within current Black Studies thus figure as a social-philosophical grounding on which the given lyricist might map his or her own take on the lived experience of the black individual in contemporaneity. While racial inequality has always been a central notion within hip hop literature and culture, it is this naturalist bent that renders possible a more thoroughly ecocritical reading of how rap songs both underscore and subvert, with critical defiance, the systemic naturalization of black life as inferior.

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Faucher, Kane Xavier. "Veblen 2.0: Neoliberal Games of Social Capital and the Attention Economy as Conspicuous Consumption." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v12i1.530.

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The purpose of this article will be in reading acts of prosumer behaviour in social networking environments through a Veblenian lens, supported in part by the post-Marxist insights of Guy Debord, especially with respect to the issue of celebrity emulation, conspicuous leisure as constructed by the labour of profile management and promiscuous online interactivity, and acts of status enhancement or aggrandizement. Such a discussion must be set in the current context of the normative frame of neoliberal ideology which champions the values of the entrepreneurial self, devolved competitiveness as a form of - in this case social rather than strictly economic - neo-Darwinism, and the touted virtues of speed and connectivity. Ultimately, it is our hope to link these conspicuous online practices to the ideological framework to demonstrate how prosumption plays an integral role in the quantification of the social economy as expressed as “social capital.” In order to achieve these objectives, strict and operational definitions of prosumption, conspicuity in the Veblenian literature, and neoliberalism will be required. The line between social and economic capital is not a definitive one, and that the behaviours and motives associated with increasing social capital may be weighted more to the individual and influenced by neoliberal values that recode the social as derivative of the economic.

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Faucher, Kane Xavier. "Veblen 2.0: Neoliberal Games of Social Capital and the Attention Economy as Conspicuous Consumption." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/vol12iss1pp40-56.

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The purpose of this article will be in reading acts of prosumer behaviour in social networking environments through a Veblenian lens, supported in part by the post-Marxist insights of Guy Debord, especially with respect to the issue of celebrity emulation, conspicuous leisure as constructed by the labour of profile management and promiscuous online interactivity, and acts of status enhancement or aggrandizement. Such a discussion must be set in the current context of the normative frame of neoliberal ideology which champions the values of the entrepreneurial self, devolved competitiveness as a form of - in this case social rather than strictly economic - neo-Darwinism, and the touted virtues of speed and connectivity. Ultimately, it is our hope to link these conspicuous online practices to the ideological framework to demonstrate how prosumption plays an integral role in the quantification of the social economy as expressed as “social capital.” In order to achieve these objectives, strict and operational definitions of prosumption, conspicuity in the Veblenian literature, and neoliberalism will be required. The line between social and economic capital is not a definitive one, and that the behaviours and motives associated with increasing social capital may be weighted more to the individual and influenced by neoliberal values that recode the social as derivative of the economic.

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Smyth, James J. "The Power of Pathos: James Burn Russell's Life in One Room and the Creation of Council Housing." Scottish Historical Review 98, no. 1 (April 2019): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2019.0381.

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James Burn Russell's pamphlet, Life in One Room (1888), is almost certainly the best known and, as is argued here, the most influential published work in the history of social reform in modern Scotland. Regardless of Russell's own intentions and political beliefs Life in One Room became the default source for those who sought to promote housing for the working class and council housing in particular. It is remarkable just how often, and at what length, it was quoted in writings about and referenced in debates on housing before the first world war, during the war and after. This article seeks to identify the influence and attraction of Russell's pamphlet with particular reference to the author's opposition to social Darwinism and to its literary qualities. Russell's style was quintessentially Victorian but this is not to dismiss it as hopelessly sentimental. Informed by recent approaches to the history of Victorian culture and literature we can see how Russell, equally at home in the arts as in the sciences, consciously used sentimentalism or pathos to get his message across to the wider public.

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Bhattacharyya, Kalyanasis. "A QUAGMIRE OF PAROCHIALISM: THE ETHICS OF REFUGEE CHILDREN’S EDUCATION." Khazanah Pendidikan Islam 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/kp.v3i1.10408.

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First, this paper identifies education as one of the main livelihood needs of refugee children, but addresses the “knowledge that lies” inherent in the axiological aspect of the context. Second, this article examines a philosophical understanding of an argumentative situation in which the whole problem of children's education reveals a series of gaps in the political and pedagogical value system. And The articles main purpose is to problematize the system of refugee education through the uncertain narratives of cultural relativity. Using a qualitative approach and several data collection techniques such as observation and literature study and interactive analysis, the researchers found that politics plays a major role in education for refugees, their anger and surveillance are very humane, why politics seems so lame cannot act with certainty given the suffering of refugees all over the world, because it is politics that has co-opted and fears social Darwinism in its power narrative

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Shahabuddin, Mohammad. "Historicising “Law” as a Language of Progress and Its Anomalies: The Case of Penal Law Reforms in Colonial India." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 9 (January 1, 2014): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000983.

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AbstractThis paper dispels the myth of liberal Enlightenment in relation to penal law reforms in colonial India by advancing two sets of argument. First, the liberal project of codification on the basis of universalist notion of utilitarianism never broke with cultural hierarchy inbuilt in the very act of colonisation. In this paper, I specifically look into the emerging phenomenon of evolutionary science in the nineteenth century – social Darwinism – to explain the dominant normative, as opposed to realist, justification of such racial hierarchy in colonial discourses since the nineteenth century. Second, using Dipesh Chakrabarty’s theoretical framework, I provincialise the penal law reform project in colonial India through the examination of literature in the field, and substantiate how the notion of utilitarian universality remained vague and unpromising in face of instrumental needs on ground – both in the colony and in the metropolis. Taken together, these propositions dispel the myth of the liberal project of penal law reforms in colonial India based on this universalist position and underscore the fallacies of the transition narrative of modernity itself.

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Sbrega, John J. "An Intellectual Dilemma and Tragedy: Social Darwinism, Pragmatism, and the Industrialization of the American Dream During the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century." Journal of American Culture 44, no. 2 (June 2021): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacc.13273.

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Ko, Eun-Jeong, and Kihwan Kim. "Connecting founder social identity with social entrepreneurial intentions." Social Enterprise Journal 16, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-02-2020-0012.

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Purpose Despite recent advances in research on antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions, founder social identity has rarely been part of the research effort. This paper aims to investigate how different types of founder social identity affect social entrepreneurial intentions (SE intentions). Design/methodology/approach This study investigates how different types of founder social identity, such as Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries, affect SE intentions. Specifically, this study predicts that entrepreneurs with Darwinian identity would be less likely to form SE intentions, while those with Missionary and Communitarian identities would be more prone to form SE intentions. The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 725 individuals recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Most of the hypotheses, except for Communitarian identity, are supported by the data analysis. The results contribute to the literature on founder social identity and SE intentions and demonstrate that founder social identity is one of the important antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. Findings Two of the hypotheses were supported by the results. Specifically, this study found a positive relation between Missionary founder social identity (its locus of self-definition is “Impersonal-We”) and social entrepreneurial intentions. This research also confirms that Darwinian founder social identity (its locus of self-definition is “I”) has a negative impact on social entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/value First, a person’s social identity has been largely overlooked in social entrepreneurship intention literature (Bacq and Alt, 2018; Hockerts, 2017; Zaremohzzabieh et al, 2019). The findings provide the empirical evidence that individual-level antecedents, especially one’s membership in a social group (i.e. social identity), exert a significant impact on the formation of SE intentions. Second, among the two types of founder social identity predicted to have a positive influence on SE intentions, only Missionary identity was found to have such a positive impact. The typical Communitarian locus of self-definition of “Personal We,” is less influential than the self-definition of the typical Missionary locus of “Impersonal We.” This might imply that not all types of feelings of belonging to a community have a positive impact on the formation and development of social entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, this study found that Darwinians are less likely to pursue social entrepreneurship although the definition of Darwinians is close to the definition of traditional entrepreneurs (e.g. profit/opportunity seekers). This may signify that the traditional concept of entrepreneurship may not be enough to explain different types of entrepreneurial motivations (e.g. social vs commercial entrepreneurship).

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Asselin, Steve. "The Providential Genocides: Racial Survival and Acts of God in Fin-de-Siècle Apocalyptic Fiction." Victorian Popular Fictions Journal 5, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46911/iisg9047.

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This paper focuses on three narratives from the popular press during the boom in apocalyptic literature at the turn of the twentieth century: George Griffith’s Olga Romanoff (1894), Robert Barr’s “Within an Ace of the End of the World” (1900), and M. P. Shiel’s The Purple Cloud (1901). In all three texts, a catastrophic event causes the near extinction of humanity, and the event is inscribed in a religious narrative wherein humanity’s moral failings justify the cataclysm. In these texts, the survivors are European or descended from Europeans, such that post-apocalyptic humanity is exclusively White; all racial Others are depicted as unworthy of divine protection, or even as worthy of divine destruction. The survivors of these disasters fuse social Darwinism and theology to present themselves as racially superior and thus divinely favoured, compared to the deceased. The providential genocide significantly alters ethical ramifications by ensuring that racial elimination does not occur because of deliberate actions on the part of characters, sparing them from any culpability; instead, racial cleansing is presented as God’s will. This sets up a White exclusivist racial utopia free of moral stain, although the persistence of racial ideology into the apocalypse can undermine the utopian sentiment.

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Nadesan, Mafia Holmer. "The popular success literature and “a brave new Darwinian workplace”." Consumption Markets & Culture 3, no. 1 (January 1999): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253866.1999.9670329.

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Alexander, David, Jonida Carungu, and Stefania Vignini. "IFRS meets the realities of a post-communist Balkan State." Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 141–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2022.02001.

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Research Question: How will the Substance-over-Form (SoF) ‘organism’ survive, mutate and develop in a new and unfamiliar ‘environment’? Motivation: Our study is motivated and inspired from a previous study published by Alexander et al. (2018) on “philosophy of language and accounting”. Alexander et al. (2018) used the “Substance-over-Form” principle as a case study investigation of the practicability, or non-practicability, of harmonising changes in accounting regulation across seven countries (and six languages). The objective of this paper is to investigate on a very different context: Albania (an EU candidate country, an ex-communist “Balkan state”, a different socially-constructed reality). Idea: This analysis shows the evolution of the SoF concept, by emphasizing the importance of the translation of official documents from English to Albanian and vice versa, comparing the content, the quality, and the level of translation in accounting. Data: We first analysed the main Albanian legislations on accounting from 1990 (opening year of the country to the free market economy) until 2021. Then, in order to assess the quality of translation from English to Albanian, we also critically examined the content and the level of translation of the 2018 IASB Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. Tools: The paper follows a deductive approach, as the results come from contextual data or clauses. A manual content analysis is implemented. Subsequently, a critical semantic analysis and an in-depth investigation on the level of translation of the accounting concepts, with an explicit focus on SoF treatment, is performed. Findings: The exposition, analysis and results are fully consistent with our theoretical framework, “social Darwinism”. We add the Albanian case to previous studies, providing a contrasting scenario in that Albania has a significantly different history over recent decades. We illustrate a different socially-constructed reality from the seven countries of Alexander et al. (2018), and extend the overall understanding and the overall picture. The Albanian “organism” (accounting GAAP system) is consistent with its socially-constructed reality/environment. SoF seems to be distorted in its passage from Directive/IFRS originating sources, and this may well be fully consistent with local needs, realities, and cultures. Contribution: This research contributes to academic debate in three ways. First, it adds evidence to the literature on harmonisation processes, analysing the evolution of financial reporting regulation for a specific country and the application of a fundamental concept, such as SoF, comparing it to other national regulations. Second, this work contributes to further research, being a pioneer for the application of the “social Darwinism” to the analysis of a GAAP system. Finally, the paper contributes to the development of research on translation issues in accounting, by technically analysing the level of translation of the IASB Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting and back-translating from national Laws.

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Smith, Jonathan. "Darwin's barnacles, dickens'slittle Dorrit,and the social uses of Victorian seaside studies." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 10, no. 4 (December 17, 1999): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10436920008580251.

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Pear, Rachel S. A. "Agreeing to Disagree: American Orthodox Jewish Scientists’ Confrontation with Evolution in the 1960s." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 28, no. 2 (2018): 206–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2018.28.2.206.

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AbstractWhile tension between religious commitment and evolution has often been perceived as a Christian American phenomenon, the current article joins a growing body of literature that illustrates how some Jewish Americans have also struggled with Darwinism. This article will focus in on the case of the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists (AOJS), and document its members’ engagement with evolution in the 1960s and 70s. Although founded in New York in 1948, the AOJS did not grapple with the issue of evolution in its first decade. When evolution did come to the fore in the 1960s, a time when the Christian American discussion of evolution also escalated, AOJS members expressed a spectrum of views on the matter. Those who strongly critiqued evolution, however, were more prolific in their writing on the subject than those who expressed positive attitudes towards evolution. This article highlights historical and sociological factors within American and Jewish life in the second half of the 20th century that are related to this outburst of antievolutionism on the part of some AOJS members in this period. It further illustrates that the negative view of evolution promoted by some members was not suppressed or censured by the association, despite the fact that it may well have been a minority view within the group. Lastly the article suggests that the American Orthodox scientists adopted the model of agreeing to disagree on the matter of evolution because they placed the value of Orthodox Jewish unity above other scientific and social considerations and goals.

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Smith, Kevin B., and Jayme L. N. Renfro. "Darwin’s bureaucrat." Politics and the Life Sciences 38, no. 2 (2019): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.17.

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AbstractThe study of bureaucratic behavior—focusing on control, decision-making, and institutional arrangements—has historically leaned heavily on theories of rational choice and bounded rationality. Notably absent from this research, however, is attention to the growing literature on biological and especially evolutionary human behavior. This article addresses this gap by closely examining the extant economic and psychological frameworks—which we refer to as “Adam Smith’s bureaucrat” and “Herbert Simon’s bureaucrat”—for their shortcomings in terms of explanatory and predictive theory, and by positing a different framework, which we call “Charles Darwin’s bureaucrat.” This model incorporates new insights from an expanding multidisciplinary research framework and has the potential to address some of the long-noted weaknesses of classic theories of bureaucratic behavior.

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Spicer, Chrystopher J. "Weep for the Coming of Men: Epidemic and Disease in Anglo-Western Colonial Writing of the South Pacific." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.1.2021.3783.

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During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, epidemics ravaged South Pacific islands after contact with Westerners. With no existing immunity to introduced diseases, consequent death tolls on these remote islands were catastrophic. During that period, a succession of significant Anglo-Western writers visited the South Pacific region: Herman Melville, Robert Louis Stevenson, Louis Becke, Jack London, and Fredrick O’Brien. In a remarkable literary conjunction, they each successively visited the Marquesas Islands, which became for them a microcosm of the epidemiological disaster they were witnessing across the Pacific. Instead of the tropical Eden they expected, these writers experienced and wrote about a tainted paradise corrupted and fatally ravaged by contact with Western societies. Even though these writers were looking through the prism of Social Darwinism and extinction discourse, they were all nevertheless appalled at the situation, and their writing is witness to their anguish. Unlike the typical Victorian-era traveller described by Mary Louise Pratt as the “seeing-man”, who remained distanced in their writing from the environment around them, this group wrote with the authority of personal felt experience, bearing witness to the horrific impact of Western society on the physical and mental health of Pacific Island populations. The literary voice of this collection of writers continues to be not only a clear and powerful witness of the past, but also a warning to the present about the impact of ‘civilisation’ on Pacific Island peoples and cultures.

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Dewitt, Anne. "Evolution and Political Revolution in Blackwood's Periodical Poetry." Victorian Periodicals Review 56, no. 2 (June 2023): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vpr.2023.a912316.

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Abstract: In May 1861, the middlebrow British monthly Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine published a comic poem titled "The Origin of Species." While foregrounding Charles Darwin, the poem portrays evolution as teleological, progressive, and driven by the agency and desires of individual organisms—a misrepresentation of Darwin's theory. I argue that the poem undertakes this misrepresentation deliberately: the version of evolution it attributes to Darwin was associated with radical politics and threats to the social order. The Blackwood's poems call up these political associations to reduce the novelty of Darwin's theory and to hint at its dangerous social tendencies.

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MARCHANT, P. D. "Social Darwinism." Australian Journal of Politics & History 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1957.tb00367.x.

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LaCombe, Michael A. "Social Darwinism." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 19 (November 18, 1988): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410190155043.

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Plakyda, Valeriy. "The Evolution of the Swedish State Educational and Language Policy Regarding Sami People (1870–1990’s)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.08.

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The article discusses the Swedish ethnopolicy in relation to Sami people in language and educational spheres, its influence on national and local indigenous languages usage, the evolution of this policy during the last decades of XIX and XX centuries and the state of the modern educational situation. The author examine the dynamics of the Swedish Kingdom’s language-educational policy development, causes, and aftereffects of governmental institutions; Swedish and Sami organizations and single activists actions, which influenced the indigenous public educational system. The attention is concentrated on the main action aspects of this sphere with the determination of positive and negative consequences. Moreover, the conducted study identified the main reasons of language-educational changes from the side of governmental administrative institutions and Swedish Lutheran Church, which happened under the influence of internal (the northern lands colonization, governmental fears about Sami hypothetical possibilities of attraction to separatist activism, Sami cultural development factitious leaving) and external (the development of European-wide and world ideas, theories and mainstreams – Social Darwinism, Nazism, Liberalism, etc.) factors. The author describes the educational process in a special form of «kota-schools», which were adapted to Sami nomadic lifestyle, but at that time they were assimilation instrument for the indigenous people. Also, the research explains the main causes of the educational system downfall. The article highlights the «reconciliation» process between the Lutheran Church and Sami people, where the introduction of Sami language and its dialects in church liturgy and religious literature publishing stimulated the process. The study presents information about law basement evolution, which provided and regulated the usage of Sami language in different spheres of life.

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Дурнєв, Олександр, and Артем Литовченко. "Соціологічна дефініція поняття «інтернет-мем»: подалі від «мему»." Sociological Studios, no. 1(24) (June 26, 2024): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2306-3971-2024-01-12-12.

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The article is devoted to the development of a sociological definition of the іnternet-meme. The emergence of the Internet as a special space of communication has provoked the emergence of new phenomena in society, which should be studied by sociology. One of these phenomena is the Internet meme, the study of which is not only practically promising in the context of digitalization and internetization of Ukrainian society, but also important for determining the possibilities of influencing social phenomena. The purpose of the article is to develop a sociological definition of the іnternet-meme based on the systematization of existing approaches and generalization of the main properties of the Internet meme. The development of a sociological definition is only the first but necessary step in the study of Internet memes and the possibilities of their impact on social reality. To achieve this goal, the article distinguishes between the concepts of «meme» and «internet-meme», taking into account the metaphorical nature of the term «meme» (coined by R. Dawkins), which is a product of the theory of Social Darwinism, and the derivative origin of the word «internet-meme». The analysis of the literature allowed the authors to distinguish the following areas of consideration of Internet memes: 1. as special information; 2. as a certain action or situation; 3. as an information capacity capable of carrying certain information units and constructs. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors have identified such properties of the іnternet-meme phenomenon as contextuality (dependence of content on form and situation), intertextuality (ability of an Internet meme to make references to other texts and templates) and schematism (transmission of concise images, meanings and information that affects the simplicity and speed of consumption of Internet memes). Based on the identified areas of consideration of Internet memes and their distinguished properties, the article offers the author's definition of an іnternet-meme as a schematic means of storing and reproducing information used on Internet platforms and discursively combining the artifacts of the sign system with the actual context of the environment or its individual elements in a template way.

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Ruse, Michael. "Social Darwinism updated?" Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 33, no. 4 (December 2002): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-8486(02)00019-5.

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Jones, Greta. "Social Darwinism revisited." History of European Ideas 19, no. 4-6 (December 1994): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(94)90061-2.

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King, Martina. "Gesteinsschichten, Tasthaare, Damenmoden: Epistemologie des Vergleichens zwischen Natur und Kultur – um und nach 1800." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0014.

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AbstractThis paper investigates comparison as a fundamental practice within the early life sciences. Four episodes are selected that show how comparing species works in the early 19th century and how it builds bridges between scientific and literary culture: comparing living organisms in pre-Darwinian natural history (Lacépède, Treviranus), comparing species distribution in actualistic geology (Lyell), comparing organs in comparative anatomy (Müller), and – last but not least – comparing social classes in new literary genres such as sketch, ‘Paris physiology’, or travel feuilleton.

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Fawcett, Jan. "Social Phobia and Social Darwinism." Psychiatric Annals 25, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19950901-07.

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Burry, John N. "Social spencerism not social darwinism." Medicine and War 5, no. 3 (July 1989): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07488008908408866.

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Offer, John. "Book Reviews: Social Darwinism." Sociological Review 50, no. 1 (February 2002): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00359-4.

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Crook, Paul. "Social Darwinism: The concept." History of European Ideas 22, no. 4 (July 1996): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-6599(96)00005-8.

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Shatalina, Maria Gennadievna. "SOCIAL DARWINISM: PYRAMIDAL SOCIETY." Наука XXI века: актуальные направления развития, no. 1-1 (2022): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/sciencexxi-2022.03-1.1-pp.212.

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UNOWSKY, DANIEL. "THE LAST YEARS OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY Hitler's Vienna: a dictator's apprenticeship. By Brigitte Hamann. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. 512. ISBN 0-19-512537-1. £25.00. The undermining of Austria-Hungary: the battle for hearts and minds. By Mark Cornwall. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 2000. Pp. 504. ISBN 0-333-80452-X. £57.50. The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: from enlightenment to eclipse. By Robin Okey. New York: St Martin's Press, 2001. Pp. 456. ISBN 0-312-23375-2. £55.50. The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. By David Rechter. London and Portland, OR: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. Pp. 232. ISBN 1-874774-65-X. £29.50. Reconstructing a national identity: the Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I. By Marsha L. Rozenblit. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 266. ISBN 0-19-513465-6. £47.50." Historical Journal 46, no. 2 (June 2003): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003030.

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At least since Carl Schorske published Fin-de-siècle Vienna in 1981, the cultural explosion of Vienna 1900 has attracted the attention of scholars in many fields. Yet, the glittering imperial capital also incubated the Social Darwinian racist vision of Adolf Hitler, and Vienna's modern music, literature, and visual arts could not prevent the melting away of the Habsburg state at the close of the First World War. The five books under review explore the last years of the Habsburg Monarchy. The authors look beyond familiar topics, question basic scholarly assumptions, and provide fresh perspectives on the monarchy's final decade.

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Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. "Darwinism, Social Darwinism, and the 'Supreme Function' of Mothers." AnthroNotes : National Museum of Natural History bulletin for teachers 29, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/22434.

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Tordera Yllescas, Juan Carlos. "El darwinismo social y la filología decimonónica: rastreo de la ideología a través de la prensa histórica." Boletín de filología 56, no. 1 (June 2021): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-93032021000100171.

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Dickinson, Edward Ross. "Reflections on Feminism and Monism in the Kaiserreich, 1900–1913." Central European History 34, no. 2 (June 2001): 191–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691610152977947.

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The League for the Protection of Motherhood (Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform, or BfM) was the largest and most active sex-reform organization in Germany before the First World War. The league was at the center of a broad debate about sexuality, gender roles, the family, and population policy, in which representatives not only of the women's movements but also of the Christian churches, the medical and psychiatric establishments, and the sexology, eugenics, and life-reform (particularly nudist) movements participated. Both this broader debate and the BfM itself have been the subject of intensive study over the past fifteen years. One major interpretive focus of the literature to date has been on the issue of the extent to which the biologistic, social Darwinist, and eugenic ideas prominent in the thinking of many of the leading figures in the BfM were or were not evidence of a turning away from liberal, individualist feminism and toward the political and social Right, or of deeper intellectual affinities between National Socialism and sex reform — a point regarding which there is still considerable disagreement.

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Razuvalova, Anna. "“The Philosophy of Social Darwinism...It has not Become Obsolete”: A Conservative Critique of Liberal “Social Darwnism”." Stasis 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 102–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-21-10-2-102-155.

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This article looks into the conceptual and rhetorical repertoire of conservative critique directed against social Darwinism. Having borrowed the ideologically and emotionally charged concept of social Darwinism from the vocabulary of Soviet propaganda, Russian conservatives actively used it in order to conceptualize the political and economic reforms of the 1990s and their consequences. According to the author, the idea of a Malthusian substrate of classical social-darwinism, which was adopted from the Marxist tradtion by conservatives and allowed to bring social Darwinism closer to the ideology of the free market, was placed into new contexts around the turn of the 1990s and 2000s. These contexts were, on the one hand, conditioned by the fall of the USSR and, on the other hand, by the processes of globalization. The article shows how the critique of contemporary social Darwinism becomes the language for discussing global and local inequality, also influencing the traumatic mode of the conservative narrative about the “1990s disaster” on the one hand and the populist conservative rhetoric of the 2000s and the 2010s on the other.

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Mukhataev, Pavel Nicolaevich. "Interpretation of the concept «social Darwinism» in Western and Russian historiography of the late XIX - early XXI century." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20164211.

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The article discusses various meanings of social Darwinism from the late XIX century, when the term began to be used by scientists, to the twentieth - early twenty-first centuries. The author explores the historiography of the question about the influence of Charles Darwins work Origin of species on the emergence and development of the social Darwinism ideology. The author also discusses the question of Herbert Spensers contribution to the formation and development of this concept and the social-Darwinian ideology in general. The paper contains a comparative analysis of the term social Darwinism usage in the Russian and English languages. Several periods of social Darwinism phenomenon research are distinguished: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and Russian. Each of them has a number of features that directly affect image and understanding of social Darwinism. The author considers the interpretation of social Darwinism concept in the context of large-scale political changes, scientific discoveries, cultural changes in the nineteenth, twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article shows an attempt to interpret the essence of such an ambivalent phenomenon in the history of social thought as social-Darwinist ideology through the research of the evolution of the scholars interpretation of social Darwinism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Social Darwinism in literature'

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