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Journal articles on the topic 'Social history 19th-century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Katznelson, Ira, Hartmut Kaelble, and Bruce Little. "Industrialization and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19, no. 2 (1988): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204675.

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2

Freudenberger, Herman, and Hartmut Kaelble. "Industrialisation and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe." American Historical Review 93, no. 5 (1988): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873585.

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3

Walton, Whitney, and Hartmut Kaelble. "Industrialisation and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe." Technology and Culture 29, no. 3 (1988): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105303.

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4

Kulbaka, Jacek. "From the history of disabilities (16th-19th century)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (October 11, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.2.

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The article presents various circumstances (social, legal, philosophical and scientific) connected with the care, upbringing and education of people with disabilities from the early modern era to the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention was to the history of people with disabilities in the Polish lands. The author tried to recall the activity of leading educational activists, pedagogues and scientists – animators of special education in Poland, Europe and the world. The text also contains information related to the activities of educational and upbringing institutions (institutional, organisational, methodological and other aspects).

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5

Albisetti, J. C. "Secondary Schools and Social Structure in 19th Century Germany." Journal of Social History 28, no. 4 (1995): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/28.4.877.

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6

Crosland, M. P. "Two 19th-century French physical scientists." Metascience 19, no. 2 (2010): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9365-8.

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7

O'Brien, Patrick. "Industrialisation and the social inequality in 19th-century Europe." Journal of Historical Geography 15, no. 4 (1989): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(89)90008-x.

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8

Freemantle, Harry. "Frédéric Le Play and 19th-century vision machines." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 1 (2016): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116673526.

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An early proponent of the social sciences, Frédéric Le Play, was the occupant of senior positions within the French state in the mid- to late 19th century. He was writing at a time when science was ascending. There was for him no doubt that scientific observation, correctly applied, would allow him unmediated access to the truth. It is significant that Le Play was the organizer of a number of universal expositions because these expositions were used as vehicles to demonstrate the ascendant position of western civilization. The fabrication of linear time is a history of progress requiring a vision of history analogous to the view offered the spectator at a diorama. Le Play employed the design principles and spirit of the diorama in his formulations for the social sciences, and L’Exposition Universelle of 1867 used the technology wherever it could. Both the gaze of the spectators and the objects viewed are part and products of the same particular and unique historical formation. Ideas of perception cannot be separated out from the conditions that make them possible. Vision and its effects are inseparable from the observing subject who is both a product of a particular historical moment and the site of certain practices.

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9

Kovic, Milos. "Knowledge or intent: Contemporary world historiography on Serbs in 19th century." Sociologija 53, no. 4 (2011): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1104401k.

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The fall of the Berlin Wall and the destruction of Yugoslavia brought about a complete change of the political and social context in Europe and in the world. Consequently, history, as a scholarly discipline, was also significantly transformed. In this wider context, the interpretations of the Serbian 19th century experienced far-reaching revision. Thus, it is necessary to scrutinize the main topics of the debate on 19th century Serbian history in the contemporary world historiography, as well as to examine the main causes of this academic revision.

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10

Agensky, Jonathan C. "Recognizing religion: Politics, history, and the “long 19th century”." European Journal of International Relations 23, no. 4 (2017): 729–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066116681428.

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Analyses of religion and international politics routinely concern the persistence of religion as a critical element in world affairs. However, they tend to neglect the constitutive interconnections between religion and political life. Consequently, religion is treated as exceptional to mainstream politics. In response, recent works focus on the relational dimensions of religion and international politics. This article advances an “entangled history” approach that emphasizes the constitutive, relational, and historical dimensions of religion — as a practice, discursive formation, and analytical category. It argues that these public dimensions of religion share their conditions of possibility and intelligibility in a political order that crystallized over the long 19th century. The neglect of this period has enabled International Relations to treat religion with a sense of closure at odds with the realities of religious political behavior and how it is understood. Refocusing on religion’s historical entanglements recovers the concept as a means of explaining international relations by “recognizing” how it is constituted as a category of social life. Beyond questions of the religious and political, this article speaks to renewed debates about the role of history in International Relations, proposing entanglement as a productive framing for international politics more generally.

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11

Oancea, Claudiu. "Mirroring Post-1989 Historiography in Romania: Revista de Istorie Socială (The Review of Social History)." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102022.

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Social history is a relatively new field in Romanian historiography. In this context, Revista de Istorie Socială has attempted, since 1996, to contribute to the development of this field of studies and to bridge the gap between various historical schools and generations, opening new fields of research and reinterpreting old ones. This review essay provides an overview of the Review’s editorial policy, its publications, structure and content, in order to evaluate its impact on the development of social history in post-communist Romania. It is argued that the Review exhibits various historiographical influences, ranging from 19th century historicism to 20th century national schools of social history, most importantly the French Annales.

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12

Hawkins, M. J. "The struggle for existence in 19th-century social theory: three case studies." History of the Human Sciences 8, no. 3 (1995): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269519500800303.

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13

Griffiths, Jennifer. "Explorations in the social history of modern Central Asia (19th-early 20th century)." Central Asian Survey 33, no. 3 (2014): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2014.908002.

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14

Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.

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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.

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15

Cohen, Ben. "Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) – a 19th century physician." Journal of Medical Biography 15, no. 3 (2007): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-24.

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This account of Anton Chekhov's life as a doctor is distinct from the short story writer and playwright on which his fame rests. It describes his school days, the years as a medical student and the period in general practice. In later years he became active in social medicine on a voluntary basis and earned his living purely from his literary work. He died from pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 44 years.

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16

Currie, Kate. "Famines in 19th century Indian history: A materialist alternative to ecological reductionism." Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, no. 4 (1986): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472338685390221.

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17

Bonde, Hans. "The Time and Speed Ideology: 19th Century Industrialisation and Sport." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 10 (2009): 1315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360903057419.

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18

Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.

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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.

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19

Arminjon, Mathieu. "The American Roots of Social Epidemiology and its Transnational Circulation. From the African-American Hypertension Enigma to the WHO’s Recommendations." Gesnerus 77, no. 1 (2020): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77002.

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In 2008, the Commission on Social Determinants of Health at the World Health Organisation published a report demonstrating the existence of a socio-economic gradient for health. Though health inequalities had been apparent since at least the 19th century, the report introduced a bio-psycho-social aetiological model that was absent from 19th century social medicine, as well as from former WHO documents. To bio-psycho-social epidemiologists stress associated with social status is the main cause of morbidity and death. Here I begin by noting that the history social epidemiologists have written for their fi eld tends to inscribe their work in continuity with 19th century social medicine. This contributes towards minimizing the epistemological and contextual transformations that led bio-psycho-social epidemiology to initiate a profound transformation in international health policy. Adopting an epistemological and transnational perspective, I fi rstly argue that bio-psycho-social epidemiology emerged from René Dubos’ historical and epistemological critique of the foundation of 19th century social medicine. I secondly show how the political and epistemological research program elaborated by Dubos developed in the US context, which was characterized both by a growing concern for chronic diseases and for racial inequalities. Finally, I show that through its transnational circulation in the United Kingdom, bio-psycho-social epidemiology was “de-racialized”. This step was a prerequisite for its aetiological model to be integrated into international public health strategies and to transform them.

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20

Keravuori, Kirsi. "SELF-TAUGHT WRITERS, FAMILY CORRESPONDENCE, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN THE 19TH-CENTURY FINNISH ARCHIPELAGO." Scandinavian Journal of History 44, no. 3 (2018): 310–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2018.1531782.

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21

Lee, W. Robert, and Peter Marschalck. "Infant mortality in Bremen in the 19th century." History of the Family 7, no. 4 (2002): 557–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(02)00127-6.

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22

Popławska, Irena, and Stefan Muthesius. "Poland's Manchester: 19th-Century Industrial and Domestic Architecture in Lodz." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45, no. 2 (1986): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990093.

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So far, 19th-century architecture in any of the three parts of the divided country of Poland has received virtually no attention from Western (and that includes German) architectural or town-planning historians. Lodz was undoubtedly the most important Polish town developed in the 19th century. The rapidity of the growth, especially in the later 19th century, was astonishing even by western European standards; the degree of preservation of late-19th-century industrial buildings-understood to include not only factories, but also workers' dwellings and factory owners' mansions-is considerable. After examining more briefly the early development of the textile colonies, which were supported very much by the State, the article deals in more detail with large industrial buildings erected by the most important entrepreneurs, Scheibler and Poznański. An attempt is made to relate the particular configuration of workers' houses and mansions to the social set-up locally and generally.

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23

Eppel, Michael. "NOTE ABOUT THE TERM EFFENDIYYA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 3 (2009): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809091466.

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The term effendiyya (singular: effendi) appears in many articles and books on the social and political history of the Middle East between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Many authors have made use of this term, but very few have paused to discuss its meaning. At least one important scholar, however, raised doubts about its usefulness.

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24

Barnes, T. J. "A History of Regression: Actors, Networks, Machines, and Numbers." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 2 (1998): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300203.

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In this paper the history of correlation and regression analyses, both in the discipline of statistics generally and in human geography particularly, is examined. It is argued that correlation and regression analysis emerged from a particular social and cultural context, and that this context entered into the very nature of those techniques. The paper is divided into three sections. First, to counter the idea that mathematics and statistics are somehow outside the social, the arguments put forward by David Bloor and Bruno Latour suggesting that mathematical propositions arc socially constructed are briefly reviewed. Second, using the ideas of both Bloor and Latour I turn to the development of statistics as an intellectual discipline during the 19th century, and specifically to the invention of correlation and regression at the end of that period. It is argued that the development of statistics as a discipline and its associated techniques are both stamped by, but also leave their stamp on, the wider society in which they are set. Last, the importation of correlation and regression analyses into human geography which occurred in the 1950s is examined. Following my general social constructionist argument, it is suggested that because of the difference in context the correlation and regression analyses devised in the late 19th century were often inappropriate for mid-20th century spatial science.

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25

Pratt, John. "Punishment and the Lessons from History." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 25, no. 2 (1992): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589202500201.

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This article examines the range of social forces which constitute the collection of legal sanctions which make up modem punishment systems. While not disputing the importance of the social control capacities which have been influential in the process, it argues that we also have to take into account changing cultural sensitivities and the still prevailing remnants of 19th Century political economy if we are to effectively understand the nature of punishment today. It draws primarily, although not exclusively, on historical research undertaken in New Zealand.

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26

McElvenny, James. "August Schleicher and Materialism in 19th-Century Linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00018.mce.

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Summary Towards the end of his career, August Schleicher (1821–1868), the great consolidator of Indo-European historical-comparative linguistics in the mid-19th century, famously drew explicit parallels between linguistics and the new evolutionary theory of Darwinism. Based on this, it has become customary in linguistic historiography to refer to Schleicher’s ‘Darwinian’ theory of language, even though it has long been established that Schleicher’s views have other origins that pre-date his contact with Darwinism. For his contemporary critics in Germany, however, Schleicher’s thinking was an example not of Darwinism but of ‘materialism’. This article examines what ‘materialism’ meant in 19th-century Germany – its philosophical as well as its political dimensions – and looks at why Schleicher’s critics applied this label to him. It analyses the relevant aspects of Schleicher’s linguistics and philosophy of science and the criticisms directed against them by H. Steinthal (1823–1899). It then discusses the contemporary movement of scientific materialism and shows how Schleicher’s political views, social background and personal experiences bound him to this movement.

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27

Hussin, Nordin. "Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830." Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no. 1 (2012): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853112x632566.

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Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.

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28

Baysal, Kübra. "Surviving history: Kate Chopin." Ars Aeterna 7, no. 1 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aa-2015-0001.

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Abstract Bearing witness to the colonial and anti-feminist atmosphere of 19th-century America, Kate Chopin created her works against a background of all kinds of repression reigning over social life. Likewise, Désirée’s Baby focuses mainly on a young woman’s marital life and the social/familial problems she confronts because of her personal background and imperial and gender-based oppression surrounding her life. Through a new historicist reading, the story has several humane elements to be taken into account. Reflecting the periphery and the repressed, Désirée’s Baby is a significant anticanonical writing with an inspiring human touch and a historically excluded work which depicts the dramatic existential problems of the time

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29

Obert, Jonathan. "The Six-Shooter Marketplace: 19th-Century Gunfighting as Violence Expertise." Studies in American Political Development 28, no. 1 (2014): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x13000187.

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How are new forms of violence expertise organized and exploited? Most scholars view this as primarily a question of state-building; that is, violence experts use their skills in an attempt to regulate economic transactions or to extract and redistribute resources via protection rents either for themselves or at the behest of political elites. In an alternative view, this article demonstrates that historical gunfighters active in the late 19th-century American Southwest were actually market actors—the possessors of valuable skills cultivated through participation in the Civil War and diffused through gunfighting and reputation building in key marketentrepôts. Neither solely state-builders nor state-resisters, as they have traditionally been interpreted, gunfighters composed a professional class that emerged in the 1870s and 1880s and who moved frequently between wage-paying jobs, seizing economic opportunities on both sides of the law and often serving at the behest of powerful economic, rather than political, actors. I establish this claim by examining a dataset of over 250 individuals active in the “gunfighting system” of the post-bellum West, demonstrating that the social connections forged through fighting, and diffused through social networks, helped generate a form of organized violence that helped bring “law and order” to the frontier but as a byproduct of market formation rather than as state-building.

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30

Mullan, Michael. "Opposition, Social Closure, and Sport: The Gaelic Athletic Association in the 19th Century." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 3 (1995): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.3.268.

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The rise of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in late 19th-century Ireland offers significant diversity to a “normal” model of national sport development. The GAA, influenced through much of its early history by a vanguard of determined Irish militants, was fiercely opposed to anything British, including the “new” bourgeois sports. Yet, in spite of its alliance with separatist politics, the growth of the GAA displayed a social dynamic, albeit in reverse form, similar to other national patterns seen in Western sport development. Parkin’s (1979) concept of social closure is suited to the sociological analysis of Victorian sport, including the early GAA; using indices of occupational exclusion based on religion, this study suggests that a system of vocational closure at the top of 19th-century Irish society eventually invited a challenge from the forces of opposition below.

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31

Owens, Patricia. "International historical what?" International Theory 8, no. 3 (2016): 448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971916000130.

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This essay examines the relationship between history and theory through a historical and political analysis of the rise of distinctly social theories, concepts, and practices in the ‘long 19th century’. Sociomania, obsession with things ‘socio’, is a problem in international theory. It is also a serious missed opportunity for Buzan and Lawson’s study of the 19th century. The Global Transformation contributes to international theory in showing how mainstream IR has failed to grasp the full significance of this period. But, in this crucial regard at least, so too have its authors. In adopting rather than fully historicizing the rise and expansion of social theories, works of ‘historical social science’ obscure rather than illuminate the historical and political origins of social forms of governance and thought; underestimate their significance for the history of international theory; and are unable to identify the more fundamental governance form of which the rise of the modern social realm is a concrete historical expression.

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32

Sinem Kucuk, Kamile. "The Sociocultural Aspects of Merchant Class in the Light of Russian Painting Art." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p81-85.

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The merchant class, which contributed to the improvement of Russia, evolved due to politicial reforms. Especially in 1861 the emancipation reform of the Russian serfs caused social and culturel changes in the life of merchants. In 19th and early 20th century, the works of Russian genre painters P.A. Fedetov, A.P. Ryabushkin, V.G. Perov, F. Juravlev and B.M. Kustodiyev not only reflected the social situation and stereotypes of merchants, but also revealed cultural history of the mentioned class. In this paper it is aimed to disclose the evolution of merchant class in 19th and the early 20th century, observing and analysing the art of Russian painting in sociocultural perspective.

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33

Saunders, Robert. "Doubtful democrats: Democracy in Britain since 1800." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 2 (2019): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419835749.

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Over the ‘long’ 19th century, British politics underwent a quiet revolution: a revolution, not in its governing institutions, but in the ideas that underpinned them. In little more than a century, the idea of ‘democracy’—once a term of abuse, from which even radical politicians sought to disassociate themselves—established itself as the civic religion of British politics: the one authority against which there could be no court of appeal. Like other religions, democracy spawned a variety of sects and denominations, each of which sought to defend it against false democratic creeds: ranging from ‘social democracy’ and ‘industrial democracy’ to ‘Tory democracy’, ‘the property-owning democracy’, and ‘the democracy of the market’. The result, paradoxically, was to establish democracy both as the universal principle of British politics and as its central battlefield: an idea to which all paid tribute, but which seemed permanently under siege. This article explores the peculiar voyage of British democratic thought over the 19th and 20th centuries, focusing on its usage as an instrument of political warfare. The first section charts its emergence as the most potent challenge to the dominant narratives of the early-19th century: Whig constitutionalism and ‘reform’. A second section then charts the absorption of democracy into the core narratives of British political thought, while exploring the very different ends to which its authority could be put. A final section identifies three narrative battlegrounds for democracy in the 19th century, opening up fault lines that continue to structure British politics in the present.

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34

Arrizabalaga, Marie-Pierre. "Basque women and urban migration in the 19th century." History of the Family 10, no. 2 (2005): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2004.01.015.

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35

Caramelea, Ramona. "Public Examinations in Romanian Secondary Schools at the End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_3.

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The article offers an historical perspective on examination in public secondary schools at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century – a period of maximum expansion of secondary education. The first part of the article focuses on the institutionalization and formalization of examination practices, while the second one discusses the shaping of the examination as a topic, following the discourses produced by different social actors. In the second half of the 19th century, the school was perceived as an instrument for social mobility based on the meritocratic ideal and as an element of national and state building, being given the role of inoculating a national identity. Within this socio-educational context, secondary schools represent the recruitment pool of the administrative elite and ensure the acquisition of cultural capital necessary for accessing various positions, all these aspects shaping the social functions of exams. The documentary analysis based on archival sources revealed a nuanced social perspective, in which the teaching staff and the parents give new meanings to the concept of examination and design new functions for exams.

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Baten, Joerg, Ines Pelger, and Linda Twrdek. "The anthropometric history of Argentina, Brazil and Peru during the 19th and early 20th century." Economics & Human Biology 7, no. 3 (2009): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.04.003.

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37

Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Staatsangehörigkeit und Bürgerrecht in Deutschland während des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, no. 1 (2020): 364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0006.

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AbstractNaturalizing and excluding. Nationality and citizenship law in 19th and 20th century Germany. Nationality law in Germany came up as a legal institution of German federal states at the beginning of 19th century and underwent a process of nationalization. The principle of descent (Abstammungsprinzip), which was – before a legal reform in 2000 – hegemonic, was used to define German nationality primarily as a community of ethno-cultural descent. This restrictive use of German nationality law did not establish, however, a direct line of conceptual and political continuity between ‘ethno-cultural’ and ‘racial’ criteria, and it was primarily based on a politico-social constellation of political, demographic and national instability, not on a specific German national discourse.

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38

Bourke, Joanna. "Sexual Violence, Bodily Pain, and Trauma: A History." Theory, Culture & Society 29, no. 3 (2012): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276412439406.

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Psychological trauma is a favoured trope of modernity. It has become commonplace to assume that all ‘bad events’ – and particularly those which involve violence – have a pathological effect on the sufferer’s psyche, as well as that of the perpetrators. This essay explores the ways victims of rape and sexual assault were understood in psychiatric, psychological, forensic, and legal texts in Britain and America from the 19th to the late 20th century. It argues that, unlike most other ‘bad events’, which were incorporated within trauma narratives from the 1860s, the ascription of psychological trauma was only applied to rape victims a century later. Why and what were the consequences?

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Drezgic, Rada. "Pregnancy prevention and/or termination: On history of birth control in Serbia." Sociologija 58, no. 3 (2016): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1603335d.

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This text gives a brief survey of history of fertility control in Serbia from the 19th century to present. Special attention is given to the mid 20th century, the period during which currently still prevalent model of fertility control has been constituted in Serbia. This model is marked by a combination of behavioral methods and abortion, as a backup method. The author scrutinizes structural and ideological features from different levels of social organization that have framed this model of family planning and examines its advantages over medical contraception from the users? perspective. Finally, the text discusses the ambivalent status of abortion in society which has been at the same time rather widespread and normalized method of birth control and stigmatized.

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Cruz, Jesus. "Building Liberal Identities in 19th Century Madrid: The Role of Middle Class Material Culture." Americas 60, no. 3 (2004): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0007.

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In recent years, most historians have abandoned the idea that the revolutions that shook the Atlantic world between 1776 and 1848 were the work of a single social class. A number of studies on the social composition of the groups that ignited and propelled the different revolutionary processes demonstrate the diversity of conditions and social backgrounds of the revolutionaries. However, this revisionism is posing new questions as to why these contingencies in Europe and the Americas decided to mobilize, to construct new liberal national states, and how they carried it out.Spain is a good sample case for this historiographical inquiry. At present, few historians accept the idea that the series of upheavals that brought about a new liberal state during the 19th century resulted from the exclusive pressure of a national bourgeoisie. Recent scholarship has revisited the classic bourgeois revolution paradigm by presenting liberalism as an ideology that captivated the imagination of Spaniards of a variety of social ranks, with special impact among urban middle and popular groups. But if Spanish scholars are providing better explanations regarding who embraced liberal ideas and facilitated their spread, the answers for the “why” and “how” this process occurred are, in my opinion, less convincing.

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Timofeev, Mikhail Yu. "SEMIOTIC MATRIX OF THE 19th CENTURY FACTORY CITY: MANCHESTER, IVANOVO-VOSNESENSK AND LODZ." Ural Historical Journal 70, no. 1 (2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-1(70)-89-96.

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The article is devoted to the formation of an industrial urban narrative in the 19th century literature. Changes in the urban environment as a result of the industrial revolution presupposed creation of a new figurative language, which could be used to describe industrial centers. This concerned the portrayal of social changes and their context. The main antithesis of industrial loci is not the patriarchal city, but the natural environment or the countryside, changing as a result of expansion of a growing number of factories and plants. One of the most rapidly developing spheres of capitalist production in the 18th–19th centuries was the textile industry. In the middle of the 19th century, Manchester became a kind of benchmark for textile centers in different European countries. As an example of the depiction of industrial loci, the author considers texts about two “Manchesters” of the Russian Empire — the village of Ivanovo (since 1871, the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk) and the Polish city of Lodz. In the first case, numerous essays, stories and poems are the basis used to form the local text. In the second case, it is the famous V. Reymont’s novel “The Promised Land”. The semiotic analysis is applied to the urban environment and landscape, the auditory and olfactory characteristics of typical industrial cities.

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ZARINEBAF-SHAHR, FARIBA. "SHIREEN MAHDAVI, For God, Mammon, and Country (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999). Pp. 304." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (2001): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801222065.

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The social and economic history of the Qajar period has not received much attention from Iranian or Western scholars. The present book has partly filled this gap by focusing on the biography of a leading Iranian merchant and entrepreneur, Haj Muhammad Hasan Amin al-Zarb. It complements the few existing studies by Issawi (1971), Ashraf (1980), and Natiq (1992) on the economic history of 19th-century Iran. The author shows that the expansion of foreign trade in Iran benefited many native merchants, who successfully used their entrepreneurial skills, experience of the internal market conditions, and family networks to gain an important social and economic place during the 19th century. The Qajar ruler Nasir al-Din Shah encouraged and supported native merchants and provided them with important privileges and concessions. Many leading Iranian merchants, such as Amin al-Zarb, engaged in regional and international trade, set up family firms, and performed important banking functions for the state. Further, they used their capital to invest in manufacturing, mining, communication networks, and education. In the absence of an economic and political infrastructure and state support, their achievements were of limited success. Nevertheless, they left an important legacy of social and political engagement that continued to shape the course of Iranian history in the 20th century.

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Budzar, Maryna. "KYIV HISTORY IN EGO-DOCUMENTS: HRYHORII GALAGAN’S LETTER TO OLEKSANDR KOCHUBEY, 1857." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2017): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2017.13640.

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The use of the epistolary heritage is one of the main requirements of the researchers who study Ukrainian cities. An important task is to reconstruct the history of Kyiv through the impressions of its inhabitants. Such a task is realized in the article, which is the publication of one of the letters of Hryhorii Pavlovych Galagan, the great landlord, influential public and cultural figure of the middle and second half of the 19th century, to his wife’s uncle, Oleksandr Vasyliovych Kochubey, the representative of the higher echelons of the imperial elite, a member of the State Council of Russian Empire. The document is a significant source. Apart the main theme of the letter — the visit of Emperor Alexander II to Kyiv in autumn of 1857, here is highlighted a number of socio-political and private-family issues. The publication of the document is important for the study of the Ukrainian elite of the 19th century in multidimensional manifestations of social and everyday life.

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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.

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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.

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Nevzorov, Evgeniy, Svetlana Bukalova, and Sergey Simonov. "Soldiers' children as a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 181 (2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-181-164-172.

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We consider the social and legal status, family status and class transformations of soldiers’ offspring in the second half of the 19th century. The great reforms of the 60–70s of the 19th century did not actually affect the regulation of children of lower ranks and reserve soldiers. In this context, it is clear that there has been very little change in the situation of such children compared to the recruitment period. Soldiers’ children in the 19th century continued to fill up the lumpenized population groups of the Russian Empire, and their situation remained shaky, unstable and uncertain. We reveal the historical and legal dynamics aspects of the social and class status of children of representatives of the “military class”: soldiers’ children, reserve soldiers’ children, recruits’ children. We ascertain features of the charity and welfare organization for the families with called up soldiers during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Attracting a wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed quite successfully to reconstruct existing social and legal regulation and the practice of charity “military offspring” of lower ranks soldiers. We reveal features of the “reflection” of soldiers’ position in primary archival documents and legislative acts, including social and legal conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military children”. We give a historiographic assessment of the study of legal status of soldiers’ children and their everyday life in the war and peace years of the second half of the 19th century. We identify research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians on the stated issues. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the soldier’s offspring, which is still “in the shadow” of research interest in the history community. We prove that “soldiers’ children” were and remained a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. We reveal the peculiarities of studying this category of “military class” in pre-reform and post-reform Russia.

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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001262.

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AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.

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Nystedt, Paul. "Widowhood-related mortality in Scania, Sweden during the 19th century." History of the Family 7, no. 3 (2002): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(02)00113-6.

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Matthijs, Koen. "Frequency, timing and intensity of remarriage in 19th century Flanders." History of the Family 8, no. 1 (2003): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(03)00010-1.

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Sovič, Silvia. "Families and households of the poor: The 19th-century Sloveniangostači." History of the Family 10, no. 2 (2005): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2004.10.002.

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Doust, Janet L. "Two English immigrant families in Australia in the 19th century." History of the Family 13, no. 1 (2008): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2007.12.001.

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