To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Social inequality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social inequality'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Social inequality.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.
Full textAbstract:
In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis.
The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture.
This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest.
In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.
2
Koo, Anita. "Social inequality and educational choice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443872.
Full text
3
Stefansson, Kolbeinn. "Economic inequality and social class." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33ce091f-dda6-42cc-a824-c6407e5cd265.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about social class and economic inequality, using the Goldthorpe class schema. It tests theories claiming that social class is increasingly irrelevant to inequality and people's life-chances with data on incomes and material living standards from the British Household Panel Survey. It covers the period over which the survey ran, i.e. 1991-2008. During this time many prominent social theories dismissed class analyses while others sought to retain the class concept but dismissed its economic foundations, seeking to ground it in culture instead. Economic inequality has not figured highly on the agenda of class analysts, at least not those working with the Goldthorpe class schema. There is a substantial body of work on mobility, voting behaviour, income poverty and material deprivation, but inequality in a broader sense has for the most part been neglected. This thesis is a step towards rectifying this situation. Thus it provides new information about within-career social mobility as well as income inequality within and between classes, on whether income mobility reduces class inequalities over time, and cast light on class inequalities in material living standards. The findings suggest that class is far from irrelevant to economic inequality. Class differences in incomes are persistent, between class inequalities contribute more to inequality overall than within-class inequalities, and while income mobility does reduce class inequalities over time it is not to the extent that supports the hypothesis that class is irrelevant to people's economic fortunes.
4
Raabe, Isabel Jasmin. "Social aspects of educational inequality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:484c79ff-93a6-41bb-96e7-d3045e48b98a.
Full textAbstract:
Social factors have long been included in theories that aim at explaining educational inequality, for example social integration or social influence from significant others. Using social network data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), I am investigating to what extent social aspects can contribute to our understanding of ethnic and gendered patterns in educational inequality. The first two empirical chapters focus on explaining ethnic patterns in school grades and in the aspirations to attend university. In these, I find a positive relationship between low school grades and extent of social exclusion, measured through the absence of friendships and the existence of social rejection from classmates. This helps explaining ethnic grade disadvantages of recently arrived migrants, since they are more likely to be socially excluded. Further, I use friendship network data to detect social clusters within school classes, and find that changes in cluster members' aspirations are relatively more important for changes in individual aspirations than the corresponding changes of classmates outside of the social cluster. These chapters use an ego-centric network approach, i.e. they utilise social network data to capture characteristics of the social dimension around individuals and analyse them in regression models on the individual level. The latter two empirical chapters investigate how social influence can stabilise gendered patterns of favourite subjects and competence beliefs. Examining why girls get discouraged from subjects in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM), I find evidence for influence from friends on favourite subjects, as well as for the tendency of girls to be affected by the preferences of other girls in the classroom specifically when it comes to preferences for STEM subjects. Moreover, I show that there is a social influence from friends on maths competence beliefs, especially for boys, while girls tend to be more influenced by maths grades. These two chapters take a socio-centric approach, i.e. they deploy complete network analysis to detect patterns of social influence, while accounting for network structures and processes. This thesis shows that social aspects can contribute valuable insights into the study of educational choice and attainment. In identifying concrete social mechanisms surrounding and affecting individuals, this approach can thus help us understand how differences in educational outcomes come about.
5
Venter, Ben-Joop. "Redressing Social Inequality through Transitional Justice." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30515.
Full textAbstract:
By questioning whether addressing social inequality can be considered a form of transitional justice, this dissertation leads a critical discussion on the assumptions of traditional or narrow understandings of transitional justice, how these obscure the potential for transitional justice to tackle issues of economic and social rights violations, social inequality and other forms of structural violence, and the need for a broad understanding of transitional justice and its key components. This dissertation addresses the historical and political roots of the field and how these influenced a traditional understanding of transitional justice. Thereafter, it traces broadening understandings of the concept, evident in the changing meanings of 'justice’ and 'transition’ and its stated aims. It then considers calls for transitional justice to go beyond its focus on civil and political rights violations and to further address economic and social rights violations and structural violence, and how these challenge the traditional understanding of the concept. Drawing on the distinction between a concept and a conception, and considering transitional justice as an effectively contestable concept, this dissertation proposes a broad understanding of the concept as the pursuit of justice during a period of social or political transition in order to address past injustices and to work towards certain aspirations for the future, comprising of the key components of justice, transition, and backwards- and forwards-looking considerations. With a primary focus on criminal and restorative justice, civil and political rights, and trials and truth commissions, the traditional conception of transitional justice is ill-equipped both conceptually and practically to address issues of structural violence. Instead, a conception of transitional justice motivated by social or distributive justice is best suited to address social inequality and other forms of structural violence. Finally, this dissertation considers revolutionary Nicaragua’s attempts to redress social inequality in the areas of health, education and housing as an example of transitional justice. It is concluded that revolutionary Nicaragua’s concerted effort to address social inequality should be considered as a conception of transitional justice inspired by social and distributive justice. With growing calls for transitional justice to go beyond its traditional focus on criminal and restorative justice, scholars and practitioners stand to learn from previously overlooked examples of societies in transition tackling issues of social inequality and other forms of structural violence as a matter of transitional justice.
6
Kinville, Michael Robert. "Inequality, education and the social sciences." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17687.
Full textAbstract:
Die konzeptionelle Verbindung zwischen Bildung und Gesellschaft, die im 19. Jahrhundert deutlich gemacht und wissenschaftlich begründet wurde, wird oft als selbstverständlich betrachtet. Diese veraltete Verbindung bildete aber die Basis für Bildungsreformen im Sekundärbereich in Deutschland und Indien in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Diese Arbeit unternimmt den Versuch, zum Verständnis dieser Verzögerung zwischen den Ideen und den Reformen, die sie einrahmten, beizutragen, indem sie eine geeignete Theorie der Verbindung zwischen Bildung und einer komplexen Gesellschaft aufstellt. Grundsätzliche Annäherungen an Gesellschaft und Bildung treten in Dialog mit post-kolonialen und kritischen Theorien. Universalistische Annahmen werden problematisiert, und eine offene Lösung für die Vorstellung zukünftiger Reformen wird präsentiert. Nationale Bildungsreformen in Indien und Deutschland nach ihren „Critical Junctures“ von 1947/1945 werden eingehend und chronologisch verglichen, um einen spezifischen Charakter historisch- und bildungs-bedingter Reproduktion beider Länder herauszuarbeiten sowie einen gemeinsamen Lernprozess zu ermöglichen. Abschließend wird eine Lösung des Problems in der Form offener Bildung präsentiert. Bildung als öffentliches Gut muss nicht zwangsläufig nur auf soziale Probleme reagieren, stattdessen kann sie verändert werden, um sozialen Wandel voran zu treiben.The conceptual link between education and society, forged in the 19th Century, is often taken for granted. This seemingly outdated connection, however, has guided reforms in secondary education in India and Germany throughout the second half of the 20th Century. This study attempts to understand this lag between underlying ideas and the reforms they framed by synthesizing a viable theory for imagining the connection between education and a complex society. Foundational approaches to society and education are brought into dialogue with post-colonial and critical theories. Universalistic assumptions are problematized, and an open-ended solution for theorizing new connections is presented. National educational reforms in India and Germany subsequent to their critical junctures of 1947/1945 are exhaustively and chronologically compared in order to conceptualize a generic character of historical-educational reproduction for each country and to facilitate a process of mutual learning. Finally, a solution to the problems associated with educational reproduction is presented. Education as a public good does not need to simply be reactive to social problems. Instead, it can be reconfigured so as to drive social change.
7
Zhang, Min. "Social mobility over three generations in Britain." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/social-mobility-over-three-generations-in-britain(3a1a3b67-3074-44e1-ba6d-001f54d32d32).html.
Full textAbstract:
Social mobility has been extensively documented based on two-generational associations. Whereas a few studies suggest that the approach related to social inequalities should be open to multigenerational associations, the topic of social mobility over multiple generations is still at its blooming stage. Very little is known about multigenerational effects on education in Britain and about empirical evidence of the mechanisms that underlie multigenerational effects. Drawing on the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Longitudinal Household Study, this thesis examines social mobility over three generations in Britain. The central aims of the thesis are to explore direct grandparental effects on grandchildren's educational and class attainments independent of parental influences. In particular, it focuses on mechanisms through which grandparental effects operate. The thesis finds that grandparental class is significantly associated with grandchildren's educational achievement, despite parental class, parental education, and parental wealth being taken into account. Regarding the mechanisms, the evidence suggests first that the impacts of grandparental class on education remain even though grandparents have passed away at the time of the survey, and second that the impacts disappear only when grandparents have only infrequent contact with the family. Furthermore, I find that grandparental effects are significantly stronger on grandchildren originating from advantaged parents than on those from disadvantaged parents, indicating the strong persistence of inequalities at the top of social stratification. The research also highlights significant, albeit modest, effects of grandparental class on grandchildren's class attainment over and above parental influences. For grandsons, maternal grandparental class still matters even after grandsons' education has been controlled for. In particular, self-employed grandparents have a strong impact on grandsons' likelihood of engagement in self-employment, a pattern that holds true even when parents are not self-employed. For granddaughters, neither paternal nor maternal grandparental class is found to have a direct substantial impact on granddaughters' class after granddaughters' education has been controlled for. The thesis suggests that the conventional social mobility approach based on parentchild associations may overestimate the effects of parental characteristics and underestimate the effects of family origins. Family advantages run deep; they are maintained over generations in Britain.
8
Chandola, Tarani. "Social inequality in coronary heart disease outcomes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285007.
Full text
9
AZZOLLINI, LEO. "Social Stratification, Life Course, and Political Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035715.
Full textAbstract:
No abstract availableThe topic of this dissertation is the relationship between social stratification and inequality in electoral participation in European countries, examined from a life course perspective. This participatory inequality across social strata is considered as particularly worrisome by social scientists, due to a potential vicious circle arising between socio-economic and political inequalities. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the exploration of said vicious circle, focusing on theoretical perspectives originating in sociology, at the intersection of social stratification and life course research: unemployment scarring, precarious work, relative cohort size, and age-class intersections. Broadly, I posit how the impact of individual social stratification on turnout is moderated by contextual-level dynamics, such as the unemployment rate, the size of the birth cohort, and the ideological convergence in the party system. I test the hypotheses by fitting logistic and multilevel regressions to data from the European Social Survey, combined with data from the EUROSTAT, Fraser Institute’s World Project, and the International Database of the US Census for Chapters 1-3. In Chapter 4, I integrate data from British Social Attitudes, the British Election Study, and the Manifesto Research on Political Participation in the case study of Great Britain. The key findings are the following: unemployment scarring decreases electoral participation by 10%, but its impact is amplified (up to 17%) by lower contextual unemployment, and nullified by higher levels of the latter. Precarious work decreases probability of voting in 21 European countries, on top of traditional predictors such as social class and education. In contrast with the Easterlin Hypothesis, larger Relative Cohort Size increases electoral participation, especially in upper social strata. Ideological convergence in Great Britain depresses the turnout of the working class and the self-employed, and this is driven mainly by younger cohorts within those classes. In sum, integrating the social stratification and life course approaches sheds new light on how inequality in electoral participation is jointly affected by individual and contextual characteristics. In future work, this joint approach may orient research on additional socio-political outcomes, towards a broader research programme on the Political Sociology of Inequalities.
10
AZZOLLINI, LEO. "Social Stratification, Life Course, and Political Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035714.
Full textAbstract:
No abstract availableThe topic of this dissertation is the relationship between social stratification and inequality in electoral participation in European countries, examined from a life course perspective. This participatory inequality across social strata is considered as particularly worrisome by social scientists, due to a potential vicious circle arising between socio-economic and political inequalities. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the exploration of said vicious circle, focusing on theoretical perspectives originating in sociology, at the intersection of social stratification and life course research: unemployment scarring, precarious work, relative cohort size, and age-class intersections. Broadly, I posit how the impact of individual social stratification on turnout is moderated by contextual-level dynamics, such as the unemployment rate, the size of the birth cohort, and the ideological convergence in the party system. I test the hypotheses by fitting logistic and multilevel regressions to data from the European Social Survey, combined with data from the EUROSTAT, Fraser Institute’s World Project, and the International Database of the US Census for Chapters 1-3. In Chapter 4, I integrate data from British Social Attitudes, the British Election Study, and the Manifesto Research on Political Participation in the case study of Great Britain. The key findings are the following: unemployment scarring decreases electoral participation by 10%, but its impact is amplified (up to 17%) by lower contextual unemployment, and nullified by higher levels of the latter. Precarious work decreases probability of voting in 21 European countries, on top of traditional predictors such as social class and education. In contrast with the Easterlin Hypothesis, larger Relative Cohort Size increases electoral participation, especially in upper social strata. Ideological convergence in Great Britain depresses the turnout of the working class and the self-employed, and this is driven mainly by younger cohorts within those classes. In sum, integrating the social stratification and life course approaches sheds new light on how inequality in electoral participation is jointly affected by individual and contextual characteristics. In future work, this joint approach may orient research on additional socio-political outcomes, towards a broader research programme on the Political Sociology of Inequalities.
11
Fram, Maryah Stella. "Discussions of social capital : social work, social structure, and the contextualization of inequality /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11177.
Full text
12
Mikutavičienė, Inga. "Education and social inequality interaction phenomenon: Lithuanian context." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090728_092740-16257.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the dissertation research is to identify the features of Lithuanian educational system affecting social inequality in the direction to stimulation or reduction. The role of education regarding social inequality is one of the most controversial objects of scientific discussions. Is education an effective foundation of society emancipation, equal wrights and social mobility, or on the contrary, it enhances the current structure of the society? It is an open question for scientific discussions. Researches show that education connect in itself two contradictional elements: on the one hand, it is one of the most widely acknowledged social “elevators” helping to rise by the steps of social status, on the other hand, education also has the function of mobility control. Many researches revealed that correlations between education and social status of a man in different countries are different. Thus the role of education with respect to social inequality is directly connected with social, economical and cultural specificity of the country. The dissertation research employs tools of qualitative research, and they allow describe the relationship between education and social inequality as well as identify concrete features of education system that diminish or/and increase social inequality in specific socio-cultural and economic conditions in Lithuania. The composition of the research sample includes the levels of national politics and self-government, institution (education... [to full text]Disertacijos tikslas - identifikuoti Lietuvos švietimo sistemos bruožus, paveikiančius socialinę nelygybę jos skatinimo arba redukavimo kryptimi. Švietimo vaidmuo socialinės nelygybės atžvilgiu yra vienas prieštaringiausių mokslinių diskusijų objektas. Ar švietimas iš tiesų yra efektyvus visuomenės emancipacijos, lygių galimybių bei socialinio mobilumo pamatas, ar atvirkščiai – linkęs išlaikyti esamą socialinę visuomenės struktūrą dar šiandien yra atviras mokslinėms diskusijoms klausimas. Tyrimai rodo, jog švietimas savyje apjungia du prieštaraujančius pradus – viena vertus, jis yra vienas plačiausiai pripažintų socialinių „liftų“, padedančių pakilti socialinio statuso laipteliais aukštyn kita vertus, švietimas atlieka ir mobilumo kontrolės funkciją. Dauguma tyrimų atskleidė, jog skirtingose šalyse koreliacijos tarp išsimokslinimo ir užimamo statuso yra skirtingos. Taigi, švietimo vaidmuo socialinės nelygybės atžvilgiu, tiesiogiai siejasi su šalies socialiniu, ekonominiu ir kultūriniu specifiškumu. Disertaciniame tyrime taikytos kokybinio tyrimo priemonės kaip tik ir leido aprašyti švietimo ir socialinės nelygybės sąryšius bei identifikuoti konkrečius švietimo sistemos bruožus, mažinančius ir/arba didinančius socialinę nelygybę specifinėmis Lietuvos sociokultūrinėmis ir ekonominėmis sąlygomis. Sudarant tyrimo imtį kryptingai buvo apjungtas nacionalinės politikos ir savivaldos lygmuo, institucinis (švietimos ir kitos socialinės institucijos) bei individualus lygmuo (mokytojai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
13
Leong, Yee-tak Yvonne, and 梁懿德. "Housing, planning and social inequality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258967.
Full text
14
Dryden, Caroline. "Marriage and the social construction of gender inequality." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359616.
Full text
15
Leong, Yee-tak Yvonne. "Housing, planning and social inequality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14786813.
Full text
16
Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie la façon dont l’inégalité intra et inter groupes affecte le comportement du consommateur et son bien-être via des effets de comparaisons sociales. L’objectif est une meilleure compréhension d’un certain nombre de phénomènes sociaux largement délaissés par la théorie classique du consommateur. Par exemple, dans quelle mesure les déterminants visibles d’une identité sociale tels que le groupe ethnique ou la caste affectent les comportements de consommation des ménages ? Comment comprendre le sur-endettement des plus pauvres malgré la persistante stagnation de leur revenu réel ? Ou encore, la consommation de biens de luxes devient-elle nécessaire au sein de sociétés plus inégalitaires et que nous apprend ce phénomène sur les limites sociales de la croissance économique ? Pour ce faire, la thèse incorpore d’importants résultats issus des travaux d’économie comportementale - en particulier s’agissant des préférences sociales et de l’évaluation subjective du bien-être - à la théorie du consommateur et de l’épargne. Le chapitre 1 développe un modèle de consommation relative qui tient compte des effets de comparaison au cours du temps et entre biens. Les chapitres suivant identifient ces effets à partir de données d’enquêtes représentatives de la population et de larges bases de données obtenues via des méthodes de web-scrapping. Le chapitre 2 se concentre sur l’endettement immobilier aux Etats-Unis lorsque les ménages se préoccupent de la taille relative de leur maison. Les chapitres 3 et 4 analysent la composante sociale des dépenses en Inde et leur implication en terme de malnutrition en utilisant des méthodes d’estimations standards et structurellesThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
17
Yañez, Rojas Rodrigo Ignacio. "Subjective inequality in Chile. Representations of (un)fair social differences across time." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0027.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur l'inégalité subjective au Chili au fil du temps. Avec le retour de la démocratie (1990), le pays a connu une croissance économique soutenue qui lui a permis de réduire les niveaux de pauvreté et d'augmenter les taux d'éducation. Parallèlement, avec le développement d’une série de politiques sociales, à partir de l’année 2000, la concentration économique du pays, historiquement classée parmi les plus élevées du monde, a commencé à diminuer. Cependant, alors que les niveaux de bien-être augmentaient et que les inégalités diminuaient, une série de manifestations sociales commençaient à avoir lieu, parmi lesquelles celles dirigées par le mouvement des étudiants en 2006 et 2011, considérées comme les plus importantes que le pays ait connues depuis la fin de la dictature. Le diagnostic de toutes ces manifestations faisait ressortir le problème des inégalités sociales comme un frein au développement du pays. Le grand soutien qu’elles ont suscité auprès des citoyens a eu un impact certain sur la configuration des agendas politiques de tous les secteurs et a amené le débat public à se concentrer sur la question de savoir si les principes de justice dans lesquels la société chilienne avait construit son pacte social après la dictature avaient changé. Est-ce que les transformations des conditions de bien-être étaient liées à une critique de la logique de marché, laquelle avait légitimé de fortes inégalités depuis la période de réformes néolibérales promues dans les années 1980 ? La thèse s’adresse à cette question du point de vue des individus, en se demandant dans quelle mesure leurs représentations de l’inégalité et de ses facteurs sont stables ou fluides à travers le temps. À partir de l'analyse d'un ensemble de données quantitatives (enquêtes ISSP 1999, ISSP 2009, SJCP 2013 et COES 2014) et de données qualitatives (40 entretiens semi-dirigés), il est établi que les représentations de l'inégalité peuvent être appréhendées à travers trois dimensions, les perceptions, les croyances et les préférences, lesquelles sont influencées par des facteurs qui agissent à deux niveaux : la position sociale et l'expérience personnelle des individus. Les résultats de l'étude montrent que les représentations ont évolué dans le temps, mais avec une intensité différente selon la dimension analysée. Et si l’on considère les facteurs, les résultats montrent, tout d’abord, que la position sociale des individus, en particulier le niveau d’éducation, est un puissant prédicteur des représentations de l’inégalité. Suite aux transformations de la structure sociale au Chili, les individus de statut social inférieur perçoivent des changements plus significatifs dans leurs représentations de l'inégalité. Ensuite, au niveau de l’expérience personnelle des individus, on observe que les changements du contexte sociopolitique influencent fortement leurs représentations de l’inégalité, ainsi que leur évaluation des transformations structurelles de leur cadre de vie. Quel que soit leur statut social, les évaluations de l'inégalité par les individus sont plus fortement marquées par leur perception comparative des différents moments de leur propre histoire que par une comparaison avec d'autres personnes ou groupes sociauxThis thesis examines subjective inequality in Chile over time. With the return of democracy (1990), the country experienced a sustained economic growth which allowed it to reduce poverty levels and increase education rates. At the same time, together with the development of a series of social policies, since 2000 the economic concentration of the country, historically ranked among the highest in the world, has begun to diminish. However, as wellbeing levels increased and inequalities diminished, a series of social demonstrations began to take place, among them those led by the student movement in 2006 and 2011, considered the largest that the country has experienced since the end of the dictatorship. This diagnosis grouped by all these demonstrations pointed to the problem of social inequalities as a brake on the country’s’ development. The high citizen support of these demonstrations had an impact on the configuration of political agendas of all sectors, and led public debate to focus on the question of whether the principles of justice, where Chilean society had sustained its social pact after the dictatorship, had changed. Were transformations in wellbeing conditions linked to a criticism of the market logic that had legitimized high inequalities since the period of neoliberal reforms promoted in the 1980s?The thesis answers this question from the perspective of individuals, asking how stable or fluid representations of inequality, as well as its determinants, are over time. From the analysis of a set of quantitative data (surveys ISSP 1999, ISSP 2009, SJCP 2013 and COES 2014) and qualitative data (40 semi-directed interviews), it is established that representations of inequality can be apprehended through three dimensions - perceptions, beliefs and preferences - which are influenced by factors that operate at two levels: the social position and the personal experience of individuals.The results of the study show that representations changed over time, but with varying intensity depending on the dimension analyzed. And by considering the determinants, on the one hand, results show that the social position of individuals, especially with regards to educational level, is a strong predictor of representations of inequality. Following the transformations in the social structure of Chile, individuals of lower social status present more significant changes in the representations of inequality. On the other hand, in terms of personal experience, it is observed that changes in the sociopolitical context strongly influence representations, as well as the evaluation of structural transformations on individuals' lives. Regardless of social status, individuals' assessments of inequality are strongly anchored in comparing different moments of their own biographies, even stronger than when they represent inequality through a comparison with other people or social groups
18
Sandberg, Simon Neville. "Schooling, hegemony and the capitalist social formation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240339.
Full text
19
Atkinson, Benedict. "Ownership causes social inequality. To reduce social inequality, reduce or diffuse ownership: An analysis with particular application to the copyright system." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/0c042cb0a8b2204d0e982df401871dbf98f7b0642ed32c650bb58743428e5752/4165658/201500_Benedict_ATKINSON_LAW_PHD_AS_AMENDED.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Humans contest for control or ownership. Contest is to a considerable extent inescapable because conceptually a large part of most grammars involve possession and appropriation. Language creates antithesis (‘mine, yours’) that results in conflict. The result of conflict is possession and dispossession, which results in ownership, which is expressed in property and property systems. This dissertation focuses on the exclusionary effect of property systems. Property confers the power to exclude and the aggregate of legal exclusions, which constitutes a property system, objectively or instrumentally creates social exclusion and thus social inequality. Income and property tax facilitate redistribution, reducing social inequality. Another mode of reducing/diffusing the exclusionary effect of ownership is to enlarge the public domain, which I define as a commonwealth of non-control and non-ownership.
20
Dunn, James Roland. "Social inequality, population health, and housing, towards a social geography of health." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0025/NQ37696.pdf.
Full text
21
Cuhadaroglu, Tugce. "Essays on Social Groups: Inequality, Influence and the Structure of Interactions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125865.
Full textAbstract:
Uno de los principales problemas en economía siempre ha sido entender y formalizar la relación dinámica entre lo individual y lo social. Esta tesis incluye dos perspectivas complementarias para explorar esta importante cuestión.
En el primer enfoque, que se refiere al primer capítulo, se investiga la forma de evaluar el grado en que las diferencias en las características individuales dan lugar a diferencias en los resultados sociales, por así decirlo, perseguimos lo 'individual' en lo `social'. Nos centramos en las desigualdades no relacionadas con los ingresos entre grupos sociales, tales como las desigualdades de nivel de educación, situación laboral, la salud o el bienestar subjetivo. Proponemos una nueva metodología, el Índice de Dominación, para evaluar las desigualdades. Al proporcionar un enfoque axiomático, logramos mostrar cómo un conjunto de propiedades deseables para una medida de la desigualdad entre grupos, cuando la variable de interés no es cardinal sino ordinal, caracterizan nuestro Índice de Dominación. Por otra parte, en función de nuestro análisis, se explora la estrecha relación entre segregación y desigualdades entre grupos.
Los dos capítulos restantes de la tesis se pueden considerar como una persecución de lo `social 'en lo `individual'. Consideramos a una persona como un agente social e investigamos el papel de las interacciones sociales en la toma de decisiones individuales. En el segundo capítulo, nos centramos en el problema de identificar la influencia social y la homofilia. Proponemos una metodología que hace uso de los resultados de las decisiones individuales con el fin de evaluar el nivel de homofilia y la influencia recibida mediante la interacción social.
El objeto estudiado en el tercer capítulo, por otra parte, es la estructura de las interacciones sociales. Sugerimos, para descubrir la estructura subyacente de una red social, utilizar el análisis de patrones de conducta individual. En general, caracterizamos cuatro posibles estructuras de interacción diferentes mediante las cuales los individuos pueden estar interconectados en una red social.One of the main questions of economics has always been to understand and formalize the dynamic relation between what is individual and what is social. This dissertation includes two complementary perspectives to explore this major question. In the first approach, which refers to the first chapter, we investigate how to evaluate the degree to which differences in individual characteristics result in differences in social outcomes; so to speak, we chase the `individual' in `social'. We focus on non-income inequalities between social group, such as the inequalities of educational attainment, occupational status, health or subjective-wellbeing. We propose a new methodology, the Domination Index, to evaluate those inequalities. Providing an axiomatic approach, we show that a set of desirable properties for a group inequality measure when the variable of interest is not cardinal but ordinal, characterize the Domination Index. Moreover, depending on our analysis, we explore the close relation between segregation and group inequalities. The remaining two chapters of the thesis can be seen as a chase for the `social’ in `individual’. We consider an individual as a social agent and investigate the role of social interactions in individual decision making. In the second chapter, we focus on the identification problem of social influence and homophily. We suggest a methodology that exploits individual decision outcomes in order to assess the level of homophily and influence related to social interaction. The subject matter of the third chapter, on the other hand, is the structure of social interactions. We suggest to uncover the underlying structure of a social network by analyzing individual behavior patterns. Overall we characterize four different possible interaction structures by which individuals may be connected in a social network.
22
Clare, K. "'Creative' careers : gender, social networks and labour market inequality." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597698.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines gender inequality in the ‘new economy’, and specifically looks at gendered patterns of work in the advertising industry through a micro-level social network perspective. This study focuses on the advertising industry because it is an exemplar of a project-based creative industry in the knowledge-based ‘new economy’ where project work is becoming more common and careers are constructed as portfolios of previous experiences rather than life-time employment by one employer. In these creative industries, despite the rhetoric of flexibility, egalitarianism and non-hierarchical structures, I show how categorical inequalities (in particular gender) shape labour market outcomes, demonstrating how gender is often more important than performance in facilitating career trajectories of workers. In contrast to the all-encompassing and simplistic notions of ‘social networks’ commonly employed in much of economic geography, I unpack the concept of social networks and specify how social networks confer advantages, and document what those advantages are so we know why it matters who you know. First, I show that personal ties are important because they direct the flow of power, information, and help workers acquire legitimacy, skills, and jobs. Second, I demonstrate there are important differences in men’s and women’s social networks, which drive differences in the opportunity structures available to men and women. Third, I show how men and women have different ‘creative biographies’ and different experiences of project-based work. Fourth, my thesis develops a specifically geographical understanding of workers’ careers, showing how an appreciation of place-based cultures of working and socialising are crucial to an understanding of employment patterns. Finally, I provide policy implications. Overall, I demonstrate that micro-level processes contribute to macro-level patterns of gender inequality. Crucially, these findings assert the importance of micro-level social networks in determining labour market outcomes.
23
Litchfield, Julie Anne. "Poverty, inequality and social welfare in Brazil, 1981-1995." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1662/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the nature and evolution of the Brazilian income distribution during the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. The thesis presents a profile of the Brazilian income distribution, of the level and structure of poverty and inequality, and analyses how these have changed over time, making wider comparisons of social welfare. The empirical results are derived through application of best practice techniques of distributional analysis to micro-data from a large, annual and nationally representative household survey that permits estimation of comparable measures of poverty and inequality over time. Chapter 1 provides the background to the debate on poverty and inequality in Brazil, reviewing recent macroeconomic policy and performance and key empirical studies from the 1960s onwards. Chapter 2 presents and discusses the household data set, methodological issues in measuring incomes, poverty and inequality and presents the main tools of analysis that are applied in subsequent chapters. Chapter 3 analyses levels and changes in incomes, poverty and inequality, and tests the statistical significance of changes over time and robustness of results to assumptions about the degree of household economies of scale and to variations in the poverty line. Chapter 4 examines the structure of inequality focussing on a number of characteristics of the household and household head, including location and family type of the households, and age, gender, race and education of the household head. Changes in the structure of inequality are also analysed. Chapter 5 investigates the structure of poverty, examining the role of key characteristics of the population and how these have changed between 1981 and 1995. Chapter 6 concludes, discussing the policy implications of the results and possible avenues of further research.
24
Gatica, Lucas, Juan Pablo Martini, Matias Dreizik, and Débora Imhoff. "Psychosocial and psycho-political predictors of social inequality justification." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/99788.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the study was to determine the predictive power of certain ideological (right-wing authoritarianism, belief in a just world, social dominance orientation, ideo logical self-positioning), cognitive (causal attributions of poverty and prejudice against poor people) and socio-demographic variables on the justification of social inequality. A correlational design was employed. Participants were 305 male and female students from the National University of Cordoba, Argentina ages 18-60 (M=22.95; SD=4.75). Results indicate particularities of the predictive power of these variables depending on the evaluated dimension of the justification of social inequality. Based on these results, the contribution of political psychology to the understanding of the psychosocial mechanisms that enable the legitimation of unequal situations is discussed.El presente trabajo buscó conocer el poder predictivo de variables ideológicas (autoritarismo, creencia en un mundo justo, orientación a la dominancia social, autoposicionamiento ideo lógico), cognitivas (atribuciones causales sobre la pobreza, prejuicio hacia personas pobres) y sociodemográficas sobre la justificación de la desigualdad social. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo correlacional. Participaron 305 estudiantes de ambos sexos de 18 a 60 años (M=22.95; DE=4.75) de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Los resultados indican particularidades en torno al poder predictivo de estas variables dependiendo de la dimensión de la justificación de la desigualdad social evaluada. En función de estos resul tados, se precisa el aporte de la psicología política a la comprensión de los mecanismos psicosociales que posibilitan la legitimación de la desigualdad.
O trabalho buscou conhecer o poder preditivo de variáveis ideológicas (autoritarismo, crença em um mundo justo, orientação a dominância social, auto-posicionamento ideoló gico), cognitivas (atribuições causais sobre a pobreza, preconceito contra as pessoas pobres) e sócio-demográficas sobre a justificação da desigualdade social. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo correlacional. Participaram 305 estudantes de ambos os sexos com idades entre 18 a 60 anos (M = 22.95, SD = 4.75) da Universidade Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Os resultados indicam particularidades sobre o poder preditivo destas variáveis, dependendo da dimensão da justificação da desigualdade social avaliada. Com base nestes resultados, a contribuição da psicologia política para a compreensão dos mecanismos psicossociais que permitem a legitimação da desigualdade é enfatizada.
25
Abrahams, Jessica. "Schooling inequality : aspirations, institutional practices and social class reproduction." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100310/.
Full textAbstract:
Despite a mass expansion of the higher education sector in the UK since the 1960s, young people from disadvantaged backgrounds remain less likely to enter university (and in particular elite institutions) than their advantaged counterparts. Governmental approaches to narrowing this gap have tended to revolve around the provision of greater information and a raising of aspirations. This thesis contributes to sociological knowledge through exploring young people’s aspirations and opportunities in light of this context, paying close attention to how these are shaped through interactions with the institution of education. It does so through a focus on three schools in one city in England. Grand Hill Grammar (an independent fee paying school), Einstein High (a state-maintained school in a wealthy area) and Eagles Academy (a state-maintained school in a disadvantaged area). The fieldwork included a survey of over 800 pupils in years 7, 9 and 11 in each school, semi-structured interviews with 6-8 pupils per year per school and one careers advisor per school (n=60). Overall, whilst there were notable differences in the expression of occupational and educational aspirations across the three schools, my findings question a direct causal relationship between social class and aspiration. I found many young people in all schools aspiring to attend university and get a ‘good job’. Nevertheless, this thesis highlights the everyday institutional structures and practices at play which were powerfully rendering young people more or less able to pursue a desired pathway. This was largely manifest in the differential structures of GCSE and A Level options alongside variations in the practices of careers advisors in each school. In this thesis I offer a critique of the dominant political conception of ‘aspiration’, offering instead a Bourdieusian account which considers the role of what I call institutional concerted cultivation in the reproduction of social class inequality.
26
Cheung, Diana. "Four essays on inequality and social reforms in China." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010094.
Full text
27
Seifertová, Zuzana. "The inequality in Chile: economic, political and social impacts." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197008.
Full textAbstract:
Chile is one the most developed countries in Latin America with stable market-oriented economy and sustainable economic growth, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. Nevertheless, it is also the country with the highest inequality of income in the OECD and one of the most unequal countries in the world. The biggest challenge for the next decade seems to be the reduction of inequalities and poverty. To achieve these goals, Chile needs to implement better policy in the area of production, innovations, finances, but also health and education. The thesis examines the development of inequality in Chile, its current situation and the impacts of inequality on the society, focusing on the problematic areas such as education and health. Additionally, it presents possible solutions and recommendations for Chile to reduce the high level of inequalities, including the external help. The main resources used for the analysis are the information published by the World Bank, OECD or European Commission and complemented with statistics and reports of Chilean government.
28
Grant-Friedman, Andrea Rebeccah. "Soviet sociology, perestroika, and the politics of social inequality." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1750740711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
29
Fan, Yi. "Essays on inequality and intergenerational mobility in China." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3094/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of three essays on intragenerational and intergenerational inequality. It focuses on the largest developing country, China, and examines historically and currently under-represented groups. The first chapter, “Does Adversity Affect Long-term Consumption and Financial Behaviour? Evidence from China’s Rustication Programme”, investigates the longterm effects of early experiences on economic behaviour, by referring to the largest forced migration experiment in history. Focusing on the historically under-represented group of people who were sent from urban to rural areas to do manual farm work during their adolescence, I demonstrate that they behave conservatively over the long term. They spend less on housing, accumulate more savings and insurance, and invest less in risky assets. One mechanism for the conservative behaviour lies in the habits formed during adversity. My study sheds light on how a policy, experienced especially in the early stage of life, influences a generation over the long term. In addition to inequality, the second and the third chapters examine intergenerational mobility. The second chapter, “The Great Gatsby Curve in China: Cross-Sectional Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility”, estimates the extent of the decline in intergenerational mobility in income and education during China’s economic transition. The decline is more evident for the currently under-represented groups: females, and residents of rural areas and the western regions. To correlate intergenerational mobility with cross-sectional inequality, a Great Gatsby Curve with a negative slope is presented, and related institutional factors are discussed. This chapter is written jointly with Junjian Yi and Junsen Zhang. The third chapter, “Intergenerational Income Persistence and Transmission through Identity: Evidence from Urban China”, investigates the mechanism of the decreasing intergenerational mobility in income during China’s transition. I demonstrate a shift in the leading contributor to the intergenerational income persistence conditional on income group and age cohort. Specifically, education is a leading contributor for all families before the market reform, and for households with below-average income in the post-reform era. However, a new transmission channel, political identity, plays a leading role in households with above-average income in the post-reform era. It sheds light on the necessity of intensifying reform in contemporary China.
30
Bamora, Florence Naah. "Gender inequality in secondary education in Ghana." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5295.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines some of the issues surrounding extensive gender inequalities operating within the school, family and the wider society which affect girls’ rights to education. It reveals that institutional culture within the home, community and school reinforces gender inequality and continue to limit girls’ access to school and in performing equally to boys, especially in science and mathematics subjects. It is based on interviews, focus group discussions, observations and life history interviews I conducted with students (girls and boys between the ages of 15 and 22), school dropouts, teachers, parents and education officials in a secondary school in Ghana. Following a brief review of the literature on the construction of gender in general and femininity in particular, as well as literature on gender and education, focusing mainly on factors and causes of girls’ unequal access to, and performance in schooling in Ghana and Africa in general, I analyse the differential experiences of schoolgirls and how these gendered experiences impact on their performance, achievements, choice of subject and future aspirations from a gendered perspective, using the social construction of gender as a theoretical framework. It explores the ways in which teachers’ and parents’ attitudes discriminate against girls on gender lines and help to perpetuate particular perceptions and expectations about the appropriate education of boys and girls. This thesis also examines the factors and situations which contribute to the incidence of high dropout rates among girls in the study area with an emphasis on household factors such as poverty, pregnancy and gendered cultural practices. It analyzes how leaving school without adequate skills and qualifications impacts negatively on the career prospects of school dropouts, especially girls. It evaluates the successes and challenges of Girls’ Education Unit (GEU) and government policies at improving girls’ educational attainment and opportunities with emphasis on how educational officials perceive government policies in achieving gender equality in the study area and suggests gender sensitive strategies and policies that would help bridge the gender gap as well as provide guidance for educational policy makers in the Ghanaian education system.
31
Schiff, Jeannie. "THE CONTEXTUAL IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ADVERSE SOCIAL OUTCOMES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3659.
Full textAbstract:
An interdisciplinary approach to policy and governance recognizes that many social welfare problems are interrelated, and policy-makers have long recognized a need to address the root causes of these problems. There is much evidence that income inequality is one of these root causes but research suggesting the effect of income inequality is mediated by social capital has complicated the relationship, as have theories of causality that take different approaches. This study takes an ecological approach to these issues to test the relationship between income inequality, social capital and selected adverse outcomes proposed by the relative income hypothesis. The relative income hypothesis posits that the impact of income inequality on adverse outcomes is mediated by social capital. The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design to analyze county-level data for the year 2000 with a structural equation model composed of three constructs: income inequality, modeled by four common measures; a social capital construct based on a model developed by Rupasingha, Goetz and Freshwater (2006); and an adverse outcomes construct designed as a parsimonious measure of social outcomes in four public affairs disciplinary areas. The test of the path presumed by the relative income hypothesis revealed both a direct effect of income inequality and indirect effect of inequality through social capital. However, the direct effect of income inequality on outcomes was significantly larger than the indirect effect, indicating the relationship is moderated, rather than mediated, by social capital. Since the impact of social capital on the selected adverse outcomes was relatively small, and the final model failed to achieve statistical significance, the relative income hypothesis that income inequality exerts its primary effect on outcomes through social capital was rejected.Ph.D.
Other
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs PhD
32
Pienik, Jeremy Nielsen Francois. "Parenting & privilege race, social class and the intergenerational transmission of social inequality /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2232.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
33
Thaning, Max. "Multidimensional Intergenerational Inequality: Resource and Gender Specificity : Intergenerational transmission of inequality in education, social class, and income attainment using a sibling correlations approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157885.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic resources in multiple dimensions and decomposes the influence of parents’ education, social class, and income in relation to the same outcomes for children as well as the unique impact of mothers and fathers on sons and daughters. In order to minimize measurement error in parental characteristics and life course bias for children, high quality Swedish administrative register data (spanning over 40 years) is utilized. A sibling correlation approach is employed to establish the net influence of each parental resource, both in general and by parents’ and children’s gender. The results show that intergenerational inequality is subject to resource specificity. First, same resource transmission implies that the same parental resource as the child outcome matter most in transmission of advantage. In this sense, educational elites foster educational elites, while economic advantage favor children’s own economic status. Second, the intermediate and overlapping socioeconomic field resource, parental social class, explains most of children´s outcomes in education and income suggesting that there is a same field transmission. Parental resources explain little variation in its field opposite (i.e. parental education on child income and parental income on child education). Finally, whether or not intergenerational inequality is subject to gender specificity is ambiguous, it ranges from negligible to substantial contributions. Mothers’ and fathers’ resources do matter independently over all outcomes, where especially fathers’ income dominate and drives the total influence of parental income. However, the result for the same gender transmission is mixed. The conclusion is that gender and, especially, resource specificity cannot be neglected without biasing results, confusing time trends, and underestimating the true rate of intergenerational inequality. Intergenerational processes of inequality will be misrepresented in a unidimensional conceptualization of socioeconomic transmission, which will also affect both theoretical understanding and the prospects of policy intervention.
34
Nwafor, Chioma Ngozi. "Monetary policy, inequality and financial markets." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6407/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the reaction of monetary policy to income inequality and the effect of asset price changes and financial sector development on income inequality. The actions of monetary authorities in the U.S and elsewhere during the financial crisis period have had a major impact on financial markets. Given that financial asset prices respond quickly to new information about monetary policy shifts, the Fed’s low interest rate policy stance that started in August 2007 led to a significant increase in asset prices, particularly stock prices. Stock prices appreciation transfers wealth to those households who already own stocks; generally speaking, the wealthier American households. Consequently, it is important to examine empirically the dynamics of monetary policy, asset prices and financial development on income inequality. First, we examined the response of monetary policy to income inequality. We tried to provide empirical answers to the following questions; is there any evidence that monetary policy responds to income inequality? If there is evidence of such a response, what is the nature symmetric or asymmetric? Secondly, is there any significant relationship between changes in stock prices and income inequality? Thirdly, what are the implications of financial sector development on income inequality? This area of literature draws from monetary economics, financial economics and welfare economics disciplines, and has become increasingly important given the massive levels of income inequality that is witnessed around the world. Chapter 2 of this thesis looks at the reaction of monetary policy to income inequality using data from the U.S. We provided evidence of a positive and significant reaction of monetary policy to income inequality measured using the income share accruing to the top 1 percent income earners. We also found evidence of asymmetric reaction of monetary policy to the income of the top 1 percent between 1960 and 2009. In chapter 3 we focused on the role of asset prices on income inequality using data from the U.S. We found that stock market developments and income of the top 1 percent wage earners are well integrated with the direction of causality running from stock returns to top 1 percent income share. One of the practical policy implications of this finding is that monetary policy stance that is directed towards the propping up of asset prices will have a concomitant effect on the income of the top 1 percent income earners. Also in chapter 3 we used the Generalized Methods of Moment GMM to examine the reaction of inequality measured using the income share of the top 1 percent, the bottom 90 percent and the lowest fifth percent households to changes in asset prices. Our task here is to examine whether changes in both financial and nonfinancial assets affects everyone in the top and bottom of the income distribution the same way, or if there are remarkable differences on how these variables affect individuals within the top and bottom income percentiles. Our results detected widespread and subtle effects of asset prices on income at the selected percentiles of the income distribution. These findings hold practical implications for policy makers because the distribution of stocks and homes has important consequences on who benefits from asset prices appreciation and who is hurt by its depreciation. Finally in chapter 4 we analysed the distributional consequences of financial sector development on income inequality using a large unbalanced dataset of 91 countries, classified according to World Bank’s income categories. The results in almost all the models suggested that increasing access to credit for households will reduce income inequality. This finding is important in the light of the potential for using financial development as a policy tool to reduce the widening income inequality around the world.
35
Brettschneider, Phillip T. "Inequality, Egalitarianism, and Occupy Atlanta." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397578866.
Full text
36
Niknami, Susan. "Essays on Inequality and Social Policy : Education, Crime and Health." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-72485.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of four empirical essays. The first essay evaluates the impact on crime of a large scale experimental scheme in which all state monopoly alcohol stores in selected Swedish counties kept open on Saturdays. We show that the experiment significantly raised both alcohol sales and crime. The effect is confined to Saturdays and tentative evidence indicates a displacement of crime from weekdays to Saturdays. The experiment had no significant impact on crime over the entire week. The second essay examines the effect of income inequality on health for newly arrived refugees. The results reveal no statistically significant effect of income inequality on the risk of being hospitalized. This finding holds for most population subgroups and when separating between different types of diagnoses. The conclusions do not change when we consider long-term exposure to inequality. Our estimates are precise enough to rule out large effects of income inequality on health. The third essay examines the effect of relative income differences on criminal behavior. There is a positive effect on the propensity to commit property crime. The effect is small and mainly driven by past offenders, low educated and young individuals. I only find weak evidence that relative income differences increases the likelihood to commit violent crime. The empirical analysis further reveals that differences in gross labor earnings are more strongly related to crime than disparities in disposable income. The fourth essay describes the patterns of intergenerational transmission of education among immigrant mothers and their daughters. The results show that the persistence is slightly lower among immigrants compared to natives, and that the relationship is weaker among those who start out disadvantaged. I find large variations across different immigrant groups, but these differences are partly explained by the fact that groups belong to different parts of the educational distribution.
37
Boesten, Jelke. "Negotiating womanhood, reproducing inequality women and social policy in Peru /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/75076.
Full text
38
Fosten, Gerald Keith. "Social Inequality, Criminal Justice, and Race in Tennessee, 1960-2014." Thesis, Howard University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10191162.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the national criminal justice system’s and the state of Tennessee criminal justice system’s policies in terms of how they influence citizens’ need for prisons with the private sector's desire for profits and their effects on the incarceration rate of African American males in the state of Tennessee. There is an important, often neglected correlation among prison sentencing, felony disenfranchisement, voting and the continuing problematic issues of race in America, particularly in Tennessee. Tennessee serves as a representative case study for which to examine local, state, and national criminal justice system, disparate outcomes and social inequality. The research therefore investigates ethically questionable public-private business relationships and arrangements that contribute to socially-constructed economic policy instruments used to fulfill Conservatives and Whites supremacists’ objectives for White domination in the State. Through mass incarceration and felony disenfranchisement, African Americans—in particular, African American males, have been discriminated against and systematically excluded from political participation, employment, housing, education and other social programs. This dissertation utilizes the Racial Contract Theory and Racial Group Threat Theory (Racial Threat Theory or Group Threat Theory) to investigate the issue. The Racial Contract Theory suggests that racism itself is an intentionally devised institutionalized political arrangement, of official and unofficial rule, of official and unofficial policy, socioeconomic benefit, and norms for the preferential distribution of material wealth and opportunities. The Racial Group Threat Theory suggests that growth in the comparative size of a subordinate group increases that group’s capacity to use democratic political and economic institutions for its benefit at the expense of the dominant group.
This dissertation therefore first hypothesizes that race, mass incarceration and felony disenfranchisement are employed to influence election outcomes in Tennessee. The second hypothesis that profit-seeking motive or other forms of economic incentives contribute to racist policy in the criminal justice system of Tennessee. The secondary data for this study were collected from books, scholarly articles, and online sources using the document analysis technique. The primary data were collected using national, state, local government reports and expert testimonials already conducted.
39
Bourne, Mary Joan Ryan. "Social-class inequality in educational attainment and participation in England." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/socialclass-inequality-in-educational-attainment-and-participation-in-england(089d81d7-88c3-474a-b73f-1d00432fbd6e).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines social-class inequalities in educational attainment. The central aims of the thesis are to assess the applicability of Bourdieu’s cultural reproduction theory and Goldthorpe’s rational choice theory. Drawing on the Millennium Cohort Study and the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, the thesis conducts rigorous analyses on class differences in educational attainment (termed ‘primary effects’) and in educational decision making, controlling for previous attainment (termed ‘secondary effects’). The analyses find support for Bourdieu’s notion that cultural competence and particular class-characterised dispositions can generate educational advantage. For young children, however, these are not found to mediate the link between class and cognitive performance substantially, and are unable to account for the growing divergences that occur in the first few years of compulsory schooling. For older children, these are shown to be the main mechanism through which those from advantaged homes realise educational success. The thesis also examines trends in continuation in post-compulsory academic study and evaluates the usefulness of rational action theory for understanding the secondary effects of social class. Choice-based differences are shown to be of little importance for understanding the further disadvantage some pupils face once attainment has been controlled for. However, this finding is subject to the important caveat that the secondary effects of social class differ for white and non-white pupils. The thesis considers the implications of this finding for the Breen–Goldthorpe (1997) model of educational decision making and suggests the important assumption of relative risk aversion may not be appropriate for non-white groups. A range of statistical methods are used in this thesis, including some advanced techniques such as multilevel growth curve modelling. The thesis also makes a series of methodological recommendations for future studies. Finally, the analyses in this thesis show the overriding importance of parents’ education for children’s cognitive and educational attainment. This is demonstrably the most influential way in which social origin perpetuates differences between the advantaged and disadvantaged, at all stages of pupils’ educational careers. This thesis contributes to existing knowledge in this field in the theoretical, substantive and methodological domains.
40
Wiens, Meghann. ""Welcome to 2018": Resisting gender inequality in social media discourse." Thesis, Wiens, Meghann (2018) "Welcome to 2018": Resisting gender inequality in social media discourse. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51342/.
Full textAbstract:
Through talk and text, people can both create and undo social realities (Edwards, 1997). People have the capacity to produce discourse which perpetuates hegemonic, patriarchal accounts of women, so they should be able to recognise and challenge it (McKinlay & McVittie, 2008). The present study investigates comments on social media in response to the pregnancy announcement of Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand’s third female Prime Minister, in January 2018. Ardern’s case is notable as her pregnancy makes her gender highly salient as she occupies a leadership role commonly viewed as ‘masculine’. Research has established that women are evaluated differently to men in leadership roles and are viewed as either warm and incompetent, or competent and cold (Hall & Donoghue, 2013). Representation of women in political leadership is therefore only one step toward gender equality as the underlying structures maintaining sexism need to be challenged. Comments were examined using a synthetic approach to discourse analysis (Wetherell, 1998) to determine how they resisted gender inequality talk. Two themes of resistance emerged from the corpus. Firstly, commenters employed devices that accounted for opposing views as outdated and not the norm in modern society. Arguments were bolstered by presenting factual accounts, diminishing the relevance of sexism, and isolating opposing views to individuals rather than society. Secondly, working motherhood was normalised. This was achieved by focusing on fathers, de-gendering ‘parents’, and reducing personal stake or interest. The comments examined here embedded radical feminist views into mainstream conversation and worked to undermine gender inequality talk by making alternative accounts robust and available.
41
Yaniklar, Cengiz. "Class, status and gender : social stratification in a Turkish town." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340429.
Full text
42
Li, Jun. "The legitimation of inequality in transitional urban China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20LI.
Full text
43
Vorhach, D. "The problem of social inequity in society: causes and consequences." Thesis, Наукова платформа Open Science Laboratory, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16773.
Full textAbstract:
In modern Ukraine and other countries of the world inequality is becoming extremely widespread. This leads to lower in the quality of life of people, increasing in the number of poor people, decreasing in life expectancy and deterioration of economic development. In order to overcome all the types of inequality, it is necessary first of all to understand the nature of inequality, its causes and manifestations. Social inequality is the social division of society into classes with different rights, responsibilities and social opportunities. Social inequality is also characterized by an uneven distribution of resources between individual members of society. The main manifestations of inequality in modern society are inequality in socioeconomic status, age groups, gender, health, education, professional area, place of residence, regions, and so on. Today social inequality is identified as a major problem of our time, which causes social and economic instability.
44
Johnson, Jessica N. "Gender Inequality in the Workplace| The Experience of Female Administrators." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751250.
Full textAbstract:
Gender inequality continues to impose limitations on the progress of women in a number of ways. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how female administrators have experienced gender inequality in the workplace in order to gain a better understanding of the barriers they have encountered. This study explored participants’ administrative background, experiences as an administrator, challenges encountered related to gender inequality, and what was learned (i.e., coping, strategies to address gender inequality). The findings revealed the main challenges participants’ encountered in the workplace were based on pay and promotion. Through this study, female administrators were given an outlet to express their concerns regarding gender inequality and provide their input concerning strategies that may be effective in addressing gender inequality in the workplace.
45
Onwuameze, Nkechi Catherine. "Educational opportunity and inequality in Nigeria: assessing social background, gender and regional effects." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2598.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated educational stratification in Nigeria to determine how socioeconomic status, gender, and regional differences influence achievement in education using the nationally representative 2010 Nigeria Education Data Survey (NEDS). These cross-sectional data are among the first quality household survey data available for assessing aspects of education in Nigeria. In the last four decades, Nigeria has experienced dramatic expansion of its educational system. Following the introduction of educational policies and programs, growth in enrolment at the primary and secondary levels has largely been sustained. For instance, enrolment of pupils in primary education increased from 3,515,827 in 1970 to 14,383,487 in 1985 and to 20,080,986 in 2010. However, this impressive gain was followed by dwindling quality in the educational system, which has reported differing educational outcomes for different groups.
Prior research in Nigeria has not examined how socioeconomic status influences achievement in education using large scale representative data. In this study, I primarily focused on assessing socioeconomic status to determine how it predicts achievement in reading and numeracy in Nigerian school children, ages 5 to 16 years. Nigeria is also known to have wide gender and regional gaps in education. Thus, I assessed gender and region variables to determine how much they contribute to the variance in educational achievement. I analyzed NEDS 2010 data and reported the findings of the descriptive and multivariate regression statistics. Descriptive statistics show the frequencies and distribution of the variables in the study. The multivariate regression analyses were employed to determine the relationship of socioeconomic status, gender, and region (the main predictor variables) with achievement in reading and numeracy (outcome variables). Given the use of survey data, both the descriptive and regression statistics were based on weighted statistics.
This study found a significant wealth gap in reading and numeracy achievements among Nigerian children. I also found that family wealth, parental education, and region explain differences in academic achievement. Family wealth was found to be the most important variable influencing achievement in reading and numeracy, followed by mother's education and then region.
Overall, the findings in this study suggest no significant differences in reading and numeracy achievement for boys and girls. Although gender was not found to be consistently associated with academic achievement in this study, it should not be assumed to mean that gender equality in education exists in Nigeria. It is widely reported elsewhere that gender-biased educational opportunity plays a major role in influencing educational attainment and achievement. More research, preferably using a longitudinal study design, is needed to identify the trends and patterns of gender roles in Nigerian educational attainment and achievement. The findings in this study provide the foundation for making further investigations on the association of social, economic, and cultural factors with academic achievement and to assess inequality in education in Nigeria.
46
Stuart, Justin. "The determinants of income inequality: a cross- country investigation." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117168.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates recent cross-country patterns of income inequality. A unique dataset is constructed using World Bank and OECD data sources for a sample of 124 countries over the 1980 to 2010 period. Analyses of this dataset reveal three distinct sets of results. First, in terms of the spatial distribution of world income inequality, we find (i) pockets of high levels of inequality in South and Central America along with (ii) clusters of low inequality in Western European countries, particularly in Scandinavian countries. Over the period of study, significant increases in levels of inequality are registered for Russia and North America (especially in Canada and the US). Despite continued high levels of inequality in South America, inequality in the region appears to be receding, if only ever so slightly. Second, regression results support the contention that the Kuznets hypothesis is still relevant today. This finding is also robust to different measures of inequality. Finally, in terms of the determinants of cross-country patterns of inequality, estimates from panel regression models reveal that not one but multiple factors are driving cross-country patterns of income inequality. The level of economic development, age dependency, public sector expenditures and manufacturing activity are all identified as key determinants of international income inequality.Cette thèse étudie les tendances récentes de l'inégalité du revenu à l'échelle mondiale. Une base de données unique est construite à l'aide de données provenant de la Banque Mondiale et de l'OCDE pour un échantillon de 124 pays sur la période 1980 à 2010. L'analyse de ces données révèle trois résultats distincts. Tout d'abord, en termes de la distribution spatiale de l'inégalité du revenu dans le monde, on retrouve (i) des concentrations de niveaux élevés d'inégalité en Amérique du Sud et Centrale ainsi que (ii) des concentrations de niveaux faibles d'inégalité en Europe occidentale, en particulier dans les pays scandinaves. Au cours de la période d'étude, des augmentations significatives du niveau d'inégalité sont enregistrées pour la Russie et l'Amérique du Nord (notamment au Canada et aux États-Unis). Malgré la persistance de niveaux élevés d'inégalité en Amérique du Sud, les inégalités du revenu dans la région semble être en recul, si ce n'est que très légèrement. Deuxièmement, les résultats d'analyses de régression démontrent que l'hypothèse de Kuznets est toujours d'actualité. Ces résultats sont robustes à différentes mesures d'inégalité. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les déterminants de l'inégalité, les modèles de régression de panel révèlent que plusieurs facteurs sont derrières les tendances observées. Le niveau de développement économique, le ratio de dépendance d'âge, les dépenses du secteur public et le niveau d'activité manufacturière sont tous des déterminants importants de l'inégalité du revenu à l'échelle internationale.
47
Olmats, Oscar. "GENDER MAINSTREAMING : Problematizations of Gender Inequality in Rwanda." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432901.
Full textAbstract:
The scholarly field of Gender and Development is riddled with diverging perceptions of the actual value and meaning of the term Gender and the development strategy of promoting gender equality – Gender Mainstreaming. Taking the social constructivist perspective of discourse analysis, this thesis explores the ways in which different problem representations of gender inequality are produced and reinforced within certain policy domains in the gender mainstreaming approach of the Rwandan government. The aim of this is to contribute to the scholarly field by exploring key areas not given a great deal of attention in previous research. Using the so-called ’WPR-method’ of policy analysis, developed by Carol Bacchi, a number of strategically selected policies representing different policy domains have been analyzed through four guiding analytical questions. Some main findings of the study indicates that while there are different specified problematizations of gender inequality in the domains, there is some overarching overlap in how the concept is understood to specifically concern women’s lack of agency, and how it is represented as a means to achieve the government’s targeted goals for socio-economic development.
48
Brea-Martínez, Gabriel. "Social reproduction and inequality in the Barcelona area, 15th -20th centuries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665793.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis es una compilación de cuatro publicaciones en las que se abarca con una perspectiva a largo plazo los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social y las tendencias generales de desigualdad socioeconómica en el área de Barcelona entre los siglos XV y XX. Los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social se entienden como los elementos económicos, institucionales, legales, políticos y/o culturales que las familias utilizan para mantener, mejorar y/o transmitir el status social heredado y/o adquirido. Estos se canalizan a través de la influencia familiar de dos medios principales, la transmisión o movilidad social intergeneracional (de ascendientes a descendientes) y la movilidad social intrageneracional (de un individuo a lo largo de su ciclo vital). En este sentido, la reproducción social está interrelacionada con los niveles de desigualdad socioeconómica existentes en diferentes contextos históricos. Se han utilizado datos de la Barcelona Historical Marriage Database (1481-1880) así como la Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), todo ello en el seno de dos proyectos de investigación, el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectivamente. Entre los hallazgos más importantes de esta tesis se puede concluir que la transmisión intergeneracional preindustrial era alta, sobre todo en el grupo de los campesinos y de los artesanos y principalmente para los primeros hijos como cabría esperar para una sociedad de Antiguo Régimen donde el sistema hereditario se basaba en el heredero único. Sin embargo, pese a que el sistema hereditario por definición se basaba en la desigualdad entre hermanos/as, no se ha observado desclasamiento de los hermanos y hermanas no herederos. De hecho, se aprecia como las hermanas serán las que se casarán más fuera de su grupo social de origen, un hecho refuerza la importancia de la unidad familiar de “casa” en las sociedades agrícolas catalanas como la historiografía apunta. No obstante, durante la industrialización. se encuentran evidencias empíricas del declive del sistema de heredero único, ya que la progresión social de hermanos no herederos enseñó mejor trayectoria laboral que hermanos herederos, debido a las nuevas oportunidades en una estructura ocupacional cambiante. En este sentido, se demuestra como la influencia familiar en el destino social de sus descendientes disminuyó, aunque no desapareció, contrariamente a lo que apuntan teorías como la de la modernización, ayudando a entender la evolución histórica del sistema familiarista de las sociedades actuales de países del sur de Europa. Por lo que atañe a la desigualdad económica, una estimación continua a largo plazo para cuatro siglos en un área extensa y de importancia económica y política como ha sido el área de Barcelona ha podido constatar que la disparidad económica fue más alta en épocas preindustriales debido a la sociedad estamental de antiguo régimen, al contrario de lo que se había defendido tradicionalmente. Sin embargo, a través de la reconstrucción de la estructura ocupacional se encuentran evidencias de que el importante crecimiento de la desigualdad económica en la industrialización se debe mayoritariamente por un importante efecto de proletarización. Finalmente, la ulterior conclusión referente a la interrelación entre el papel de la familia y la desigualdad económica en esta tesis ha enseñado que pese a la importante presencia de la familia, las barreras entre clases sociales no se han roto en casi cinco siglos, un elemento que se conecta con la actual preocupación en relación a las disminución de la movilidad en nuestras sociedades.This thesis includes a compilation of four publications with a long-term perspective on the mechanisms of social reproduction and the general trends of socioeconomic inequality in the Barcelona area between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries. The familial mechanisms of social reproduction encompass economic, institutional, legal, political, and/or cultural mechanisms for maintaining, improving, and / or transmitting the acquired or inherited social positions or tangible and intangible assets. Such mechanisms are channeled through family influence by two main means, the intergenerational transmission or social mobility (from ancestors to descendants) and the intragenerational social mobility (of an individual throughout his / her life cycle). In this sense, social reproduction is interrelated with the levels of socioeconomic inequality existing in different historical contexts. The data used in this thesis was provided by the Barcelona Historical Database of Marriage (1481-1880) and the Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), both developed within the projects el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectively. Among the most important findings in this thesis it can be concluded that the peindustrial intergenerational transmission of social status was indeed high, especially among peasants and artisans and mainly for the first children as would be expected in an Old Regime society based on an inheritance with the principle of impartibility. However, despite the fact that the hereditary system by definition was based on the inequality between siblings, there was not downward social mobility of non-heir brothers and sisters. In fact, non-heir females used to marry out the social group as a strategy, a fact that reinforces the importance of the family unit of the “casa” (house) in the Catalan agricultural societies as historiography pointed out. Nevertheless, during the industrialisation era, there are evidences pointing out that the single-heir inheritance system declined, due to a major social progression of non-heir siblings than heirs within the new occupational opportunities emerged. Accordingly, the influence of family in the social fate of descendants decreased over time but did not vanish, in contrast to what was argued by classical theories as the Modernization one, which also can be interpreted by the importance of the family strong ties in Southern European countries. Regarding the economic inequality, the long term estimation conducted across four centuries in an extensive geographic zone as the Barcelona area showed that inequality was indeed higher on preindustrial societies than in the industrial period. The reason for this would seem to be the preindustrial ordered social structure contributing to a more unequal society than the industrial one based on skilled and unskilled occupations. However, industrialisation brought about a new situation, where likely processes of proletarianization induced a new kind of inequality. Finally, the last conclusion refers to the interrelation between the role played by families and the economic inequality, which has been seen in this thesis that although the family importance in social reproduction, the social barriers between social classes were never broken throughout five centuries, an element that may be linked to the present concern about the decrease in social mobility in our societies.
49
Guijarro, Usobiaga Jan [Verfasser], and Henning [Akademischer Betreuer] Hillmann. "Personality Traits and Social Inequality / Jan Guijarro Usobiaga. Betreuer: Henning Hillmann." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073121321/34.
Full text
50
Molutsi, Patrick Dibera Peace. "Social stratification and inequality in Botswana : issues in development 1950-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327964.
Full text