Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social individuals

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Social individuals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Social individuals"

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Romanova, Julia, and Victoria Lisetska. "Individual Psychological Characteristics of Individuals Engaged in Social Entrepreneurship." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology”, no. 2 (12) (2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/bsp.2020.2(12).15.

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The results of empirical research devoted to the study of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are considered in this article. Social entrepreneurship is a new area of practice that is developing rapidly but is still insufficiently studied in psychology. Foreign research projects compare social entrepreneurs’ personal traits with the ones of traditional entrepreneurs, members of the general public, employees in the same area of activity, volunteers, etc. There are such personal traits of social entrepreneurs that have a higher level of development (compared to others) as empathy, willingness to take risks and to cooperate and develop social networks, creativity, need for autonomy and independence, optimism, trust in others, belief in positive social changes, ability to cope with obstacles on their way to social mission implementation. Most researchers emphasize the developed sense of social responsibility, moral obligations towards others, self-sacrifice of social entrepreneurs. As a result of the empirical research of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social and traditional entrepreneurship in Ukraine psychological particularities within each group of entrepreneurs have been determined. A psychological portrait of social entrepreneur has been compiled based on the obtained empirical data: an active, focused on the external world, intent on reflection and introspection, receptive to obtain new knowledge, hardworking, creative, relatively emotionally stable, moderately conformable and ambitious individual, which is characterized by a high level of empathy and an internal locus of control, which can work successfully both as a team member and independently, which can adequately estimate their capabilities and make right decisions in situations of uncertainty and risk. The differences between groups of traditional and social entrepreneurs in such factors as «Openness» according to the Big 5 Personality Traits, «Сreative tendency», «Calculated risk-taking», «Internal locus of control» according to the General measure of Enterprising Tendency (GET) test, as well as according to the Balanced Emotional Empathy Test have been detected. Based on these findings one can conclude that a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that meets the urgent needs of society, corresponds to individual motives and is determined by the specifics of professional tasks we solve, and therefore by the type of business activity in general.
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Kavitha, G. "Social Networking Website Gathers Individuals for a Social cause - A Study on Facebook Events." Journal of Advanced Research in Journalism & Mass Communication 05, no. 04 (October 31, 2018): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3810.201830.

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Robins, Garry, and Yoshi Kashima. "Social psychology and social networks: Individuals and social systems." Asian Journal Of Social Psychology 11, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839x.2007.00240.x.

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Ramakrishnan, D. "Involving Individuals in Health and Fitness Practices through Social Media." Journal of Advanced Research in Journalism & Mass Communication 05, no. 04 (October 31, 2018): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3810.201834.

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Sheinov, Victor P. "Social interactions of assertive individuals." Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 9, no. 6 (December 19, 2018): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2018.09.00617.

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Hunt, Edmund R., Brian Mi, Camila Fernandez, Brandyn M. Wong, Jonathan N. Pruitt, and Noa Pinter-Wollman. "Social interactions shape individual and collective personality in social spiders." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (September 5, 2018): 20181366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1366.

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The behavioural composition of a group and the dynamics of social interactions can both influence how social animals work collectively. For example, individuals exhibiting certain behavioural tendencies may have a disproportionately large impact on the group, and so are referred to as keystone individuals, while interactions between individuals can facilitate information transmission about resources. Despite the potential impact of both behavioural composition and interactions on collective behaviour, the relationship between consistent behaviours (also known as personalities) and social interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we use stochastic actor-oriented models to uncover the interdependencies between boldness and social interactions in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola . We find that boldness has no effect on the likelihood of forming social interactions, but interactions do affect boldness, and lead to an increase in the boldness of the shyer individual. Furthermore, spiders tend to interact with the same individuals as their neighbours. In general, boldness decreases over time, but once an individual's boldness begins to increase, this increase accelerates, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. These dynamics of interactions and boldness result in skewed boldness distributions of a few bold individuals and many shy individuals, as observed in nature. This group behavioural composition facilitates efficient collective behaviours, such as rapid collective prey attack. Thus, by examining the relationship between behaviour and interactions, we reveal the mechanisms that underlie the emergence of adaptive group composition and collective behaviour.
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Fershtman, Chaim, and Dotan Persitz. "Social Clubs and Social Networks." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 224–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20180143.

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We present a strategic network formation model based on membership in clubs. Individuals choose affiliations. The set of all memberships induces a weighted network where two individuals are directly connected if they share a club. Two individuals may also be indirectly connected using multiple memberships of third parties. Individuals gain from their position in the induced network and pay membership fees. We study the club congestion model where the weight of a link decreases with the size of the smallest shared club. A trade-off emerges between the size of clubs, the depreciation of indirect connections, and the membership fee. (JEL D71, D85, Z13)
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Loures, Liliany, and Cláudia Helena Cerqueira Mármora. "Suporte e participação social em indivíduos com hanseníase." O Mundo da Saúde 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20174102244252.

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Weber, Lori. "Rugged individuals and social butterflies: the consequences of social and individual political participation for political tolerance." Social Science Journal 40, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(03)00014-4.

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Myrick, Hugh, and Kathleen T. Brady. "Social Phobia in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals." American Journal on Addictions 6, no. 2 (January 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10550499709137020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social individuals"

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Stipelman, Brooke A. "Social skills deficit versus performance inhibition in socially anxious individuals." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3093.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Xu, Kun. "Media are social actors: Individuals' social responses to social robots and mobile phones." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/534502.

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Media & Communication
Ph.D.
The Computers are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm was proposed more than two decades ago to understand humans’ interaction with computer technologies. Today, as emerging media technologies including social robots and smartphones become more personal and persuasive, questions of how users respond to them socially, what individual factors leverage the relationship, and what constitutes the social influence of these technologies need to be addressed. As an expansion of the CASA paradigm, the Media are Social Actors (MASA) paradigm was applied in the current dissertation to understand users’ social perception, social attitudes, and social behavior in their interactions with humanoid social robots and smartphones. Two lab experiments with between-subjects factorial design were conducted. A total of 110 participants were asked to interact with a humanoid social robot and a smartphone respectively in a socio-emotional context and a task-oriented context. Four pairs of social cues were compared to understand their influence on users’ anthropomorphism of the technologies. Multivariate analyses and textual analyses were conducted. Results suggested that users developed more trust in the social robot with a human voice than with a synthetic voice. Users also developed more intimacy and more interest in the social robot when the robot was paired with humanlike gestures. However, individual differences such as users’ attitudes toward robots, robot use experiences, and suspension of disbelief affected users’ psychological responses to the social robot. Although users’ responses to the smartphone did not vary based on the language styles and the modalities, factors such as individuals’ intensive smartphone use, mobile use habits, and their source orientation and re-orientation moderated the social influence of the smartphone. The dissertation has theoretical value in expanding the CASA paradigm to social robots and smartphones. It also tests the validity of the propositions of the MASA paradigm. The results can lead to more comprehensive, nuanced, and exciting discoveries of the social implications, ethical implications, and practical guides of using these emerging media technologies in the future.
Temple University--Theses
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Marineau, Joshua Eric. "INDIVIDUALS’ FORMAL POWER AND THEIR SOCIAL NETWORK ACCURACY." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/management_etds/2.

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Previous research has suggested that individuals differ in their accuracy of perceptions of the social environment, and some research suggests that powerful individuals in particular tend to be lazy, disinterested observers of the social world. A handful of field studies and lab experiments linking power with individuals’ perceptions of others’ social networks have generally supported this view. However, recent theory addressing the psychological consequences of power for the power-holder claim that in certain circumstances and for some kinds of social information, power is linked to increased accuracy of social information. This dissertation tests this idea by drawing on social network theory and the situated focus theory of power. I examine the relationship between individuals’ formal power and their perceptual accuracy of social network relationships. I propose that individuals’ perceptual accuracy is affected by 1) their formal power in the organization 2) the type of relationship being perceived (expressive/instrumental, positive/negative), and 3) the dependence relationship with the target of perception (whether the perceiver is dependent on the perceived to get their work done). Predictions were tested using cognitive social network data collected from a call center within a division of a large corporation in the US. Results showed that formal power was linked to increased accuracy for some relationship content (particularly negative expressive relationships), and managers tend to be more accurate when perceiving their own incoming relationships than non-managers.
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White, Sam. "Recollections of humiliation in individuals with social phobia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275296.

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Baker, Jessica N. "Siblings of Individuals with Autism: Levels of Social Anxiety and Social Skills." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/258.

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Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders characterized by the presence of three core features: impairments in communication and social interaction, the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. Estimates from the Center for Disease Control indicate that 1 in 88 individuals in the United States will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Siblings are especially affected by the birth of an autistic sibling because of increased stress related to living with an autistic sibling. Increased environmental stress and the genetic component of autism has led to the hypothesis that typically developing siblings may be at a risk for behavioral, emotional and social maladjustments, even in the absence of an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. The current study sought to compare social skills and levels of social anxiety, as measured by self-report scales, of siblings of individuals with ASD to siblings of typically developing individuals across two age ranges. Results indicate that social skills and levels of social anxiety did not differ between individuals with siblings on the autism spectrum and those with typically developing siblings, for both individuals under the age of 18 and over the age of 18. The current results indicate that unaffected siblings of individuals with autism do not differ from their peers with typically developing siblings in measures of social skills, social anxiety and qualitative autistic traits. Environmental factors associated with living with an autistic sibling and the genetic component of autism does not appear to negatively affect the development of neurotypical siblings at any age.
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Brennan, Erin Ann. "Stigmatization of HIV positive individuals." Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1574154001&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Borsuk, Alexandra M. "Social and Behavioral Characteristics of Individuals with Celiac Disease." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366232495.

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Ray, Justine. "Implicit and Explicit Social Isolation in Eating Disordered Individuals." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1343181674.

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Walby, Gary W. "Associations between individual, social, and service factors, recovery expectations and recovery strategies for individuals with mental illness." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002203.

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Triche, Amy B. "Characteristics of Shy and Socially Phobic Individuals." Thesis, Boston College, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/373.

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Thesis advisor: Donnah Canavan
This study examines the relationship between shyness/social phobia and other personality traits, as manifested in college students. Very few studies have compared shyness and social phobia, and even fewer have contrasted them. However, we believe that there are several important differences between the two. Mainly, one hypothesis is that social phobics long to be more extroverted and, thus, are more conflicted in many aspects of their personalities. Moreover, very few studies have found a conclusive link between shyness or social phobia and self-esteem. One of our main hypotheses is that there is a link between shyness/social phobia and low social self-esteem, although not necessarily overall self-esteem. We sought support for these hypotheses and others in the analysis of data obtained through a survey, composed of several standard questionnaires, as well as original material covering areas of self-image, behaviors, emotions, and personality traits. The results did indicate substantial differences between shyness and social phobia, with social phobics having higher levels of extraversion and, overall, more conflict within themselves
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Books on the topic "Social individuals"

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Kremnitz, Georg. Multilingüisme social: Aspectes institucionals, socials i individuals. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1993.

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1951-, Fiedler Klaus, and Strack Fritz 1950-, eds. Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality. Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 2003.

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Clinical practice with individuals. Washington, D.C: National Association of Social Workers, 1997.

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Press, Dominie, ed. Individuals, groups, and institutions. Carlsbad, CA: Dominie Press, 2001.

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McLeod, Jenny. The social experience of individuals living with vitiligo. Manchester: University of Manchester, Department of Sociology, 2004.

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A community of individuals. New York: Routledge, 2003.

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Multilingual individuals and multilingual societies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2012.

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Individuals, groups, and shared moral responsibility. New York: P. Lang, 1988.

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Individuals, groups, and business ethics. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Injunctions and orders against anti-social or violent individuals. Bristol [England]: Jordans, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social individuals"

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Adams, Robert. "Empowering Individuals." In Social Work and Empowerment, 54–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14033-6_4.

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Adams, Robert. "Empowering individuals." In Empowerment, participation and social work, 95–114. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05053-3_5.

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Parker, John, Leonard Mars, Paul Ransome, and Hilary Stanworth. "What Do Individuals Explain?" In Social Theory, 13–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62942-4_2.

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Head, Brian William. "Individuals and Social Relations." In Ideology and Social Science, 67–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5159-4_4.

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Parker, John, Hilary Stanworth, Leonard Mars, and Paul Ransome. "What do individuals explain?" In Explaining Social Life, 19–43. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03867-8_2.

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Loue, Sana. "Moving Forward with Individuals." In SpringerBriefs in Social Work, 47–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9002-9_4.

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van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien, and Bert Klandermans. "Individuals in Movements." In Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 157–204. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70960-4_5.

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Parker, John, Leonard Mars, Paul Ransome, and Hilary Stanworth. "Testing the Explanatory Value of Individuals." In Social Theory, 26–35. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62942-4_3.

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Healy, Karen. "Working with Mandated Individuals." In Social Work Methods and Skills, 84–109. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36199-7_4.

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Rothman, Juliet. "Assessing Individuals and Communities." In Social Work Practice Across Disability, 239–61. Second edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178028-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social individuals"

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Silber-Varod, Vered, Hamutal Kreiner, Ronen Lovett, Yossi Levi-Belz, and Noam Amir. "Do social anxiety individuals hesitate more? The prosodic profile of hesitation disfluencies in Social Anxiety Disorder individuals." In Speech Prosody 2016. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2016-249.

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Camacho, Lesly, João Faria, Solange Alves-Souza, and Lucia Filgueiras. "Social Tracks: Recommender System for Multiple Individuals using Social Influence." In 11th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008166503630371.

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Nomura, Takahiko, and Yayoi Kubota. "Social Innovation Management with Resonant Individuals' Insights." In PICMET '07 - 2007 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2007.4349361.

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Purrington, Keith, and Edmund H. Durfee. "Making social choices from individuals' CP-nets." In the 6th international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1329125.1329341.

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Sander, Tom, and Phoey Lee Teh. "Is Social Media Changing the Awareness of Individuals?" In International Conference on New Trends in Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ntss.2019.08.488.

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Chen, Haibao, Yuyan Zhao, Yang Wang, Liang Zhao, Lu Yin, Jinjun Liu, Shenghui Zhao, and Guilin Chen. "A Framework of Social Robot for Elderly individuals." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-tw46550.2019.8991854.

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Singh, Vivek K., Akanksha Atrey, and Saket Hegde. "Do Individuals Smile More in Diverse Social Company?" In MM '17: ACM Multimedia Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3123266.3127908.

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Xu, Haiyan. "Organization and Individuals of Nationalism." In 2nd International Conference on Education, Management and Social Science (ICEMSS 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemss-14.2014.90.

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Chung, Ming-Hua, Gang Chen, Weizhong Zhao, Guohua Hao, Julian Pan, and Xiaowei Xu. "Discovering Multiple Social Ties for Characterization of Individuals in Online Social Networks." In 2016 Third European Network Intelligence Conference (ENIC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/enic.2016.009.

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Boehmer, Niclas, Robert Bredereck, Dušan Knop, and Junjie Luo. "Fine-Grained View on Bribery for Group Identification." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/10.

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Given a set of individuals qualifying or disqualifying each other, group identification is the task of identifying a socially qualified subgroup of individuals. Social qualification depends on the specific rule used to aggregate individual qualifications. The bribery problem in this context asks how many agents need to change their qualifications in order to change the outcome. Complementing previous results showing polynomial-time solvability or NP-hardness of bribery for various social rules in the constructive (aiming at making specific individuals socially qualified) or destructive (aiming at making specific individuals socially disqualified) setting, we provide a comprehensive picture of the parameterized computational complexity landscape. Conceptually, we also consider a more fine-grained concept of bribery cost, where we ask how many single qualifications need to be changed, and a more general bribery goal that combines the constructive and destructive setting.
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Reports on the topic "Social individuals"

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Banerjee, Abhijit, Arun Chandrasekhar, Esther Duflo, and Matthew Jackson. Gossip: Identifying Central Individuals in a Social Network. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20422.

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Lopes, Helena. Individuals, persons and agency theory – contrasted views on social interactions at work. DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7749/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2014.04.

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Carter, Becky, and Luke Kelly. Social Inequalities and Famine and Severe Food Insecurity Risk. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.097.

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This rapid review summarises the evidence on the ways in which social inequalities and discrimination affect the risk of famine or severe food insecurity. Looking at the risk at the national and sub-national level, gender and other horizontal inequities can affect a society’s risk of violent conflict and therefore food insecurity, while fragile livelihoods associated with ethnic marginalisation can impact regional food security. At the individual and household level, there is a lack of disaggregated data on people’s social characteristics and famines. There is a broader literature on the impact of systemic discrimination (based on gender, age, disability, sexuality, and ethnic identity) on individuals’ and households’ livelihoods and assets, thereby increasing their vulnerability to food insecurity. A key finding from the literature is the gender gap, with women more at risk of being food insecure than men. Also, some ethnic groups are highly vulnerable particularly in conflict-related famines; starvation is used as a warfare tactic in political and ethnic conflicts. There is evidence of how social inequalities heighten individuals’ risks during food crises and famines, including through exposure to protection threats, while limiting their access to essential services and humanitarian assistance. A broad range of measures seeks to address the multi-dimensional ways in which social inequalities affect vulnerability and resilience to food insecurity.
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Martínez, Déborah, Cristina Parilli, Carlos Scartascini, and Alberto Simpser. Let's (Not) Get Together!: The Role of Social Norms in Social Distancing during COVID-19. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003044.

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While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We asked each of 23,000 survey respondents in Mexico to predict how a fictional person would behave when faced with the choice about whether or not to attend a friend's birthday gathering. Every respondent was randomly assigned to one of four social norms conditions. Expecting that other people would attend the gathering and/or believing that other people approved of attending the gathering both increased the predicted probability that the fictional character would attend the gathering by 25% in comparison with a scenario where other people were not expected to attend nor to approve of attending. Our results speak to the potential effects of communication campaigns and media coverage of, compliance with, and normative views about COVID-19 preventive measures. They also suggest that policies aimed at modifying social norms or making existing ones salient could impact compliance.
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Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Technology, Identification, and Access to Social Programs: Experimental Evidence from Panama. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003485.

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Access to identification cards (IDs) is often required to claim government benefits. However, it is unclear which policies to increase ID ownership are more effective. We experimentally analyze the effect of two policy interventions to induce the timely renewal of identification cards on access to a government social program in Panama. Sending reminders about expiration dates increased the probability of on-time renewals and of accessing benefits from a social program by 12 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively, relative to a control group. In contrast, allowing individuals to renew their ID online only increased renewals and access to benefits by 8 and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. This result was driven by lower-income individuals. The results suggest that policies to increase ownership of valid identity documentation can reduce inclusion errors in government programs and that simply granting access to digital tools may not be enough to unlock important effects.
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Oppel, Annalena. Beyond Informal Social Protection – Personal Networks of Economic Support in Namibia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.002.

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This paper poses a different lens on informal social protection (ISP). ISP is generally understood as practices of livelihood support among individuals. While studies have explored the social dynamics of such, they rarely do so beyond the conceptual space of informalities and poverty. For instance, they discuss aspects of inclusion, incentives and disincentives, efficiency and adequacy. This provides important insights on whether and to what extent these practices provide livelihood support and for whom. However, doing so in part disregards the socio-political context within which support practices take place. This paper therefore introduces the lens of between-group inequality through the Black Tax narrative. It draws on unique mixed method data of 205 personal support networks of Namibian adults. The results show how understanding these practices beyond the lens of informal social protection can provide important insights on how economic inequality resonates in support relationships, which in turn can play a part in reproducing the inequalities to which they respond.
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7

Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Research Insights: How Digital Tools Increase Access to Government Services and Social Programs through On-time Renewals of IDs. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003572.

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Sending SMS reminders increased the probability of on-time renewals of IDs by 12 percentage points, while also allowing citizens to renew their IDs online only increased renewals by 8 percentage points. Providing an online option (instead of in-person renewals) was less effective due to a poor user experience with the online procedure. The poorest individuals who received reminders were also more likely to receive transfers from an emergency in-kind transfer delivered through digital vouchers.
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8

Bhan, Gautam, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Neha Margosa, Kinjal Sampat, and Nidhi Sohane. Lessons for Social Protection from the COVID-19 Lockdowns Report 1 of 2: State Relief. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/lspcl11.2020.

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This report seeks to use COVID-19 and its attendant lockdowns in India as a crucial moment to assess social protection. Policy and scholarship both recognize that social protection plays an important role in alleviating poverty, improving standards of living, mitigating risks and shocks, and reducing episodes of financial adversities (Conway & Norton, 2002). We understandsocial protection as “all public and privateinitiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalized; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups” (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). Social protection thus includes measures that are protective against destitution— both amidst crisis as well as in the everyday— as well as promotive in how they enable individuals, households and communities to thrive and flourish rather than just survive (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).
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Aruguete, Natalia, Ernesto Calvo, Carlos Scartascini, and Tiago Ventura. Trustful Voters, Trustworthy Politicians: A Survey Experiment on the Influence of Social Media in Politics. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003389.

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Recent increases in political polarization in social media raise questions about the relationship between negative online messages and the decline in political trust around the world. To evaluate this claim causally, we implement a variant of the well-known trust game in a survey experiment with 4,800 respondents in Brazil and Mexico. Our design allows to test the effect of social media on trust and trustworthiness. Survey respondents alternate as agents (politicians) and principals (voters). Players can cast votes, trust others with their votes, and cast entrusted votes. The players rewards are contingent on their preferred “candidate” winning the election. We measure the extent to which voters place their trust in others and are themselves trustworthy, that is, willing to honor requests that may not benefit them. Treated respondents are exposed to messages from in-group or out-group politicians, and with positive or negative tone. Results provide robust support for a negative effect of uncivil partisan discourse on trust behavior and null results on trustworthiness. The negative effect on trust is considerably greater among randomly treated respondents who engage with social media messages. These results show that engaging with messages on social media can have a deleterious effect on trust, even when those messages are not relevant to the task at hand or not representative of the actions of the individuals involved in the game.
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10

Heavner, D. Lee, and Lance Lochner. Social Networks and the Aggregation on Individual Decisions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8979.

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