Academic literature on the topic 'Social hierarchization'

This contribution deals with general problems concerning typologies of development processes. The previously developed classification of real systems was utilised as a point of departure for this evaluation. At the level of societal systems, three basic types of real systems, in terms of their level of structural complexity, are distinguished in this classification: human populations (for example demographic systems), social systems and socio-geographic systems. The development of the organization of these systems differs according to size and structural indicators. While, in terms of structural/generic indicators, there are always processes of re-homogenization, the orientation of such processes is always different, on the basis of size indicators: in the case of demographic systems, re-homogenization; for social systems, the reproduction of partial hierarchization; and for socio-geographical systems, re-hierarchization.

We propose a theory of “egalitarianism” as an active historical factor in contexts which have been traditionally considered structurally hostile to it, such as complex agrarian societies. First, we review thoroughly the main anthropological and sociological contributions to resistance against hierarchization in agrarian social contexts (taking into account peasant studies and a segmentary lineage’s tradition). Specific emphasis is placed on the forms of organizing production. Then we go through the archaeological landscape of the Iberian Northwestern Iron Age in order to evidence the viability of “assertive egalitarianism” where control of resources was distributed among social segments (households and settlements). We will show a historical process that diverges from what occurs at that time in hierarchical regions. By combining two levels of archaeological analysis (regional and local) we will conclude that a large part of the Iberian Northwest was occupied, from the 8th up to 2nd centuries BC by egalitarian social formations – with social exploitation absent – whose anti-hierarchization structures only crumbled upon the presence of Rome from the 2nd century BC onwards.

We understand chaos as a bifurcation process, the quantitative characteristic of which is reduced to the number of possibilities for the further evolution of the system, which in real time is directly expressed by self-oscillations of chaos and order (bifurcation cascade). The questions are being investigated: the scientific correctness of such formulations as ―chaos measure‖, ―evolution of chaos‖, correlation of the concepts ―measure of chaos‖ and ―magnitude of entropy‖; does the concept of ―measure of chaos‖ correlate with the concept of entropy; how the concepts of ―measure of chaos‖ and ―measure of order‖ relate, and is it possible to ―control‖ chaos? Models that study the evolution of open systems provide a bifurcation picture of development opportunities in at least two directions: complication and simplification, progress and regression, hierarchization of systems and their de-hierarchization, where a quantitative measure of chaos corresponds to the number of possible outcomes. The conclusion drawn from this is that human influence on the vector of the evolutionary process is reduced to a deliberate impact on the structure, which is commonly called the norm: an individual is able to comprehend the "measure of chaos" of the system of which he is an element, correlate it with the "measure of order" of the system and, setting the norm, thereby determine the direction to the superattractor.

Recently, media and communication researchers have shown an increasing interest in critical data studies and ways to utilize data for social progress. In this commentary, I highlight several useful contributions in the International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP) report toward identifying key data justice issues, before suggesting extra focus on algorithmic discrimination and implicit bias. Following my assessment of the IPSP’s report, I emphasize the importance of two emerging media and communication areas – applied ontology and semantic technology – that impact internet users daily, yet receive limited attention from critical data researchers. I illustrate two examples to show how applied ontologies and semantic technologies impact social processes by engaging in the hierarchization of social relations and entities, a practice that will become more common as the Internet changes states towards a ‘smarter’ version of itself.

The objective of this article is to revisit the role of public policies in the social production and reproduction of university access inequalities that have been made evident more than ever in the current intensified mass higher education context. Although the situation is complex and varies from one societal context to another, a systematic review of the existing literature highlights the undeniable responsibility of public policies in this reproduction through three main channels: guidance systems and educational pathways, institutions’ stratification and hierarchization of fields of study and, finally, the financing of studies and tuition fees.

The control and maintenance of infrastructures is a crucial aspect for the sustainability and development of the economic and social activities of a country. The managing authorities, in order to preserve the efficiency and safety of the traffic flows, have to deal with a rather old infrastructure asset that is often in a non-optimal conservation state with an increasing degradation process induced by the increment of the traffic loads and by the environmental actions. The situation is exacerbated by the limited economic resources and reduced workforces at disposal with the consequence that an order of priority in the maintenance plain is anavoidable. This work provides a logical tool to define the hierarchy of the maintenance plain of the infrastructural heritage based on one hand on the structure state of conservation and on the other hand on the context in which the construction is integrated

In this article, the author attempts to uncover and then critically analyze the nonlinear world dynamics of the leading trend of our time. Close attention is paid to the place and role of social processes that contribute to the growth of nonlinearity and unpredictability of modern world dynamics. The meaning of the synergetic concept is clarified when considering the dynamics of the present world. Shows the variability of modern social relations. The essence of the self-determinability of the world is presented. The hierarchization of modern social systems is determined.

The politeness system is one of the most subtle and everyday forms of gender violence.Harassment in public is a socially accepted practice in Chile, where the ideological background crosses the various social spheres and remains rooted in the national and Latin American ethos.This article questions its bases, revealing the symbolic violence, gender hierarchization, and the reproduction of the ideology of separate spheres infused in street "flattery".

La investigación “«Pensamiento permitido», formas de conocimiento y jerarquización del saber: apuntes psicosociales”, trata de una interpelación al mundo del conocimiento si bien desde las posiciones de sujeto que permite y propicia el saber académico, pasando por éste y volviendo a éste, discurre y transita por “otras formas de conocimiento” según algunas tesis de Henri Bergson acerca de “la inteligencia” entendida como una posibilidad entre aquellas formas, y no la única. Tal puesta en cuestión se encamina a animar la reflexión en torno a los alcances y efectos de contextos de intelección soportados por la noción de inmovilidad, de una realidad en tanto escrupulosamente separada y, en definitiva, a favor y contributiva de hacer cursar como natural la administración que sufre el conocimiento de acuerdo a múltiples jerarquizaciones sujetas a marcos normativos y estructuraciones institucionales que parecen invisibles a las tareas del pensamiento (no sólo académico). A propósito de las estructuraciones institucionales en las que estamos inmersos, viene al caso centrarse en la forma “Estado-Nación”, en condiciones situadas, sea el caso en “regiones colonizadas”, y cómo ello facilita interrogar las tramas que diversas relaciones de poder ponen a disposición con arreglo a saberes específicos y generales al hilo del sostenimiento del “orden social” y determinadas estrategias de “control” que lo garantizan. Finalmente, se propone una lectura a partir del “retraimiento mertoniano” según la cual la tarea crítica no logra estado de concreción sin negarse o traicionarse a sí misma, al esquivar su condición de objeto biopolítico; luego la intersección entre sujeto de conocimiento, sujeto investigador/a, sujeto autor/a, sujeto escritor/a dilucida -en sus conflictivos distancias y encuentros- condiciones para la crítica sin el amparo de garantías acríticas, esto es, advirtiendo antes la fuerza permanente de diversos a priori, y de la episteme y dispositivo (foucaultianos).<br>The investigation “«Permitted thought», forms of knowing and hierarchization of knowledge: psychosocial notes”, questions the world of knowledge from the position of the subject that allows and facilitates academic knowledge by going through and back to it after visiting “other ways of knowing”, as Henri Bergson put it in some theses on “intelligence” considered as a mere possibility among others. This questioning aims at thinking about the scope and effects of comprehension contexts supported on immobility, of a reality scrupulously separated and unquestionably contributing to present as natural the condition of knowledge as submitted to multiple hierarchizations within statutory frameworks and institutional structures that go apparently unnoticed by thought processes (not only academical). With regard to the institutional structures we are immersed in, the look is focused on the form “State/Nation” in “colonized regions”, as this serves the inquiry concerning the plot that diverse power relationships exhibit in agreement with both specific and general knowledge that support the “social order” and certain corresponding “control” strategies. Finally, a reading from the viewpoint of “Mertonian withdrawal” is proposed, upon which the task of criticism works only through self-denying or self-betraying, inasmuch as it does not address its condition of bio-political object; whereas the intersection among subject of knowledge, subject as inquirer, subject as author, and subject as writer, elucidates –through their conflicting encounters and estrangements– the conditions of criticism free from acritical warrants, that is, aware of the existing driving force of diverse a priories, as well as Foucault’s episteme and dispositifs.

The subject of this thesis is the question of immigration in contemporary (Western) European societies which is treated by detailed exposition of the concrete historical case of immigration from the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) to France during the 20th century. The first part of the work consists of the brief history of immigration to France and of the wider theoretical context for the sociological inquiry of the phenomena linked with immigration, especially the paradoxical situation which results from the fact of immigration in the nation states and the logic of the formation of the interethnic relations. As a theoretical support for following analysis, several theories are presented: Goffman's theory of stigmatization, Becker's labelling theory, theory of the social representations of Moscovici and Merton's concept of self-fullfilling prophecy. In the second part, the particular case of immigration from Maghreb countries to France is examined with the special attention to the social representations made in French society in the context of this historical process. The main subject of this work is the situation of the descendants of immigrants from Maghreb countries in the French society, especially their position in its social structure - the third part therefore consists of the analysis...

This chapter presents an overview of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) policy and practice in Europe to shed light on the neoliberalization and commodification processes involved in the global spread of English. The first part surveys the key issues of CLIL research in Europe by offering a summary of the major trends in policy and practice. The second section advocates for approaching CLIL as policy and practice from an ethnographic, political economy perspective to understand the complex relationships between bilingual language policy, stakeholders’ circulating discourses about bilingualism, and bilingual classroom practices. The third section briefly illustrates the case of bilingual programs in the central-south autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain, attending to the social hierarchization processes involved in the implementation of CLIL programs in this region. The chapter’s final section advocates for the need to incorporate the ethnographic turn in future research on CLIL in Europe and beyond.

Europe, and the European Union in particular, can be conceived as a transnational social space with a high degree of transactions across borders of member states. The question is how efforts to provide social protection for cross-border migrants in the EU reinforce existing inequalities (e.g. between regions or within households), and lead to new types of inequalities (e.g. stratification of labour markets). Social protection in the EU falls predominantly under the purview of individual member states; hence, frictions between different state-operated protection systems and social protection in small groups are particularly apparent in the case of cross-border flows of people and resources. Chapter 5 examines in detail the general social mechanisms operative in cross-border forms of social protection, in particular, exclusion, opportunity hoarding, hierarchization, and exploitation, and also more concrete mechanisms which need to be constructed bottom-up.

This chapter discusses the role and impact of personality on the vote. It reopens the question of what a notion of ‘personality’ entails, focusing on eight discrete personality traits: sensitivity, anxiety, alienation, freedom aspiration, extraversion, risk aversion, care, and confrontation. The chapter assess whether personality derivatives such as favourite colours and animal resemblances also help to explain differences in electoral behaviour. It then introduces a twist to the question of morality. While different people may be more, or less, vocal about their sense of morals, the most relevant variation in electoral politics pertains rather to moral hierarchization: different citizens prioritizing differently some moral principles over others. The chapter also reintroduces the notion of egocentrism and sociotropism in the vote. It identifies four dimensions of sociotropism: economic, social, safety, and misery.

This chapter tests the structural part of the book’s theory from a global perspective. It analyzes the relationship between ethnic cleavage types and the prevalence of different forms of ethnopolitical contention. Relying on large-n statistical analyses, it shows, first, that the extremely unequal colonial settler states experience fewer and less lethal ethnic civil conflicts but higher levels of peaceful ethnopolitical contention than the decolonized states and other multiethnic countries. These results are robust when considering the immediate postindependence period of the settler states and when testing for the possible endogeneity of cleavage types. Second, the chapter confirms that the theorized effects of hierarchization and social integration apply to all multiethnic states in general. Ethnic civil conflict is generally more likely the more segmented and less hierarchically structured multiethnic states are. Specifically, stable between-group hierarchies reduce the risk of governmental conflict, whereas segmentation only affects secessionist conflicts.