Journal articles on the topic 'Social history, modern, 1500-'

AbstractThe paper analyses the composition, social organization and wide range of activities of the Indian maritime merchant of the early modern period. Regional contrasts between Gujarat, the Coromandel coast and Bengal are discussed. The last section of the paper discusses the interaction between the Indian maritime merchants and the Europeans, both the corporate enterprises as well as private traders. It is argued that the Indian merchants displayed a remarkable degree of adaptiveness and resilience and refused to be overwhelmed by the competition provided by the Europeans. Cet article analyse la composition, l'organisation sociale, et les activités diverses qu'exploitent les marchands maritimes indiens du début de la période moderne. Les contrastes régionaux entre le Gujarat, la côte du Coromandel et le Bengal passeront la revue. La dernière section de l'article est consacrée à l'interaction entre les marchands maritimes indiens et les Européens, tant les grandes sociétés de négoce que la marine de commerce privée. Il est avancé que les marchands indiens se montrèrent très adaptifs et dynamiques et qu'ils refusèrent d'être subjugués par la concurrence survenue par l'arrivée des Européens.

Institutions and economies underwent profound changes between 1500 and 1800 in most parts of Europe. Differences among societies decreased in some ways, but markedly increased in others. Do these changes and these variations tell us anything about the relationship between social organisation and economic well-being? This is a very wide question, and even the qualified ‘yes’ with which I will answer it, though based on the detailed empirical research of some hundreds of local studies undertaken in the past few decades, is far from definitive. Many of these studies were inspired by an influential set of hypotheses, known as the ‘theory of proto-industrialisation’. While this theory has been enormously fruitful, its conclusions about European economic and social development are no longer tenable. This paper offers an alternative interpretation of the evidence now available about proto-industrialisation in different European societies, and explores its implications by investigating one region of Central Europe between 1580 and about 1800.

Abstract The period 1500-1800 saw the publication of a number of manuals and handbooks containing instructions for carving meat and fruit on the table, and folding napkins and other linens. These books contain information on otherwise invisible aspects of material and social life and are notable for their intriguing and often beautiful illustrations. Part of a larger category of texts that addressed courtesy, etiquette and behavior for household servants, people in charge of them, and those who aspired to this lifestyle, examples of the genre may be found in Italian, French, German, English, Dutch, Spanish and probably other languages as well. Echoes of a suite of engraved illustrations for an Italian carving manual first published in Padua in 1629 can be seen in books printed all over Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

The political transformation to the early modern state occurred around 1500 not only in Europe but also in the Middle East. This transformation was marked in the Middle East by a political discourse about justice that emerged in several polities, contemporary with a similar discourse taking place in Europe. The concern for political justice, expressed in a variety of languages and genres, addressed a governmental change that occurred across the region and altered the relationship between different social groups and the state. That change was the transition from small, loosely ruled states to the larger, more consolidated ones characteristic of the early modern era.

ABSTRACTThis article examines the development of formal poor-relief provision across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in rural Germany, through a case study of a district of the Duchy of Württemberg. It presents a detailed picture of practices to support the poor, whether through payments and alms from the poor chest, institutions providing credit, common rights or village and town granaries. In building up a picture of institutional practice, it also presents extensive information on the recipients of relief. It is argued that both the institutional framework and new trends in its development during the period ante-dated the Reformation, and that this society enjoyed a wide and varied capacity to support the poor that bears comparison with the English Old Poor Law. However, in a differing socio-economic context, demand for support remained more limited, and the demographic catastrophe of the Thirty Years' War arrested trends towards increasingly formalized collections, pensions and doles.

ABSTRACTBoth empirically and interpretively, extant histories of psychiatry reveal a vastly greater degree of difference among themselves than historical accounts of any other field. Scholarship focuses on the period after 1800 and the same is true of historiographical reviews; those of early modern British psychiatry are often brief literature studies. This article sets out in depth the development of this rich and varied branch of history since the 1950s, exploring the many different approaches that have contributed to understanding the mad and how they were treated. Social, cultural, philosophical, religious, and intellectual historians have contributed as much as historians of science and medicine to understanding an enduring topic of fascination: ‘disorders of consciousness and conduct’ and their context. Appreciating the sometimes unacknowledged lineages of the subject and the personal histories of scholars (roots and routes) makes it easier to understand the past, present, and future of the history of psychiatry. The article explores European and North American influences as well as British traditions, looking at both the main currents of historiographical change and developments particular to the history of psychiatry.

The houses in early modern European cities almost all had names and signs. These are usually taken to be an early form of advertising, or else a way of finding one's way around the city in times before street names and numbering. This article argues that their primary purpose was to mark the individual, family or ethnic identity of the house owner or tenant. During the eighteenth century the names and signs changed in character, and by the mid-nineteenth century they had almost disappeared from city centres, primarily as a result of changes in individual and family identity among the urban middle classes, and of the transformation of neighbourhood communities under the pressure of urban economic and social integration. The evolution of house names and shop signs therefore illustrates the changing relationship between the city's residents and the urban environment.

AbstractAlthough Naples was one of Europe’s largest cities (after London and Paris), studies of the management of its water supply during the early modern period are sorely lacking, despite growing interest in the subject at both an Italian and European level. Naples was perhaps unique in relying on a vast and tortuous underground network of reservoirs, cisterns, channels and conduits, accessed by well shafts, all fed by an ancient aqueduct. The present study outlines and evaluates the Neapolitan water supply as it existed in the period, analysing the archival records of the municipal tribunal responsible for the city’s infrastructure, the ‘Tribunale della Fortificazione, Acqua e Mattonata’, and its various ‘Appuntamenti’ (proposals), ‘Conclusioni’ (decisions) and edicts. This is interwoven with reference to pertinent printed accounts, from contemporary guide books to medical regimens and health manuals. We examine both water quantity, in terms of availability and accessibility (by looking at the structure and its management, and the technicians responsible for its maintenance) and water quality (by looking at contemporary attitudes and perceptions). In the process we are able to question the widespread view of early modern Naples as chaotic and uncontrolled, governed by a weak public authority, as well as widely held assumptions about the “inertia” of the pre-modern hydro-social system more generally.

En quoi ce que j'appelle les diverses façons de se marier – mariage (en règie), cohabitation, concubinage – diffèrent-elles en Espagne et au Mexique au début de l'époque moderne? Les âges au moment de la formation du couple et les formes de cohabitation different plus grandement qu'on ne l'imaginait. Au début du XVIe siècle, le mode amérindien de formation du couple est la norme chez les indigènes américains: tout le monde se marie, et cela dès l'âge de la puberté. Dans la péninsule ibérique tout type d'union commence au contraire seulement entre 20 et 25 ans. Avec la conquête et la création de la colonie, la formation des couples doit tenir compte, en Nouvelle Espagne, de la race, du privilège et du sexe. Aussi les façons de s'y marier ne ressemblent que fort peu aux usages de la péninsule. Les prêtres catholiques imposent dans les villages indiens le mariage monogamique vers les 15 ou 20 ans et ne tolerent qu'un minimum d'illégitimité. Dans les villes hispaniques les unions ‘naturelles’, la cohabitation et le concubinage sont en plein essor. Vers la fin de la domination espagnole une convergence s'annonce, quoiqu'au Mexique les rapports sexuels prénuptiaux demeurent essentiels pour sceller le pacte nuptial. En 1803, les réformes juridiques donnent plus de pouvoir aux parents des jeunes gens en matière de choix du conjoint. Mais, en même temps, la capacité pour une femme d'obtenir reparation de la part d'un séducteur est fortement compromise. Les troubles politiques lors de l'lndépendance, la détérioration de l'économie et la sécularisation du mariage ébranlent encore davantage la famille mexicaine.

AbstractFollowing some of the themes of the original ‘An agenda for women's history in Ireland, 1500–1900’ and others that were not as prominent, this article considers progress since 1992 and highlights opportunities for the further development of Irish early modern women's and gender history. It considers aspects of the life cycle of women and men, especially birth, youth and marriage; the economic roles of women, especially when it came to work and property; and the importance of movement to and from Ireland in both personal biographies and wider contexts. It also reflects on some of the ways in which understandings of early modern politics and of religion and belief for the period c.1550–1720 have been transformed by consideration of the role of women. While the ‘Agenda’ noted the potential of buildings and spaces, there has been a new emphasis on ‘things’ as remnants of lives and labour, expressions of cultural norms and tools in the construction of gender, selfhood and social status. Very early on, the ‘Agenda’ strongly stated that ‘the history of women is also the history of men’, and this article also notes the green shoots of the history of masculinity in early modern Ireland.

This article focuses on recent revisionist scholarship demonstrating that China's maritime history in the period 1500 to 1630 is no longer a case of ‘missed opportunity’, a viewpoint fostered by earlier writing dominated by state-centric and land-focused models. To challenge this perspective, this study first reviews analyses demonstrating the far-reaching commercial networks between Ming China and localities in Southeast and Northeast Asia, and then considers the impact of the metaphor of Fernand Braudel's ‘Asian Mediterranean’ and his ideas about ‘world economy’ on the study of East Asian seafaring history. Secondly, this investigation reveals the dimensions of Chinese trade networks which the mid-Ming government officially sanctioned, as well as the extent to which literati from the southern provinces challenged the state's involvement in overseas commerce of trade and exchange. Finally, the article assesses how modern historians have studied late Ming maritime defense policies as security along the littoral lapsed.

This article discusses how the constitution, circulation and institutionalization of discourses on poetry and the arts in early modern Europe could best be accounted for from a historical point of view. Pointing to various inconsistencies in the way historians of ideas have traditionally explained the rise of aesthetic discourses, the article examines the usefulness of the tools crafted by historians of the book for the development of such a project. Through an example, the drawbacks of interpretations based solely on serial bibliographies are also addressed, as the author argues for the importance of case studies, grounded in social, cultural and political history, through which various types of aesthetic practices may be made to appear. She also suggests that, to bypass the theoretical and practical deadlocks of traditional Begriffsgeschichte as far as the study of aesthetic practices is concerned, intellectual traditions and the actions that make them possible — that is “actions of transmission” — are to be promoted to the status of primary hermeneutic tools.

This paper explores the cultural meaning of tea drinking for the literati in the later part of the Ming dynasty (around 1500-1644), using the pair ideas of tea as representing a lifestyle close to nature, and tea as a powerful representation of tasteful life in the society. The dual meanings of tea reinforce each other for the Ming literati, giving them the means and outlets to bolster their self-expression and to distinguish their identity in the social-cultural context of limited career opportunities. I examine the role of tea in tea books, tea-themed paintings, and Ming literati’s engagement in tea clubs and other related activities. This paper contributes to dialogues at the intersections of nature, culture, and history by treating tea as a nature-culture object, highlighting that the pursuit of nature is itself a form of cultural power.   

This paper seeks to investigate the phenomenon of Livonian werewolves from the early modern era (1500-1700s). Noting their uniqueness in comparison to contemporaneous werewolves hailing from other geographic areas, the paper suggests that the Livonian werewolf is a metaphor for Livonian society at that time, one which was characterized by social turmoil and strict class hierarchy. This metaphor was utilized by different classes to establish their own interests in society, and thus the paper concludes that the werewolf is a mutable artifact whose value is contingent on its social context. This is demonstrated with the particular case of Old Thiess—a poor, elderly Livonian peasant who gave an unorthodox and anomalous testimony when accused of being a werewolf. In his court statement, it is shown how Thiess was in fact alluding to social tensions by lambasting the rich German elite and establishing the righteousness of the peasantry, of which he was a member of. A close reading method was utilized on the trial transcript of Old Thiess, translated from Hermann von Bruningk’s Der Werwolf in Livland. Through a contextual reading of Livonia’s social atmosphere, the paper draws connections between the content of the trial to wider societal disturbances happening at the time.

ArgumentThe imitation of adults was the dominant educational early modern model, as it had been from the classical era. Yet, from 1500 onward, this traditional model clashed with new pedagogical ideals that explored if and how the youthful mind differed from the adult. To investigate this clash, I examine individual and aggregate cases – taken from the Dutch (illustrated) textual culture – representing conceptualizations of what has been labelled “the curiosity family” (concepts such as curiosity, inquisitiveness, invention). As previously established, during the seventeenth century, curiosity turned from a vice to a virtue among adults. Textual evidence suggests that for the early modern Dutch youth, docility, long valued, remained the guiding ideal. Shortly after 1700, however, two changes can be detected: for youth, travel literature and travel as a metaphor became a means to explore the world without adults; and for adults, the experimental learning style of the young became a new learning model.

Recent reexamination of pottery, copper objects, and glass trade beads using modern analytic methods has amended the occupational history of the Cloudman site (20CH6), once interpreted as an early “Contact” period site in Michigan. The original chronology of the site, located on northern Michigan's Drummond Island in Lake Huron, was based on an apparent association of Iroquoian pottery with European-made trade goods relatively dated to circa AD 1630. Current advances in archaeological dating methods have revealed new insights into the poorly understood settlement patterns and social interactions of various Upper Great Lakes groups between AD 1300 and 1700. Accelerator mass spectrometry dating of carbonized food residue collected from late Late Woodland and Ontario Iroquoian pottery vessels suggests some contemporaneous use of both styles and the culmination of occupation by pottery-making groups by AD 1500. Elemental analysis of glass beads indicates that the recovered trade items were likely manufactured post–AD 1650. Likewise, compositional analysis of copper-base metal artifacts clarifies how such objects were made and used over time at the site. The results demonstrate how the application of modern analytic methods to curated collections can lead to significant reinterpretation, ultimately enhancing understandings of regional chronologies, social relationships, and population movements.

The article is devoted to the prospects of applying one type of mass sources to studying the Russian early modern history These sources were introduced to the scholarship in corpore only in 2018 by the author of the article. This article concerns 734 dated colophons from the Russian manuscripts copied in 1500–1600, which are kept in 44 archives in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Great Britain. Previously, these sources were selectively used to solve exclusively bibliographical problems connected with determining the origin of manuscripts. It was established that their informational potential isn’t exhausted by these aspects. The systematic research of colophons which inform about more than 150 settlements (cities, large, medium- sized and small monasteries, villages), many hundreds of manuscripts’ scribes and customers representing various social groups expand the opportunities of researchers. The colophons contain the earliest data about the existence of some settlements and personal structure of governors and local officials. Colophons provide information about dozens of known, little known, and unknown noble persons (not rich landlords and the members of the Sovereign’s court) and their participation in some significant events of political history. Colophons give the additional data for historical demography with regards to the periods of scribes’ activity and inner migrations in Russia in the 16th century. These sources broaden the circle of data for the research on the economic situation in the country in different periods, on the important historical and political ideas of this epoch, on the peculiarities of mass consciousness, and on the international contacts in political and cultural spheres.

RESUMENLa sociedad gallega del Antiguo Régimen fue esencialmente conflictiva, hecho que ha sido probado en numerosas publicaciones en los últimos años. El presente artículo trata de analizar una parte de esta realidad social a través de los litigios que la Real Audiencia de Galicia atendió por razón de servidumbres, las cuales podían ser, según el elemento al que se refiriesen, de paso, de agua y de luces y ventanas. Estas figuras jurídicas redistribuían derechos y deberes al margen de la propiedad privada, por lo que aunque su fundamento no se discutía, como habitualmente ocurrió, sí se discutió la forma en que debían establecerse.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Moderna, conflictividad social, servidumbre de paso, servidumbre de agua, servidumbre de luces y ventanas.ABSTRACTGalician society during Early Modern History was essentially conflictive, as many studies have demonstrated in recent years. This paper seeks to analyse a part of this social reality through the litigation that the Royal Court of Galicia considered by reason of easements, which could be, according to the element to which they refer, on rights of way, water, lights and windows. These legal instruments redistributed rights and duties beyond private property, so if their basis was not generally discussed, there was debate over how they should be established.KEYWORDS: Early Modern History, social conflict, access easement, water easement, light and air easement. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlegre Maceira, C., Dar e concordar no Ulla no século XVIII, A Coruña, Diputación provincial de A Coruña, 2009.Bouhier, A., La Galice: essai geographique d’analyse et d’interpretation d’un vieux complexe agraire, La Roche-sur-Yon, 1979.Candal González, X. M., “Pleitos de aguas en la audiencia coruñesa durante el siglo XVIII”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 2 (1993), pp. 85-103.Cardesín, J. M., Tierra, trabajo y reproducción social en una aldea gallega (s. XVIII – XX): muerte de unos, vida de otros, Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura, 1992.Castro Redondo, R., La conflictividad vecinal en la Galicia de fines del Antiguo Régimen: los conflictos por medidas y límites (Tesis Doctoral Inédita), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2016.Fernández Vega, L., La Real Audiencia de Galicia, órgano de gobierno en el Antiguo Régimen, A Coruña, Diputación de A Coruña, 1982.González Fernández, X. M., Bouzas y otros juzgados gallegos del siglo XVIII: la conflictividad judicial ordinaria en la Galicia atlántica (1670-1820), Vigo, Instituto de Estudios Vigueses, 1997.Goubert, P., Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 á 1730 : contribution á l’histoire sociale de la France du XVIIe siècle, París, l’École des Hautes Études, 1960.Herbella de Puga, B., Derecho práctico i estilos de la Real Audiencia de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Imprenta de Ignacio Aguayo, 1768.Iglesias Estepa, R., “La conflictividad ‘sorda’: un estudio sobre la criminalidad a finales del Antiguo Régimen”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 10 (2001), p. 247-273.Jacquart, J., La crise rurale en Île-de-France, 1550-1670, Paris, A. Colin, 1974.Kagan, R., Pleitos y pleiteantes en Castilla (1500-1700), Junta de Castilla y León: Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 1991.Las Siete Partidas del Rey don Alfonso el Sabio, cotejadas con varios códices antiguos por la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1807.López Gómez, P., La Real Audiencia de Galicia y el Archivo del Reino, Santiago de Compostela, Xunta de Galicia, 1996.Mantecón Movellán, T. A., Conflictividad y disciplinamiento social en la Cantabria rural del Antiguo Régimen, Santander, Universidad de Cantabria, 1997.Ortego Gil, P., “La fuente limpia de la justicia: la Real Audiencia de Galicia”, en Die Höchstgerichtsbarkeit im ZeitalterKarls V: Eine vergleichende Betrachtung, Baden Baden, Nomos, 2011, pp. 177-264.Pacheco, F. L., Las servidumbres pradiales en el derecho histórico español, Lleida, Pagès Editors, 1991.Pacheco, F. L., “Fueros y Partidas: algunas páginas más sobre servidumbres”, Initium: Revista catalana d’historia del dret, 6, 2001, pp. 285-305.Pérez García, J. M., “Entre regar y no regar: la intensa disputa por unos recursos hídricos colectivos escasos en la Galicia meridional (1600-1850)”, en F. J. ArandaPérez (coord.), El mundo rural en la España moderna, Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 2004, pp. 555-572.Rey Castelao, O., Montes y política forestal en la Galicia del Antiguo Régimen, Santiago de Compostela, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1995.Rey Castelao, O., “La lucha por el agua en el país de la lluvia (Galicia, siglos XVI-XIX)”, Vínculos de Historia, 1 (2012), pp. 45-72.Saavedra Fernández, P., “El agua en el sistema agropecuario de Galicia”, en A. Marcos Martín (coord.), Agua y sociedad en la época moderna, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Instituto Universitario Simancas, 2009, pp. 49-72.Saavedra Fernández, P., “Servidumbres y limitaciones de dominio en el sistema agropecuario de Galicia”, en Historia de la propiedad: servidumbres y limitaciones de dominio, Madrid, Servicio de Estudios del Colegio de Registradores, 2009, pp. 351-388.Torijano Pérez, E., “El agua como bien privativo (de las Partidas al Código Civil)”, en A. Marcos Martín (coord.), Agua y sociedad en la época moderna, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, 2009, pp. 73-86.

Anthony Esler. The Human Venture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Volume I: The Great Enterprise, a World History to 1500. Pp. xii, 340. Volume II: The Globe Encompassed, A World History since 1500. Pp. xii, 399. Paper, $20.95 each. Review by Teddy J. Uldricks of the University of North Carolina at Asheville. H. Stuart Hughes and James Wilkinson. Contemporary Europe: A History. Englewood Clifffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Sixth edition. Pp. xiii, 615. Cloth, $35.33. Review by Harry E. Wade of East Texas State University. Ellen K. Rothman. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. xi, 370. Paper, $8.95. Review by Mary Jane Capozzoli of Warren County Community College. Bernard Lewis, ed. Islam: from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Volume I: Politics and War. Pp.xxxvii, 226. Paper, $9.95. Volume II: Religion and Society. Pp. xxxix, 310. Paper, $10.95. Review by Calvin H. Allen, Jr. of The School of the Ozarks. Michael Stanford. The Nature of Historical Knowledge. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Pp. vii, 196. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $14.95. Review by Michael J. Salevouris of Webster University. David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. The Past Meets The Present: Essays On Oral History. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. Pp. 151. Paper, $11.50. Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University. Peter N. Stearns. World History: Patterns of Change and Continuity. New York: Harper and row, 1987. Pp. viii, 598. Paper, $27.00; Theodore H. Von Laue. The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xx, 396. Cloth, $24.95. Review by Jayme A. Sokolow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean R Quataert, eds. Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xvii, 281. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $10.95. Review by Samuel E. Dicks of Emporia State University. Dietrich Orlow. A History of Modern Germany: 1870 to Present. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Pp. xi, 371. Paper, $24.33. Review by Gordon R. Mork of Purdue University. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield. Out of the Cage: Women's Experiences in Two World Wars. Pandora: London and New York, 1987. Pp. xiii, 330. Paper, $14.95. Review by Paul E. Fuller of Transylvania University. Moshe Lewin. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 176. Cloth, $16.95; David A. Dyker, ed. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev: Prospects for Reform. London & New York: Croom Helm, 1987. Pp. 227. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson of Northern Essex Community College. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. Pp. viii, 308. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Arthur Q. Larson of Westmar College. Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. 237. Cloth $29.95; paper, $9.95. Review by Donald J. Mabry of Mississippi State University. Earl Black and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. ix, 363. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. The Lessons of the Vietnam War: A Modular Textbook. Pittsburgh: Center for Social Studies Education, 1988. Teacher edition (includes 64-page Teacher's Manual and twelve curricular units of 31-32 pages each), $39.95; student edition, $34.95; individual units, $3.00 each. Order from Center for Social Studies Education, 115 Mayfair Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15228. Review by Stephen S. Gosch of the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Media Reviews Carol Kammen. On Doing Local History. Videotape (VIIS). 45 minutes. Presented at SUNY-Brockport's Institute of Local Studies First Annual Symposium, September 1987. $29.95 prepaid. (Order from: Dr. Ronald W. Herlan, Director, Institute of Local Studies, Room 180, Faculty Office Bldg., SUNY-Brockport. Brockport. NY 14420.) Review by Herbert Janick of Western Connecticut State University.

In this paper, we discuss the remarkable decrease in the use of French-origin loanwords and loan suffixes in Late Modern Dutch. We consider both changes to be lexical changes since the decrease in loan suffixes such as the verbal suffix -eren appears to result from a shift in certain lexical choices as well (Rutten/Vosters/van der Wal 2015). Our data come from the newly compiled Language of Leiden Corpus (LOL Corpus), developed at Leiden University in the context of a project on the historical Dutch-French contact situation. The main aim of the project is to assess empirically the supposed ‘Frenchification’ of Dutch in the Early Modern period (Frijhoff 2015). The LOL Corpus comprises data from seven social domains (Academy, Charity, Economy, Literature, Private life, Public opinion, Religion) significant in the history of the city Leiden from 1500 to 1899. Leiden was chosen as it was one of the important urban centers in Holland, attracting many migrants, including French-speaking labor migrants and Huguenots. The results for both words and suffixes borrowed from French show a gradual increase from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, and a remarkable decrease from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. The results partially confirm the ongoing and intensifying influence of French on Dutch in the Early Modern period, depending strongly however on the social domain involved (Assendelft/Rutten/van der Wal 2023a). At the same time, the results also show an unanticipated ‘Dutchification’ in more recent times. We relate these ‘Dutchifying’ lexical changes to the national language planning efforts emerging in the eighteenth century, following the rise of the standard language ideology from the middle of the eighteenth century onwards. These language planning efforts led to the official codification of Dutch in 1804/1805, which targeted spelling and grammar. Previous research has shown the significant influence of the officialization of Dutch, both on the field of education and on language use (Rutten 2019). In this paper, we argue that the successful language policy had the surprising side effect of inspiring language users to exchange sometimes long-established loans for originally Dutch words.

IRLAND: EINE GEOGRAPHISCHE LANDESKUNDE, by Helmut Jäger. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990. DM 59. ISBN 3 534 07619 2. Reviewed by ANNGRET SIMMSTHE MODERN INDUSTRIALISATION OF IRELAND 1940–1988, by Liam Kennedy. Studies in Irish Social and Economic History 5 (Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, c/o Department of Modern History, Trinity College, Dublin 2), 1989. 74pp. IR£3.95p. ISSN 0 790 2913. Reviewed by PROINNSIAS BREATHNACHPOCKET GUIDE TO THE IRISH LANDSCAPE, by J.C. Brindley. Belfast: Appletree Press, 1989. 72pp. IR£2.95. ISBN 0 86281 226 7. Reviewed by F.H.A.AALENGEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE BELFAST REGION, edited by Paul Doherty. Dublin: Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publications No.5, 1990. 114pp. IR£6.00. ISBN 0 9510402 5 1. Reviewed by JAMES H. JOHNSONTHE IVEAGH TRUST: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS.I890–1990, by F.H.A. Aalen. Dublin: The I veagh Trust, 1990.98pp. I R£8.00. ISBN 0 951594206 Reviewed by A.J. PARKERURBANIZATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: RECENT TRENDS AND STRATEGIES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, edited by Michael J. Bannon, Larry S. Bourne and Robert Sinclair. Dublin : Service Industries Research Centre, University College Dublin, 1991. 249pp. IR£15.00. ISBN 1870089 43 X. Reviewed by A.J. PARKERTHE IRISH SEA: A RESOURCE AT RISK, edited by John C. Sweeney. Dublin : Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publications No.3, 1989. 192pp. IR£8.00. ISBN 0 9510402 3 5. Reviewed by FRANK OLDFIELDTHE BRITISH SEAS: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OCEANOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES OF THE NORTH-WEST EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL SHELF, by J. Hardisty. London: Routledge, 1990. 272pp. £35.00 stg. ISBN 0 415 03586 4. Reviewed by JOHN SWEENEY

Modern models of economic growth and capitalist modernity rest on capital accumulation, inclusive institutions, and various often unquantifiable aspects of “culture” (to which institutions belong). Scholars have also pinpointed the ability, or rather illusion, of human individuals to plan and predict their economic and social future(s). This transition to future thinking opened European’s spaces of possibility during what Reinhart Koselleck famously labelled Europe’s Sattelzeit, c.1750–1850. Some have emphasized a European culture of dealing with contingency, which may have marked out a specific “Western” path toward modernity. Without making a claim to global history, and focusing on the German speaking lands, I propose that the discovery of the open economic future was a much earlier project. Modern capitalism had roots in continental economic visions as early as the 1500s. We know them under common labels such as “Cameralism” and “mercantilism.” They were also apparent in Anglo-Saxon and Swedish economic reasoning since the mid-seventeenth century, suggesting that we may speak of a broader European tradition. The present article thus wishes to add to the debate, showing possibilities of an alternative—or a wider, more inclusive—genealogy of the modern economic mind, pointing out fresh ways of bringing together culture and economic development.

This article describes the economic and socio-cultural transformations experienced in recent decades by the communities of three villages, Bartężek, Tarda and Winiec, located in the western part of the Warmia-Mazury province. The immediate cause of these changes was the political and economic transformations that took place in Poland after 1989. However, the aftermath of the specific, and often predominantly negative, effects of these transformations are seen in the contemporary history of the region and its inhabitants; in particular, the challenge faced by the newly forming Polish state to domesticate, incorporate and unite – both administratively and economically, as well as (most importantly!) symbolically and culturally – the areas of the so-called Recovered Territories with the rest of the country. The great experiment, which was the formation of a new and modern society (in intention) of the Northern and Western Territories, was not successful everywhere. The localities and their inhabitants featured in the work are examples of this. Objective factors, mostly unemployment and transportation exclusion, which afflicted and partly continue to afflict the residents since the early 1990s, overlapped with the lack of sufficiently strong social and cultural ties binding the group together and with the inhabited space. The result of this process was a rapid exodus (if not flight) of primarily young people in search of income and a new place to live. This exodus determined the social and cultural condition of the described villages today, and perhaps many similar ones in the region. The article, using ethnographic detail, reveals the backstage of the economic and social collapse of the villages mentioned and the communities that comprise them, and points to the socio-cultural and symbolic causes of this process.

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. These findings must be relativized in the light of newer and more critical studies on gender relations and representations. But they can still inspire a broader comparative study, non-existent in traditional confessional historiography, of the realities and perceptions of the Christian family beyond denominational borders.KEY WORDS: Early Modern Christianity, marriage, family, Protestantism, Council of Trent BIBLIOGRAPHIEAdair, R., Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1996.Beaulande-Barraud, V., “Sexualité, mariage et procréation. Discours et pratiques dans l’Église médiévale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017, pp. 19-29.Bels, P., Le mariage des protestants français jusqu’en 1685. Fondements doctrinaux et pratique juridique, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1968.Benedict, P., Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed. A Social History of Calvinism, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 2002.Bernos, M., “Le concile de Trente et la sexualité. La doctrine et sa postérité”, dansBernos, M., (coord.), Sexualité et religions, Paris, Cerf, 1988, pp. 217-239.Bernos, M., Femmes et gens d’Église dans la France classique (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, Histoire religieuse de la France, 2003.Bernos, M., “L’Église et l’amour humain à l’époque moderne”, dans Bernos, M., Les sacrements dans la France des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Pastorale et vécu des fidèles, Aix-en-Provence, Publications de l’Université de Provence, 2007, pp. 245-264.Bologne, J.-C., Histoire du mariage en Occident, Paris, Lattès/Hachette Littératures, 1995.Burghartz, S., Zeiten der Reinheit – Orte der Unzucht. 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Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 505-517.Gautier, S., “Identité, éloge et image de soi dans les sermons funéraires des foyers pastoraux luthériens aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles”, Europa moderna. Revue d’histoire et d’iconologie, n. 3 (2012), pp. 54-71.Goody, J., The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe, Cambridge, 1983; L’évolution de la famille et du mariage en Europe, Paris, Armand Colin, 1985/2012.Hacker, P., Faith in Luther. Martin Luther and the Origin of Anthropocentric Religion, Emmaus Academic, 2017.Harrington, J. F., Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany, Cambridge, 1995.Hendrix, S. H., & Karant-Nunn, S. C., (coords.), Masculinity in the Reformation Era, Kirksville, Truman State University Press, 2008.Hendrix, S. H., “Christianizing Domestic Relations: Women and Marriage in Johann Freder’s Dialogus dem Ehestand zu ehren”, Sixteenth Century Journal, 23 (1992), pp. 251-266.Ingram, M., Church Courts. Sex and Marriage in England 1570-1640, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.Jacobsen, G., “Women, Marriage and magisterial Reformation: the case of Malmø”, in Sessions, K. C., & Bebb, P. N., (coords.), Pietas et Societas: New Trends in Reformation Social History, Kirksville, Sixteenth Century Journal Press, 1985, pp. 57-78.Jedin, H., Crise et dénouement du concile de Trente, Paris, Desclée, 1965.Jelsma, A., “‘What Men and Women are meant for’: on marriage and family at the time of the Reformation”, in Jelsma, A., Frontiers of the Reformation. Dissidence and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth Century Europe, Ashgate, 1998, Routledge, 2016, EPUB, chapter 8.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Une oeuvre de chair: l’acte sexuel en tant que liberté chrétienne dans la vie et la pensée de Martin Luther”, dans Christin, O., &Krumenacker, Y., (coords.), Les protestants à l’époque moderne. Une approche anthropologique, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2017, pp. 467-485.Karant-Nunn, S. C., The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “The emergence of the pastoral family in the German Reformation: the parsonage as a site of socio-religious change”, in Dixon, C. S., & Schorn-Schütte, L., (coords.), The Protestant Clergy of Early Modern Europe, Basingstoke, Palgrave/Macmillan, 2003, pp. 79-99.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Reformation Society, Women and the Family”, in Pettegree, A., (coord.), The Reformation World, London/New York, Routledge, 2000, pp. 433-460.Karant-Nunn, S. C., “Marriage, Defenses of”, in Hillerbrand, H. J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 2, p. 24.Kingdon, R., Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva, Harvard University Press, 1995.Krumenacker, Y., “Protestantisme: le mariage n’est plus un sacrement”, dans Mariages, catalogue d’exposition, Archives municipales de Lyon, Lyon, Olivétan, 2017.Le concile de Trente, 2e partie (1551-1563), vol. XI de l’Histoire des conciles oecuméniques, Paris, (Éditions de l’Orante, 1981), Fayard, 2005, pp. 441-455.Les Decrets et Canons touchant le mariage, publiez en la huictiesme session du Concile de Trente, souz nostre sainct pere le Pape Pie quatriesme de ce nom, l’unziesme iour de novembre, 1563, Paris, 1564.Luther, M., “Sermon sur l’état conjugal”, dans OEuvres, I, Paris, Gallimard/La Pléiade, 1999, pp. 231-240.Luther, M., “Du mariage”, dans Prélude sur la captivité babylonienne de l’Église (1520), dans OEuvres, vol. I, édition publiée sous la direction de M. Lienhard et M. 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J., (coord.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, vol. 4, pp. 290-298.Williams, G. H., The Radical Reformation, (1962), 3e ed., Truman State University Press, 2000, pp. 755-798Wunder, H., “He is the Sun. She is the Moon”: Women in Early Modern Germany, Harvard University Press, 1998.Yates, W., “The Protestant View of Marriage”, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 22 (1985), pp. 41-54.

Sally Price & Richard Price; Romare Bearden: The Caribbean Dimension (J. Michael Dash)J. Lorand Matory; Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé (Stephan Palmié)Dianne M. Stewart; Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions of the Jamaican Religious Experience (Betty Wood)Toyin Falola & Matt D. Childs (eds.); The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Kim D. Butler)Silvio Torres-Saillant; An Intellectual History of the Caribbean (Anthony P. Maingot)J.H. Elliott; Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Elizabeth Mancke & Carole Shammmmas (eds.); The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Peter A. Coclanis)Adam Hochschild; Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Cassssandra Pybus)Walter Johnson (ed.); The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (Gregory E. O’Malley)P.C. Emmer; The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500-1850 (Victor Enthoven)Philip Beidler & Gary Taylor (eds.); Writing Race Across the Atlantic World, Medieval to Modern (Eric Kimball)Felix Driver & Luciana Martins (eds.); Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire (Peter Redfield)Elizabeth A. Bohls & Ian Duncan (eds.); Travel Writing, 1700-1830: An Anthology (Carl Thompson)Alison Donnell; Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature: Critical Moments in Anglophone Literary History (Sue N. Greene)Luís Madureira; Cannibal Modernities: Postcoloniality and the Avant-garde in Caribbean and Brazilian Literature (Lúcia Sá)Zilkia Janer; Puerto Rican Nation-Building Literature: Impossible Romance (Jossianna Arroyo)Sherrie L. Baver & Barbara Deutsch Lynch (eds.); Beyond Sun and Sand: Caribbean Environmentalisms (Rivke Jaffe)Joyce Moore Turner, with the assistance of W. Burghardt Turner; Caribbean Crusaders and the Harlem Renaissance (Gert Oostindie)Lisa D. McGill; Constructing Black Selves: Caribbean American Narratives and the Second Generation (Mary Chamberlain)Mark Q. Sawyer; Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba (Alejandra Bronfman)Franklin W. Knight & Teresita Martínez-Vergne (eds.); Contemporary Caribbean Cultures and Societies in a Global Context (R. Charles Price)Luis A. Figueroa; Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico (Astrid Cubano Iguina)Rosa E. Carrasquillo; Our Landless Patria: Marginal Citizenship and Race in Caguas, Puerto Rico, 1880-1910 (Ileana M. Rodriguez-Silva) Michael Largey; Vodou Nation: Haitian Art Music and Cultural Nationalism (Julian Gerstin)Donna P. Hope; Inna di Dancehall: Popular Culture and the Politics of Identity in Jamaica (Daniel Neely)Gloria Wekker; The Politics of Passion: Women’s Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora (W. van Wetering)Claire Lefebvre; Issues in the Study of Pidgin and Creole Languages (Salikoko S. Mufwene)

The purpose of this publication is to provide generalized knowledge of the area of changes that took place over past centuries in relation to health, social and cultural conditions. In Greek mythology, it was necessary to nurture both body and spirit to be a perfect human being. This link between the concepts of physical beauty and goodness can be also found in later works dedicated to ancient Greek history. Particularly in Greek myths, and in Greek education in general, it was believed that both physical and spiritual excellence were necessary to raise men to achieve their true form. Some of the main forms of implementing this idea were hand-to-hand combat exercises (wrestling, boxing and pankration). Ideas characteristic of the world of ancient Greece, in a general sense, can be observed in the culture of the Far East. The main difference is the fact that these principles did not survive in Western culture as a result of transformation into a consumer society focused on the rejection of moral principles. The brutalisation of the forms of the Roman Games meant that the ideals of the ancient world were forgotten for more than 1500 years. The modern Olympic Games were resurrected in the 19th century. Inspired by the ancient Greek cult of health of body and spirit, they gave rise to a movement known as Olympism. In the Olympic Charter written by Coubertin, Olympism was called “a philosophy of life exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind”. The combat sports disciplines have had their place there since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games. The evolution of hand-to-hand combat disciplines, including numerous scientific studies indicating a very broad impact in the area of health, led to this type of physical activity being reached for as an essential element in supporting the health-promoting behaviour of society. Nowadays, physical activity in the area of exercise with elements of hand-to-hand combat, combat sports, or martial arts is an indissoluble link in the prevention and treatment of 21st century diseases. For Parkinson’s disease patients, drug treatment is an essential resource for continuing to function in society, but it will not be completely effective without supporting the treatment with appropriate and attractive physical activity (e.g., “Rock Steady Boxing”). Of similar importance is the prevention of dangerous falls, which are common in this population as well as among the elderly or those affected by other diseases of civilisation. Implementing the principles and techniques of safe falling in the teaching of the young population significantly increases the likelihood of applying appropriate responses to these individuals in adulthood and old age. Actions that should be taken now for prevention can be implemented through social programmes, such as “Active today for a healthy future”.

Relevance. The study of military affairs and combat equipment can be considered in direct dependence on the state and development of the social, political, economic and technological spheres of life of Russian society in a particular historical period of time. The combat equipment of an individual warrior makes it possible to judge the capabilities of industry and various crafts, the peculiarities of its manufacture, the development of trade relations, and the susceptibility to technological innovations, both their own and others'. The combat use of equipment during direct clashes exacerbates the competitive struggle of the warring parties and opens up new opportunities for its improvement. Therefore, the appeal to the historical experience of the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantryman seems very fruitful, since the researcher is presented with exciting illustrations of battlefields, heroism and exploits of specific people, our victories and failures, the competitive struggle of technologies.The purpose – o conduct an excursion into the history of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry and outline ways to improve it in the future.Objectives: to reveal the historical evolution, logic and patterns of improving the combat equipment of the Russian infantry; to present modern developments of the combat equipment of the Russian army, defining its prospects.Methodology. The general scientific methodology using the method of periodization, systematic and retrospective methods allowed us to recreate from the standpoint of modern knowledge the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry in the unity of historical events and phenomena of the past.Results. The historiography of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry confirms the validity of the arguments of the scientific community that it is based on age-old traditions and the cultural matrix of the people, permeating all spheres of activity of the military organization of society. The main characteristics of the modern warrior's combat equipment are: reliability, functionality, versatility, lightness and low cost.Conclusions. The combat equipment of the Russian infantryman has passed a complex evolutionary path and acts as part of the material culture, which has its own national features.

Relevance. This article examines the problems of normative regulation of monastic usury in Russia in the Middle Ages and Modern era. Due to the peculiarities of economic and social development and historical and political reasons, the Church for a long time carried out operations characteristic of specialized credit and banking organizations. However, such activities contradicted basic Christian principles and the texts of the Holy Scriptures, prompting the legislator to respond to the current situation by creating various legal acts. The study of this issue by Soviet scientists through the prism of anti-religious policy in the modern period cannot reflect the full objectivity of this phenomenon. Consideration of monasteries as a unique subject of civil legal relations in the XV-XVII centuries will allow us to rethink the degree of development of financial in the Russia.The purpose of the research is to form a modern scientific approach to the legal regulation of monetary and borrowing activities of monasteries in Russia.Objectives: to determine the place of monastic usury in the financial sphere of the Russia; to characterize the main mechanisms of interaction between the Church and other subjects of civil legal relation in the field of loan transactions; to identify the features of normative regulation of this phenomenon.The research methodology is characterized by the application of the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as structural-functional, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.The results of the research indicate the versatility of the problems posed, have a historical and legal nature and allow us to consider the participation of monasteries in credit transactions from the perspective of economic and legal views for further scrutiny.The conclusions formulated based on the results of the study confirm the existence of complexly structured monetary-borrowing relations in the Russia in the 15th-17th centuries and their special legal regulation. The article is a continuation of the author’s scientific research on issues of legal regulation of credit and banking relations in the history of Russia.

RESUMENEl aposento en casas de particulares formaba parte de la vida cotidiana de los soldados de época premoderna. A pesar de los gastos y molestias que esta práctica conllevaba para la población afectada, la interacción entre civiles y militares no tenía por qué dar lugar a abusos o altercados violentos, como suele interpretar la historiografía. La tendencia a tratar el asunto de un modo más anecdótico que analítico ha contribuido a perpetuar este estereotipo. Nuestra investigación cuestiona esta visión simplista y abre la posibilidad de un abordaje crítico de la cuestión. En este artículo se analizan los acuerdos alcanzados en la segunda mitad del siglo xvi por el municipio de Pamplona y el virrey de Navarra para organizar y sufragar el alojamiento de soldados en la ciudad de una manera pacífica, ordenada e incluso provechosa. De ahí en adelante, el mayor conflicto entre civiles y militares en la ciudad fue causado por las acusaciones de corrupción contra las autoridades municipales y los intentos de los virreyes por tomar el control de la gestión de los términos del acuerdo. Palabras clave: relaciones entre civiles y militares, alojamiento de soldados, historia urbanaTopónimos: Reino de NavarraPeriodo: Edad Moderna ABSTRACTBilleting was part of the daily life of soldiers in premodern times. Despite the costs and disturbances that this practice entailed for the population, abuse and violent altercation was not a necessary outcome of civil-military interactions, as historiography tends to assume. The prevalent trend to treat the subject from an anecdotical perspective instead of analytically, has contributed to perpetuate this stereotype. Our research questions this simplistic vision and opens the possibility of a critical approach to the question. This article analyzes the agreements achieved by the local authorities of Pamplona and the Viceroy of Navarre in the second half of the xvi century that made possible to organise and pay for the quartering of troops in the city in a peaceful, well-ordered, and even profitable way. From this point onwards, the main conflict between civilians and the military in the city was caused by the accusations of corruption against the municipal authorities and the attempts to take control of the accord and its terms management by the viceroys. Keywords: civil-military relations, billeting, urban historyPlace names: Kingdom of NavarrePeriod: early modern period REFERENCIASActas de las Cortes de Navarra (1530-1829), 17 vols., edición de L. J. Fortún, Pamplona, Parlamento de Navarra, 1991.Buono, A., Esercito, istituzioni, territorio. Alloggiamenti militari e ‘case herme’ nello Stato di Milano (secoli xvi e xvii), Florencia, FUP, 2009.Buono, A., Di Tullio, M., y Rizzo, M., “Per una storia economica e istituzionale degli alloggiamenti militari in Lombardia tra xv e xvii secolo”, Storia Economica, XIX/1 (2016), 187-218.Catálogo de documentación navarra del siglo xvi en la Cámara de Castilla, [cd-rom], edición de M. I. Ostolaza, Pamplona, UPNA, 1998.Chavarría Múgica, F., Monarquía fronteriza. Guerra, linaje y comunidad en la España Moderna (Navarra,siglo xvi), Florencia. Tesis doctoral inédita: EUI, 2006.— “La capitulación de la ‘cabeza del reino’ y la cuestión de los alojamientos: disputa y negociación de la condición privilegiada de Pamplona”, en A. Floristán (ed.), 1512: Conquista e incorporación de Navarra. Historiografía, derecho y otros procesos de incorporación en la Europa renacentista, Barcelona, Ariel, 2012, 361-85.— “The problem of billeting distribution in Renaissance Spain: absolutism, privilege and local oligarchies”, Social History, 46/3 (2021), 235-254.Escribano, J. M., El coste de la defensa. Administración y financiación militar en Navarra durante la primera mitad del siglo xvi, Pamplona, Gobierno de Navarra, 2015.Idoate, F., Esfuerzo bélico de Navarra en el siglo xvi, Pamplona, Gobierno de Navarra, 1981.— “Las fortificaciones de Pamplona a partir de la conquista de Navarra”, Príncipe de Viana, XV/54-55, 57-154.Lasaosa, S., El Regimiento municipal de Pamplona en el siglo xvi, Pamplona, Gobierno de Navarra, 1979.Orella, J. L., “El Cardenal Diego de Espinosa, consejero de Felipe II, el monasterio de Iranzu y la peste de Pamplona de 1566”, Príncipe de Viana, 140-141 (1975), 565-610.Rizzo, M., “Sulle implicazioni economiche della politica di potenza nel xvi secolo: gli alloggiamenti militari in Lombardia”, en J. M. Usunáriz (ed.), Historia y humanismo. Estudios en honor del profesor Dr. D. Valentín Vázquez de Prada, Pamplona, EUNSA, 2000, v. II, 265-76.Rodríguez, A. J., “Los alojamientos militares como germen de motines y conflictos sociales a mediados del siglo xvii: el ejemplo de Palencia”, en E. García y D. Maffi (eds.), Estudios sobre guerra y sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica: guerra marítima, estrategia, organización y cultura militar (1500-1700), Valencia, Albatros, 2017, 803–30.

Most people find happiness by making money, eating good food, or spending time with friends. Epicurean philosophy provides an explanation of what makes people happy and how to experience joy and pleasure in life. Gossipiboma is a rare complication that can occur due to human negligence. Gossipiboma’s form as a complication of inflammatory reaction to a surgical sponge or a laparotomy pad left mistakenly in the body of the patient after a surgical procedure. The term Gossipiboma is a combination of two words from two different languages; Gossypium a Latin word which mean cotton and boma a Kiswahili word which means plan of concealment. Their incidence is reported to be 1 in 1000 to 1500 surgery. We present here a case of a 67-year-old male who had a history of right-sided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) five years back. No immediate post procedure complications occurred however the patient presented to the Outpatient Department (OPD) with left flank pain and his Computed Tomography (CT) scan was done which showed an organized Gossipiboma.Most people find happiness by making money, eating good food, or spending time with friends. Epicurean philosophy provides an explanation of what makes people happy and how to experience joy and pleasure in life. It focuses on the absence of pain as the path to happiness and advocates leading a simple lifestyle. There are people in the world who are happy just because they live and they live much longer without cancer, cardiovascular or other social important diseases. The material measurability of the timelessness in which we live does not exist, and the virtues have preserved them above all as human beings. They have the ability to enjoy the simple things in life, which in most cases are not financially commensurate. The connection between the beauty of the smile, positive health and longevity has been consciously sought. All aspects of the life of the Bulgarian population are outlined, which are positive and could lead them out of the black rankings for morbidity and mortality in Europe and the world. Questions are raised related to the health and activity of long-lived and centenarians and what in the modern way of life turn this trend into a negative one.

En las últimas décadas las referencias al Análisis de Redes han ganado protagonismo entre los historiadores. Hemos asistido a una auténtica proliferación de artículos, monográficos y proyectos de investigación en los que el estudio de las interconexiones en sociedades del pasado ocupa un papel central. Desafortunadamente, en algunos de estos trabajos la conceptualización y la cuantificación han estado ausentes. El presente artículo pretende explorar el potencial del Análisis de Redes como herramienta metodológica aplicable a la disciplina histórica en sus distintos campos de investigación. Pretendemos hacer una apuesta clara por la integración de esta herramienta, superando la retórica de las palabras, pero también de la imagen. Para ello, incorporamos una panorámica de las principales aportaciones al Análisis de Redes en la historiografía. Además, analizamos sus elementos fundamentales y describimos su uso con ejemplos de publicaciones recientes, explorando los retos que se plantean de cara al futuro. Palabras Claves: Análisis de Redes, Metodología, Métricas, VisualizaciónTopónimos: Latinoamérica, EuropaPeriodo: Neolítico-Siglo XX ABSTRACTDuring recent decades, historians have referred with increasing frequency to network analysis. We have witnessed a veritable proliferation of papers, monographs and research projects in which the study of interconnections among individuals from past societies plays a central role. Unfortunately, conceptualization and quantifications have been absent from most of these works. This paper aims to explore the potential of network analysis as a methodological tool applied to history. The objective is to integrate this tool into the historian’s work, transcending the rhetoric of words and images. To this end, I first present the main contributions of network analysis to historiography, together with a description of its main elements, using examples from recent academic works. The paper also explores the challenges facing future research. Keywords: Network Analysis, Methodology, Metrics, VisualizationPlace names: Latin America, EuropePeriod: Neolithic- 20th Century REFERENCIASAhnert, R., Ahnert, S., Coleman. C. N. y Weingart, S. B. (2020), The Network Turn. Changing Perspectives in the Humanities, Cambridge, University Press.Batagelj, V. Mrvar, A. (2001), “A subquadratic triad census algorithm for large sparse networks with small maximum degree”, Social Networks, 23, pp. 237-243.Bernabeu Aubán, J., Lozano, S y Pardo-Gordó, S. (2017), “Iberian Neolithic Networks: The Rise and Fall of the Cardial World”, Frontiers in Digital Humanities (4).Bertrand, M., Guzzi-Heeb, S. y Lemercier, C. (2011), “Introducción: ¿en qué punto se encuentra el análisis de redes en Historia?”, REDES. Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales, 21, pp. 1-12.Böttcher, N., Hausberger, B. e Ibarra, A. (2011), Redes y negocios globales en el mundo ibérico, siglos XVI-XVIII, Ciudad de México, IberoamericanaBrughmans, T., Collar, A. y Coward, F. (2106), The Connected Past. Challenge to Network Studies in Archaeology and History, Oxford, University PressBrown, D. M., Soto-Corominas, A. y Suárez, J. L., (2017), “The preliminaries project: Geography, networks, and publication in the Spanish Golden Age”, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 32-4, pp. 709-732.Burt, R. (1995), Structural holes: The social structure of competition, Boston, Harvard University Press.Cachero, M. (2011), “Redes mercantiles en los inicios del comercio atlántico. Sevilla entre Europa y América, 1520-1525”, en N. Böttcher, B. Hausberger y A. Ibarra (eds.), Redes y Negocios Globales en el Mundo Ibérico, siglos XVI-XVIII, Ciudad de México, Colegio de México, pp. 25-52.Carvajal de la Vega, D. (2014), “Merchant Networks in the Cities of the Crown of Castile”, en A. Caracausi y C. Jeggle (eds.), Commercial Networks and European Cities, 1400–1800, Londres, Pickering Chatto, pp. 137-152.Castellano, J. L. y Dedieu, J. P. (1998), Réseaux, familles et pouvoirs dans le monde ibérique à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, París, CNRS.Crailsheim, E. (2016), The Spanish Connection. French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville. 1570-1650, Viena, Bohlau Verlag.— (2020), “Flemish merchant networks in early modern Seville. Approaches, comparisons, and methodical considerations”, en F. Kerschbaumere et al., The Power of Networks. Prospects of Historical Network Research, Londres, Routledge, pp. 84-109.Deicke, A. J. E. (2017), “Networks of Conflict: Analyzing the ‘Culture of Controversy’ in Polemical Pamphlets of Intra-Protestant Disputes (1548-1580)”, Journal of Historical Network Resarch, 1, pp. 71-105.Dermineur, Elise (2019), “Peer-to-peer lending in pre-industrial France”, Financial History Review, 3, pp. 359-388.Freeman, L. (2012), El desarrollo del análisis de redes sociales. Un estudio de sociología de la ciencia, Bloomington, Palibrio.Garrués-Irurzun, J. y Rubio, J. A. (2012), “La formación del espacio empresarial andaluz: 1857-1959”, Scripta Nova. Revista electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 16, http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-404.htm (Consulta: 04-07-2020).Graham, S., Milligan, I. y Weingart, S. (2016), Exploring big historical data: the historian’s macroscope, Londres, The Imperial College Press.Gil Martínez, F. (2015), “Las hechuras del Conde Duque de Olivares. La alta administración de la monarquía desde el análisis de redes”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, 40, pp. 63-88.Heredia López, A. J. (2019), “Los comerciantes a Indias y la Casa de la Contratación: vínculos y redes (1618-1644)”, Colonial Latin American Review, 28:4, pp. 514-537.Herrero Sánchez, M. y Kaps, K. (2017), Merchants and Trade Netwokrs in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1550-1800, Londres, RoutledgeHinks, J. y Feely, C. (2017), Historical networks in the Book Trade, Nueva York, Routlege.Ibarra, A. (2000), “El consulado de comercio de Guadalajara, 1795-1821. Cambio institucional, gestión corporativa y costos de transacción en la economía novohispana”, en B. Hausberger y N. Böttcher (ed.), Dinero y negocios en la historia de América Latina, Frankfurt, Vervuert, pp. 231-264.Iglesias, D. (2016), “Las redes político-intelectuales y los orígenes del Plan Barranquilla, 1929-1931”, en A. Pita González, Redes intelectuales transnacionales en América Latina durante la entreguerra, Ciudad de México, Universidad de Colima, pp. 25-50.— (2017), “El aporte del análisis de redes sociales a la historia intelectual”, Historia y Espacio, 49, pp. 17-37.Imízcoz Beunza, J. M. (1998), “Communauté, reséau social, élites. L'armature sociale de l'Ancien Régime”, en J. L. Castellano y J. P. Dedieu, Réseaux, familles et pouvoirs dans le monde ibérique à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, París, CNRS, pp. 31-66.— (2011), “Actores y redes sociales en Historia”, en D. Carvajal de la Vega et al. (eds.), Redes sociales y económicas en el mundo bajomedieval, Valladolid, Castilla ediciones, pp. 21-33.— (2018), “Por una historia global. Aportaciones del análisis relacional a la ‘global history’”, en A. Ibarra, A. Alcántara y F. Jumar (eds.), Actores sociales, redes de negocios y corporaciones en Hispanoamérica, siglos XVII-XIX, Ciudad de México, UNAM- Bonilla Artigas Editores, pp. 27-57.Imízcoz Beunza, J. M. y Arroyo Ruiz, L. (2011), “Redes sociales y correspondencia epistolar. Del análisis cualitativo de las relaciones personales a la reconstrucción de redes egocentradas”, REDES, Revista para el análisis de redes sociales, 21, pp. 99-138.Kerschbaumer, F., Keyserlingk-Rehbein, L., Stark, M. y Düring, M. (2020), The Power of Networks. Prospects of Historical Network Research, Londres, Routledge.Lamikiz, X. (2020), Reseña de The Spanish Connection. French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville. 1570-1650, Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 16-1, pp. 60-61.Lemercier, C. (2015), “Formal network methods in history: why and how?”, Social Networks, Political, Institutions, and Rural Societies, Leiden, Brepols, 281-310.Lemercier, C. y Zalc, C. (2019), Quantitative methods in the Humanities. An Introduction, Charlosttesville, University of Virginia Press.Mac Shane, B. A. (2018), “Visualising the Reception and Circulation of Early Modern Nuns’ Letters”, Journal of Historical Network Research, 2, pp. 1-25.Maillard Álvarez, N. (en prensa), “Las grandes compañías europeas en el mercado hispano del libro durante siglo XVI: el caso de Sevilla y Ciudad de México”, en P. Bravo (ed.), Livres écrits, lus, transmis, échangés, collectionnés: circulation des livres et des hommes au Siècle d'Or, París, Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.Martín Romera, M. Á. (2010), “Nuevas perspectivas para el estudio de las sociedades medievales: el análisis de redes sociales”, Studia Historia. Historia Medieval, 28, pp. 217-239.Martínez Carro, E. y Ulla Lorenzo, A. (2019), “Redes de colaboración entre dramaturgos en el teatro español del Siglo de Oro: nuevas perspectivas digitales”, RILCE: Revista de Filología Hispánica, 35-3, pp.896-917.Molina, J. L. (2001), El análisis de redes sociales. Una introducción, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra.Pascua Echegaray, E. (1993), “Redes personales y conflicto social. Santiago de Compostela en tiempos de Diego Gelmírez”, Hispania, 53-185, pp. 1069-1089.Picazo Muntaner, A (2015), “Comparative systems and the functioning of networks: the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific models of trade. XVII and XVIII centuries”, Culture History Digital Journal, 4 (1): e0009.Polonia, A., Pinto, S. y Ribeiro, A. S. (2014), “Trade Networks in the First Global Age. The case study of Simon Ruiz Company: Visualization Methods and Spatial Projections”, en A. Crespo Solana, Spatio-Temporal Narratives: Historical GIS and the Study of Global Trading Networks (1500-1800), Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 140-177.Ponce Leiva, P. y Amadori, A. (2008), “Redes sociales y ejercicio del poder en la América Hispana: consideraciones teóricas y propuestas de análisis”, Revista Complutense de Historia de América, 34, pp. 15-42.Rodríguez Treviño, Julio César (2013), “Cómo utilizar las Redes Sociales para temas de historia”. Signos Históricos, 29, pp. 102-141.Rubio, J. A. y Garrués-Irurzun, J. (2017), “Escasez de vínculos débiles: el atraso económico de la Andalucía contemporánea desde la perspectiva de redes empresariales”, Hispania, 257, pp. 793-826.Sánchez Balmaseda, M. I. (2002), Análisis de redes sociales e historia, una metodología para el estudio de redes clientelares, Madrid, Universidad Complutense.Sarno, E. (2017), “Análisis de redes sociales e historia contemporánea”, Ayer, 105, pp. 23-50.Shepard, J. (2018), “Networks”, Past Present, 238, supplement 13, pp. 116-157.Smith, R. M. (1979), “Kin and Neighbors in a Thirteenth-Century Suffolk Community”, Journal of Family History, 4, pp. 27-62.Starnini, M. (2012), “Random walks on temporal networks”, Physical Review, 85, núm. 5.Vieira Ribeiro, A. S. (2011), Mechanisms and Criteria of Cooperation in Trading Networks of the First Global Age. The case study of Simón Ruiz network. 1557-1597 (Tesis doctoral defendida en la Universidad de Oporto), http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/mechanisms-and-criteria-of-cooperation-in-trading-networks-of-the-first-global-age-the-case-study-of-simon-ruiz-network-1557-1597/ (Consulta: 23-12-2020)Vieira Ribeiro, A. S. (2015), Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe. Cooperation and the case of Simon Ruiz, Abingdon, Routledge.Wetherell, C. (1998), “Historical Social Network Analysis”, International Review of Social History, 43, pp. 125-144.

Why 1500? Why 1800? Why does Urban History's review of periodical literature use this definition of the early modern? Does urban history have a periodization of its own? The reluctance of historians to stray before and after 1800 is a major theme of C.R. Friedrichs's review of early modern German urban history, ‘But are we any closer to home? Early modern German urban history since German Home Towns’, Central European History, 30 (1998), 163–86, and I wondered about these issues while reading some of the articles published this year which did not stop and surrender their historical passports at 1500.

The relevance of the stated topic is determined by the social significance of the successful functioning of the system of medical care for citizens to preserve and restore their health. The experience of departmental medical institutions in the previous periods of national history makes it possible to use it rationally in modern conditions along with the services of state and commercial medicine. In scientific terms, the history of the medical and sanitary service of railway transport has not yet been properly developed, as a result of which the study of the declared topic can contribute to the concretization of knowledge about the evolution and problems of the development of domestic healthcare.The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the post–war restoration of the activities of medical and sanitary institutions of the South-Eastern Railway on the basis of archival documents and periodical press materials.Objectives: to characterize the dynamics of the development of the network of medical and sanitary institutions on the South-Eastern Railway in 1945-1950; to identify the main activities of railway medicine in the period under study; to consider the current problems of the functioning of the industry and ways to solve them.Methodology. The research was based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. To solve the tasks set by the author, the methods of historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative, typological, retrospective were used.Results. The study of the main activities of medical and sanitary institutions on railway transport made it possible to present in historical retrospect the features of providing medical care by means of the sectoral healthcare system, which had a certain autonomy and mobility in servicing the entrusted contingent of employees and their family members.Conclusions. During the five post-war years, the transport healthcare system that operated on the South-Eastern Railway restored full efficiency, having managed to improve the material and technical equipment of medical institutions in difficult conditions and strengthen their personnel potential, which positively affected the quality of medical care.

Abstract This essay, investigating India’s history within the “global early modern” from 1500 to 1800, distinguishes between the “early modern” and the “global early modern.” While the latter label is more inclusive, I conclude that changes visible in earlier periods were more radical, enabling India to participate meaningfully in the “global Middle Ages.” India showed ambivalence in negotiating the “global early modern.”

Relevance. The relevance of studying the phenomenon of Soviet mass song is currently increasing due to special attention to educational work, to the formation of an active civic position among modern youth. This genre is not only a sign of the era, but also clearly reflects the spiritual, moral, patriotic values of Russian society. The purpose of this article is consideration of the stages of formation of the Soviet mass song genre in the 1920-1940s. Research objectives to consider the formation and development of the Soviet mass song genre in the 1920-1940s; to identify the influence of the main events of national history that influenced the evolution of this genre. Methodology. The work uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of information, as well as a set of methods of historical-cultural, problem-chronological nature; the analysis of the means of musical expressiveness and genre and stylistic features of the subject of research was applied. Results. The social structure of society, which changed after the October Revolution of 1917, required changes in the country's cultural policy. The desire to "throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity" and build a new world led to the emergence and flourishing of the Soviet mass song genre. The concept of “mass song” was filled with new content at different stages of development: in the 1920s, arrangements of revolutionary songs for the choir were among the leading directions in composer creativity. The practice of composing a new text to an already existing melody was widespread. After the end of the civil war, modern dance rhythms penetrate the mass song, against which a large-scale campaign is unfolding in society. In the prewar years, this genre reflected the themes of socialist construction, memories of historical events and bright hopes. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the task facing the artists was determined by the need to help the people survive, raise their fighting spirit, and strengthen patriotic feelings. Conclusion. The Soviet mass song has become an expression of the values and needs of the era and a real documentary evidence of its time.

RESUMENEl objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en sacar a la luz elementos que permitan confirmar un sincretismo cristiano-judío inconsciente, no voluntario, en las creencias y prácticas religiosas de los judeoconversos castellanos en el momento de tránsito de la Edad Media a la Moderna. El trabajo se sustenta en la consulta y análisis de numerosos procesos inquisitoriales incoados a judeoconversos castellanos a fines del siglo XV y comienzos del XVI, así como en otra diversa documentación inquisitorial. A través de las fuentes estudiadas es posible detectar rasgos que evidencian una progresiva confusión entre creencias, expresiones y manifestaciones religiosas cristianas y judías, como expresión más patente de que las transferencias religiosas y la aculturación era una realidad a la que en ese tiempo estaban sujetos los conversos, incluso quienes, como los criptojudíos, se aferraban al judaísmo y manifestaban un firme convencimiento en la superioridad de la religión judía sobre la cristiana. La conclusión principal es que esta situación era el reflejo de una realidad en la que, rotas las conexiones con el judaísmo oficial, la “religión” de los criptojudíosse diluía paulatina y progresivamente en el seno del cristianismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: Judeoconversos, Castilla, fines del siglo XV y comienzos del XVI,sincretismo religioso, procesos inquisitoriales.ABSTRACTThe main objective of this study is to identify certain elements that may confirm an unconscious Christian-Jewish syncretism in the religious beliefs and practices of Castilian Conversos in the transition from the Medieval to the Modern Age. The research is based on consultation and analysis of numerous inquisitorial trials of Castilian Conversos at the end Inquisitorial records. The selected sources allow us to discern certain traits that point to a progressive confusion between Christian and Jewish religious beliefs, expressions and manifestations. This is a clear indication that religious transfer and acculturation constituted a reality to which Conversos were exposed. This was the case even among those who, like Crypto-Jews, clung on to Judaism and expressed a firm conviction of the superiority of the Jewish over the Christian religion. The main conclusion is that, once the connections with official Judaism were broken, the religion of the Crypto-Jews slowly but progressively dissolved into the mainstream of Christianity.KEY WORDS: Conversos, Castile, End of the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries, Religious Syncretism, Inquisitorial Trials. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAusejo, S., Diccionario de la Biblia, Barcelona, Editorial Herder, 1964.Baer, F., Die Juden im Christlichen Spanien. I/2. 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