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Johnston, Denis F. "Some Reflections on the United States." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00008308.
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In retrospect, I think that the fate that befell the social indicators ‘movement's rich array of economic statistics and related measures were simply inadequate indicators of emerging developments and issues under prevailing conditions of rapid social change and severe social strains. The felt need was for more adequate monitoring and reporting of social conditions and processes – implying a need to develop improved measures of these phenomena, together with expanded data collection capabilities. Thus the dual goals of the social indicators movement were apparent from the start: to establish an improved social reporting capability as soon as possible, and to encourage longer-term research and development in the general area of social, measurement and model-building. It may be helpful, therefore, to consider the outcome of these two efforts separately.
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Glatzer, Wolfgang, and Heinz-Herbert Noll. "Social Indicators and Social Reporting in Germany." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0000828x.
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Social indicators research developed in the United States at the end of the 1960s and the principal ideas and approaches were received by West German social scientists soon thereafter. It became common usage to speak of a social indicators movement, an expression which is rather unusual in regard to a scientific approach.
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Trumpbour, John. "Social Indicators by Race, Ethnicity, and Social Background: Brazil, India, the United States." Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4, no. 2 (January 2011): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.2.323.
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Andrews, Frank M., Martin Bulmer, Abbott L. Ferriss, Jonathan Gershuny, Wolfgang Glatzer, Heinz-Herbert Noll, Judith Eleanor Innes, et al. "Whatever Happened to Social Indicators? A Symposium." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00008230.
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ABSTRACTTwenty years ago the publication of Toward a Social Report by the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare was hailed as a major forward step in developing indicators of conditions in society into a national system of social accounting of relevance to public policy. The resulting social indicators movement quickly mobilized able social scientists to produce a variety of indicators monitoring trends in their society, and internationally. National governments too began to sponsor new types of social reports. The years since have seen an apparent decline in the momentum of the social indicators movement. Hence, to evaluate developments, the Journal of Public Policy invited a number of distinguished pioneers in the movement in Europe and America to give their individual assessment of what has happened to social indicators.
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Hannah, William N., Shilpa Hakre, Peter Dawson, Hao Wu, Sheila A. Peel, Nelson L. Michael, Paul T. Scott, and Jason F. Okulicz. "Clinical indicators associated with HIV acquisition in the United States Air Force." AIDS Care 29, no. 6 (November 28, 2016): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1260086.
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Creamer, MeLisa R., Teresa W. Wang, Stephen Babb, Karen A. Cullen, Hannah Day, Gordon Willis, Ahmed Jamal, and Linda Neff. "Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults — United States, 2018." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 45 (November 15, 2019): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2.
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Assari, Shervin, Mohammed Saqib, Cheryl Wisseh, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Social Determinants of Polypharmacy in First Generation Mexican Immigrants in the United States." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 7, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijtmgh.2019.19.
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Introduction: Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators are among the main social determinants of health and illness. Less, however, is known about the role of SES in the epidemiology of polypharmacy in immigrant Latino Americans living in the United States. This research studied the association between three SES indicators, education, income, and employment, and polypharmacy in older first generation Latino American immigrant adults. Methods: Data was obtained from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA, 1996-2008). A total of 632 older first generation Mexican-American immigrants to the U.S. entered this analysis. The independent variables were education, income, and employment. Polypharmacy was the outcome. Age, gender, physical health, smoking, and drinking were the covariates. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Employment was associated with lower odds of polypharmacy. The association between education and polypharmacy was above and beyond demographic factors, physical health, health behaviors, and health insurance. Neither education nor income were associated with polypharmacy. Other determinants of polypharmacy were poor self-rated health (SRH) and a higher number of chronic medical conditions (CMCs). Conclusion: Employment appears to be the major SES determinant of polypharmacy in older foreign-born Mexican Americans. Unemployed older Mexican American immigrants with multiple chronic diseases and those who have poor SRH have the highest need for an evaluation of polypharmacy. Given the age group of this population, most of them have health insurance, which provides an opportunity for reducing their polypharmacy.
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Larson, Jeff, and Sarah Soule. "Sector-Level Dynamics and Collective Action in the United States, 1965-1975." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.14.3.h67h423m0864672h.
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To explain varying levels of collective action by social movement organizations in the United States operating during the height of the 1960s protest cycle, this article examines social movement sector-level dynamics alongside indicators of resources and political opportunities. Drawing on hypotheses from neoinstitutional, organizational ecology, and embeddedness perspectives, the paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the sector-level dynamics of legitimacy, competition, and embeddedness when explaining levels of collective action. Results show strong support for neoinstitutional, organizational ecology, and embeddedness theories, but more mixed support for arguments about how political opportunities and resources affect levels of collective action by social movement organizations.
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Song, Lijun. "Social Capital, Social Cost, and Relational Culture in Three Societies." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272520939880.
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Does who you know in the status hierarchy satisfy or dissatisfy your life? Does that effect vary by culture and society? To addresses these two questions, this study applies four theories and analyzes the association between accessed status (network members’ status) and life satisfaction using nationally representative retrospective data from three societies (the United States, urban China, and Taiwan). Social capital theory expects absolute and relative higher accessed status (network members’ higher status relative to individuals’) to improve life satisfaction and relative lower accessed status to diminish life satisfaction. Social cost theory asserts the opposite. The collectivistic advantage explanation anticipates social capital theory to apply more to urban China and Taiwan than social cost theory and social cost theory to apply more to the United States than social capital theory. The collectivistic disadvantage explanation predicts the opposite. This study measures nine indicators of absolute and relative accessed status on the occupational dimension and six domain-specific satisfactions. Results support both social capital theory and social cost theory in all three societies. There is tentative evidence for the collectivistic disadvantage explanation across the three societies. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
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Finnemore, Martha. "International organizations as teachers of norms: the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028101.
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Most explanations for the creation of new state institutions locate the cause of change in the conditions or characteristics of the states themselves. Some aspect of a state's economic, social, political, or military situation is said to create a functional need for the new bureaucracy which then is taken up by one or more domestic groups who succeed in changing the state apparatus. However, changes in state structure may be prompted not only by changing conditions of individual states but also by socialization and conformance with international norms. In the case of one organizational innovation recently adopted by states across the international system, namely, science policy bureaucracies, indicators of state conditions and functional need for these entities are not correlated with the pattern for their adoption. Instead, adoption was prompted by the activities of an international organization which “taught” states the value of science policy organizations and established the coordination of science as an appropriate, and even a necessary, role for states. This finding lends support to constructivist or reflective theories that treat states as social entities shaped by international social action, as opposed to more conventional treatments of states as autonomous international agents.
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Eberharter, Veronika V. "Capability Deprivation, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantages—Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120253.
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Based on longitudinal data from the Cross-National Equivalent File 1980–2016 (CNEF 1980–2016) the paper analyzes the extent of income inequality and capability deprivation and the driving forces of the intergenerational transmission of social and economic status of two birth cohorts in Germany, and the United States. In both the countries the empirical results show increasing inequality of the real equivalent household income, and younger cohorts experience a higher persistence of social and economic status. In the United States income inequality is more expressed than in Germany, which is in accordance with lower intergenerational income mobility. The contribution of individual and family background characteristics and capability deprivation indicators to intergenerational income mobility is more pronounced in the United States than in Germany. The significant impact of capability deprivation in childhood on the intergenerational transmission of economic chances emphasizes the importance of economic and social policy designated to guarantee the equality of opportunity.
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Taylor, Robert Joseph, Ivy Forsythe-Brown, Karen D. Lincoln, and Linda M. Chatters. "Extended Family Support Networks of Caribbean Black Adults in the United States." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 522–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15573868.
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This article investigates the extended family social support networks of Caribbean Black adults (Afro-Caribbeans). Although there are several ethnographic accounts of familial ties and support exchanges among Black Caribbean immigrants, only a handful of studies use quantitative data. This article uses data from the National Survey of American Life, which contains the first national probability sample of Caribbean Blacks in the United States. Age, gender, income, material hardship, and immigration status were all associated with at least one of the four indicators of family support networks. Subjective family closeness and frequency of family contact were significantly associated with both giving and receiving informal support. A significant age and parental status interaction for receiving support indicated that older adults without children received assistance from their extended families less frequently than older adults with children. Overall, study findings affirm the importance of extended family networks for Caribbean Black adults.
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Melchionne, Kevin. "Eight Indicators of Unilateral Pregnancy." American Journal of Men's Health 4, no. 4 (May 18, 2010): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309350492.
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Unintended pregnancy often leads to undesirable outcomes for both mothers and children. However, the definition of unintended pregnancy in the sociology of family formation has been restricted to the intentions of mothers. The intentions of fathers—and, with them, the possible role of disagreement about pregnancy intention—remain outside most conceptual frameworks and research programs. This article draws together a number of indicators of unilateral pregnancy in research on contemporary family formation in the United States. Studies of pregnancy intendedness and contraceptive use consistently provide evidence suggesting a significant role for unilateral pregnancy in family formation. Working on the assumption that unilateral pregnancy presents great potential for social dislocation, this article argues for the integration of the concept of unilateral pregnancy into the theoretical framework informing research on family formation.
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Popa, Marina, and Maia Pisaniuc. "Matrix Hard - The Impact of Technological, Economic and Social Indicators on Productivity and Competitiveness." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v3i4.509.
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The objective of this research is to demonstrate the impact of technological, economic and social indicators on productivity and competitiveness through the HARD Matrix method, proposed by the European Commission. The level of economic development of different countries, as well as the degree of diversification and specialization of their world production, determines the degree of integration of national economies in the world economy that differs considerably by country and group of countries. The expansion and amplification of the internationalization process have substantially changed the place and role of each state in the world economy. Due to this process, today's world economy is no longer a simple sum of economies put in contact, but a global-universal system, unitary through the interrelationships between the component subsystems and its extremely heterogeneous structure. In the twenty first-century, the process of amplifying innovation, the net economy, and the Covid 19 pandemic have shaped new trends in the world countries and determined the balance of power between the three great empires of the world – the United States, the European Union, and China. At the same time, there are no similar links between the United States, the European Union and China, they do not share the same culture, do not share the same geographic space, and do not use the same models of economic development, but all of them consider innovation, sophisticated business, technology, safe tools in promoting economic growth and competitiveness.
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Akinola, Omolola Victoria, Jimmy Adegoke, and Temi Emmanuel Ologunorisa. "Assessment of Social Vulnerability to Wildfire in Missouri, United States of America." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 4 (July 30, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n4p76.
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Wildfire is a major environmental hazard causing property damage and destruction including biodiversity loss in the United States. In order to reduce property loss and destruction arising from wildfire, this study assessed and identified social vulnerability to wildfire in Missouri using the American Community Survey data on social and demographic variables for the state of Missouri and social vulnerability index (S0VI). The study divided Missouri into five geopolitical zones from which ten counties were randomly selected for this study. The selected counties formed the basis on which fourteen social and demographic indicators were identified and assessed using Bogardi, Birkmann and Cadona conceptual framework. The result of the analysis shows that S0VI estimated for the five geopolitical zones of Missouri is moderate with a rating scale of 1.42 – 1.71. Education, income and marital status have a rating scale of 2.0 - 3.0 attributed for the high value of Social Vulnerability to wildfire. Race / ethnicity, language spoken, employment and percentage of house units that are mobile homes had a low S0VI value of 1.0 thereby contributing positively to resilience to wildfire risk. The study observes that government involvement in wildfire risk reduction is quite impressive and should still be intensified. The policy implication of this study is that education and income are key variables that contribute to high wildfire risk in Missouri. The need for government to formulate a policy on environmental education of the populace especially for people of low income and education become imperative. This will go a long way in reducing damage and property loss arising from wildfire.
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Wilson, Sven E. "Does adult height predict later mortality?: Comparative evidence from the Early Indicators samples in the United States." Economics & Human Biology 34 (August 2019): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.004.
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Twenge, Jean M., Lauren Dawson, and W. Keith Campbell. "Still standing out: children's names in the United States during the Great Recession and correlations with economic indicators." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 46, no. 11 (September 20, 2016): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12409.
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Twenge, Jean M., and W. Keith Campbell. "Cultural Individualism Is Linked to Later Onset of Adult-Role Responsibilities Across Time and Regions." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118764838.
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This article explores links between cultural individualism and the age at which adult-role responsibilities are assumed (the speed of maturation to adulthood). Across 43 years (1973-2015) within the United States, yearly indicators of individualism were positively correlated with later onset of work and family responsibilities (a slow life strategy). The same pattern appeared cross-culturally: Across 53 nations, cultural individualism was significantly correlated with slower maturation to adulthood. These links remained over time and cross-culturally when unemployment rate, an indicator of economic strength, was included in the model. Analyses including GDP showed mixed results, suggesting a complex relationship between economic indicators, individualism, and maturation to adulthood. Across nations and time, more individualistic cultures are also those with slower maturation to adulthood (a slow life strategy).
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Behringer, Bruce, Gilbert H. Friedell, Kelly A. Dorgan, Sadie P. Hutson, Charley Naney, Amber Phillips, Koyamangalath Krishnan, and Eleanor S. Cantrell. "Understanding the Challenges of Reducing Cancer in Appalachia." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 5, SI (May 1, 2007): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v5isi.1197.
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The Appalachian region of the United States has long been recognized for its poor economic and social indicators. Only during the past decade have multi-state data become more accessible to describe the regions’ poor health status and resulting outcomes. A recent community-based participatory study engaged rural Appalachians to describe “what makes Appalachia different?” from other geographic areas and cultural groups in the United States and identify those characteristics that influence the region’s health. This article summarizes the community interpretation of these findings.
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Domingue, Simone J., and Christopher T. Emrich. "Social Vulnerability and Procedural Equity: Exploring the Distribution of Disaster Aid Across Counties in the United States." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 8 (June 18, 2019): 897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074019856122.
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To date, there has been limited research conducted on disaster aid allocation across multiple regions and disasters within the United States. In addition, there is a paucity of research specifically connecting social indicators of vulnerability to public assistance grants aimed at restoring, rebuilding, and mitigating against future damages in disasters. Given these gaps, this article inquires as to whether the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) public assistance program is characterized by procedural inequities, or disparate outcomes for counties with more socially vulnerable populations. Specifically, this article analyzes county-level FEMA’s Public Assistance distribution following major disaster declarations, while controlling for damages sustained, population, household counts, and FEMA Region. Results indicate that FEMA’s Public Assistance program operates well when accounting only for disaster losses across the years, however, findings also show that county social conditions influence funding receipt. Although socioeconomic characteristics were significant drivers of assistance spending, additional vulnerability indicators related to county demographic and built environment characteristics were also important drivers of receipt. Cases of both procedural inequity and equity are highlighted, and implications for equitable disaster recovery are discussed along with recommendations.
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White, Linda A. "The Politics of the Welfare State: Canada, Sweden, and the United States." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 3 (September 2004): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904290102.
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The Politics of the Welfare State: Canada, Sweden, and the United States, Gregg M. Olsen, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. vi, 258This book presents a familiar puzzle in comparative politics: how are we to understand variation in the design and scope of social programs and substantive outcomes for citizens in the three welfare states under scrutiny. As Olsen argues, all three cases are “advanced, industrialized, and highly affluent capitalist nations…. and all three nations enjoy average per capita incomes and standards of living that are among the highest in the world” (10). Yet we find great variation on a number of social indicators such as poverty levels, and income and wealth disparities. All three have also “experienced marked increases in inequality and welfare state retrenchment in recent years” (11) but yet “they continue to differ along these dimensions, even in the face of similar domestic strains and other exogenous pressures related to global integration” (11). The question is how do we account for the variation in the use of social policy to assuage inequalities and respond to these exogenous pressures.
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Paxton, Pamela. "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment." American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 1 (July 1999): 88–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210268.
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Charbonneau, Etienne, Norma M. Riccucci, Gregg G. Van Ryzin, and Marc Holzer. "The Self-Reported Use of Social Equity Indicators in Urban Police Departments in the United States and Canada." State and Local Government Review 41, no. 2 (March 2009): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x0904100203.
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Mead, Lawrence M. "Measuring the Quality of Life in the U.S.: Political Reflections." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991940.
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The economist Amartya Sen has said that world development ought to focus on the capabilities that people achieve, and not simply on aggregate economic indicators. In that spirit, the United Nations since 1990 has published several Human Development (HD) reports that assess nations in terms of health and education conditions, as well as income or wealth. Many countries have assessed their own HD. In The Measure of America, Sarah Burd-Sharps, Kristen Lewis, and Eduardo Borges Martins apply this approach to the United States. They describe variation in health, education, and income conditions across American states, congressional districts, and social groups.
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Gu, Xiao Wei, Qing Wang, Peng Fei Wang, Xiao Chuan Xu, Xiao Xu Wang, and Jian Ping Liu. "Measuring the Environmental Stress: Indicators and Application." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1561.
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The sustainability of a nation’s social and economic development is fundamentally determined by how much the nation’s environmental system is strained by human activities, which is in turn determined by the pressure/burden created by human activities and the carrying capacity of the nation’s environment. Based on the material flows of an economy’s metabolism and the carrying capacity of the environment, two new aggregate indicators are proposed and formulated, one being the “total domestic environmental loading” which measures the gross environmental burden imposed on the domestic environment by human activities, and the other the “total environmental stress” which measures the intensity of environmental pressure on a nation’s environment. The indicators are applied to six nations, namely, China, Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Japan, and The United States, for a number of years. Results show that, during the years from 1990 to 2002, China’s total environmental stress ranged from 57 to 82 metric tons per global hectare, exhibiting a trend of first rise, then fall and then rise again. The tendency of rebound in China’s total environmental stress after 2000 is a warning sign of further environmental degradation and should be taken seriously. During the comparison period (1993-1996), the ranking of the six nations with respect to total environmental stress, in a descending order, is China, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, The United States, and Austria. The total environmental stress values of the 5 industrial nations either remained relatively stable or declined, indicating that the environmental stress of these nations exhibited various degrees of “decoupling ” from their economic growth. China’s total environmental stress, however, experienced a steady increase in the same period and has a tendency of increase after 2002.
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McKee, Kevin L., Ian C. Crandell, and Alexandra L. Hanlon. "County-Level Social Distancing and Policy Impact in the United States: A Dynamical Systems Model." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): e23902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23902.
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Background Social distancing and public policy have been crucial for minimizing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Publicly available, county-level time series data on mobility are derived from individual devices with global positioning systems, providing a variety of indices of social distancing behavior per day. Such indices allow a fine-grained approach to modeling public behavior during the pandemic. Previous studies of social distancing and policy have not accounted for the occurrence of pre-policy social distancing and other dynamics reflected in the long-term trajectories of public mobility data. Objective We propose a differential equation state-space model of county-level social distancing that accounts for distancing behavior leading up to the first official policies, equilibrium dynamics reflected in the long-term trajectories of mobility, and the specific impacts of four kinds of policy. The model is fit to each US county individually, producing a nationwide data set of novel estimated mobility indices. Methods A differential equation model was fit to three indicators of mobility for each of 3054 counties, with T=100 occasions per county of the following: distance traveled, visitations to key sites, and the log number of interpersonal encounters. The indicators were highly correlated and assumed to share common underlying latent trajectory, dynamics, and responses to policy. Maximum likelihood estimation with the Kalman-Bucy filter was used to estimate the model parameters. Bivariate distributional plots and descriptive statistics were used to examine the resulting county-level parameter estimates. The association of chronology with policy impact was also considered. Results Mobility dynamics show moderate correlations with two census covariates: population density (Spearman r ranging from 0.11 to 0.31) and median household income (Spearman r ranging from –0.03 to 0.39). Stay-at-home order effects were negatively correlated with both (r=–0.37 and r=–0.38, respectively), while the effects of the ban on all gatherings were positively correlated with both (r=0.51, r=0.39). Chronological ordering of policies was a moderate to strong determinant of their effect per county (Spearman r ranging from –0.12 to –0.56), with earlier policies accounting for most of the change in mobility, and later policies having little or no additional effect. Conclusions Chronological ordering, population density, and median household income were all associated with policy impact. The stay-at-home order and the ban on gatherings had the largest impacts on mobility on average. The model is implemented in a graphical online app for exploring county-level statistics and running counterfactual simulations. Future studies can incorporate the model-derived indices of social distancing and policy impacts as important social determinants of COVID-19 health outcomes.
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MAKUSHINA, Elena Yu, Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA, and Aleksei S. KUCHER. "Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects." Finance and Credit 27, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 693–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.3.693.
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Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.
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Polednak, A. P. "Tobacco control indicators and lung cancer rates in young adults by state in the United States." Tobacco Control 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.020925.
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McEwan, Bonnie G., and Jeffrey M. Mitchem. "Indian and European Acculturation in the Eastern United States as a Result of Trade." North American Archaeologist 5, no. 4 (April 1985): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/07r8-cewc-plj9-fhgy.
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Investigations of several Contact period sites in the eastern United States are reviewed for their contributions to the study of Indian and European acculturation as a result of trade. Different degrees of acculturation among the various groups examined appear to be dependent upon environmental, social, and economic variables. Several deficiencies are identified from past historical archaeological studies of acculturation. These include a lack of empirical, replicable studies; a failure to adequately address acculturation among European populations; and a general absence of the incorporation of subsistence data, which have been shown to be very sensitive indicators of certain acculturative processes.
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Pickett, Kate E., and Richard G. Wilkinson. "Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study." BMJ 335, no. 7629 (November 16, 2007): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39377.580162.55.
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Objectives To examine associations between child wellbeing and material living standards (average income), the scale of differentiation in social status (income inequality), and social exclusion (children in relative poverty) in rich developed societies. Design Ecological, cross sectional studies. Setting Cross national comparisons of 23 rich countries; cross state comparisons within the United States. Population Children and young people. Main outcome measures The Unicef index of child wellbeing and its components for rich countries; eight comparable measures for the US states and District of Columbia (teenage births, juvenile homicides, infant mortality, low birth weight, educational performance, dropping out of high school, overweight, mental health problems). Results The overall index of child wellbeing was negatively correlated with income inequality ( r =−0.64, P=0.001) and percentage of children in relative poverty ( r =−0.67, P=0.001) but not with average income ( r =0.15, P=0.50). Many more indicators of child wellbeing were associated with income inequality or children in relative poverty, or both, than with average incomes. Among the US states and District of Columbia all indicators were significantly worse in more unequal states. Only teenage birth rates and the proportion of children dropping out of high school were lower in richer states. Conclusions Improvements in child wellbeing in rich societies may depend more on reductions in inequality than on further economic growth.
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Rodriguez, Javier M., Arun S. Karlamangla, Tara L. Gruenewald, Dana Miller-Martinez, Sharon S. Merkin, and Teresa E. Seeman. "Social stratification and allostatic load: shapes of health differences in the MIDUS study in the United States." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 5 (January 28, 2019): 627–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932018000378.
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AbstractSocial stratification is an important mechanism of human organization that helps to explain health differences between demographic groups commonly associated with socioeconomic gradients. Individuals, or group of individuals, with similar health profiles may have had different stratification experiences. This is particularly true as social stratification is a significant non-measurable source of systematic unobservable differences in both SES indicators and health statuses of disadvantage. The goal of the present study was to expand the bulk of research that has traditionally treated socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as independent, additive influences on health by examining data from the United States. It is hypothesized that variation in an index of multi-system physiological dysregulation – allostatic load – is associated with social differentiation factors, sorting individuals with similar demographic and socioeconomic characteristics into mutually exclusive econo-demographic classes. The data were from the Longitudinal and Biomarker samples of the national Study of Midlife Development in the US (MIDUS) conducted in 1995 and 2004/2006. Latent class analyses and regression analyses revealed that physiological dysregulation linked to socioeconomic variation among black people, females and older adults are associated with forces of stratification that confound socioeconomic and demographic indicators. In the United States, racial stratification of health is intrinsically related to the degree to which black people in general, and black females in particular, as a group, share an isolated status in society. Findings present evidence that disparities in health emerge from group-differentiation processes to the degree that individuals are distinctly exposed to the ecological, political, social, economic and historical contexts in which social stratification is ingrained. Given that health policies and programmes emanate from said legal and political environments, interventions should target the structural conditions that expose different subgroups to different stress risks in the first place.
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Fox, Ashley, and Roland Poirier. "How Single-payer Stacks Up: Evaluating Different Models of Universal Health Coverage on Cost, Access, and Quality." International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 3 (June 21, 2018): 568–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418779377.
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Described as “universal prepayment,” the national health insurance (or single-payer) model of universal health coverage is increasingly promoted by international actors as a means of raising revenue for health care and improving social risk protection in low- and middle-income countries. Likewise, in the United States, the recent failed efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act have renewed debate about where to go next with health reform and arguably opened the door for a single-payer, Medicare-for-All plan, an alternative once considered politically infeasible. Policy debates about single-payer or national health insurance in the United States and abroad have relied heavily on Canada’s system as an ideal-typical single-payer system but have not systematically examined health system performance indicators across different universal coverage models. Using available cross-national data, we categorize countries with universal coverage into those best exemplifying national health insurance (single-payer), national health service, and social health insurance models and compare them to the United States in terms of cost, access, and quality. Through this comparison, we find that many critiques of single-payer are based on misconceptions or are factually incorrect, but also that single-payer is not the only option for achieving universal coverage in the United States and internationally.
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Chang, Esther S. "Kirogi Women’s Psychological Well-Being: The Relative Contributions of Marital Quality, Mother–Child Relationship Quality, and Youth’s Educational Adjustment." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16632265.
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The current study is based on the responses of 153 married Korean mothers accompanying their youth in the United States or in New Zealand while their spouses remained in Korea. Kirogi means “wild geese” in Korean and has come to refer to split-family transnational living for the sake of children’s education. Spillover, or a positive correlation, between indicators assessing marital and parent–child relationship quality was tested within the transnational family context. It was also hypothesized that mother–child relationship quality and youth’s educational progress would be positively and uniquely predictive of indicators of maternal well-being when compared with marital quality due to education-focused Confucian values among Koreans. Results indicated positive correlations between indicators of marital and parent–child relationship quality; and only measures of marital quality had unique associations with maternal well-being.
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Miller, C. Arden, Elizabeth J. Coulter, Amy Fine, Sharon Adams-Taylor, and Lisbeth B. Schorr. "1984 Update on the World Economic Crisis and the Children: A United States Case Study." International Journal of Health Services 15, no. 3 (July 1985): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/45vr-xybg-4kfv-n3wg.
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A previously published report by these authors on the impact in the United States of recession on children's health emphasized four points: 1) available monitoring systems are not adequate for reporting on the health of children in a timely fashion; 2) the monitoring of maternal and child health must emphasize data on population subgroups, i.e., minorities, the poor and those hardest hit by recession; 3) the health of poor children is adversely affected and their numbers dramatically increased during the recession of 1981–82; and 4) comparisons between the recession of 1974–75 and that of 1981–82 suggest that expansion of health services and social support systems during the recession of 1974–75 had a cushioning effect that protected the health of children, while the curtailment of many of these programs during the 1981–82 recession is associated with adverse health trends, especially among the most vulnerable population subgroups. Data on these issues are appreciably better now than they were nine months ago, thus further validating the points made above. As with the previous report, officially released current data are abundant for economic indicators (even for early 1984), but are sparse for health status indicators. The previous report also observed that the health status of children is influenced by interdependent and interlocking factors that include economic well-being and access to health services and social supports. A new analysis attempts to unlock those relationships and measure the impact of lost welfare benefits, implemented as a result of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA), and the separate impact of the serious recession of 1981–82. That analysis shows the poverty rate for children increased by 7.6 percentage points between 1981 and 1982. Approximately 60 percent of the increase is attributable to the recession and 40 percent to social policy changes effected after 1981.
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Thamma-Apiroam, Rewat. "Factors Influencing the Labor Force Participation of Married Women in the United States." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p24.
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<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">This paper examines the factors that influence the labor force participation of married women in the United States during 1975-2002, using multiple regressions with log specification. The results show that women earnings and life expectancy of women are not satisfactory indicators of whether married women should join the labor force. Nonetheless, there exist strong relationships between the decisions to work and men’s income, unemployment rate, consumer durable goods to GDP ratio, women’s schooling as well as divorce rate. </span></p>
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Kufel, Wesley D., Dennis M. Williams, and David Jay Weber. "Improving immunization practices in United States hospitals and health systems." International Journal of Health Governance 22, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-06-2017-0028.
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Purpose Payment for healthcare services in the USA has shifted from fee for service to compensation based on value and quality. The indicators used for payments are a variety of clinical measures, including administration of vaccines to patients. The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of programs in health systems to improve vaccination rates and patient outcomes. Design/methodology/approach A search of the literature was conducted to find examples of vaccine programs in US health systems, and also to identify policies to improve immunization rates. Findings Successful programs for improving vaccination rates require advocacy and support of leadership, a systematic and multidisciplinary approach, and an evaluation of local resources and capacity. Numerous examples exist of medical, nursing, and pharmacy led programs that improve vaccination rates. The department in charge has relied on the support of other groups to ensure the success. Social implications Mandatory vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) in the health system has been a growing trend in the USA. Although there has been some resistance to mandatory vaccinations for HCP, the standards and requirements have resulted in improved rates in health systems, which ultimately improve efficiency and protects patients. Originality/value This review describes considerations for implementing a successful vaccination program in a health system and provides examples of specific strategies. An overview of mandatory vaccinations for HCP is also described.
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Wohlenberg, Janaína, Rosana C. S. Schneider, and Michele Hoeltz. "Sustainability indicators in the context of family farming: A systematic and bibliometric approach." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 200545–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.545.
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Actions that promote the sustainability of small-scale agricultural activities are fundamental to maintaining the supply and diversification of products, generating income, and minimizing their environmental impact. This study aimed to identify the main economic, environmental, and social indicators used in studies focused on food production by family farming. A systematic literature review was performed in the Scopus database, where 22 original articles were identified. The largest number of publications was observed in Italy and the United States of America, followed by Brazil, India, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The main aspect observed in the publications was the interrelationship of the three spheres of sustainability, highlighting the importance of integrated monitoring. Some indicators identified were: in the economic sphere, financial planning, productivity, and profitability; in the environmental sphere, soil use and quality, water, erosion, temperature, and energy; and in the social sphere, food security, job and income generation, and government subsidies. A holistic approach to the use of monitoring indicators as a tool for sustainability is fundamental, but there are few studies that evaluate these three spheres; mainly in the field of agribusiness, due to its greater diversity of activities and aspects to be monitored.
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Burinskienė, Aurelija, Edita Leonavičienė, Virginija Grybaitė, Olga Lingaitienė, and Juozas Merkevičius. "Core Elements Affecting Sharing: Evidence from the United States." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073943.
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The new phenomenon called sharing or collaborative consumption emerged a decade ago and is continuously growing. It creates new possibilities for society, and especially for business, is beneficial for the environment, makes more efficient use of resources, and presents a new competitive business model. The scientific literature lacks a more in-depth analysis of the factors influencing sharing activity growth; therefore, the paper’s authors attempt to fill this gap. The authors aim to identify the factors affecting the use of sharing platforms. To reach the goal, the authors developed a regression model and constructed a list of 71 variables. The study used monthly United States data from January 2017 to June 2020 from the publicly available Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)and Google trends databases. The comparison to other indexes proves that the proposed index, representing the number of visits to sharing platforms (SEP), is a unique one. The first index allowed us to revise the sharing activity monthly. The authors identified that variables such as wage level, social network users, import level, and personal consumption are critical in affecting the number of visits to sharing platforms. The presented framework could be helpful for practitioners and policymakers analysing the stimulation of sharing or collaborative consumption. It includes indicators representing different areas, such as society, technology, and country, and allows for monthly investigations. Such activity was evident for a long time when online platforms contributed to its wider accessibility. The results help to forecast the number of visits monthly. Sharing is still an emerging area for research; thus, the authors tried to explore the phenomenon of sharing to expand the conceptual level of knowledge.
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Dale, Virginia H., Matthew H. Langholtz, Beau M. Wesh, and Laurence M. Eaton. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Indicators for Bioenergy Sustainability as Applied toEucalyptus." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/215276.
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Eucalyptusis a fast-growing tree native to Australia and could be used to supply biomass for bioenergy and other purposes along the coastal regions of the southeastern United States (USA). At a farmgate price of $66 dry Mg−1, a potential supply of 27 to 41.3 million dry Mg year−1ofEucalyptuscould be produced on about 1.75 million ha in the southeastern USA. A proposed suite of indicators provides a practical and consistent way to measure the sustainability of a particular situation whereEucalyptusmight be grown as a feedstock for conversion to bioenergy. Applying this indicator suite toEucalyptusculture in the southeastern USA provides a basis for the practical evaluation of socioeconomic and environmental sustainability in those systems. Sustainability issues associated with usingEucalyptusfor bioenergy do not differ greatly from those of other feedstocks, for prior land-use practices are a dominant influence. Particular concerns focus on the potential for invasiveness, water use, and social acceptance. This paper discusses opportunities and constraints of sustainable production ofEucalyptusin the southeastern USA. For example, potential effects on sustainability that can occur in all five stages of the biofuel life cycle are depicted.
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Murray, Alan T., and Tony H. Grubesic. "Evolving Regional Analytics in a Rural World." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 5-6 (February 18, 2019): 374–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017619827071.
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Regions are important and invariably constitute largely rural areas. This being the case, it is interesting to find that the condition of being rural fluctuates significantly, especially in the United States, and is largely contingent upon federal definitions that consider population and proximity to metropolitan areas for delineating the geographic boundaries of a rural place. Variations in definitions, both nuanced and more substantial, make classification mutable for many communities but underlies the challenge for evaluating, understanding, and improving rural conditions. This is particularly true when conducting exploratory and confirmatory analysis based on indicators and methods that identify/monitor troubled rural areas as well as support assessment of aid programs and/or public policy. The purpose of this article is to review alternative definitions of rural within the context of interpretation that relies on indicators. This highlights a number of issues, as conditions of rural polymorphism make scientific assessment challenging in many ways. Empirical evidence of indicator impacts is offered through a study of the medically uninsured in the state of Kentucky, highlighting how this can alter planning and policy interpretation.
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Assari, Shervin. "Race, Education Attainment, and Happiness in the United States." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijer.2019.14.
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Background and aims: As suggests by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, education attainment and other socioeconomic status (SES) indicators have a smaller impact on the health and well-being of non-White than White Americans. To test whether MDR also applies to happiness, in the present study, Blacks and Whites were compared in terms of the effect of education attainment on the level of happiness among American adults. Methods: General Social Survey (1972-2016) is a series of national surveys that are performed in the United States. The current analysis included 54785 adults (46724 Whites and 8061 Blacks). The years of schooling (i.e., education attainment) and happiness were the main independent variable and the main dependent variable of interest, respectively. In addition, other parameters such as gender, age, employment status, marital status, and the year of the survey were the covariates and race was the focal effect modifier. Finally, the logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the results, high education attainment was associated with higher odds of happiness in the pooled sample. Further, a significant interaction was found between race and education attainment on the odds of happiness, showing a larger gain for Whites compared to Blacks. Racespecific models also confirmed this finding (i.e., a larger magnitude of the effect of education for Whites compared to Blacks). Conclusion: Overall, the MDR theory also applies to the effect of education attainment on happiness. Blacks’ disadvantage in comparison to the Whites in gaining happiness from their education may be due to the structural, institutional, and interpersonal racism and discrimination in the US. Therefore, there is a need for economic and public policies that can minimize the Blacks’ diminished returns of education attainment and other SES resources.
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Ispulova, Svetlana Nikolaevna. "Social policy: models, directions, and features of the implementation." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2009-04.
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The article is devoted to the main models and ways of forming social well-being as an indicator of the social state. The author draws attention to the ongoing measures of social support for economically disadvantaged citizens in Russia and the United States.
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Vasunilashorn, Sarinnapha, Jung Ki Kim, and Eileen M. Crimmins. "International Differences in the Links between Obesity and Physiological Dysregulation: The United States, England, and Taiwan." Journal of Obesity 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/618056.
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Excess weight has generally been associated with adverse health outcomes; however, the link between overweight and health outcomes may vary with socioeconomic, cultural, and epidemiological conditions. We examine associations of weight with indicators of biological risk in three nationally representative populations: the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan. Indicators of biological risk were compared for obese (defined using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference) and normal weight individuals aged 54+. Generally, obesity in England was associated with elevated risk for more markers examined; obese Americans also had elevated risks except that they did not have elevated blood pressure (BP). Including waist circumference in our consideration of BMI indicated different links between obesity and waist size across countries; we found higher physiological dysregulation among those with high waist but normal BMI compared to those with normal waist and normal BMI. Americans had the highest levels of biological risk in all weight/waist groups. Cross-country variation in biological risk associated with obesity may reflect differences in health behaviors, lifestyle, medication use, and culture.
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Teresiene, Deimante, Greta Keliuotyte-Staniuleniene, Yiyi Liao, Rasa Kanapickiene, Ruihui Pu, Siyan Hu, and Xiao-Guang Yue. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer and Business Confidence Indicators." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040159.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and induced economic and social constraints have significantly impacted the confidence of both consumers and businesses. Despite that, comprehensive studies of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumer and business sentiment are still lacking. Thus, in our research we aim to identify consumer and business confidence indicators’ reaction to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Eurozone, the United States, and China. For this purpose, we used the method of correlation–regression analysis. We chose the consumer-confidence index, manufacturing purchasing manager’s index, and services purchasing manager’s index as dependent variables; and the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, the number of deaths caused by COVID-19, and the mortality rate of COVID-19 infections as independent variables. The results showed a relatively rapid and robust effect of COVID-19 in the short period, but longer-term results depended on the region and were not so unambiguous: in the case of the Eurozone, the spread of COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the consumer-confidence index (CCI) or, in the cases of the United States and China, affected this index negatively; the purchasing managers’ index (PMI) in the services sector was significantly negatively affected by the mortality risk of COVID-19 infection; and the impact on the purchasing managers’ index (PMI) in the manufacturing industry appeared to be mixed.
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Esterbrook, R. L., S. A. Esterbrook, A. Dreyfus, T. A. Karpekova, and E. N. Soldatenkova. "Development of Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the United States and Russia." Психологическая наука и образование 21, no. 3 (2016): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2016210307.
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The article presents an analysis of theoretical principles and methodological approaches within the framework of research schools both in the United States and Russia; these schools provide the basis for the development of effective learning and communication skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The authors consider the indicators for communication disorders in children with ASD, as well as the main strategies for overcoming them in the context of utilizing verbal behavior analysis (B.F. Skinner, M.L. Sundberg, J.W. Partington, and M.L. Barbera - USA), the tradition of cultural-historical psychology (L.S. Vygotsky, D.B. Elkonin, B.D. Elkonin - Russia), reflective-activity approach (A.N. Leontiev, V.K. Zaretsky – Russia), the theory of systemic dynamic localization of higher mental functions(A.R. Luria – Russia), and method of ”replacing ontogenesis” (B.A. Arkhipov, A.V. Semenovich Russia). Despite the differences in methodologies used by American and Russian scholars, the most important idea is that the researchers and practitioners of both schools have common goal: to concentrate their efforts on developing social interaction skills in children with ASD, which helps them to better adjust in their lives and function in the social environment.
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Caudillo, Mónica L., and Andrés Villarreal. "The Opioid Epidemic and Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 2000–2016." Demography 58, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 345–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8937348.
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Abstract The United States has experienced a dramatic rise in opioid addiction and opioid overdose deaths in recent years. We investigate the effect of the opioid epidemic at the local level on nonmarital fertility using aggregate- and individual-level analyses. Opioid overdose death rates and prescriptions per capita are used as indicators of the intensity of the opioid epidemic. We estimate area fixed-effects models to test the effect of the opioid epidemic on nonmarital birth rates obtained from vital statistics for 2000–2016. We find an increase in nonmarital birth rates in communities that experienced a rise in opioid overdose deaths and higher prescription rates. Our analyses also show that the local effect of the opioid epidemic is not driven by a reduction in marriage rates and that marital birth rates are unaffected. Individual-level data from the ACS 2008–2016 are then used to further assess the potential causal mechanisms and to test heterogeneous effects by education and race/ethnicity. Our findings suggest that the opioid epidemic increased nonmarital birth rates through social disruptions primarily affecting unmarried women but not through changes in their economic condition.
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Rubaeva, L. M., and A. A. Datieva. "ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN WESTERN EUROPE." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-1-106-110.
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The article considers the issue of achieving the most stable socio-economic situation in the countries of Western Europe. The paper highlights socio-economic factors that characterize states with a developed economic system. The authors make a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of countries with a developed socio-economic situation: Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The study notes the relationship between the sectors of the economy that have allowed developed countries to achieve the greatest results at present time. Based on the study, the authors identify the main provisions that stimulate the economic and social development of the considered states.
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Lyu, Jiyoung, and Stefan Agrigoroaei. "Childhood Misfortune and Adult Health in a National Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 84, no. 3 (September 22, 2016): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016669147.
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This study investigated the relationship between childhood misfortune and 10-year change in health and whether this relationship was mediated by the quality of social relations. We used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) national longitudinal study, 1995–1996 (Time 1) and 2005–2006 (Time 2). Childhood misfortune was measured at Time 1 using indicators of financial strain, family structure, and abuse. Self-rated physical and mental health indicators were obtained at both occasions. The measure of quality of social relations was based on items relative to social support and social strain from spouse, friends, and family at Time 1. Mediational models showed that a higher level of childhood misfortune was associated with low-quality family relations which in turn tend to account for change in mental health. These findings suggest that childhood misfortune is associated with the quality of social relations, which in turn explain individual changes in mental health in adulthood.
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Willert, Michaela. "The European social dimension in pension policy." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 18, no. 3 (July 19, 2012): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258912448601.
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This article analyses how the social objective of protecting lower earners from old-age poverty is supported at the EU level. It argues that although the Member States are responsible for pension policy, the EU framework could empower domestic social policy actors by providing them with cognitive and normative resources. The analysis is based on the situation in three countries: Germany, Poland and the United Kingdom. The article shows that there are well developed shared data and indicators, but that there is limited scope for common interpretation of the data. There is also a lack of common policy solutions due to two diverging pension reform paradigms: the adequacy paradigm and the sustainability paradigm. Although the latter increasingly has incorporated an adequacy perspective that limits pure cost containment policies, Europe 2020 limits the scope for positive social policy measures linked to the adequacy approach because it prioritizes a low tax wedge and growth-enhancing initiatives.
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Hacker, J. David. "Economic, Demographic, and Anthropometric Correlates of First Marriage in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century United States." Social Science History 32, no. 3 (2008): 307–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013973.
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Despite the importance of marriage for the economic and demographic history of the nineteenth-century United States, there are few published estimates of the timing and incidence of marriage and no published studies of its correlates before 1890, when the Census Office first tabulated marital status by age, sex, and nativity. In this article I rely on the 1860 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series census sample to construct national and regional estimates of white nuptiality by nativity and sex and to test theories of marriage timing. I supplement this analysis with two new public use samples of Civil War soldiers. The Gould sample, collected by the U.S. Sanitary Commission between 1863 and 1865, allows me to test whether height and body mass influenced white men's propensity to marry. Additionally, a sample of Union Army recruits linked to the 1860 census, created as part of the Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death project, allows me to combine suspected economic, demographic, and anthropometric correlates of marriage into a multivariate model of never-married white men's entrance into first marriage. The results indicate that nuptiality was moderately higher in 1860 than it was in 1890. In contrast to previous studies that emphasize the primary importance of land availability and farm prices, I find that single women's opportunity to participate in the paid labor force was the most important determinant of marriage timing. I also find modest support for the hypothesis that height affected men's propensity to marry, consistent with the theory that body size was a sign to potential marriage partners of future earnings capacity and health.