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1
Elenbaas, Laura, Michael T. Rizzo, and Melanie Killen. "A Developmental-Science Perspective on Social Inequality." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420964147.
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Many people believe in equality of opportunity but overlook and minimize the structural factors that shape social inequalities in the United States and around the world, such as systematic exclusion (e.g., educational, occupational) based on group membership (e.g., gender, race, socioeconomic status). As a result, social inequalities persist and place marginalized social groups at elevated risk for negative emotional, learning, and health outcomes. Where do the beliefs and behaviors that underlie social inequalities originate? Recent evidence from developmental science indicates that an awareness of social inequalities begins in childhood and that children seek to explain the underlying causes of the disparities that they observe and experience. Moreover, children and adolescents show early capacities for understanding and rectifying inequalities when regulating access to resources in peer contexts. Drawing on a social reasoning developmental framework, we synthesize what is currently known about children’s and adolescents’ awareness, beliefs, and behavior concerning social inequalities and highlight promising avenues by which developmental science can help reduce harmful assumptions and foster a more just society.
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Fatke, Matthias. "Inequality Perceptions, Preferences Conducive to Redistribution, and the Conditioning Role of Social Position." Societies 8, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8040099.
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Inequality poses one of the biggest challenges of our time. It is not self-correcting in the sense that citizens demand more redistributive measures in light of rising inequality, which recent studies suggest may be due to the fact that citizens’ perceptions of inequality diverge from objective levels. Moreover, it is not the latter, but the former, which are related to preferences conducive to redistribution. However, the nascent literature on inequality perceptions has, so far, not accounted for the role of subjective position in society. The paper advances the argument that the relationship between inequality perceptions and preferences towards redistribution is conditional on the subjective position of respondents. To that end, I analyze comprehensive survey data on inequality perceptions from the social inequality module of the International Social Survey Programme (1992, 1999, and 2009). Results show that inequality perceptions are associated with preferences conducive to redistribution particularly among those perceive to be at the top of the social ladder. Gaining a better understanding of inequality perceptions contributes to comprehending the absence self-correcting inequality.
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Brown, Riana M., and Maureen A. Craig. "Intergroup Inequality Heightens Reports of Discrimination Along Alternative Identity Dimensions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 869–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219880186.
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How do members of societally valued (dominant) groups respond when considering inequality? Prior research suggests that salient inequality may be viewed as a threat to dominant-group members’ self and collective moral character. However, people possess multiple social identities and may be advantaged in one domain (e.g., White) while concurrently disadvantaged in another domain (e.g., sexual minority). The present research tests whether individuals may reduce the moral-image threat of being societally advantaged in one domain by highlighting discrimination they face in other domains. Four experiments with individuals advantaged along different dimensions of inequality (race, social class, sexuality) reveal that making such inequality salient evokes greater perceived discrimination faced by oneself and one’s ingroups along other identity dimensions.
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Balmer, Randall. "“An End to Unjust Inequality in the World”." Church History and Religious Culture 94, no. 4 (2014): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09404002.
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Since the emergence of the Religious Right in the late 1970s, American evangelicalism has commonly been associated with conservative politics. An examination of nineteenth-century evangelicalism, however, suggests a different affinity. Antebellum evangelicals marched in the vanguard of social change with an agenda that almost invariably advocated for those on the margins of society, including women and African Americans. Evangelicals were involved in peace crusades and the temperance movement, a response to social ills associated with rampant alcohol consumption in the early republic. They advocated equal rights for women, including voting rights. Evangelicals in the North crusaded against slavery. Although Horace Mann, a Unitarian from Massachusetts, is the person most often associated with the rise of common schools, Protestants of a more evangelical stripe were early advocates of public education, including leaders in Ohio, Michigan, and Kentucky. Some evangelicals, including Charles Grandison Finney, even excoriated capitalism as inconsistent with Christian principles.
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Warren, John Robert. "Does Growing Childhood Socioeconomic Inequality Mean Future Inequality in Adult Health?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 292–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596981.
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Over the past half century, American children have experienced increasingly unequal childhoods. The goal of this article is to begin to understand the implications of recent trends in social and economic inequalities among children for the future of inequalities in health among adults. The relative importance of many of the causal pathways linking childhood social and economic circumstances to adult health remains underexplored, and we know even less about how these causal pathways have changed over time. I combine a series of original analyses with reviews of relevant literature in a number of fields to inform a discussion of what growing childhood inequalities might mean for future inequalities in adult health. In the end, I argue that there is good reason to suppose that growing inequalities in children’s social and economic circumstances will lead to greater heterogeneity in adults’ morbidity and mortality.
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Sorando, Daniel, Pedro Uceda, and Marta Domínguez. "Inequality on the Increase: Trajectories of Privilege and Inequality in Madrid." Social Inclusion 9, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3845.
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In Spain, housing is one of the main axes of social inequality. Its position within Spain’s economic model and welfare system is key to understanding why its financialization at the beginning of the 21st century had such different consequences among residents as well as territorially. In this context, from 2001 to 2011, Madrid became one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in Europe. This article delves into how both housing and its location organise inequality in different social spheres and reproduce it over time. To this end, the geography of this inequality is analysed in different social residential trajectories, along with how segregation produces its own dynamics of inequality. The analysis is based on census data and applies a combination of factor and cluster analyses. The results reveal important processes of social residential marginalisation articulated by the interaction between high international immigration and the spatial manifestation of the housing bubble. The main socio-spatial result of this process is the disappearance of mixed social spaces in Madrid, previously located in the centre of the city. This dynamic produces opposite territories in terms of advantage and disadvantage in different spheres linked to social inequality such as education, health, leisure, care and even prejudice. In the process, impoverished immigrants disperse towards the neighbourhoods that concentrate the greatest disadvantages in each of these spheres.
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Delhey, Jan, and Leonie C. Steckermeier. "Social Ills in Rich Countries: New Evidence on Levels, Causes, and Mediators." Social Indicators Research 149, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 87–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02244-3.
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AbstractThe income inequality hypothesis claims that in rich societies inequality causes a range of health and social problems (henceforth: social ills), e.g. because economic inequality induces feelings of status anxiety and corrodes social cohesion. This paper provides an encompassing test of the income inequality hypothesis by exploring levels and breeding conditions of social ills in 40 affluent countries worldwide, as well as pathways for a subsample of wealthy European countries. Our aggregate-level research is based on a revised and updated Index of Social Ills inspired by Wilkinson and Pickett’s book The Spirit Level, which we compile for both more countries (40) and more years (2000–2015) and combine with survey information about experienced quality-of-life as potential mediators. We get three major results: First, cross-sectionally income inequality is indeed strongly and consistently related to social ills, but so is economic prosperity. Second, while longitudinally changes in inequality do not result in changing levels of social ills, rising prosperity effectively reduces the amount of social ills, at least in Europe. Finally, whereas the cross-sectional analysis indicates that aspects of social cohesion most consistently mediate between economic conditions and social ills, the longitudinal mediation analyses could not ultimately clarify through which pathway rising prosperity reduces social ills. Overall we conclude that the income inequality hypothesis is, at best, too narrow to fully understand health and social problems in rich countries.
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Singh, Mudit Kumar, and Jaemin Lee. "Social inequality and access to social capital in microfinance interventions." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 7/8 (April 2, 2020): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2020-0024.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the inequality perpetuated through social categories in accessing the social capital generated through the microfinance interventions in India as the country has pronounced economic inequality by social categories like many developing stratified societies.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses survey data collected from 75 villages in rural India and tests whether the formation and maximization of social capital through self-help groups (SHGs) is dominated by social categories, e.g. high-caste groups, males and superior occupation classes. Using logistic regression framework, the study assesses the formation and maximization of social capital through multiple SHG membership.FindingsThe paper finds that the microfinance approach of empowering weaker sections is considerably limited in its success, in the sense that it provides them with the opportunity to the credit access and support through SHGs. But, the empirical model further indicates that social capital in form of these SHGs may fall prey to the dominant social categories, and thus, these institutions may potentially enhance inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is derived from the secondary data set, so it is unable to comment field reality qualitatively.Practical implicationsMicrofinance policy makers will have an improved understanding of inherent social inequalities while implementing group-based programs in socially stratified societies.Originality/valueSocial capital, if treated as an outcome accumulated in form of groups, provides with an important framework to assess the unequal access through the microfinance interventions. Overlooking the inherent unequal access will deceive the purpose of social justice in the group-based interventions. The microfinance and other welfare policies engaged in group formation and generating the social capital need to be more sensitive to the disadvantageous sections while focusing on multiple group access by disadvantaged social groups.
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Connor, Walter D., and David Lane. "The End of Social Inequality? Class, Status and Power under State Socialism." Russian Review 45, no. 4 (October 1986): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130496.
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Kristensen, Jytte, and Jørgen Elm Larsen. "Fattigdom, social eksklusion og boligforhold." Dansk Sociologi 18, no. 4 (November 3, 2007): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v18i4.2305.
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Formålet med artiklen er primært at belyse, hvordan boligforholdene for fattige og socialt ekskluderede i Danmark har udviklet sig i perioden fra 1976 til 2000. Artiklen viser, at boligforholdene udgør en helt afgørende markør på socioøkonomiske uligheder i det danske samfund. Dem, der er fattige, socialt ekskluderede og som har et dårligt helbred, har langt ringere boligforhold end andre, og der er en klar intersektionalitet mellem forskellige, sårbare socioøkonomiske positioner. Artiklen viser endvidere, at der er en klar skillelinje mellem ejere og lejere i forhold til disse sårbare socioøkonomiske positioner. Lejere har for det første ringere boligforhold end ejere, og for det andet er de økonomiske uligheder mellem ejere og lejere øget markant inden for de seneste år på grund af stigende uligheder i indkomster og formuer. Artiklen giver således som noget nyt i dansk socialforskning et samlet overblik over økonomiske, sociale og boligstandardmæssige uligheder mellem dels ejere og lejere og dels mellem fattige og socialt ekskluderede og resten af befolkningen.
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Jytte Kristensen & Jørgen Elm Larsen: Poverty, Social Exclusion and Housing Conditions
The purpose of this article is to examine how housing conditions for poor and socially excluded people in Denmark have developed between 1976 and 2000. The article shows that housing conditions are a decisive marker of socio-economic inequalities in Danish society. People who are poor, socially excluded, and have poor health have poorer housing conditions than others. There is a clear intersectionality between the different vulnerable socio-economic positions. The analysis indicates that there is an unmistakable dividing line between owners and tenants as regards these vulnerable socio-economic positions. Firstly tenants have poorer housing conditions than owners, and secondly the economic inequalities between owners and tenants have increased in recent years primarily due to increasing inequalities in income and wealth. The article contributes to existing scientific knowledge about housing and inequality by drawing together both existing and new evidence about the economic, social and housing inequalities between owners and tenants and between poor and social excluded people and the rest of the population.
Key words: Housing conditions, poverty, social exclusion, health conditions, inequality.
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Franks, Andrew S., and Kyle C. Scherr. "Economic Issues Are Moral Issues: The Moral Underpinnings of the Desire to Reduce Wealth Inequality." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 4 (May 2, 2018): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618772821.
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Economic inequality is a pervasive and growing source of social problems such as poor health, crime, psychological disorders, and lack of trust in others. U.S. citizens across the political spectrum both underperceive the extent of economic inequality and would prefer to live in a society with much less inequality than both exist in reality and in their subjective estimations. Across multiple studies, we examined the ability of “moral foundations” to predict people’s desire to reduce economic inequality (while also replicating research showing widespread desire for a more equal society). Moral foundations endorsements consistently predicted desire to reduce inequality even when controlling for other relevant factors (e.g., political orientation). In addition, requests for donations to an organization focused on reducing economic inequality were able to elicit more money when the requests largely appealed to the type of moral foundations endorsed by participants.
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Ream, Robert K., and Gregory J. Palardy. "Reexamining Social Class Differences in the Availability and the Educational Utility of Parental Social Capital." American Educational Research Journal 45, no. 2 (June 2008): 238–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831207308643.
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Emergent ethnographic research disentangles “social capital” from other components of social class (e.g., material and human capital) to show how class-stratified parental social networks exacerbate educational inequality among schoolchildren. The authors build upon this research by using survey data to reexamine whether certain forms of parental social capital create educational advantages for socioeconomically privileged students vis-à-vis their less economically fortunate peers. By drawing a distinction between the availability of social capital and its convertibility, the authors find that whereas larger stocks of parental social capital accompany higher rungs on the social class ladder, its educational utility is less clearly associated with class status. A possible exception to this pattern pertains to the educational utility of middle-class parents’ ideas about the collective efficacy of influencing school policies and practices. At issue is whether a more inclusive understanding of the material and sociological reasons for educational inequality can spur educationally useful social exchange among parents across social class boundaries.
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Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Vesna. "Informality, Inequality and Social Reintegration in Post-War Transition." Studies in Social Justice 7, no. 2 (June 21, 2013): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v7i2.1044.
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This article seeks to reconceptualize the notion of informality in the post-war context in order to investigate the neglected aspect of inequality which is associated with this kind of practice. It locates the problem of widespread informality in the social transformation triggered by a war that has been sustained by the post-war elite accommodation. Inequities created by a routine resort to informal arrangements in accessing assets and resources generate mistrust at the interpersonal, inter-group and institutional levels, sharpen a sense of discrimination and social injustice, and in the end, undermine post-war social reintegration. The argument draws on observations from Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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Madej, Kacper. "BOOK REVIEW: SPORT, LEISURE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE." Society Register 2, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.11.
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Sport leisure and social justice is an important and essential book central to its theme. Editors present a collection of research analysis presented on a variety of different cases. Readers are introduced to a diversity of experiences of marginalized categories of people, theoretical approaches and contexts (e.g. physical education, musical events) that can be used in regards to inequality in this field.
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ZHENG, ROBIN. "A Job for Philosophers: Causality, Responsibility, and Explaining Social Inequality." Dialogue 57, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 323–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217317001032.
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People disagree about the causes of social inequality and how to most effectively intervene in them. These may seem like empirical questions for social scientists, not philosophers. However, causal explanation itself depends on broadly normative commitments. From this it follows that (moral) philosophers have an important role to play in determining those causal explanations. I examine the case of causal explanations of poverty to demonstrate these claims. In short, philosophers who work to reshape our moral expectations also work, on the back end, to restructure acceptable causal explanations—and hence solutions—for social inequality. Empirical and normative inquiry, then, are a two-way street.
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Chugunov, Igor, and Olha Nasibova. "Public funding of social protection: Impact on social indicators in Eurozone countries." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.15.
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Social protection has long been a relevant subject of scientific debate. Its development is interrelated with the study of fiscal factors (collection of social contributions), establishment of major social protection vectors, and confirmation of hypotheses about the link between social protection policy and the resulting socio-economic indicators.The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of public funding of social protectionon social indicatorsusing the example of Eurozone countries. To this end, a number of economic and mathematical methods of analysis were applied to process panel data of seventeen countries for the last fifteen years, including the calculation of the relative rate of variation, regression dependence statistics, and cluster analysis.The study established the irrelevance between the scope of the fundingof spending on social protection and social contributions (coefficient of determination R2=0.255). As illustrated, social indicators are determined not only by the amount of funding of social spending, but also by the structure of the social protection system, in particular, the focus on assistance to families with children and disability compensation (coefficient of determination R2>0.3). The general level of public funding for social spending items results in the 69% income inequality index andis behind 58% of non-economic parameters affecting life quality. The information outlined in the papercan serve as a basis for the formation of social and budgetary policy, as well as the revision of the structure and scope of social protection funding toensure an efficient impact on the quality of life of the population.
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Entrich, Steve R. "Worldwide shadow education and social inequality: Explaining differences in the socioeconomic gap in access to shadow education across 63 societies." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 61, no. 6 (December 2020): 441–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715220987861.
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This article examines the cross-national differences in socioeconomic accessibility to shadow education (SE) across 63 societies. Drawing on arguments from two competing theoretical models either emphasizing cross-national cultural, economic, and institutional differences (e.g. model of secondary schooling, scale of SE) or universally working social reproduction mechanisms (e.g. enrichment features of SE), this study provides a novel approach to understanding the role of SE for social inequality. More specifically, while the first model explicitly allows equality in access to SE, the latter suggests that SE fosters inequality under all circumstances. Using data from the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and official sources, first, the difference in the probability of top in comparison to bottom socioeconomic strata to use SE is predicted separately for all societies, before analyzing what causes the found considerable cross-national variation in the socioeconomic gap in access to SE at the country level. Results indicate that differences in SE access are linked to incentives for high-performing students to use SE. These incentives are especially common in societies with higher educational institutional differentiation (e.g. early or mixed tracking schooling models). In societies with less stratified education systems, access to SE is more equal, wherefore the potential effect of SE to social inequality is dampened. Overall, findings suggest that simple generalizations based on existing theoretical models provide no comprehensive explanation for the connection between SE and inequality. Instead, prominent beliefs about the relationship between SE and inequality are questioned.
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Ibragimova, Zulfiya, and Marina Frants. "Inequality of Opportunities: The Role of the Spatial Factor." Spatial Economics 16, no. 4 (2020): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2020.4.044-067.
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The concept of equal opportunities was shaped on the back of western social philosophy at the end of the XX century as a result of the development of egalitarian theory of social justice. According to it, the determinants of individual achievements should be divided into two categories: ‘circumstances’, which individual has no control on, and ‘efforts’, which individuals should be responsible for. Our research deals with measuring opportunity inequality in the Russian Federation and its regions. The regions of the Russian Federation are well known to be very heterogeneous, consequently, the variation of their social and economic indicators is significant. As a result, the level of opportunity inequality may fluctuate significantly among the regions. Our research is designed to test the hypothesis. The analysis is based on the data from the survey ‘Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs’ conducted by the Federal state statistics service of the Russian Federation. The estimation technique is parametric and based on the ex-ante definition of equality of opportunity. The mean logarithmic deviation is used as inequality index. According to our calculations, the contribution of opportunity inequality to the labor income inequality in Russia is approximately 30%. Spatial factors (region of residence and type of settlement) are responsible for nearly 70% of opportunity inequality. Absolute level of opportunity inequality varies widely among regions – from 0,0117 to 0,0547 in 2017. The contribution of opportunity inequality to inequality of labor income ranges from 7,24 to 27,35% in 2017 across regions. The growth of opportunity inequality is shown to be correlated with the decrease of the economic development rate and the increase of labor income inequality
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Yu, Liangzhi. "The divided views of the information and digital divides: A call for integrative theories of information inequality." Journal of Information Science 37, no. 6 (November 14, 2011): 660–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551511426246.
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This article defines information inequality as multifaceted disparity between individuals, communities or nations in mobilizing society’s information resources for the benefit of their lives and development. It then examines related research from a wide range of disciplines that focuses either on information inequality in general or on its specific forms, e.g. information poverty, information divide, knowledge gap and digital divide. It shows that it is possible to identify a number of clusters of information inequality research according to their theoretical perspectives, and that these perspectives have inherited to a great extent the traditional divisions of social sciences between structure vs agency, society vs individuals and objectivism vs subjectivism. Following earlier calls for greater dialogue between divisions of related research, this article goes further to call for integrative theorizing of information inequality in the way exemplified by Bourdieu’s research on social inequality.
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Braun, Boris, Jürgen Oßenbrügge, and Christian Schulz. "Environmental economic geography and environmental inequality: challenges and new research prospects." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 62, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2018-0001.
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Abstract The environmental dimension and sustainability-related issues have increasingly gained momentum in Economic Geography. This paper argues that integrating the inequality perspective into Environmental Economic Geography (EEG) and trying to disentangle the manifold interrelationships between economic, social, and environmental disadvantage could be worthwhile efforts. Based on three case studies – the debate on urban environmental justice in German cities, the spread of alternative food systems and food-sharing initiatives in Germany, and the socially selective migration in hazard prone areas in rural coastal Bangladesh – we demonstrate that aspects of social inequality indeed matter for EEG thinking.
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Gaby, Sarah, and Neal Caren. "THE RISE OF INEQUALITY: HOW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS SHAPE DISCURSIVE FIELDS*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-21-4-413.
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Social movement scholars have considered several political and cultural consequences of social movements, but have paid limited attention to whether and how social movements shape discourse. We develop a theory of discursive eruption, referring to the ability of radical movements to initially ignite media coverage but not control the content once other actors— particularly those that can take advantage of journalistic norms—enter the discourse. We hold that one long-term outcome of radical social movements is the ability to alter discursive fields through mechanisms such as increasing the salience and content of movement-based issues. We examine the way movements shape discourse by focusing on newspaper articles about inequality before, during, and after the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement. We analyze changes in the salience and content of coverage as well as shifts in actor standing and influence. Using 7,024 articles from eight newspapers, we find that the OWS movement increased media attention to inequality, shifting the focus of the discourse toward movement-based issue areas (e.g., the middle class and minimum wage). Further, we find that compared to the pre-OWS period, the influence of social movement organizations and think tanks rose in discourse on inequality. In addition, the discourse on inequality became more highly politicized as a result of the Occupy movement. These findings highlight the importance of social movements in shaping discourse and indicate that social movement scholars should further consider discursive changes as a consequence of social movements.
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Campo-Engelstein, Lisa. "Reproductive technologies are not the cure for social problems." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105981.
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Giulia Cavaliere disagrees with claims that ectogenesis will increase equality and freedom for women, arguing that they often ignore social context and consequently fail to recognise that ectogenesis may not benefit women or it may only benefit a small subset of already privileged women. In this commentary, I will contextualise her argument within the broader cultural milieu to highlight the pattern of reproductive advancements and technologies, such as egg freezing and birth control, being presented as the panacea for women’s inequality. While these advancements and technologies can benefit women, I argue medicine is not the best tool to ‘cure’ social problems and should not be co-opted as an agent of social change. Systemic social changes, not just technomedical approaches, are needed to address the root of gender inequality, which is social in nature, not medical.
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Brandt, Mark J., and P. J. Henry. "Gender Inequality and Gender Differences in Authoritarianism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 10 (June 25, 2012): 1301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212449871.
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Authoritarianism may be endorsed in part as a means of managing and buffering psychological threats (e.g., Duckitt & Fisher, 2003; Henry, 2011). Building on this research, the authors postulated that authoritarianism should be especially prevalent among women in societies with high levels of gender inequality because they especially face more psychological threats associated with stigma compared with men. After establishing that authoritarianism is, in part, a response to rejection, a psychological threat associated with stigma (Study 1), the authors used multilevel modeling to analyze data from 54 societies to find that women endorsed authoritarian values more than men, especially in individualistic societies with high levels of gender inequality (Study 2). Results show that the threats of stigma for women are not uniform across different cultures and that the degree of stigma is related to the degree of endorsement of psychologically protective attitudes such as authoritarianism.
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Schmitt, John. "Labor Markets and Economic Inequality in the United States since the End of the 1970s." International Journal of Health Services 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/742c-nwpq-n7rd-3h9v.
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By most measures, the United States is the most unequal of the world's advanced capitalist economies, and inequality has increased substantially over the past 30 years. This article documents trends in the inequality of three key economic distributions—hourly earnings, annual incomes, and net wealth—and relates these developments to changes in economic and social policy over the past three decades. The primary cause of high and rising inequality is the systematic erosion of the bargaining power of lower- and middle-income workers relative to their employers, reflected in the erosion of the real value of the minimum wage, the decline in unions, widescale deregulation of industries such as airlines and trucking, the privatization and outsourcing of many state and local government activities, increasing international competition, and periods of restrictive macroeconomic policy.
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Irawan, Andi Muhammad, and Zifirdaus Adnan. "Locating Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in discourse and social studies." International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI) 1, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v1i2.15.
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This article addresses the position of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in discourse and social studies. It provides information about the principles of critical discourse analysis and what makes it different from other discourse analyses, which are considered to be non-critical. The term ‘critical’ has been the keyword that distinguishes any types of discourse analysis, i.e. whether or not they are oriented to social issues. Further, CDA concerns on social issues, e.g. power and social inequality, which collaborates micro-analysis of language and macro-analysis of social structure, have brought significant contributions to linguistics and social studies. Especially for linguistics, CDA has brought significant impacts to the textual analyses, which are oriented to investigate how power, social inequality, hegemony and discrimination are established and maintained through discourse presentations.
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Charalambis, Dimitris. "Inequality, Recognition, Irrationalism and Populism. From liberal Democracy and the democratic Rule of Law to post-Democracy. Two crucial historical moments and their consequences: 1945 and 1989/91." Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης 45, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hpsa.22312.
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After the inequality turn of the late 1970s and mainly after the collapse of the Soviet Union deregulation, globalization, hyperconcentration of wealth and private power, oligopolies, monopolies and the dominant position of the financial capital are the consequences of paradigm change from the post 1945 Keynesian consensus to the neoliberal dismantling of the social contract. The end of the heavy industry era, the relocation of production to China and the digital revolution and industrialization 4.0 undermine the classical negotiation between capital and labor leading again to marginalization of social recognition and to oligarchy and transforms the classes dangereuses of the industrial era to classes irrelevantes. The erosion of Democracy and the rise of irrationalism as the systemic rationalization of inequality are the consequences in the declining Western world parallel to the aggressive authoritarian capitalism in China. It seems that the era of the social state between 1945 and the end of the 1970s and mainly after 1989/91 was only a historical intermezzo and that exorbitant inequality reappears as the constituent element of capitalism.
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Payne, B. Keith, Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi, and Jason W. Hannay. "Economic inequality increases risk taking." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (April 17, 2017): 4643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616453114.
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Rising income inequality is a global trend. Increased income inequality has been associated with higher rates of crime, greater consumer debt, and poorer health outcomes. The mechanisms linking inequality to poor outcomes among individuals are poorly understood. This research tested a behavioral account linking inequality to individual decision making. In three experiments (n= 811), we found that higher inequality in the outcomes of an economic game led participants to take greater risks to try to achieve higher outcomes. This effect of unequal distributions on risk taking was driven by upward social comparisons. Next, we estimated economic risk taking in daily life using large-scale data from internet searches. Risk taking was higher in states with greater income inequality, an effect driven by inequality at the upper end of the income distribution. Results suggest that inequality may promote poor outcomes, in part, by increasing risky behavior.
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Horowitz, Sarah. "The End of Love." Journal of Family History 42, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199017725108.
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When the duc de Choiseul-Praslin, a politician and prominent member of the French aristocracy, killed his wife and then poisoned himself in August 1847, the case shook the foundations of the July Monarchy. In the wake of the affair, conservatives used the murder/suicide to argue that love was a respect for hierarchy, while those on the left saw violence and anomie as stemming from inequality. However, both sides saw women’s affections as crucial to public life and social cohesion. This article thus situates the Choiseul-Praslin affair within the politics of affection and family life in mid-nineteenth-century France.
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Natasha, Harum. "KETIDAKSETARAAN GENDER BIDANG PENDIDIKAN: FAKTOR PENYEBAB, DAMPAK, DAN SOLUSI." Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 12, no. 1 (June 2, 2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v12i1.513.
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It is undeniable that gender inequality still occurs especially in the developing world. This inequity occurs in various fields of human life, among others in the fields of education, social, and economic. Gender inequality that occursmainly in the field of education is influenced by various factors: cultural factors, patriarchy, sociology and psychology. The imbalance also affects the life of the nation and the state. To that end, this study discusses the factors that cause the occurrence of gender inequality and the impact that would occur if gender inequalities allowed to drag and solutions that are expected to be applied so that gender inequality can be reduced or even eliminated.
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Turel, Ofir. "Technology-Mediated Dangerous Behaviors as Foraging for Social-Hedonic Rewards: The Role of Implied Inequality." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1249–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/16353.
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Technology-mediated dangerous behaviors (TMDBs), such as posting selfies while driving or posting private information, are prevalent and potentially require interventions. Knowledge about the drivers of these, and specifically the role of information in stimulating such behaviors, is limited. To address this gap, this paper turns to foraging and risk-sensitivity theories. These theories suggest that animals engage in more dangerous behaviors when their perceived need for calories is high. Similarly, humans increase financial risk-taking when they perceive dissatisfaction with what they have. Importantly, inequality information can increase such perceptions and change people’s risk-taking propensity. Adapting these ideas, the paper postulates that TMDBs resemble food-seeking in animals in that they are goal oriented, can be dangerous, and yield unknown (probabilistic) rewards. Therefore, TMDBs are explained using foraging and risk-sensitivity theory angles. Focusing on social media users (Studies 1-4; four experiments; total n = 2,504), I argue that (1) it is reasonable to view users as foraging the “fields of social media” for social-hedonic rewards, (2) it is possible to alter their risk appetite and TMDBs through inequality information and upward comparison mechanisms, (3) this process can be mediated not only through cognitions, but also emotions, and (4) perceived scarcity of rewards and social comparison orientation affect this process. With Study 5, the paper extends the core aspects of this theoretical perspective to the U.S. state level and argues that objective financial inequality can explain differences between states in terms of TMDBs such as texting while driving and relative interest in TMDBs such as prank videos. The findings largely support these assertions. They illuminate the role of information, notably inequality, in driving TMDBs, extend prior research focused on basic needs (e.g., physiological needs in the case of food intake decisions) to an evaluation of higher-order human needs (e.g., needs for belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization) catered to by nonphysiological, social-hedonic rewards, and point to important mechanisms that translate inequality into TMDBs.
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Muntaner, Carles, John W. Lynch, Marianne Hillemeier, Ju Hee Lee, Richard David, Joan Benach, and Carme Borrell. "Economic Inequality, Working-Class Power, Social Capital, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Wealthy Countries." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n7a9-5x58-0dyt-c6ay.
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This study tests two propositions from Navarro's critique of the social capital literature: that social capital's importance has been exaggerated and that class-related political factors, absent from social epidemiology and public health, might be key determinants of population health. The authors estimate cross-sectional associations between economic inequality, working-class power, and social capital and life expectancy, self-rated health, low birth weight, and age- and cause-specific mortality in 16 wealthy countries. Of all the health outcomes, the five variables related to birth and infant survival and nonintentional injuries had the most consistent association with economic inequality and working-class power (in particular with strength of the welfare state) and, less so, with social capital indicators. Rates of low birth weight and infant deaths from all causes were lower in countries with more “left” (e.g., socialist, social democratic, labor) votes, more left members of parliament, more years of social democratic government, more women in government, and various indicators of strength of the welfare state, as well as low economic inequality, as measured in a variety of ways. Similar associations were observed for injury mortality, underscoring the crucial role of unions and labor parties in promoting workplace safety. Overall, social capital shows weaker associations with population health indicators than do economic inequality and working-class power. The popularity of social capital and exclusion of class-related political and welfare state indicators does not seem to be justified on empirical grounds.
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Lawrance, Clare. "Death: a social disadvantage? How one hospice is addressing inequality at end of life." Primary Health Care 30, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.2019.e1573.
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Mumtaz, Khawar. "Advocacy for an end to poverty, inequality, and insecurity: Feminist social movements in Pakistan." Gender & Development 13, no. 3 (November 2005): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332298.
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McCall, Leslie, Derek Burk, Marie Laperrière, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "Exposure to rising inequality shapes Americans’ opportunity beliefs and policy support." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 22, 2017): 9593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706253114.
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Economic inequality has been on the rise in the United States since the 1980s and by some measures stands at levels not seen since before the Great Depression. Although the strikingly high and rising level of economic inequality in the nation has alarmed scholars, pundits, and elected officials alike, research across the social sciences repeatedly concludes that Americans are largely unconcerned about it. Considerable research has documented, for instance, the important role of psychological processes, such as system justification and American Dream ideology, in engendering Americans’ relative insensitivity to economic inequality. The present work offers, and reports experimental tests of, a different perspective—the opportunity model of beliefs about economic inequality. Specifically, two convenience samples (study 1, n = 480; and study 2, n = 1,305) and one representative sample (study 3, n = 1,501) of American adults were exposed to information about rising economic inequality in the United States (or control information) and then asked about their beliefs regarding the roles of structural (e.g., being born wealthy) and individual (e.g., hard work) factors in getting ahead in society (i.e., opportunity beliefs). They then responded to policy questions regarding the roles of business and government actors in reducing economic inequality. Rather than revealing insensitivity to rising inequality, the results suggest that rising economic inequality in contemporary society can spark skepticism about the existence of economic opportunity in society that, in turn, may motivate support for policies designed to redress economic inequality.
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Ryan, Alan. "DOES INEQUALITY MATTER—FOR ITS OWN SAKE?" Social Philosophy and Policy 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052502191102.
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This is a simple essay. It raises a familiar question about equality, adduces a very small amount of empirical evidence about the social consequences of equality as distinct from prosperity, and broods on the difficulty of providing a really persuasive answer to the question raised. I begin with the view that there simply cannot be anything intrinsically wrong with inequality, move on to the view that there are extrinsic reasons for anxiety, dividing these into conceptual and empirical reasons, though without any great commitment to the clarity of that distinction in this context, and end with some reflections on recent social and political theory. The essay thus begins with what I hope are clear and (what I am sure are) very simple thoughts, before muddying the water pretty thoroughly thereafter.
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Zhao, Linda, and Filiz Garip. "Network Diffusion Under Homophily and Consolidation as a Mechanism for Social Inequality." Sociological Methods & Research 50, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 1150–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00491241211014237.
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Network externalities (where the value of a practice is a function of network alters that have already adopted the practice) are mechanisms that exacerbate social inequality under the condition of homophily (where advantaged individuals poised to be primary adopters are socially connected to other advantaged individuals). In their 2011 article, Dimaggio and Garip use an agent-based model of diffusion on a real-life population for empirical illustration and, thus, do not consider consolidation (correlation between traits), a population parameter that shapes network structure and diffusion. Using an agent-based model, this article shows that prior findings linking homophily to segregated social ties and to differential diffusion outcomes are contingent on high levels of consolidation. Homophily, under low consolidation, is not sufficient to exacerbate existing differences in adoption probabilities across groups and can even end up alleviating intergroup inequality by facilitating diffusion.
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Nkhoma, Pearson, and Helen Charnley. "Child Protection and Social Inequality: Understanding Child Prostitution in Malawi." Social Sciences 7, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100185.
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This article draws on empirical research to develop understandings of child prostitution, previously theorised on the basis of children’s rights, feminist, and structure/agency debates, largely ignoring children’s own understandings of their involvement in prostitution. Conducted in Malawi, which is one of the economically poorest countries in the world, the study goes to the heart of questions of inequality and child protection. Within a participatory research framework, nineteen girls and young women used visual methods to generate images representing their experiences of prostitution. Individual and group discussions were used to illuminate the meanings and significance of their images. With the exception of the youngest, participants understood their initial involvement in prostitution as a means of survival in the face of poverty and/or parental death, or escape from violent relationships, experiences that were subsequently mirrored by exploitation and violence within prostitution. Using the lens of the capability approach, we capture the complexity of child prostitution, demonstrating the ambiguous agency of participants in the face of deeply embedded patriarchal cultural norms that constrained their choices and limited their freedom to pursue valued lives. We end by reflecting critically on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the study, making policy and practice recommendations and identifying opportunities for further research.
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Ari, Ibrahim, and Muammer Koc. "Sustainable Financing for Sustainable Development: Agent-Based Modeling of Alternative Financing Models for Clean Energy Investments." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071967.
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Renewable energy investments require a substantial amount of capital to provide affordable and accessible energy for everyone in the world, and finding the required capital is one of the greatest challenges faced by governments and private entities. In a macroeconomic perspective, national budget deficits and inadequate policy designs hinder public and private investments in renewable projects. These problems lead governments to borrow a considerable amount of money for sustainable development, although such excessive debt-based financing pushes them to unsustainable economic development. This substantial amount of borrowing makes a negative contribution to the high global debt concentration, putting countries’ economic and social development at risk. In line with this, excessive debt-based financing causes an increase in wealth inequality, and when wealth inequality reaches a dramatic level, wars and many other social problems are triggered to correct the course of wealth inequality. In this regard, the motivation behind the study is to develop a set of policy guidelines for sustainable financing models as a solution for these intertwined problems, which are: 1) a financial gap in energy investments; 2) an excessive global debt concentration; and 3) a dramatic increase in wealth inequality. To this end, this study presents a quantitative and comparative proof of concept analysis of alternative financing models in a solar farm investment simulation to investigate the change in wealth inequality and social welfare by reducing debt-based financing and increasing public participation. There are many studies in the literature investigating the evolution of wealth inequality throughout history. However, there is a gap in the literature, and investigating the effects of various policy rules on the evolution of wealth inequality in a future time frame needs to be explored in order to discuss possible policy implications beforehand. In this respect, this paper contributes to the literature by developing simulation models for conventional and alternative financing systems. This enables investigating the changes in wealth inequality and social welfare as a result of various policy implications throughout the simulation time.
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Schiedermair, Joachim. "The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature." Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/rom.v1i1.15853.
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The opposition between the masses and the elite is the constituting formula by which the classic texts of elite theory justified social inequality around 1900. Nowadays, contemporary theorists of social inequality interpret this opposition primarily as a panic reaction to demographic developments that occurred towards the end of the 19th century. Uncovering the same mechanisms in fiction from that period is an obvious task for literary scholars. In the present article, however, it will be argued that the ‘true’ contemporaries of elite theories are already manifest in texts from around 1840 – texts that are usually regarded as belonging to the Romantic period. The argument is based on Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s essay ‘Folk og Publikum’ [The People and the Audience] and the drama ‘Den indiske Cholear’ (1835) [The Indian Cholera] by Henrik Wergeland. Heiberg’s and Wergeland’s texts will not be read as anachronistic reflections of 1900 elite theories, but rather as complex analyses of precisely those bourgeois concerns that led to the emergence of the elite theories toward the end of the century.
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Valdés, Manuel Tomás. "The Evolution of Educational Expectations in Spain (2003-2018): An Analysis of Social Inequality Using PISA." International Journal of Sociology of Education 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 82–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.6413.
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This paper examines the educational expectations of the Spanish student body at the end of compulsory education. Using the 2003 and 2018 waves of PISA, I report a remarkable increase in the educational ambition of the Spanish student body. Two aspects are worth noting. Firstly, virtually all 15-years-old students expect to enroll in Upper Secondary Education by 2018. Secondly, Higher Vocational Education has become a very appealing alternative at tertiary level. Furthermore, significant inequalities have been documented in the configuration of educational expectations. However, inequality has been reduced in the expectations of enrolment in Upper Secondary and Tertiary Education due to the higher educational ambition among socioeconomically disadvantaged students. In turn, inequality has increased in the horizontal expectation of enrolment in the academic track in both levels because a larger share of socioeconomically disadvantaged students preferred the vocational track in 2018 (diversion thesis). Using counterfactual analysis, I have observed that this increase in horizontal inequality would have been larger had it not been for the change in the social structure between 2003 and 2018
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McKeever, Matthew. "Educational Inequality in Apartheid South Africa." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 1 (January 2017): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216682988.
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In this article, I explore the utility of effectively maintained inequality theory in examining educational inequality in South Africa at the end of the apartheid era. As an obviously unequal country, South Africa provides an excellent opportunity to test the claim that even with large quantitative differences in achievement, qualitative differences will matter. Using data from the early 1990s, I find that there were extensive quantitative differences in secondary school transitions across respondents in different racial categories. The minority White population was consistently able to achieve both more and better education. At the same time, though, qualitative distinctions mattered. For the majority of the population, particularly Africans, the quality of education attained varied across parental background. These outcomes are important not only for examining the veracity of effectively maintained inequality, both in terms of racial and class differences but also because they illustrate how educational differences have served to perpetuate inequality over time in a society that no longer allows for the explicit denial of opportunity by race.
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Alexandre, Michel. "Endogenous categorization and group inequality." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2013-0220.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of categorization endogeneity (CE), meant as the influence of endogenous elements (e.g. behavioral traits) in group categorization, in the persistence of group inequality. Design/methodology/approach – The author integrates economic and sociological elements in a dynamic model of human capital accumulation by phenotypically distinct individuals. Both kinds of elements are influenced by the degree of CE. Findings – Effect of CE in the incentive of members of dominated groups to accumulate human capital is twofold: it allows them to pass as belonging to the dominant group but, on the other hand, it reduces the social pay-off stemming from such behavior, as they may be “expelled” from the reference group by their peers. It is found that, under sufficiently low levels of discrimination, CE widens the range of values of the neighborhood effects parameter for which group inequality is stable. Originality/value – Despite the endogeneity of categorization has been explored in other studies, this is the first one which argues that this element may underpin, under certain conditions, group inequality regarding human capital accumulation. The results presented here sheds some light on real-world issues, as the nature of neighborhood effects, the role of segregation on the maintenance of racial inequality and public policies to combat group inequality.
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Cubillo Paniagua, Ruth. "Representations of poverty and social inequality in the Costa Rican social fiction narratives of the 1940s Generation." Memorias, no. 30 (August 15, 2016): 10–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.30.9079.
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Amelina, Anna, and Andreas Vasilache. "Editorial: The shadows of enlargement: Theorising mobility and inequality in a changing Europe." Migration Letters 11, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i2.233.
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This introductory article of the special issue is based on the criticism of the sedentarist lens used in migration studies on social inequalities. It is organised around two questions: In what ways have forms of inequality and patterns of migration in the enlarged Europe been changed, and how should the nexus between migration and social inequality be rethought after the ‘mobility turn’ in the social sciences? First, the article proposes that the mobility turn and transnational sociology be combined to approach varieties of geographic mobility in the current Europe and that inequality analysis be conceptualised from a ‘mobile perspective’, meaning that forms of mobility and patterns of inequality be considered as mutually reinforcing. Second, Europe is considered as a fragmented and multi-sited societal context, which is co-produced by current patterns of mobility. The article discusses recent societal shifts such as supranationalisation and the end of socialism in the Eastern part of Europe (among many others) and identifies the concept of assemblage as a useful heuristic tool both for migration studies and European studies. Third, the final part illustrates how the contributions collected in this special issue address the challenges of the sedentarist lens and provide conceptual solutions to the analytical problems in question.
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Daugaard, Cecilie, Mette Asbjoern Neergaard, Anne Høy Seeman Vestergaard, Mette Kjærgaard Nielsen, and Søren Paaske Johnsen. "Socioeconomic inequality in drug reimbursement during end-of-life care: a nationwide study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 5 (February 2, 2019): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211580.
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BackgroundIn Denmark, patients who are terminally ill have the right to drug reimbursement due to terminal illness (DRTI). DRTI, a proxy marker of planned end-of-life care, is intended to be equally accessible regardless of socioeconomic position. This study examined social and socioeconomic differences in DRTI among Danish patients who are terminally ill.MethodsThis cross-sectional study based on individual-level nationwide data included all patients dying from cancer, dementia, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes or stroke in 2006–2015 (n=307 188). We analysed associations between social and socioeconomic position (education, income, cohabiting status, migrant status and employment) and DRTI. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs were estimated using log-linear models adjusted for age, gender, comorbidity, cause of death and residence.ResultsOverall, 27.9% of patients received DRTI (n=85 616). A substantial difference in likelihood of receiving DRTI was observed among patients with a social and socioeconomic profile associated with the highest versus lowest probability of DRTI (adjusted PR 1.44, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.75). The probability of DRTI was higher among patients with high income compared with low income (adjusted PR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.26). Also, living with a partner and being immigrant or descendant of such were associated with higher probability of DRTI compared with living alone and of Danish origin, whereas employment was associated with lower probability of DRTI compared with retirement.ConclusionSocial and socioeconomic position was associated with the likelihood of receiving DRTI, which indicates that planned end-of-life care is not equally accessible in Denmark.
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Will, Gisela, and Christoph Homuth. "Education of Refugee Adolescents at the End of Secondary School: The Role of Educational Policies, Individual and Family Resources." Soziale Welt 71, no. 1-2 (2020): 160–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-160.
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In the recent wave of refugee immigration to Germany, many children and adolescents were among the migrants. Their integration into the German educational system will be a major challenge for the years and decades to come. The paper’s aim is to examine both general and refugee-specific mechanisms that likely explain ethnic and social inequality in education among refugee adolescents. The study is based on ReGES (Refugees in the German Educational System) data collected in five German federal states. Our results show that refugee adolescents attend lower grade levels and lower school types than the general pupil population in Germany. We further posit that established mechanisms to explain social and ethnic inequality are also applicable to refugee adolescents. Among refugee-specific aspects, we identify factors at the federal state level that influence the school placement of young refugees. Furthermore, at the individual level, post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with differences in educational achievement among refugee students.
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Plotnick, Robert D. "Changes in Poverty, Income Inequality, and the Standard of Living in the United States during the Reagan Years." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/h95u-ex9e-qpm2-xa94.
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The record of economic well-being in the 1980s belied Reagan's claim that Americans would be better off if they scaled back the welfare state and cut tax rates. Though the standard of living rose, its growth was no faster than during 1950–1980. Income inequality increased. The rate of poverty at the end of Reagan's term was the same as in 1980. Cutbacks in income transfers during the Reagan years helped increase both poverty and inequality. Changes in tax policy helped increase inequality but reduced poverty. These policy shifts are not the only reasons for the lack of progress against poverty and the rise in inequality. Broad social and economic factors have been widening income differences and making it harder for families to stay out of poverty. Policy choices during the Reagan Administration reinforced those factors.
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Furholt, Martin, Nils Müller-Scheeßel, Maria Wunderlich, Ivan Cheben, and Johannes Müller. "Communality and Discord in an Early Neolithic Settlement Agglomeration: The LBK Site of Vráble, Southwest Slovakia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000049.
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Our research at the large LBK settlement site of Vráble, southwest Slovakia, revealed dynamics of social integration and antagonisms unfolding in an agglomerated, early farming community. During its lifespan from 5250 to 4950 bc, it constantly grew until around 5050 bc it was inhabited by about 70 contemporaneous longhouses. We found that Vráble consisted of markedly autonomous farmstead units that were held together by village-wide social institutions including sharing and communality. Nevertheless, from the beginning, a contradiction between particular farmstead and collective village and neighbourhood interests existed and rose. Towards the end of the village's existence, around 5075 bc an elaborate enclosure was constructed around one of the three neigbourhoods, actively blocking contact with the others. Along this enclosure, human bodies were deposited, showing a social categorization that we interpret as relating to social inequality. This rising level of conflict and emerging social inequality was, we argue, not sustainable under the conditions of early farming societies and led to the village's abandonment at 4950 bc.
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Sabry, Mohamed Ismail. "Between social democracy and communism: an institutional and socioeconomic perspective." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 9/10 (September 10, 2018): 698–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-12-2017-0173.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore which socioeconomic and institutional factors are responsible for different societies’ ideological choices, with reference to Marxist socialism. Which factors led to the rise of the popularity of socialism? And which factors made a socialist variant relatively more successful in one society but not the other, with social democracy and communism being the focus of the study?Design/methodology/approachConducting a global theoretical and empirical study on the period between the late 1890s and 1945. The theoretical part discusses various perspectives presented in the literature, accounting for the works of major sociologists (e.g.: M. Mann, Lipset) and political theorists (e.g.: Marx, Engels, Lenin). The empirical part uses a number of OLS multivariate panel regressions using voting to various socialist movements as dependent variables, and socioeconomic and institutional factors as independent variables.FindingsSome of the findings of the conducted empirical study are that: democracy, industrialization, high population growth rates, low linguistic or religious homogeneity, more years of schooling and less years since independence or creation increase the social democrat (SD) vote. The communist vote was affected positively by more urbanization; higher population growth; less years of schooling; more years since independence; recent experience of war; and the presence of insignificant religious minorities. Inequality seemed also to have been a strong significant factor for raising the popularity of various socialist parties, especially when countries were long-established or created. Countries which had a fresh experience with war devastation or which were highly urbanized while having higher levels of inequality witnessed an increasing vote share for the communists. More votes went to SD; however, when inequality existed in highly industrialized countries. High GDP growth, matched with higher inequalities, did not seem to have encouraged voting for various socialist parties, and even affected the communist vote negatively.Research limitations/implicationsThere were data limitations on the available proxies.Practical implicationsThis study suggests welfarism, public spending on education, social inclusion and democratization as remedies for radicalism, regardless of the ideological origins of such radicalism.Originality/valueIts novelty is attributed to the deep analytical dimension for the issue done here, combining theory, an empirical study made possible by the newly available rich historical data.
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Assusa, Gonzalo, María Laura Freyre, and Francisco Merino. "Economic strategies and social inequality. Dynamics of consumption, savings and finances of families in Córdoba at the end of post-convertibility." Población & Sociedad 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/pys-2019-260201.
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