Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social Disqualification'

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Essa tese analisa a passagem de trabalhadores da condição de empregados assalariados, para o ingresso na condição de desproteção social do mercado informal do comercio nas ruas do centro de Salvador (Bahia), indagando até que ponto esse processo de deslocamento representa um percurso de “desqualificação social”, dada à precarização do trabalho e os estigmas tradicionalmente associados ao trabalho nas ruas. O estudo se baseia na análise das trajetórias de vida e de trabalho dos vendedores ambulantes e tomou como hipótese a dimensão da “desqualificação social” analisada por Serge Paugam ao analisar o processo de precarização do trabalho na realidade francesa, destacando as especificidades de tal processo no Brasil, país com singularidades históricas na constituição e estruturação do mercado de trabalho, marcadas por profundas desigualdades socioeconômicas e culturais e por uma segmentação do mercado de trabalho. Para o exame desta hipótese o estudo fundamentou-se na teoria do reconhecimento dialogando com teses relativas à natureza das desigualdades sociais no Brasil, permitindo avaliar a passagem de elementos de situação de classe desses indivíduos, mas também atributos de “status” sociais que envolvem no plano simbólico, formas identitárias de pertencimento. Essa abordagem buscou ultrapassar uma dimensão puramente econômica, ou puramente simbólica de tal mudança para associá-la às formas de representação e de identidade inscritas num contexto de “novas sociabilidades” vivenciadas na precariedade e na informalidade das relações de trabalho. Verificou-se que tais sujeitos compartilham um processo ambíguo de desqualificação social, na forma de uma “autonomia perversa” e de um reconhecimento denegado, no que tange às condições de vida e ao acesso aos direitos e à proteção, pela interioriorização de uma identidade incerta e estigmatizada historicamente, mas por outro lado, pela possibilidade concreta de integração, ainda que periférica, que tal condição representa, reiterando formas de resistência e luta desses trabalhadores urbanos na busca do enfrentamento de suas condições de pobreza na atualidade. Such a thesis has the aim of investigating the transition of workers of their condition of employed in order for the condition of unprotected socially in the informal commerce of downtown of Salvador city (Bahia) in order to question in what circumstances such a misplacing process has represented a trajectory of social disqualification due to work disqualification socially in the streets. Such a study has been based on the analysis of the life trajectory and work of such vagrant sellers and it has had as a hypothesis of social disqualification which has been made by Serge Pauga when analyzing the process of work disqualification in France. It has specified such a process in Brazil as well which has been a country with historical singularities in its structural constitution of work field. as well as too many cultural, economical and social inequalities due to a segmentation of work field. In order to verify such a hypothesis such a study has been based upon the theory of recognition by comparing with other thesis works which have also been based on social inequalities in Brazil in order to evaluate the social status which involves the symbolical plan of identity ways. Such a study has gone beyond a dimension only economical or symbolical in order to associate the representation and identity in a context of new socializations by informal disqualification of work . It has been verified that such people share the same social disqualification as a way of perverse autonomy and a denied recognition in relation to their life situations and the access to the rights and protection due to a uncertain identity which has been stigmatized historically, otherwise by integration of a concrete possibility of integration even by its peripherical condition which has been represented within which reiterates ways of resistance and fight of such urban workers in order to improve their conditions of poverty nowadays.

La thèse analyse les conséquences de processus de bureaucratisation à l’œuvre au sein d’institutions publiques telles les préfectures. L’enquête a été menée auprès d’agents d’État du « Bureau des Étrangers », qui accueillent et se confrontent aux demandes administratives des usagers (les étrangers). Comment ces agents investissent-ils l’organisation bureaucratique ? Quelles sont les dynamiques de la rencontre avec l’altérité ? Sous une perspective pluridisciplinaire qui privilégie l’approche sociologique et psychosociologique, la thèse a cherché à élucider l’expérience des agents à partir de leur vécu et de leurs propos. Il apparaît que les agents vivent les contradictions institutionnelles entre rapports de domination et désinvestissement affectif. Autre résultat de la recherche, la mise au jour de la disqualification sociale et humaine à l’œuvre sous l’emprise des processus de bureaucratisation étudiés
The thesis analyzes the consequences of bureaucratic processes at work in public institutions such as ‘’prefectures’’. The survey was conducted with the State agents of the "Foreign office", who welcome and face administrative requests from users (foreigners). How do these agents invest the bureaucratic organization? What are the dynamics of the encounter with alterity? From a multidisciplinary perspective that privileges the sociological and psychosociological approach, the thesis sought to elucidate the experience of the agents based on their personal experiences and their words. It appears that agents live institutional contradictions between relations of domination and affective disinvestment. Another result of the research is the discovery of social and human disqualification at work under the influence of the bureaucratization processes that are studied

Comment l’incarcération affecte-t-elle le rôle paternel ? La prison produit des conditions spécifiques d’actualisation de ce rôle, définies par les conditions d’incarcération et d’autres éléments provenant du parcours biographique. Il s’agit d’appréhender la paternité non pas à travers une seule dimension (le lien père-enfant en prison), mais plusieurs (histoire familiale, conjugale, etc.). Cette thèse fait dialoguer la sociologie de la famille, du genre et de la disqualification sociale, et propose une approche pluridimensionnelle de son objet, la paternité en prison. Nous distinguons et articulons trois dimensions : une analyse relationnelle de la paternité en contexte d’incarcération, saisie par les pratiques concrètes des pères détenus et de leur entourage ; une approche biographique replaçant le présent dans l’histoire familiale des pères rencontrés ; et enfin, une analyse « compréhensive » des normes, qui s’efforce de saisir comment ces hommes pensent et analysent leur rôle de père. Cette thèse repose sur des entretiens répétés avec soixante-dix détenus, rencontrés de deux à trois fois dans deux maisons d’arrêt et deux centres de détention. Cette méthodologie induit un retour réflexif des enquêtés sur eux-mêmes. Conjointement, des entretiens ont été réalisés avec différent∙es professionnel∙les travaillant en milieu carcéral, complétés par des observations ethnographiques en détention et lors de réunions des commissions d’aménagement des peines, dans le but de comprendre dans quelle mesure la paternité en prison était prise en compte par l’institution. Cette thèse met en évidence deux résultats principaux. La paternité, tout d’abord, peine à acquérir une place prépondérante dans les récits, les pratiques et les espaces de la détention. Il n’existe pas d’attentes particulières de l’institution concernant les liens familiaux des hommes incarcérés. Les hommes détenus n’ont aucune visibilité sociale en tant que pères. Le second résultat est qu’il n’existe pas une paternité en prison, mais bien un éventail de situations paternelles. Nous avons forgé une typologie des paternités en prison qui se décline en quatre types : « marginale », « suspendue », « brisée » et « ressource »
How does incarceration affect a father’s role as a parent? Prison produces specific conditions for actualizing this role, which are defined by the conditions of incarceration and other phenomena from an individual’s life event history. This means understanding fatherhood not through a single lens (the father-child relationship whilst in prison) but several (family and partnership history, etc.).This thesis brings into dialogue the sociology of the family, of gender and of social disqualification, and studies fatherhood in prison through a multidimensional perspective. Three dimensions are distinguished and articulated: a relational analysis of fatherhood in the context of incarceration, understood through the concrete practices of detained fathers and their entourage; an event-history approach that re-places the present within fathers’ family history; and finally, a ‘comprehensive’ analysis of norms, which attempts to grasp how these men think and to analyse their role as fathers. This thesis uses repeated interviews with 70 detainees who were met from 2 to 3 times in two remand prisons and two detention centres. This methodology prompts reflexive feedback from respondents about themselves. In conjunction, to understand how far fatherhood was taken into account by institutions, interviews were conducted with professionals working in prisons and are supplemented with ethnographic observations in the prison context and at meetings of commissions deciding adjusted sentences.Two main results emerge from this thesis. First, fatherhood struggles to acquire a prominent place in the narratives, practices, and spaces of detention. There are no particular institutional expectations concerning the family ties of incarcerated men, who have no social visibility as fathers. Second, there is no single form of fatherhood in prison but rather an array of paternal situations. We have developed a quadripartite typology of fatherhood in prison: ‘marginal’, ‘suspended’, ‘broken’, and ‘resource’

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This research starts from the premise that a job, besides being ontologically the category responsible for the constitution of the man as a social being, it is the biggest organizer of everyday life nowadays. Moreover, it is the social organization of work that marks the places in the macro structure and defines the possibility of transit and social belonging. Thus, assuming that contemporary Western societies have become especially societies formed by workers, who have in their jobs the objective and symbolic bases of their lives, that is to say, as well as an activity that ensures the living, work became the category responsible for anchoring identity of contemporary man. Therefore, this work was dedicated to think about the lives of poor workers, aiming to understand the possibility of construction of social, material and symbolic belonging, people who develop activities in professional categories considered socially disqualified and participate systematically and actively in activities related to popular culture. It was developed in a way called biographical focus from the starter question; "Can you tell me the story of your life", the arratives were recorded and then transcribed with integrity, and was then analyzed in the light of the propositions of Social Psychology and related areas. Along two years two men were interviewed, the first of them was 25 years old and president of a Samba School of the countryside of the state of S?o Paulo; the second man, a 78 years old is an ambassador of a group of "Folia de Reis". Five interviews with each of them were made. As a result, we can point that the inclusion in popular culture served as support of experiences different then submission or mental and physical illness of workers, and it can be said that both individuals remain active and develop activities considered socially relevant, even though the economic and social difficulties experienced by both are still poignant.
A presente pesquisa parte da premissa de que o trabalho, al?m de ser ontologicamente a categoria respons?vel pela constitui??o do homem enquanto ser social, ? o grande organizador da vida cotidiana na contemporaneidade. Al?m disso, ? a organiza??o social do trabalho que termina por demarcar os lugares na macroestrutura bem como definir a possibilidade de tr?nsito e pertencimento social. Assim, partindo do princ?pio de que as sociedades ocidentais contempor?neas tornaram-se sobretudo sociedades formadas por trabalhadores, que t?m no trabalho o grande alicerce objetivo e simb?lico de suas vidas, ou seja, para al?m de uma atividade que garanta a subsist?ncia, o trabalho tornou-se a categoria respons?vel pela ancoragem identit?ria do homem contempor?neo. Diante disso, a presente proposta dedicou-se a pensar a vida de trabalhadores pobres, tendo como objetivo entender a possibilidade de constru??o de pertencimento social, material e simb?lico, de pessoas que desenvolvam atividades em categorias profissionais consideradas socialmente desqualificadas e que participem sistem?tica e ativamente em atividades ligadas ? cultura popular. Foi desenvolvida por meio do chamado enfoque biogr?fico, a partir da pergunta disparadora; "Conte-me sua hist?ria de vida?", as narrativas foram ?udio gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas na ?ntegra, tendo sido ent?o analisadas ? luz das proposi??es da Psicologia Social e ?reas afins. Foram entrevistados dois homens, ao longo de dois anos, o primeiro deles de 25 anos e presidente de uma Escola de Samba do interior paulista; o segundo um embaixador de "Folia dos Reis", de 78 anos. Foram realizadas cinco entrevistas com cada um deles. Como resultado pode-se apontar qua a inser??o na cultura popular serviu como suporte a viv?ncias que fogem ? submiss?o e ao adoecimento mental e f?sico dos trabalhadores , bem como pode-se afirmar que ambos os sujeitos mant?m-se ativos e desenvolvem atividades consideradas socialmente relevantes, ainda que sejam pungentes as dificuldades econ?micas e sociais vivenciadas por ambos.

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This research investigates the intentions of the National High School Examination (ENEM) in contrast to both the forms of apprehension of cultural capital and the provisions of the game of classifications and declassifications by the school social agents, expressed by the discourses and strategies employed. For this, Bourdieu's method of praxiological knowledge was chosen, whose theory served as theoretical reference and support of data analysis. It was opportune, it was decided that the object of study should be observed in public schools of the same Federal Unit, which is why three middle schools of the Distrito Federal were selected, belonging to Administrative Regions whose socioeconomic conditions are different: High School (CEM) Piloto Plano, CEM Ceilândia and CEM Recanto das Emas. Aiming at a more effective field research, it was decided to diversify the instruments and strategies of data collection: direct observation, with the help of the field diary; application of questionnaires with open and closed questions; and interviews with semi-structured script. The investigation had a total of 281 respondents from the questionnaires - directors, teachers and students - among which 28 of these agents were interviewed. From the theoretical reference, the discussion dealt with the fundamental logic of the exams, which is to select and exclude; and unveiled some of the mechanisms that lead students from privileged classes to achieve a better performance in the Exam. This is because, besides incorporating in an "osmotic" way a favorable habitus in the school field, they can employ better strategies against the privileged capitals that they possess. The data collected were analyzed from the following categories: a) Acquisition of cultural capital; (b) reproduction and processing strategies; c) Legitimation and its forms; and d) Resistance. It was identified that three particular forms of legitimation of the Examination stand out: by the discourse, by the policies with social acceptance that were attached to it and by the "support" to the students. As for the policies linked to the ENEM, these have allowed some social advances, while at the same time reinforcing the legitimacy of the inequalities that still continue to operate by it. In turn, the results point out that contradictorily the school unit most affected by the rules of the Exam is the one that most legitimizes it. One of the factors that confirms this is the race issue. This unit, that of CEM Recanto das Emas, has 78% of blacks among its students, in contrast to 61% of CEM Plano Piloto and 76% of CEM Ceilândia. However, only 47% of its students approve racial quotas, compared to 65% of CEM Plano Piloto students' approval and 71% of CEM Ceilândia. Another factor that confirms more legitimacy for the most penalized school is the teacher evaluation of the ENEM selection form: 75% of the teachers participating in CEM Recanto das Emas consider it fair, while 50% of the CEM Plano Piloto teachers and 62, 5% of CEM Ceilândia teachers consider this. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that, although the school system is one of the State's reproductive instruments, the existence of discourses and resistance practices in the schools investigated suggests that it is possible to fight for a school system whose political-pedagogical orientation is beyond reproduction.
Esta pesquisa investiga as intencionalidades do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) em contraste tanto com as formas de apreensão do capital cultural quanto com as disposições do jogo das classificações e desclassificações, pelos agentes sociais escolares, expressas pelos discursos e estratégias empregados. Para tal, elegeu-se o método do conhecimento praxiológico de Bourdieu, cuja teoria serviu como referencial teórico e suporte de análise dos dados. Por oportuno, optou-se que o objeto de estudo fosse observado em escolas públicas de uma mesma Unidade da Federação, razão pela qual foram selecionadas três escolas de ensino médio do Distrito Federal, pertencentes a Regiões Administrativas cujas condições socioeconômicas são distintas: o Centro de Ensino Médio (CEM) Plano Piloto, o CEM Ceilândia e o CEM Recanto das Emas. Visando a uma pesquisa de campo mais efetiva, decidiu-se pela diversificação dos instrumentos e estratégias de coleta de dados: observação direta, com o auxílio do diário de campo; aplicação de questionários com questões abertas e fechadas; e realização de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado. A investigação contou com o total de 281 respondentes dos questionários – diretores, professores e estudantes –, dentre os quais 28 desses agentes foram entrevistados. A partir do referencial teórico, a discussão tratou da lógica fundamental dos exames, que é selecionar e excluir; e desvelou alguns dos mecanismos que levam os estudantes oriundos de classes privilegiadas a alcançarem um melhor rendimento no Exame. Isso porque, além de incorporarem de maneira “osmótica” um habitus favorável no campo escolar, podem empregar melhores estratégias face aos capitais privilegiados que possuem. Efetuou-se a análise dos dados coletados a partir das seguintes categorias: a) Aquisição do capital cultural; b) Estratégias de reprodução e de transformação; c) Legitimação e suas formas; e d) Resistência. Identificou-se que se destacam três formas particulares de legitimação do Exame: pelo discurso, pelas políticas com aceitação social que se lhe atrelaram e pelo “suporte” aos estudantes. Quanto às políticas atreladas ao ENEM, essas permitiram alguns avanços sociais, ao mesmo tempo em que reforçaram a legitimação das desigualdades que ainda continuam operadas por ele. Por sua vez, os resultados apontam que contraditoriamente a unidade escolar mais prejudicada pelas regras do Exame é a que mais o legitima. Um dos fatores que confirma isso é a questão racial. Essa unidade, a do CEM Recanto das Emas, apresenta entre os seus estudantes o índice de 78% de negros, em contraste com 61% do CEM Plano Piloto e 76% do CEM Ceilândia. No entanto, apenas 47% de seus estudantes aprovam as cotas raciais, frente aos 65% de aprovação dos estudantes do CEM Plano Piloto e 71% do CEM Ceilândia. Outro fator que confirma maior legitimação pela escola mais penalizada é a avaliação docente da forma de seleção do ENEM: 75% dos professores participantes do CEM Recanto das Emas a consideram justa, ao passo em que 50% dos professores do CEM Plano Piloto e 62,5% dos professores do CEM Ceilândia assim a consideram. Por outro lado, destaca-se que, embora o sistema escolar seja um dos instrumentos de reprodução do Estado, a existência de discursos e práticas de resistência nas escolas investigadas aponta ser possível sim lutar por um sistema escolar cuja orientação político-pedagógica seja para além da reprodução.

Mot valise véhiculé par les agences internationales, la notion de « développement avec identité » traduit une volonté de prendre en compte les spécificités locales et culturelles des populations autochtones et la promotion d’une approche en terme de développement, présenté comme universel et apolitique. C’est cette contradiction que cette thèse propose d’explorer. À partir du cas mexicain, il s’agit de comprendre comment les dispositifs de développement fonctionnent comme des instruments de connaissance, mais également comme des instruments performatifs par leurs inductions prescriptives et les usages sociaux qui en sont faits. Au final, le « développement avec identité » renvoie à un « art de gouverner » les populations marquées par une disqualification sociale. Celui-ci s’appuie sur deux volets : l’élaboration de savoirs spécifiques sur ces populations et la participation des individus et groupes autochtones aux dispositifs de développement. Cette thèse propose une contribution sociologique à l’analyse du développement et aux travaux sur la question autochtone. Cette étude de la circulation des discours, des instruments et des pratiques du développement se fonde sur une enquête ethnographique de trois espaces où se construisent, s’élaborent et se mettent en pratique les dispositifs du développement autochtone au Mexique : le bureau du Programme des Nations unies à Mexico, l’instance nationale en charge de l’action publique de développement des populations autochtones, et enfin des groupes sociaux de la région du Chiapas dans lesquels des dispositifs de développement sont également élaborés et mis en œuvre
A buzzword broadcasted by international agencies, the concept of “development with identity” refers to a willingness to take into account local and cultural specificities of indigenous peoples. It entails a promotion of the development approach, presented as both universal and apolitical. This thesis proposes to explore this contradiction. Focusing on the Mexican case, it aims to understand how development apparatuses function as instruments of knowledge, but also as performative instruments by their prescriptive inductions and the social uses they are made of. Finally, “development with identity” refers to an “art of government” of populations labeled as socially disqualified. It relies on two key components: the elaboration of a specific knowledge on these populations and the participation of indigenous individuals and groups in development apparatuses.This thesis proposes a sociological contribution to the analysis of development and works on indigenous issues. In order to study the circulation of development speeches, instruments and practices, this work is based on a political ethnography of three spaces in which the apparatuses of indigenous development in Mexico are elaborated, formulated and put into practice: the Office of the United Nations Development Program in Mexico, the national authority in charge of development public policy for indigenous peoples, and finally social groups in the region of Chiapas in which development apparatuses are developed and implemented

Cette thèse propose d'étudier la "pauvreté" comme condition socialement reconnue et les "pauvres" comme un ensemble de personnes dont le statut social est défini, pour une part, par des institutions spécialisées de l'action sociale qui les désignent comme tels. Le thème de la disqualification sociale, tel qu'il est abordé ici, renvoie à la logique de la désignation et de l'étiquetage et de ses effets sur le plan identitaire. Cette recherche a permis de montrer : 1) que les acteurs sociaux étudies participent, au moins partiellement, a la constitution et a la redéfinition de leur identité sociale en acceptant ou en prenant des distances vis-a-vis des rôles sociaux qui s'accordent à leur condition sociale objective et a leur statut; 2) qu'ils disposent d'une marge d'autonomie qui leur permet de négocier individuellement leur infériorité ou leur échec social (mais les "pauvres" occupent toujours une position sociale dégradée) ;3) qu'ils établissent eux-mêmes, parfois avec la complicité des travailleurs sociaux, des infra-hiérarchies au sein de leur espace résidentiel ou de leur groupe d'appartenance
This thesis aims at studying "poverty" as a socially recognized condition and the "poors" as a group of people whose social status is partly defined by specialized social institutions which define them as such. The theme of social disqualification, such as it is dealt with here, is linked to the logic of designation and labelling and to the effects of this logic on the identity of people. This research was meant to show that : 1) the social actors dealt with play a role, at least a partial one, in the constitution and redefinition of their social identity by more or less accepting the social roles which fit their objective social condition and their status; 2) a certain autonomy enables them to individually negociate their inferiority or their social failure (but the "poors" hold always a degraded social position); 3) they establish, sometimes with the help of social workers, sub-hierarchies within the places they live in or within the groups they belong to

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Cet article s`occupe d`un rythme véritablement provenant du Nord-Est brésilien, plus spécifiquement de la Bahia. C`est l`Arrocha, lequel est inspiré par la musique collante. D`ailleurs, cet étude s`agit du rapport entre ce rythme et un groupe social particulier, celui des classes ouvrières dont les rémunérations sont plus défavorisées tels que des forains , des servantes et des maçons, comme mentionné par certains répondants d`une enquête. Les oeuvres fondamentales qui ont servi d`apppui à cet artcicle sont celles de Vera Malaguti, de Gilberto Freyre, de Paulo Cesar de Araujo, de Durval Muniz Albuquerque et d`Hermano Vianna. En outre, on a utilisé des reportages et des pages en ligne pour développer des entrevues et la recherche sur le terrain. A cet égard, l`Arrocha est décrit dans une page en ligne par moyen d`une comparaison avec le Funk Carioca, puisque les deux rhytmes sont critiqués par les gens, ce qui peut être apperçu facilement dans les commentaires disponibles dans les réseaux sociaux. En revanche, l`Arrocha et le Funk Carioca ont une audience considérable et atteignent grosses ventes. Cette recherche qualitative parts de l´idée selon laquelle l`Arrocha est destiné à la classe ouvrière et pour cette raison nous avons utilisé la recherche sur le terrain avec des observations, des interviews et des photographies en envisageant développer des analyses et des discussions sur le site occupé par l`Arrocha dans la société brésilienne, les convergences et les différences avec d`autres rhytmes. En plus,on discute les raisons de la disqualification, de la marginalisation et du mépris de l`Arrocha par la société et même des possibles liens entre la désapprobation publique du rhytme et son succès. À partir de l´expérience de la recherche, les données produits explicitent que le préjugé social est déguisé en préjugé esthétique, et soulignent le besoin de continuer les explorations scientifiques sur cette manifestation culturelle,l` Arrocha.
O presente trabalho versa sobre o ritmo musical genuinamente nordestino e de origem baiana, o Arrocha, inspirado na música brega, bem como, sobre a sua vinculação a determinado segmento social, como por exemplo, classes trabalhadoras com remunerações menos favorecidas, tais como feirantes, empregadas domésticas e pedreiros, conforme mencionado por alguns entrevistados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, tem-se como basilar as obras de Vera Malaguti, Gilberto Freyre, Paulo Cesar de Araújo, Durval Muniz Albuquerque e Hermano Vianna, além da utilização de reportagens e páginas online para o desenvolvimento das entrevistas e pesquisa de campo. Para tanto, parte-se da definição do Arrocha descrita em uma página online que apresenta uma comparação deste ritmo com o Funk Carioca, visto que ambos são criticados por muitas pessoas, fato que podemos observar com facilidade em comentários disponíveis em redes sociais, mas em contrapartida, têm um público significativo e atingem grande sucesso de vendas. Partindo da ideia de que o Arrocha é voltado para as classes populares, nesta pesquisa qualitativa foi utilizada a pesquisa de campo com observações, entrevistas e fotografias, tendo como objetivo desenvolver análises e discussões sobre o local que o Arrocha ocupa na sociedade brasileira, suas convergências, divergências e os possíveis motivos das mesmas entre o Arrocha, o Funk Carioca e outros ritmos brasileiros. Foram discutidos também os motivos da desqualificação, marginalização ou desvalorização dos mesmos por parte da sociedade e os possíveis vínculos entre tal desqualificação ao público a que se destina e que lhe garante tanto sucesso. Com a experiência da pesquisa, os dados produzidos explicitaram a relação entre o preconceito de classes disfarçado de preconceito musical ou estético, além de ressaltar a necessidade de maiores explorações científicas sobre a manifestação cultural, Arrocha.

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L??tude du processus de construction / reconstruction des comp?tences de l?assistant social sous la gestion du SESI (Service Social de l? Industrie), Natal/RN, d?s la moiti? des ann?es 90 a r?affirmer la perspective que ce processus est le r?sultat de d?terminations macrosoci?taires qui sont pr?sents, particuli?rement au Br?sil, aussi que, la fa?on par laquelle l?assistant social, le professionnel inscrit dans la division sociale et technique du travail, fait d?velopper son perfectionement technique et intelectuel dans un milieu de nouvelles structures productives qui ?xigent un nouveau profil du professionnel face ? la crise du capital et de l??tat. Cette recherche, de nature qualitative et quantitative, a eu lieu par de combinaisons de recherche bibliographique et empirique. Les sujets ont ?t? huit assistants sociaux et six travailleurs administratifs du SESI, Natal/RN. Les donn?s ont ?t? obtenus par des interviews semi-structr?es. On a analis? les changements qui sont arriv?s dans les gestions du SESI et les comp?tences qui sont ?xig?es de l?assistant social ; l?influence du milieu socio-occupationel sur l?action professionnelle et sur le processus de construction/reconstruction de comp?tences; l?agrandissement de demandes institutionnelles pour l?assistant social par rapport ? la prestation de services ; aussi que la constatation de l?importance de ce professionnel, sa hardiesse, mais aussi quelques limites et d?fis affront?s face ? la qualification stimul? par le SESI, en amenant le professionnel dans un processus contradictoire de qualification et disqualification professionelle
O estudo sobre o processo de constru??o/reconstru??o das compet?ncias do assistente social sob a gest?o do SESI, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a partir de meados dos anos 90 reafirmou a perspectiva de que esse processo ? resultado tanto de determina??es macrossociet?rias presentes de forma particular no Brasil, quanto da forma em que o assistente social, profissional inscrito na divis?o social e t?cnica do trabalho, desenvolve o seu aprimoramento t?cnico e intelectual em meio a um cen?rio de reestrutura??o produtiva que exige um novo perfil de trabalhador diante da crise do capital e do Estado. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, efetivou-se atrav?s da combina??o entre pesquisa bibliogr?fica e emp?rica.Os sujeitos foram oito assistentes sociais e seis trabalhadores da ?rea administrativa do SESI, Natal/RN. A coleta de dados foi obtida por meio de entrevistas semi- estruturadas. Foram analisadas as mudan?as ocorridas em termos da gest?o do SESI e das compet?ncias exigidas do assistente social; a influ?ncia do espa?o s?cio-ocupacional sobre a a??o profissional e sobre o processo de constru??o/reconstru??o de compet?ncias; o alargamento de demandas institucionais para o assistente social no ?mbito da presta??o de servi?os; bem como a constata??o da import?ncia desse profissional, sua ousadia, mas tamb?m alguns limites e desafios enfrentados diante da qualifica??o incentivada pelo SESI que ingressa o profissional num processo contradit?rio de qualifica??o e desqualifica??o profissional

Cette recherche propose une definition de l'exclusion en tentant de ne pas omettre les caracteristiques fondamentales de l'individu. Le phenomene auquel nous nous interessons n'est pas celui de la pauvrete durable, chronique, dans laquelle certaines familles sont installees parfois depuis des generations. Il s'agit ici d'expliquer un processus qui conduit certains individus, auparavant integres, a decrocher et a se trouver dans le denuement et l'isolement. C'est d'ailleurs en voulant saisir cette dynamique qu'il a ete necessaire d'employer de nouveaux outils methodologiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilise une epistemologie, appelee le constructivisme et dont l'outil d'instrumentation est la modelisation systemique. Partant du constat que les poles d'integration de la societe francaise sont le travail, l'etat, la famille, il nous a alors ete possible de construire un modele general de la dynamique de la disqualification economique et sociale. Ce modele repose sur le fait que la cohesion economique et sociale, jusque dans les annees soixante-dix, etait fondee sur une relation d'insertion unilaterale formation-travail-revenu-reconnaissance, mais que celle-ci, des le milieu des annees soixantedix commencait a se desagreger et a etre porteuse d'exclusion. Apres avoir construit ce modele, nous avons pu l'explorer et l'expliciter afin d'induire le questionnement scientifique et la serie d'hypotheses correspondante. Il nous restait alors a corroborer ces dernieres aux realites du terrain. Cela a permis de montrer que l'exclusion etait traitee par rapport a un seul pole d'integration (le travail) et non simultanement par rapport aux trois poles. Nous avons alors propose un modele de developpement economique et social local permettant de resituer l'individu dans son environnement en proposant un nouveau type de contrat fonde sur la participation de l'ensemble des individus appartenant a un territoire donne.

La dépendance caractérise un état de santé déficitaire mais elle correspond aussi à un étiquetage renvoyant à un statut social dévalorisé. Dans les EHPAD, les résidents sont atteints de lourdes incapacités ce qui accentue leur discrédit. Comment vit-on "dépendant" dans une société qui valorise l'autonomie ? En partant du point de vue des personnes âgées, notre recherche analyse les cadres normatifs organisant les existences en EHPAD et les conséquences de cet étiquetage sur le plan identitaire. L'enquête s'appuie sur plusieurs sources de données : des observations participantes dans cinq EHPAD; 50 entretiens avec les résidents ; des traitements statistiques (enquête HSI). Nos résultats montrent qu'il existe des inégalités selon les établissements pour mettre en œuvre l'injonction à l'accompagnement au maintien de l'autonomie des personnes âgées. Plus généralement, ces institutions se caractérisent par une pénurie de soignants et des exigences de rationalité qui sont peu compatibles avec un accompagnement individualisé. C'est plutôt une norme de dépendance qui régit les existences. De plus, la dépendance est analysée selon des parcours de dépendant vécue de manière inégale. Trois grands idéaux-types ont été dégagés: "S'accepter" caractérise les personnes qui se comportent comme de véritables entrepreneurs de leur existence et elles maintiennent coûte que coûte des formes d'autonomie; "Se résigner" définit le comportement de celles qui souffrent d'un profond décalage entre leur identité personnelle et la définition que les autres adoptent à leur égard; "S'abandonner"renvoie à l'expérience de la dépendance dans toutes les dimensions de leur personnalité et de leur existence.

Cette thèse porte sur les transformations des trajectoires migratoires d'étudiants et stagiaires originaires du Congo-Brazzaville venus suivre une formation en France, en les replaçant dans le cadre de l'évolution des relations franco-congolaises, et en particulier des dispositifs mis en place par les deux Etats pour organiser cette migration, entre 1960 et 2005. Basée sur des recherches menées en France et à Brazzaville— entretiens biographiques, traitement d'un corpus documentaire — elle analyse les changements dans les politiques bilatérales de formation des futurs cadres congolais, les politiques d'immigration françaises, la situation économique et politique congolaise, et leurs effets sur cette migration. Elle montre que la fin des années 1980 marque un tournant : les migrants congolais pour études sont conduits à modifier leur projets et trajectoires migratoires vers une installation durable en France pour une partie d'entre eux, à modifier leurs représentations de cette migration et le sens qu'ils lui donnent, à reconstruire une identité sociale menacée par ces transformations en France et au Congo. Dans ce contexte, cette migration passe du statut de rite de consécration sociale à sa disqualification comme socle d'une trajectoire d'accès aux positions dominantes au Congo-Brazzaville. En conséquence, les migrants pour études, d'abord acteurs de l'hégémonie française au Congo et destinés à y occuper des positions d'encadrement et de direction dans l'appareil d'Etat, en viennent à adopter une position plus critique vis-à-vis des Etats congolais et français
This thesis focuses on the transformations of migratory trajectories of students and trainees from Congo-Brazzaville came to follow a training course in France, by replacing them in the context of the evolution of the French-Congolese relations, and in particular the framework set up by both states to organize this migration, between 1960 and 2005. Based on investigations led in France and Brazzaville - biographical interviews, treatment of a documentary corpus - it analyzes the changes in the bilateral policies of the training of future executives Congolese leaders, the French immigration policies, the Congolese economic and political situation, and their effects on this migration. The thesis shows that the late 1980s marks a turning point: the Congolese students and trainees are driven to change their projects and migratory paths in the sense of a long-lasting settlement in France for a part of them, to modify their representations of this migration and the meaning they give, and to rebuild a social identity threatened by the transformations in France and in Congo. In this context, this migration goes from a status of rite of social consecration to social disqualification as base of a trajectory of access to dominant positions in Congo-Brazzaville. As a result, these migrants, at first actors of the French hegemony in Congo and intended to occupy state management and leadership positions there, come to adopt a more critical position towards the Congolese and French States

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The present research has the aim to investigate, trough the observation of established relations between Brazilian and Bolivian students in a public school belonging to the municipality of São Paulo, the intrinsic configurations of the dynamic of social interactions between these two groups. From the mentioned field observation, it has been evidenced the occurrence of prejudiced practices against Bolivian students, who possess different ethnicity, culture, language and costumes. However, the current justification does not appear to us to go far enough to the comprehension of this phenomenon. This is because, in the assessed school environment, as well as in similar configurations, Bolivian and Brazilian students show not to have significant social and, mainly, economic differences (ELIAS, 2000). In other words, it came to understand these relations included in a process of competition for social positions, i.e., in a struggle for the conquest and maintenance of their own classification, and to avoid the disqualification (BOURDIEU, 2012). It is worth pointing out that the mentioned comprehension is elaborated without ignoring or minimizing the linguistic, cultural, religious and ethnic differences that exist and must be considered, but do not explain in all its complexity the practices of explicit manifestations of discrimination against the Bolivian student body on the part of their Brazilian schoolmates. In summary, the central intention of this study is to offer more elements to the ones already produced in the academic field intending a deeper comprehension about the relations of sociability between the Bolivian and Brazilian student body, by means of an analysis of behaviors, reactions, postures and speeches without, nevertheless, attributing value judgments, such as right and wrong, good and bad, victim and tormentor etc. It is intended, finally, to comprehend that in a society marked by social and economic inequality, such as the Brazilian one, the class struggle does not happen only between distinct social classes, but it may be manifested, in a very cruel and contusing manner, within a same social class
A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar, por meio da observação das relações estabelecidas entre alunos brasileiros e bolivianos em uma escola pública do município de São Paulo, as configurações intrínsecas à dinâmica das interações sociais entre estes dois grupos. A partir da mencionada observação em campo, constatou-se a ocorrência de práticas de preconceito contra discentes bolivianos. A justificativa corrente para este fenômeno como sendo resultado do choque de culturas, não nos parece ser suficiente para a compreensão destes comportamentos. Isto porque, no ambiente escolar apreciado, bem como em configurações semelhantes, os alunos bolivianos e brasileiros demonstram não possuir diferenças sociais e, principalmente, econômicas significativas (ELIAS, 2000). Em outros termos, passou-se a compreender essas relações inseridas num processo de concorrência por posições sociais, ou seja, em uma luta pela conquista e manutenção da própria classificação e para se evitar a desclassificação (BOURDIEU, 2012). Vale ressaltar que a referida compreensão é elaborada sem ignorar ou minimizar as diferenças linguísticas, culturais, religiosas e étnicas que existem e devem ser consideradas, mas que não explicam em toda sua complexidade as práticas de manifestações explícitas de discriminação contra o alunado boliviano por parte dos seus colegas brasileiros. Em síntese, a intenção fulcral desse estudo é a de oferecer mais elementos aos já produzidos no campo acadêmico para uma compreensão mais aprofundada acerca das relações de sociabilidade entre o corpo discente boliviano e o brasileiro, por meio da análise de comportamentos, reações, posturas e discursos, sem, entretanto, atribuir juízos de valor, como certo e errado, bom e mau, vítima e algoz etc. Intenciona-se, por fim, compreender que em uma sociedade marcada pela desigualdade social e econômica, como a brasileira, a luta de classes não acontece apenas entre classes sociais distintas, mas pode manifestar-se, de forma bastante cruel e contundente, no interior de uma mesma classe social

El present treball se centra en una pena privativa de drets com la privació del dret a conduir vehicles a motor i ciclomotors. La recerca es redreça a, en primer lloc, realitzar una anàlisi integral de la situació actual de la pena de privació del dret a conduir en el sistema penal espanyol; en segon lloc, analitzar la seva aplicació en la pràctica dels Jutjats i Tribunals, i finalment detectar els dèficits que presenta per a així, realitzar propostes per a una millor regulació, aplicació i execució d'aquesta. S'ha analitzat tant la doctrina relacionada amb el sistema de penes, les penes privatives de drets en particular així com la relacionada amb els delictes contra la seguretat viària i la vida i integritat física i psíquica. Igualment, s'ha realitzat una exhaustiva anàlisi jurisprudencial dels supòsits en els quals s'ha imposat la privació del dret a conduir, bé com a pena, mesura de seguretat o mesura cautelar. Quant a les principals conclusions aconseguides es destaca que: I) la pena de privació del dret a conduir té un elevat grau d'aplicació en els nostres Jutjats i Tribunals; II) existeixen aspectes de la seva regulació que haurien de ser reformats, tant a nivell processal com substantiu i III) és una pena que té una aplicació pràctica en constant evolució.
El presente trabajo se centra en una pena privativa de derechos como la privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores. La investigación se endereza a, en primer lugar, realizar un análisis integral de la situación actual de la pena de privación del derecho a conducir en el sistema penal español; en segundo lugar, analizar su aplicación en la práctica de los Juzgados y Tribunales, y finalmente detectar los déficits que presenta para así, realizar propuestas para una mejor regulación, aplicación y ejecución de la misma. Se ha analizado tanto la doctrina relacionada con el sistema de penas, las penas privativas de derechos en particular así como la relacionada con los delitos contra la seguridad vial y la vida e integridad física y psíquica. Igualmente, se ha realizado un exhaustivo análisis jurisprudencial de los supuestos en los que se ha impuesto la privación del derecho a conducir, bien como pena, medida de seguridad o medida cautelar. En cuanto a las principales conclusiones alcanzadas se destaca que: I) la pena de privación del derecho a conducir tiene un elevado grado de aplicación en nuestros Juzgados y Tribunales; II) existen aspectos de su regulación que deberían ser reformados, tanto a nivel procesal como sustantivo y III) es una pena que tiene una aplicación práctica en constante evolución.
This paper focuses on a disqualifying penalty such as the deprivation of the right to drive motor vehicles and mopeds. The research is directed to, firstly, make a comprehensive analysis of the current situation of the penalty of deprivation of the right to drive in the Spanish criminal system, secondly, analyze its application in the practice of the Courts and Tribunals, and finally detect the deficits that it presents so as to make proposals for better regulation, implementation and enforcement. Both the doctrine related to the penalty system, in particular disqualifications, and the doctrine related to crimes against road safety and life and physical and psychological integrity have been analyzed. Likewise, an exhaustive jurisprudential analysis has been carried out of the cases in which the deprivation of the right to drive has been imposed, either as a penalty, a security measure or a precautionary measure. As for the main conclusions reached, it should be noted that I) the penalty of deprivation of the right to drive has a high degree of application in our Courts and Tribunals; II) there are aspects of its regulation that should be reformed, both at a procedural and substantive level and III) it is a penalty that has a practical application in constant evolution.

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A pretens?o deste trabalho foi o de analisar o discurso da revista semanal Veja sobre o governo de Hugo Ch?vez Fr?as, atual presidente da Rep?blica Bolivariana da Venezuela. Atrav?s da leitura das reportagens, procuramos apresentar o comportamento da revista em rela??o ao se governo e a forma que sua pol?tica ? classificada, representada. Reunimos edi??es da revista, entre 1998 a 2002, in?cio do seu governo - eleito em dezembro de 1998, toma posse no in?cio de 1999, per?odo da tentativa de golpe (frustrada) em abril de 2002. O trabalho procura mostrar como as mat?rias n?o s?o isentas e que h? um claro posicionamento ideol?gico da revista, que se insere no conjunto mais geral da m?dia conservadora e anti-Ch?vez. O presidente, eleito e reeleito democraticamente, aparece sempre nas diversas reportagens da revista caracterizado como golpista, ditador, populista, fanfarr?o. O nosso objetivo ? o de revelar como Veja criou uma imagem negativa do presidente da Venezuela, coerente com os princ?pios neoliberais defendidos pela revista. A Venezuela com Hugo Ch?vez, com a chamada Revolu??o Bolivariana , realiza uma experi?ncia singular de governo num pa?s de larga tradi??o antidemocr?tica e afirma caminhar na contracorrente do pensamento hegem?nico neoliberal. Em contrapartida, a revista Veja se apresenta com um representante da burguesia financeira e importante sujeito na constru??o e continuidade do neoliberalismo

Dissertação de Mestrado em Serviço Social apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Atualmente, vivemos numa sociedade altamente desenvolvida decorrente da evolução tecnológica. Apesar do progresso, as desigualdades sociais cresceram pelo que predomina a incerteza, insegurança e fragilidade e várias populações encontram-se marginalizadas na sociedade. O Estado Social tem-se baseado numa lógica burocrática de gestão e distribuição de recursos públicos, preocupando-se com o controlo da despesa, desenvolvendo racionalizações dos recursos. Estas transformações contribuem para o aumento do empobrecimento da população, mas os dados estatísticos atuais não dão conta disso de forma verosímil. A crise económica atual gera perda de emprego e acarreta consigo o empobrecimento, a precaridade e o sobre-endividamento. Os laços sociais estão quebrados e existem pessoas que não se conseguem integrar no mercado de trabalho, acabando por ficar numa situação de assistidos. Dentro das políticas sociais e públicas, o Rendimento Social de Inserção e o auxílio de uma instituição torna-se o último recurso destas populações, mas este momento não é visto por todos os indivíduos da mesma forma. O trabalho confere um estatuto social e o desemprego aciona a sua perda, bem como a perda de todo um sentimento de utilidade social, que pode levar à desvalorização de si mesmo. Assim os sujeitos passam por um conjunto de sucessivas mudanças, como por exemplo a nível do seu círculo de amigos e da estrutura familiar, mas também atravessam um conjunto de problemas de saúde e problemas ligados à sua habitação, uma vez que esta é afetada devido à falta de recursos financeiros. Perante uma sociedade tão irregular temos cidadãos de segundo plano, que estão destituídos do seu estatuto, que são estigmatizados, que não existem verdadeiramente
Aujourd'hui, nous vivons dans une société hautement développée en raison de l'évolution technologique. Malgré les progrès, les inégalités sociales ont augmenté et l'incertitude, l'insécurité et la fragilité prévaut et diverses populations sont marginalisées dans la société. L'État social s'est basé sur une logique bureaucratique de gestion et de distribution des ressources publiques s'inquiétant du contrôle de la dépense, développant des rationalisations des ressources. Ces transformations contribuent à l'augmentation de l'appauvrissement de la population, mais les données statistiques actuelles ne tiennent pas compte de cela de manière plausible. La crise économique actuelle génère des pertes d'emplois et implique l'appauvrissement, la précarité et le surendettement. Les liens sociaux sont brisés et il y a des personnes qui ne peuvent s'intégrer au marché du travail, se retrouvant dans une situation assistée. Au sein des politiques sociales et publiques, le revenu d'insertion sociale et l'aide d'une institution deviennent la dernière ressource de ces populations, mais ce moment n'est pas perçu de la même manière par tous les individus. Le travail confère un statut social et le chômage déclenche sa perte, ainsi que la perte de tout sens de l'utilité sociale, qui peut conduire à une dévalorisation de soi-même. Ainsi, les sujets subissent une série de changements successifs, tels que leur cercle d'amis et la structure de la famille, mais ils traversent également une série de problèmes de santé et de problèmes liés à leur foyer, car ils sont affectés en raison du manque des ressources financières. Face à une société si irrégulière, nous avons des citoyens de l'arrière-plan, privés de leur statut, stigmatisés, qui n'existent pas vraiment

A presente tese “Vidas incertas”: Dinâmicas de vulnerabilização económica e desqualificação social da classe média em Portugal, tem como objeto central da pesquisa analisar as principais dinâmicas de vulnerabilização que afetam a classe média, procurando-se compreender designadamente as dimensões relacionadas com a crise económica, quebra de rendimentos, processos de desagregação e rutura familiar, desqualificação social e sofrimento social. Complementarmente analisaram-se também as abordagens utilizadas pelos assistentes sociais no atendimento aos novos públicos diferenciados que com maior frequência procuram, atualmente, as estruturas de apoio e suporte social. A pesquisa adotou uma estratégia de cariz qualitativo, com base em entrevistas a cidadãos de classe média que experienciaram no presente e passado recentes processos de desqualificação social, tendo sido reunido um corpus de vinte entrevistas com base no princípio da máxima heterogeneidade. O estudo complementar consistiu em entrevistas a cinco assistentes sociais de diferentes sectores de atividade (Saúde, IPSS, Segurança Social, Câmaras Municipais e Justiça) com relação profissional com públicos diferenciados. Esta investigação permitiu concluir que todos os entrevistados sofreram processos de mobilidade social descendente ou exposição a dinâmicas de mobilidade ascensional estagnada, evidenciando-se que uma grande parte dos cidadãos não recorre aos serviços de apoio e ação social, mobilizando preferencialmente as redes de apoio e solidariedade familiar. A análise das entrevistas permitiu também identificar diferentes expressões de sofrimento social decorrentes de fenómenos diferenciados como o desemprego, ruturas conjugais, precarização laboral, alterações significativas dos padrões de consumo e estilo de vida, mobilidade social descendente e falta de perspetivas para o futuro por processos de desqualificação social, aspetos que afetam de modo mais intenso a população feminina. Do ponto de vista da intervenção dos assistentes sociais, as alterações presentes nas relações entre assistente social e novos públicos manifestam-se numa maior capacidade dos cidadãos na análise das políticas sociais, perceção e de avaliação dos serviços, níveis mais elevados de compreensão dos mecanismos e procedimentos institucionais. Do presente estudo podem retirar-se implicações para o campo das políticas públicas e para o domínio da prática profissional dos assistentes sociais. No primeiro plano suscita-se a questão do desenho das políticas públicas de proteção social de cidadania e da sua não adequação enquanto instrumentos de apoio aos cidadãos de classe média afetados por processos de vulnerabilização económica e social dado o seu recorte focalista e baixo padrão de cobertura de riscos e necessidades. No segundo plano, a procura por estes cidadãos dos serviços sociais, ainda que pouco presente na amostra do deste estudo não deixa de constituir um desafio ao modus operandi dos assistentes sociais em termos do acompanhamento social deste público, igualmente pertinente para a intervenção junto dos seus clientes tradicionais.
The present thesis entitled " Uncertain Lives ": Dynamics of economic vulnerability and social disqualification of the middle class in Portugal, has the purpose to analyze the vulnerabilities that affect middle class families, pursuing the comprehension of the dimensions related to economical crisis, income and family breakdown, social disqualification and social suffering. In this context, we have also analyzed the approaches used by Social Workers in the assistance of new differentiated publics that increasingly search for social support. This empirical research adopts a qualitative approach and is based on twenty interviews of middle-class citizens who experience or experienced social disqualification. The interviews have the principle of maximum heterogeneity. Complementarily, we have interviewed five social workers from different sectors of activity (i.e. health, social security, municipalities, justice public services and non-profitable organisations), with a professional relationship with different publics. This research suggests that all the interviewees suffered from processes of downward social mobility or dynamics of stagnant ascensional mobility, and that a large part of the citizens do not seek for social services, mobilizing support networks and family solidarity instead. The analysis of the interviews also allowed us to identify different expressions of social suffering resulting from different phenomena such as unemployment, marital breakdowns, labor precariousness, significant changes in consumption patterns and lifestyle, downward social mobility, lack of prospects for the future and social disqualification. This aspects are more prevalent in female citizens. From the point of view of the intervention of social workers, the current changes in the relationship between social worker and the middle class publics are expressed in a greater capacity by the latter group in the analysis of social policies, in the perception and evaluation of services, and in higher levels of understanding the mechanisms and procedures. From the present study, we can draw implications related to public policies and the professional practice of social workers. The first implication raises the question of public policies for the social protection of citizenship and their non-adequacy as instruments to support middle-class citizens affected by economic and social vulnerability processes, given their low coverage pattern risks and needs. Secondly, the searching of social services for these citizens, despite its reduced weight in the sample of the present study, remains as a challenge to the modus operandi of social workers in terms of social accompanying of this public, in the same manner relevant to intervention with their traditional clients.

Dans le contexte de l'effritement de la société salariale (Castel 1995), on constate au Canada une prolifération de statuts d'emplois atypiques, une flexibilisation et une précarisation du travail, ainsi qu'une augmentation du nombre de travailleuses et travailleurs pauvres. Deux formes d’emploi semblent particulièrement illustrer la pauvreté et la précarité en emploi : le travail immigrant en agence de placement temporaire et le travail migrant temporaire. Alors que le travail en agence de placement (TAP) constitue un marché du travail précaire, on y retrouve un grand nombre d’immigrants reçus, de demandeurs d’asile ou de réfugiés, employés dans des emplois sous-qualifiés, malgré des niveaux de scolarité souvent élevés. Par ailleurs, le programme fédéral des travailleurs étrangers temporaires peu-spécialisés (PTET-PS), permet aux employeurs canadiens le recrutement d’une main-d’œuvre étrangère pour des postes déclarés non pourvus par une main-d’œuvre locale, établissant des normes spécifiques d'emploi et de migration et constituant un marché du travail transnational et fortement concurrentiel au travail salarié. La thèse interroge les processus institutionnels de construction des conditions d’accès à l’emploi pour ces deux catégories de travailleurs non natifs du Canada que sont (1) les immigrants reçus et les réfugiés insérés en emploi d’agences de placement dans le secteur de l’entreposage et (2) les travailleurs étrangers temporaires peu-spécialisés travaillant dans un abattoir. Une immersion ethnographique effectuée sur le mode de la participation observante pendant près de deux ans au Centre des travailleuses et travailleurs immigrants (CTI) à Montréal, complétée par une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de travailleurs, de personnes ressources et d’intervenants du secteur communautaire, montrent que la construction de ces régimes de travail doit être analysée (1) au croisement des politiques publiques d'immigration, de la régulation du travail, des mesures d’insertion en emploi des immigrants et de l’encadrement du regroupement familial, (2) au regard des pratiques des acteurs du marché du travail (entreprises, agences de placement/recrutement, organisations professionnelles et sectorielles) et (3) en considérant les manières dont les travailleurs intègrent les conditions structurelles de l’emploi immigrant à leurs stratégies de vie personnelles et familiales. Il ressort que l’association de statuts juridiques d’immigration et de certaines formes d’emploi structure des régimes de travail caractérisés par la captivité en emploi, construits relativement aux enjeux et aux besoins immédiats des secteurs d’activité et légitimés par une législation entravant de façon systémique l’accès des travailleurs aux droits et libertés. On observe ensuite que ces régimes de travail contraint produisent des conditions d’accès à l’emploi définies sur un continuum allant de la qualification des personnes, à leur déqualification professionnelle, à leur disqualification sociale. Alors que les travailleurs rencontrés ont la particularité d’être fixés à leur emploi précaire par des contraintes liées à leur exclusion des emplois valorisés et/ou à leurs statuts juridiques d’immigration, la thèse interroge finalement les formes possibles de mobilisation et de défense collective de leurs intérêts à travers une étude de cas portant sur des actions collectives soutenues par un groupe communautaire en lien avec des syndicats.
In the context of the erosion of the “société salariale” (wage-earning society, Castel 1995), in Canada as elsewhere, we are witnessing the proliferation of atypical employment conditions, the flexibilisation and casualization of work, and an increase in the number of working poor. Two forms of employment best illustrate poverty and precariousness in employment: immigrants working in temporary placement agencies (temp agencies) and temporary foreign workers (TFWs). The precarious labour market of temp agency work harnesses a large number of highly educated landed immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers employed in low-skilled jobs. Moreover, the federal program for low-skilled temporary foreign workers (TFWP-LS), allows Canadian employers to recruit foreign workers for positions unfilled by the local workforce. The TFWP-LS establishes specific employment and immigration standards, thereby institutionalizing a transnational labour force competing with domestic wage-earners. This thesis examines the institutional processes that create the terms of access to employment for two categories of foreign-born workers in Canada: (1) landed immigrants and refugees working in warehouses through temporary placement agencies and (2) low-skilled temporary foreign workers in slaughterhouses. A nearly two-year ethnographic immersion at the Immigrant Workers Centre (IWC) in Montreal, based on the “observant participation” method, complemented by a series of semi-structured interviews with workers, key informants and community sector stakeholders, showed that the construction of these work arrangements is complex. An understanding of these categories of work requires an analysis: (1) at the intersection of immigration policies, labour regulations, employment integration measures for immigrants, and regulations related to family reunification; (2) in relation to the practices of labour market actors (companies, placement/recruitment agencies, professional and sectorial organizations); and (3) in consideration of the ways in which workers incorporate the structural conditions of im/migrant employment in their personal and family life strategies and choices. Results show that immigration status has intersected with certain forms of employment to structure work arrangements characterized by forced labour. Those work arrangements are built on the short-term needs of industries and are legitimized by legislation that systemically impedes workers' access to rights and freedoms. These constrained work arrangements lead (im)migrant workers through a deleterious process, starting with their qualification as an (im)migrant to Canada, then professional de-skilling and finally social disqualification. While the workers met in the context of this project are constrained in their precarious jobs due to their exclusion from qualified jobs and/or by their legal immigration status, the thesis concludes by exploring the possible forms of mobilization and collective defense of their interests through a case study of collective action supported by a community group in connection with trade unions.

The goal of the research was to explore the ongoing problem of Baptist Pastors leaving the ministry and to attempt to discover the impact of this problem upon Baptist Churches by means of "focus group" interviews. The dissertation links the problem with a Baptist ecclesiology and seeks to understand the Baptist belief in the autonomy of the Local Church and the praxis of accreditation for pastoral ministry, plus the existence of so-called "subterranean Pastors" which has contributed toward pastoral termination.
Practical theology
M.Th. (Practical Theology)

La réserve générale interdite de partage entre les membres est un avoir obligatoire, impartageable tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative et sujet à la «dévolution désintéressée en cas de liquidation ou de dissolution». Cette réserve fonctionne comme un levier de soutien au développement de la coopérative et du mouvement coopératif dans son ensemble. Le principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve est l’interdiction faite à toutes les coopératives du Québec de partager la réserve générale entre tous les membres et l’interdiction de la diminuer, notamment par l’attribution d’une ristourne tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative. En effet, l’impartageabilité de la réserve se fonde sur l’idée que la coopérative n’a pas pour but l’accumulation des capitaux afin de les répartir entre les membres, mais il s’agit de la création d’un capital collectif qui bénéficie à tous les adhérents présents et futurs. Si le concept de l’impartageabilité de la réserve interdit donc le partage de la réserve tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative, cette même interdiction prend le nom de la dévolution désintéressée de l’actif net au moment de la disparition de la coopérative. Cette dévolution désintéressée signifie l’interdiction faite à toutes les coopératives non financières de partager le solde de l’actif lors de la disparition (dissolution ou liquidation) de la coopérative à l’exception des coopératives agricoles qui peuvent décider dans ce cas, de distribuer le solde de l’actif aux membres sans qu’on sache les raisons de cette exception. Par ailleurs, l’impartageabilité de la réserve est considérée comme un simple inconvénient juridique pour les membres et a connu quelques réécritures dans les législations sur les coopératives sans qu’on connaisse vraiment les raisons de ces modifications. L’objectif de notre thèse est d’engager une discussion critique autour du questionnement central suivant : au regard du cadre juridique actuel sur les coopératives, le principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve doit être maintenu comme tel dans la Loi sur les coopératives, ou être tout simplement supprimé, comme dans la société par actions, où il est inexistant sans que cette suppression ne porte atteinte à la notion juridique de la coopérative? Plus précisément, quel est ce cadre juridique et quels sont les motifs qui peuvent plaider en faveur du maintien ou de la suppression du principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse se divise en deux parties. La première partie explore le cadre juridique des coopératives non financières au Québec en comparaison avec certains concepts juridiques issus d’autres législations. Elle étudie les fondements juridiques sous-jacents à l’impartageabilité de la réserve en droit québécois des coopératives non financières. La deuxième partie réalise une discussion critique autour de l’histoire du principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve (ch. 3), des différents arguments juridiques disponibles (ch. 4) et d’hypothèses articulées autour des effets concrets disponibles (ch. 5). Elle explore ces dimensions au soutien du maintien ou non de l’impartageabilité de la réserve de la législation actuelle sur les coopératives non financières. Bien que la recherche effectuée conduise à une réponse nuancée, l'ensemble des résultats milite plutôt en faveur du maintien du principe de l'impartageabilité de la réserve. Au préalable, l’observation des fondements juridiques des concepts sous-jacents à l’impartageabilité de la réserve en droit québécois des coopératives non financières a permis de comprendre les concepts sous-jacents à ce principe avant de répondre à la question autour de son maintien ou de sa suppression de la législation actuelle sur les coopératives. La discussion réalisée a permis de souligner l’importance d’une réalité de base assez évidente : ce principe permet de préserver la réserve, utile au développement de la coopérative et du mouvement coopératif dans son ensemble. De plus, ce principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve s’inscrit dans le cadre de la vocation sociale de la coopérative, qui n’a pas pour but la maximisation du profit pécuniaire. L’impartageabilité de la réserve s’inscrit également dans le cadre de la cohérence du droit québécois des coopératives avec la notion de coopérative telle que définie par le mouvement coopératif québécois et l’ACI tout en répondant aux finalités historiques d’équité entre les générations et de solidarité. Enfin, même si la discussion des arguments tirés des illustrations de données comptables et de quelques entretiens réalisés avec certains membres actifs du mouvement coopératif ne permet pas de mener à toute conclusion ferme, il ressort que l’impartageabilité de la réserve ne freinerait pas la tendance à la hausse des investissements et du chiffre d’affaires des coopératives non financières. Cette interdiction constituerait même un mécanisme d’autofinancement de la coopérative et un symbole de solidarité.
Forbidden general reserve sharing among members is mandatory to have, indivisible throughout the existence of the cooperative and subject to the "disinterested distribution upon liquidation or dissolution". The reserve functions as a support lever for the development of the cooperative and the cooperative movement as a whole. The principle of nondivisibility of the reserve is the prohibition to all cooperatives in Quebec to share the general reserve of all members and the prohibition of the decline, including the allocation of any rebate along the existence of the cooperative. Indeed, the nondivisibility of the reserve is based on the idea that the cooperative is not to the accumulation of capital in order to distribute them among members, but it is the creation of a collective capital that benefits all current and future members. If the concept of nondivisibility reserve therefore prohibits the sharing of reserve throughout the existence of the cooperative, the same prohibition takes the name of the disinterested distribution of net assets at the time of the disappearance of the cooperative. This disinterested distribution is in turn the ban on all non-financial cooperatives to share the remaining assets in the disappearance (dissolution or liquidation) of the cooperative except agricultural cooperatives that can decide in this case, distribute the remaining assets to members without knowing the reasons for the exception. Moreover, the nondivisibility of the reserve is considered a mere legal disadvantage for members and has had some rewrites in co-operative legislation without knowing either the reasons for these changes. The aim of our thesis is to engage a critical discussion around the following central question: given the current legal framework on cooperatives, the principle of nondivisibility the reserve must be maintained as such in the Cooperatives Act, or simply be deleted, as in the corporation, where it is nonexistent without this deletion does not affect the legal concept of the cooperative? Specifically, what is the legal framework and what are the motives which may plead in favor of maintaining or deletion of the principle of nondivisibility reserve? To answer this question, this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part explores the legal framework for non-financial cooperatives in Québec compared with certain legal concepts from other legislation. It examines the legal basis underlying the nondivisibility the Quebec law reserves of non-financial cooperatives. The second part makes a critical discussion around the history of the principle of nondivisibility Reserve (ch. 3), different legal arguments available (ch. 4) and assumptions based around concrete effects available (ch. 5). She exploire these dimensions to support maintaining or not the nondivisibility Reserve current legislation on non-financial cooperatives. Although the research lead to a nuanced response, the overall results rather militates in favor of maintaining the principle of nondivisibility reserve. Previously, the observation of the legal foundations of the underlying concepts in nondivisibility the Quebec law reserves of non-financial cooperatives helped to understand the concepts underlying this principle before answering the question about its maintenance or suppression of current legislation on cooperatives. The discussion made it possible to highlight the importance of a fairly obvious basic reality: this principle allows to preserve the reserve, useful for the development of the cooperative and the cooperative movement as a whole. Moreover, this principle of nondivisibility of the reserve part of the social mission of the cooperative, which is not intended maximizing monetary profit. The nondivisibility Reserve also part of the consistency of Quebec law cooperatives with the concept of cooperatives as defined by the Quebec cooperative movement and the ICA while addressing the historical purposes of fairness between generations and solidarity. Finally, while discussing the arguments of accounting data and illustrations of some interviews with some active members of the cooperative movement does not lead to any firm conclusion, it appears that the nondivisibility the reserve does not dampen the trend rising investment and sales of non-financial cooperatives. This prohibition even be a self-financing mechanism of the cooperative and a symbol of solidarity.