Academic literature on the topic 'Social lies'

Purpose The purpose of this study is to illustrate the influence of media coverage and sentiment about brands on user-generated content amplification and opinions expressed in social media. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed-method approach, using a brand situation as a case example, including sentiment analysis of social media conversations and sentiment analysis of media coverage. This study tracks the diffusion of a false claim about the brand via online media coverage, subsequent spreading of the false claim via social media and the resulting impact on sentiment toward the brand. Findings The findings illustrate the influence of digital mass communication sources on the subsequent spread of information about a brand via social media channels and the impact of the social spread of false claims on brand sentiment. This study illustrates the value of social media listening and sentiment analysis for brands as an ongoing business practice. Research limitations/implications While it has long been known that media coverage is in part subsequently diffused through individual sharing, this study reveals the potential for media sentiment to influence sentiment toward a brand. It also illustrates the potential harm brands face when false information is spread via media coverage and subsequently through social media posts and conversations. How brands can most effectively correct false brand beliefs and recover from negative sentiment related to false claims is an area for future research. Practical implications This study suggests that brands are wise to use sentiment analysis as part of their evaluation of earned media coverage from news organizations and to use social listening as an alert system and sentiment analysis to assess impact on attitudes toward the brand. These steps should become part of a brand’s social media management process. Social implications Media are presumed to be impartial reporters of news and information. However, this study illustrated that the sentiment expressed in media coverage about a brand can be measured and diffused beyond the publications’ initial reach via social media. Advertising positioned as news must be labeled as “advertorial” to ensure that those exposed to the message understand that the message is not impartial. News organizations may inadvertently publish false claims and relay information with sentiment that is then carried via social media along with the information itself. Negative information about a brand may be more sensational and, thus, prone to social sharing, no matter how well the findings are researched or sourced. Originality/value The value of the study is its illustration of how false information and media sentiment spread via social media can ultimately affect consumer sentiment and attitude toward the brand. This study also explains the research process for social scraping and sentiment analysis.

One of the fundamental tenets of social studies education is preparing students to become knowledgeable and informed citizens. Especially in this era of increased communication and technology, one skill necessary for informed citizenship is the ability to critically understand polling data. Social studies educators, however, rarely provide their students with the mathematical framework required to move beyond face-value analysis of public opinion polls. This article outlines the basic statistical processes behind public opinion polls and provides social studies teachers with activities that encourage students to critically question political data presented in the media.

Although parents will frequently instruct their children not to lie, children will oftenobserve lie-telling within their immediate surroundings (i.e., the family environment). Todate, no empirical research has examined children's spontaneous lie-telling within thecontext of different inter-personal relationships (i.e., familiar versus unfamiliar adults),despite lie-telling being first observed by children within the family and often discussedwith children by parental figures (Wilson, Smith, & Ross, 2003). The aim of the currentstudy is to examine children's spontaneous deceptive behaviour within the parent-childdyad. Children's antisocial and prosocial lies to a parent versus an unfamiliar adult wereexamined. To examine antisocial lie-telling, a modified version of Talwar and Lee's(2002) temptation resistance paradigm was used. To examine prosocial lie-telling, adisappointing gift paradigm (Talwar, Murphy, & Lee, 2007) was used. Results indicatethat across different types of lies children are more likely to lie to an unfamiliar adult thanto a parental figure.<br>Même si les parents incitent leurs enfants à ne pas mentir, ces derniers sont souventtémoins de mensonges dans leur environnement familial. À ce jour, aucune étude nes'est intéressée à l'utilisation spontanée du mensonge par l'enfant dans la relation avecson parent, bien que ce comportement soit observé d'abord dans le contexte familial etque les parents en discutent avec leurs enfants (Wilson, Smith, & Ross, 2003). L'objectifde cette étude est d'examiner les comportements trompeurs chez les enfants dans lecontexte de la dyade parent-enfant. Les mensonges à caractères pro-sociaux etantisociaux ont été examinés lorsque les enfants mentaient à un parent ou à un adulteinconnu. Afin d'étudier les mensonges antisociaux, une version modifiée du temptationresistance paradigm de Talwar et Lee (2002) fut employée. Afin d'étudier lesmensonges pro-sociaux, le dispapointing gift paradigm de Talwar, Murphy et Lee (2007)fut utilisé. Les résultats démontrent qu'à travers différents types de mensonges, lesenfants ont tendance à mentir davantage à un adulte inconnu (un assistant de recherche)qu'à une figure parentale.

The present thesis is composed by three chapters, each of them making contributions to three distinct topics in behavioral Economics. The chapters can thus be read independently from each other. The first chapter concerns an experimental analysis which aim is to examine the development of social preferences with respect to age and how they are related with lying behavior of children. The second chapter investigates the role of reciprocity in exacerbating inefficient and opportunistic behavior in hierarchical organizations, when conflict of interests between its members arises at different levels. Finally, the third chapter contains a theoretical model explaining the emergence of the gender gap in top job positions in line with recent evidence provided by experimental Economics. While both the first and the second chapter in this thesis present experimental evidence, the experimental methods differ across them. In particular, in the first chapter we report evidence from an artefactual field experiment while the second chapter presents a conventional framed laboratory experiment . By using experiments, we are able to control and to impose exogenous variation to the environment where people make decisions. The third chapter applies a theoretical approach, with the model based on recent experimental evidence on the research topic of interest. Experimental Economics represents a useful contributor to Economic theory, strengthening its predictions or providing new insights for future development (Falk and Heckman, 2009). In the first two chapters of the present thesis, experiments allow us to observe and investigate the development of lying behavior during childhood and the emergence of an opportunistic conduct in the job environment, observations which are difficult to detect with empirical data. Finally, in the third chapter we translate the recent experimental research on gender differences in a more formal and tractable manner, through a stylized model. The first chapter of the thesis experimentally examines how the interaction between lying aversion and social preferences affects children’s behavior when playing a modified version of the dictator game. In the last decade, many experimental studies in Economics have investigated the role of other regarding preferences in determining the behavior of individuals: these empirical findings have confirmed that individuals are not just interested in maximizing their own welfare but, with some limitations, they have a concern for the welfare of the others (Henrich et al., 2004, Fehr and Schmidt, 2006). Paralleling to this stream of investigation, the lying behavior of individuals has been objective of interest of many experimental studies (Gneezy, 2005; Mazar et al., 2008). However, it is still a matter of discussion whether these features are innate or if they evolve over time, and how different incentives and contexts affects their development. In order to answer these questions it is interesting to analyze the behavior of children when facing relevant economic decisions in a controlled environment. In particular, in a sample of 637 children, aged between 7 and 14, we find strong aversion to lying at all ages, and especially among females. We find that while children become more concerned about other’s welfare as aging, they are not prone to violate moral norms in order to implement their other-regarding preferences. On the contrary, lying is more likely to be determined by selfish and envy motives, at all ages. The second chapter investigates the emergence of a dark side of reciprocity in the working environment. Reciprocity has been shown to be a desirable feature in organizations, reducing the costs of aligning interests between the principal and the agent. Both laboratory and field experiments (see Fehr and Falk (2008) for an overview of recent results), have provided evidence that workers respond to generous wage levels by exerting above minimal effort, confirming the gift-exchange hypothesis first formulated by Akerlof (1982). In hierarchical organizations, however, conflict of interests between its members may emerge at multiple levels: in such a situation, reciprocity exacerbate, rather than alleviate, the negative effects of members’ misalignment of objectives. The second chapter of this thesis consists in a laboratory experiment which aim is to analyze the selection and effort distortions resulting from agents persecuting their personal interest by taking advantage of workers’ reciprocal concerns. The results show that sharing part of the three-level hierarchical organization’s profit with workers, rather than only with agents, impedes the latter to exploit their powerful position at the disadvantage of the organization. The third chapter is about the role of self-confidence in determining females’ underrepresentation in high skilled occupations. Relying on recent experimental evidence which explains the occupational gender gap as the result of different preferences and attitudes of men and women with respect to risk, ambition, self-confidence and willingness to compete (Gneezy et al., 2003; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007; Datta Gupta et al., 2013), we derive a model to explain the emergence of gender segregation in the labor market as a result of females’ biased beliefs regarding their ranking position with respect to other (male) candidates, when abilities are equally distributed among them. In particular, in our model, women self-select into low-skilled occupations according to their (mis)perceptions about their opportunity to be successfully recruited when competing for better positions. The third chapter further illustrates the powerful impact of affirmative actions in restoring efficiency in the job matching equilibrium between firms and workers. Indeed, in line with recent experimental evidence (Balafoutas and Sutter, 2012; Niederle et al., 2013), we provide a theoretical foundation to sustain the importance of implementing calibrated gender quota in order to restore the efficiency of job matching between high skilled firms and candidates, by encouraging skilled women to enter competition for top job market positions and thus increasing the diversity of qualified applicants.<br>La presente tesi è composta da tre capitoli, ciascuno dei quali facenti riferimento a tre distinti ambiti di ricerca dell’Economia comportamentale. Ciascun capitolo può quindi essere letto in maniera indipendente rispetto agli altri. Il primo lavoro consiste in un’analisi sperimentale volta ad analizzare lo sviluppo di comportamenti disonesti condizionatamente all’emergere di preferenze sociali nei bambini, in diverse fasce d’età e per genere. Il secondo lavoro analizza il ruolo della reciprocità nell’esacerbare, invece che nell’alleviare, l’emergere di comportamenti opportunistici e inefficienti all’interno di organizzazioni di tipo gerarchico, nelle quali i conflitti di interessi si evidenziano su più livelli. Infine, il terzo capitolo consiste in un modello teorico che intende spiegare il presente divario tra uomini e donne nelle posizioni di management basando le proprie assunzioni sulle ultime evidenze sperimentali. Nonostante i primi due capitoli siano entrambi basati su dati sperimentali, il metodo applicato è differente. In particolare, mentre il primo capitolo consiste in un field experiment realizzato con i bambini all’interno delle scuole, il secondo capitolo si basa su un tradizionale esperimento in laboratorio. Attraverso l’economia sperimentale è possibile controllare l’ambiente in cui gli individui prendono le loro decisioni, imponendo delle variazioni esogene sulla variabile di interesse. Il terzo capitolo utilizza un approccio teorico, basando le proprie assunzioni sui recenti sviluppi offerti dall’Economia comportamentale e sperimentale. L’Economia sperimentale rappresenta un importante strumento della teoria economica, ne rafforza i risultati e permette di creare nuove basi per migliorarne il potere predittivo (Falk and Heckman, 2009). Nei primi due capitoli della tesi la realizzazione degli esperimenti ci permette di analizzare lo sviluppo di comportamenti disonesti rispetto all’età e l’emergere di comportamenti opportunistici nell’ambiente di lavoro, entrambi comportamenti difficili da osservare con l’utilizzo di altri metodi di ricerca differenti dall’esperimento. Infine, nell’ultimo capitolo, le recenti evidenze offerte dall’Economia sperimentale relativamente alle differenti attitudini di uomini e donne sono formalizzate in un modello teorico al fine di spiegare il divario occupazionale tra i due sessi. Il primo capitolo della tesi ha come obiettivo l’analisi dello sviluppo della disonestà nei bambini, condizionatamente allo sviluppo delle loro preferenze sociali. Tale analisi é realizzata tramite un esperimento basato su una versione modificata del Dictator Game. Negli ultimi decenni, molti lavori sperimentali si sono concentrati sull’analisi del ruolo delle preferenze sociali nell’influenzare le decisioni degli individui: i risultati dimostrano che gli agenti economici non sono interessati esclusivamente alla massimizzazione del loro interesse personale ma, seppure con alcune limitazioni, tengono in considerazione anche gli effetti che le loro decisioni avranno sul benessere di altri indivdui (Henrich et al., 2004, Fehr and Schmidt, 2006). Parallelamente a questa area di ricerca, l’economia sperimentale si è concentrata sulle condizioni e i contesti che determinano comportamenti disonesti negli individui (Gneezy, 2005; Mazar et al., 2008). Eppure, ancora non è chiaro se tali evidenze siano il risultato del processo di socializzazione degli individui o siano caratteristiche innate. Per tale motivo è interessante esaminare in un ambiente controllato come diversi incentivi e contesti influenzino l’evoluzione di tali comportamenti nei bambini, in situazioni economicamente rilevanti. In particolare, nell’esperimento realizzato con un campione di 637 bambini, tra i 7 e i 14 anni, abbiamo rilevato una forte avversione a mentire a tutte le età, specialmente tra le bambine. Nonostante al crescere dell’età i bambini siano più propensi a valutare l’effetto delle loro scelte sul payoff altrui, essi non sono più propensi a mentire per apportare benefici monetari ad altri loro pari. Al contrario, la disonestà è maggiore tra i bambini che esprimono preferenze di tipo egoista, indipendentemente dall’età. Il secondo capitolo analizza l’emergere di un “lato oscuro” della reciprocità nell’ambiente di lavoro. La reciprocità è solitamente considerata come una caratteristica desiderabile all’interno delle organizzazioni, in quanto riduce il costo di riallineare gli interessi divergenti tra il principale e l’agente. Esperimenti recenti, sia realizzati in laboratorio che nel mondo reale, hanno dimostrato che i lavoratori reciprocano il loro datore di lavoro lavorando più di quanto ci si aspetterebbe quando viene loro offerto uno stipendio al di sopra del minimo accettabile, confermando l’ipotesi del gift-exchange formulata inizialmente da Akerlof (1982). Tuttavia, nel secondo capitolo dimostriamo come nelle organizzazioni gerarchiche gli interessi dei membri che le compongono possano divergere su più livelli: in tale situazione la reciprocità esaspera, invece di alleviare, le inefficienze risultanti da tali conflitti di intesse. Il secondo capitolo di questa tesi analizza, attraverso un esperimento in laboratorio, le distorsioni sia sulla selezione dei lavoratori che sulla loro produttività come conseguenza del comportamento opportunista degli agenti i quali, sfruttando la reciprocità dei lavoratori, perseguono i propri interessi personali a danno dell’organizzazione in cui sono assunti. I risultati dell’esperimento dimostrano inoltre che condividere una piccola parte dei profitti dell’organizzazione anche con i lavoratori impedisce agli agenti di sfruttare la loro posizione di potere in modo illegittimo. Il terzo capitolo è relativo al ruolo della fiducia in se stessi nel determinare il limitato numero di donne in posizioni lavorative di alto livello. Recenti risultati sperimentali mostrano come la sotto-rappresentanza delle donne nel management delle organizzazioni possa dipendere dalle loro diverse attitudini e preferenze rispetto al rischio, all’ambizione, alla fiducia in se stessi e alla volontà di competizione rispetto agli uomini (Gneezy et al., 2003; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007; Datta Gupta et al., 2013). Il terzo capitolo della tesi presenta quindi un modello teorico che spiega l’emergere della segregazione occupazionale come il risultato delle percezioni erronee delle donne relativamente alla loro (inferiore) abilità rispetto agli uomini, quando invece le abilità sono equamente distribuite tra i due sessi. Il particolare, il modello dimostra come le donne si auto-selezionino in lavori mediocri come conseguenza alla loro (errata) convinzione di non essere all’altezza della selezione quando sono in competizione con gli uomini per posizioni di più alto livello. Al fine di restaurare l’efficienza dell’incontro tra domanda e offerta nel mondo del lavoro, il modello dimostra quindi l’importanza di implementare delle quote che garantiscano l’accesso delle donne nelle suddette posizioni lavorative. Infatti, in linea con quanto recentemente dimostrato in ambito sperimentale (Balafoutas and Sutter, 2012; Niederle et al., 2013), il terzo capitolo spiega come tali politiche possano positivamente influenzare il mercato del lavoro, aumentando la diversità dei candidati ma senza intaccarne l’efficienza.

<p> Recent literature highlights the importance of principals on school improvement efforts and suggests that the tasks and responsibilities of educational leaders are becoming increasingly complex. While a growing body of research exists examining the impact of identity, beliefs, and prior experiences of students and teachers on teaching and learning, much less is known about how the lived experiences and identities of school leaders might influence the ways in which they lead schools. This collective case study examines the relationship between social identity and leadership for three principals &ndash; one public, one charter, and one independent &ndash; all located on the East Coast of the United States. It explores how school leaders draw upon aspects of their identity to make meaning of their experiences and how such interpretations influenced their leadership development and current thinking and practice.</p><p> Key findings focus around three major themes. First, participants tended to identify at least one important social identity which impacted their decision to become leaders and thus their development as principals. Secondly, social identities of value shape the ethic by which they choose to lead, and lastly, considerations of congruence between the ecology of the school and the principal&rsquo;s valued social identities influences his or her perception of leadership challenges. These findings suggest that not only are issues of social identity important contributors to a sense of belonging, credibility, and authority within the context of schools, they can lead to an increased willingness by the principal to take risks, to be vulnerable with others, and can contribute to an increased need to &ldquo;compensate&rdquo; for aspects of who they are which they perceive as stigmatized in regards to their ability to lead. Questions emerge, however, regarding methodological challenges in studying such personal issues related to social identity and the limitations of a leader&rsquo;s own awareness of the ways in which they influence their work in schools and communities. Implications of this research suggest the need for a more nuanced approach to how school leadership is understood and researched and thus how principals might be better prepared and supported.</p>

<p>This essay is based on a study of the relocation of the G//ana and G/wi San from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana. The purpose of the study is to assess the conflicts that have arisen as a result of the relocation-programs, in order to highlight the situation of the San. Addressing issues of nature conservation, eco-tourism and indigeneity, the essay discuss how conservation policies, development programs and eco-tourism projects have been implemented in the Central Kalahari, and the consequences these policies have had for the people who first inhabited the area.</p>

Sociological analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is, as yet, limited. This thesis analyses how approaches to CSR are defined and mobilised in relation to the rights of workers in transnational contexts of production and exchange. Participation in emerging global discourses of CSR is becoming standard practice amongst transnational corporations, and the growth and professionalisation of CSR, even during global economic crisis, suggests there may be substantial incentives for those seeking to influence agendas. To misunderstand the significance of CSR is dangerous. It is necessary to go beyond questions of whether CSR is merely marketing, to understand how the terms of debate are being set regarding responsibility in the global economy. Drawing on critiques of globalising corporate practices and labour movements research, I examine how these debates are being mobilised not only by politicians and employers, but also by workers and their advocates. Employment relations is an important arena for practical and ideological struggles over CSR, as production networks and labour markets have been dramatically restructured by globalising processes. To investigate the role of contestation in CSR development, labour rights campaigns were investigated as moments when responsibilities to workers are in dispute. A preliminary textual analysis categorised competing CSR agendas in terms of corporate, professional, political and activist approaches. Research into three case studies then explored how these can be mobilised in practice: the factory-focused Keep Burberry British campaign to prevent work being outsourced overseas; the eventfocused PlayFair 2012 campaign for workers making Olympic merchandise; and product-focused campaigns for cut flower workers. The thesis contributes empirically and analytically to understanding the potential implications of emerging approaches to CSR for employment regulation, the relationship of states to corporations, and the response of labour movements. It is argued that activist framing of the employment relationship in terms of CSR is being used to pursue improved conditions of work and to influence debate over where responsibility lies.

MENESES, Glysa de Oliveira. Socialização parental e valores humanos: uma análise de suas influências no comportamento de mentir em crianças. 2017. 134f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2017.<br>Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-24T11:34:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_gomeneses.pdf: 1912230 bytes, checksum: bc405f5e47aaa0e4a2ed12472ca42cf3 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-27T14:50:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_gomeneses.pdf: 1912230 bytes, checksum: bc405f5e47aaa0e4a2ed12472ca42cf3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T14:50:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_gomeneses.pdf: 1912230 bytes, checksum: bc405f5e47aaa0e4a2ed12472ca42cf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017<br>A presente dissertação teve por objetivo analisar em que medida os estilos de socialização parental e das prioridades valorativas dos filhos influenciam o comportamento de mentir nas crianças. Ademais, especificamente, este estudo visou observar a ocorrência dos dois principais tipos de mentira na infância (antissocial e pró-social); verificar a congruência entre os valores dos filhos e aqueles percebidos em seus pais/responsáveis; identificar a relação entre estilos parentais e os valores dos pais; analisar os estilos parentais que mais se relacionam com o comportamento de mentir; e finalmente, identificar os valores que melhor predizem o comportamento de contar mentiras antissociais e pró-sociais em crianças. Para tanto, desenvolveram-se em dois estudos independentes sobre os principais tipos de mentiras verificados na infância. O Estudo I, o qual teve por objetivo observar a ocorrência de mentiras antissociais em crianças, além de analisar em que medida os estilos de socialização parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influência sobre esse comportamento, empregou o Paradigma de Resistência à Tentação; especificamente, contou-se com uma amostra não probabilística de 56 crianças entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,68; dp=1,88), a maioria do gênero feminino (58,9%), protestante (55,4%), declarando como principal responsável a mãe (71,4%). O Estudo II objetivou observar a ocorrência de mentiras pró-sociais em crianças, e analisar em que medida os estilos de socialização parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influência sobre esse comportamento e se utilizou o Paradigma do Presente Indesejado; contou com uma amostra, diferente daquela utilizada no Estudo I, não probabilística de 63 participantes, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,06; dp=1,89), a maioria do gênero feminino (61,9%), protestante (42,4%), declarando como principal responsável a mãe (77,8%). Em ambos os estudos, as crianças responderam a uma versão do Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) e a duas versões do Questionário de Valores Básicos – Infantil (QVB-I). As análises de dados foram efetuadas por meio do SPSS 20; foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, correlações intra-diáticas e correlações ρ de Spearman, testes t de Student e análises de regressão logística. Os resultados dos dois estudos indicaram que os valores das crianças são congruentes com aqueles percebidos em seus pais; não houve diferenças significativas no tocante aos estilos parentais de pais de crianças que mentiram e não mentiram, e ainda, que os estilos parentais e valores humanos não predizem a probabilidade de contar mentiras antissociais e pró-sociais. Não obstante algumas limitações, ressalta-se que os objetivos foram alcançados e que a consecução desse estudo forneceu dados significativos acerca do estudo do comportamento de mentir em contexto brasileiro; ademais, propõem-se estudos futuros que contribuam para a ampliação de pesquisas em contexto brasileiro sobre esta temática, inclusive com o emprego de paradigmas experimentais que são comumente desenvolvidos e empregados em outros países.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>A presente dissertaÃÃo teve por objetivo analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e das prioridades valorativas dos filhos influenciam o comportamento de mentir nas crianÃas. Ademais, especificamente, este estudo visou observar a ocorrÃncia dos dois principais tipos de mentira na infÃncia (antissocial e prÃ-social); verificar a congruÃncia entre os valores dos filhos e aqueles percebidos em seus pais/responsÃveis; identificar a relaÃÃo entre estilos parentais e os valores dos pais; analisar os estilos parentais que mais se relacionam com o comportamento de mentir; e finalmente, identificar os valores que melhor predizem o comportamento de contar mentiras antissociais e prÃ-sociais em crianÃas. Para tanto, desenvolveram-se em dois estudos independentes sobre os principais tipos de mentiras verificados na infÃncia. O Estudo I, o qual teve por objetivo observar a ocorrÃncia de mentiras antissociais em crianÃas, alÃm de analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influÃncia sobre esse comportamento, empregou o Paradigma de ResistÃncia à TentaÃÃo; especificamente, contou-se com uma amostra nÃo probabilÃstica de 56 crianÃas entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,68; dp=1,88), a maioria do gÃnero feminino (58,9%), protestante (55,4%), declarando como principal responsÃvel a mÃe (71,4%). O Estudo II objetivou observar a ocorrÃncia de mentiras prÃ-sociais em crianÃas, e analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influÃncia sobre esse comportamento e se utilizou o Paradigma do Presente Indesejado; contou com uma amostra, diferente daquela utilizada no Estudo I, nÃo probabilÃstica de 63 participantes, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,06; dp=1,89), a maioria do gÃnero feminino (61,9%), protestante (42,4%), declarando como principal responsÃvel a mÃe (77,8%). Em ambos os estudos, as crianÃas responderam a uma versÃo do InventÃrio de Estilos Parentais (IEP) e a duas versÃes do QuestionÃrio de Valores BÃsicos â Infantil (QVB-I). As anÃlises de dados foram efetuadas por meio do SPSS 20; foram realizadas estatÃsticas descritivas, correlaÃÃes intra-diÃticas e correlaÃÃes &#961; de Spearman, testes t de Student e anÃlises de regressÃo logÃstica. Os resultados dos dois estudos indicaram que os valores das crianÃas sÃo congruentes com aqueles percebidos em seus pais; nÃo houve diferenÃas significativas no tocante aos estilos parentais de pais de crianÃas que mentiram e nÃo mentiram, e ainda, que os estilos parentais e valores humanos nÃo predizem a probabilidade de contar mentiras antissociais e prÃ-sociais. NÃo obstante algumas limitaÃÃes, ressalta-se que os objetivos foram alcanÃados e que a consecuÃÃo desse estudo forneceu dados significativos acerca do estudo do comportamento de mentir em contexto brasileiro; ademais, propÃem-se estudos futuros que contribuam para a ampliaÃÃo de pesquisas em contexto brasileiro sobre esta temÃtica, inclusive com o emprego de paradigmas experimentais que sÃo comumente desenvolvidos e empregados em outros paÃses.

This thesis concerns the cultural construction and mechanics of violence, domination, and survival under a Southeast Asian totalitarian regime. It entails an examination of the modern character of violence and domination in Myanmar (Burma) through the inscription of State power upon the bodies of Burmans and via the ramifications of the regime's alliance with the drug lords upon the urban struggle for survival. At times of extreme domination, fear, and degradation, very little space exists for psychological and physical resistance. Burmans seek escape from this situation by withdrawing into domains characterized by denial, numbness, and temporary madness. My concern is with the lived experience of totalitarianism, the way that individuals respond differently according to a prior series of lived experiences, and the particular idioms drawn upon to construct survival strategies.<br>An important culturally constructed strategy of survival in Myanmar entails the detaching of agency from the body while the mind "flies" to freedom. This strategy has a long history not only in Burmese, but also in other Southeast Asian histories, myths, and legends. Just as Burmese wizards fly to a mythical landscape in the foothills of the Himalayas when released from their physical bodies, so too do heroin addicts, prostitutes, psychiatric patients, and the urban poor flee to Burmese fantasylands to escape the domination of the military regime. This strategy, one of many adopted by urban residents, denies the State the final prize it so desperately craves: the willing participation of Burmans in a military society, the complete internalization of totalitarian ideology such that no other ideologies can exist and no space is left for their creation and negotiation. In the conclusion I argue that the regime is aware that it has faded in this task.<br>I also examine the possibility that the existence of multiple Burmese worlds or realities, in conjunction with a strong belief in the miraculous may offer new ground for research into the trauma of survivors of violence and terror. The construction of madness, death, and reanimation in Burmese culture, grounds particular survival strategies in logical, hopeful, and perhaps curative, rationalities.

L'oncogénétique, l'étude des prédispositions héréditaires au cancer, constitue une discipline médicale dynamique, faisant l'objet de nombreuses innovations, tant technologiques que thérapeutiques. Les progrès scientifiques en oncogénétique rendent le recours aux tests génétiques à la fois moins coûteux, plus rapide et plus efficace, ce qui soulève ou réactualise paradoxalement de nombreux enjeux éthiques et psychosociaux tels que la capacité des patients à formuler un consentement éclairé ou le risque de dérives liées à des mésusages des tests génétiques. Face à ces changements, nous avons choisi d’explorer la façon dont est mobilisée l'expérience vécue ou projetée dans la mise en sens des enjeux éthiques et psychosociaux liés aux innovations technologiques et thérapeutiques en oncogénétique. Ce travail de recherche, résolument ancré en psychologie sociale, s'inscrit dans une approche critique des questions de santé où sont interrogés à la fois les besoins, attentes et contraintes des professionnels et usagers du système de soins, et les relations de pouvoir qui s'exercent tant au niveau interindividuel qu'au niveau plus large des politiques de santé. C'est grâce à la notion d'expérience vécue ou projetée que nous avons cherché à comprendre la façon dont les individus font sens de leur monde, et plus particulièrement des évolutions qui touchent l'oncogénétique. L'expérience, nécessairement sociale et socialement construite, est multidimensionnelle, nous proposons d'investiguer plus particulièrement trois de ces dimensions : - une dimension pratique centrée sur l’étude des relations soignants-patients, - une dimension de connaissances étudiée au travers de la négociation des connaissancesexpertes et du savoir de sens commun grâce à la théorie des représentations sociales, - et enfin une dimension émotionnelle envisagée sous l'angle des phénomènes de partage social des émotions et de régulation émotionnelle.Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, deux études complémentaires reposant sur des méthodologies qualitatives ont été mises en place dans une perspective de triangulation des données. La première étude a visé à investiguer la mise en sens des pratiques professionnelles ainsi que la façon dont les soignants se projettent dans un champ disciplinaire en pleine transition et dans leurs pratiques futures. Nous avons mené des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 27 professionnels en oncogénétique (oncogénéticiens et conseillers en génétique). Les données recueillies ont fait l'objet d'une analyse interprétative phénoménologique (IPA) adaptée à un large échantillon sur les données recueillies, en nous appuyant sur le logiciel d'aide à l'analyse N-Vivo. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d'explorer la co-construction des représentations liées aux nouveaux usages de l'oncogénétique, ainsi que d'étudier l'impact de la l'expérience vécue sur la compréhension des enjeux éthiques liés àl'oncogénétique. Dix focus groups, reposant principalement sur la résolution de dilemmes éthiques, ont été réalisés auprès de 18 femmes ayant l'expérience d'au moins une consultation en oncogénétique et 21 femmes n'ayant pas d'expérience similaire, toutes recrutées par le biais de la plateforme Les Seintinelles, qui constitue une communauté d'intérêt autour du cancer. Une analyse inspirée de l'IPA a été réalisée sur les données ainsi recueillies avec appui sur le logiciel N-Vivo.Notre recherche a permis de souligner le caractère résolument social de la recherche de prédispositions génétiques en oncologie. L’oncogénétique est définie socialement autour de deux de ces objectifs : permettre de mettre en place des mesures de prévention destinées aux individus porteurs d’une mutation génétique, et donner une explication à une histoire familiale de cancer<br>Genetic testing for cancer, which aims to identify hereditary predispositions to cancer, is a dynamic medical field, where many technological and therapeutic innovations emerge. Scientific progress allows genetic testing to be both less expensive, faster and more efficient, which paradoxically raises new ethical and psychosocial issues, such as the patient’s ability to give informedconsent, or the risk of misuses of genetic testing. These changes led us to explore how lived experience is mobilized in the process of making sense of the ethical and psychosocial issues related to innovations in the field of genetic testing of cancer. This research, anchored in social psychology, is based on a critical approach of health issues, which questions the needs, expectations and constraints of health professionals and patients, and the power relationships that take place both at the interindividual level and, on a larger scale, within health policies. Based on the theoretical notion of lived experience, we aimed to understand how individuals make sense of their world, and more particularly of innovations in the field of genetic testing. Lived experience, necessarily social and socially constructed, has many dimensions, among which we chose to investigate the following three: - A practical dimension, based on the study of doctor patient-relationship, - A knowledge dimension, investigated through the negotiation of expert knowledge and common sense thanks to the social representations theory, - And an emotional dimension, based on the study of the phenomena of emotion regulation and social sharing of emotions.Based on the principles of methodological and data triangulation, our exploration was based on two complementary qualitative studies. The first study aimed to investigate sense making processes related to professional activities and how health professionals working in genetic testing for cancer imagine their future and the future of genetic testing. We led 27 semi-structured interviews with genetic counsellors and clinical geneticists. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was performed analyze the data gathered, with the assistance of N-Vivo software. The second study aimed to explore the co-construction of representations related to new uses to genetic testing of cancer, and to investigate the impact of lived experience on the understanding of ethical issues related to genetic testing. We led ten focus groups, based mostly on the resolution of ethical dilemmas, with 18 women who attended at least one genetic counselling consultation, and 21 women who did not have a similar experience. All women were recruited thanks to the online collaborative research platform “Les Seintinelles”, which constitutes a cancer related community of interest.This research allowed us to highlight the social nature of genetic testing of cancer. This medical field is defined by two main goals: allowing carriers of genetic predisposition to undergo preventive measures, and making sense of a family history of cancer. Genetic counselling professionals report a high level of personal involvement in their work and emotion regulation strategies acquired on purpose and based on a strict division between their personal and professional life. The acknowledgement oftheir professional skills and the perceived quality of their relationships with their patients contribute highly to the work-related satisfaction of genetic testing professionals. The doctor-patient relationship is structured by an ideal of non-directivity, which can be questioned by the need to accompany and protect the patients, who are considered as vulnerable. Because of the risks of misuses of genetic testing, the strict legislation related to these practices in France is most often considered as valuable.Clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors are considered the most likely to provide genetic testing within an ethical framework

During the last few decades, the awareness of environmental and social responsibility has expanded within the society. This consciousness has resulted in an increase of requirements and demands set upon companies to conduct a business that is sustainable. The automotive industry is one of many sectors that has increased its commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). The purpose of this thesis is to explore how CSR activities have been formed within the automotive industry and who are affected by these activities. This is done through conducting a longitudinal case study on Volvo Cars, by using a qualitative content analysis on the company’s sustainability reports from 2015 to 2019. Three dimensions were examined using a modified framework of Carroll’s CSR pyramid: environmental, ethical and philanthropic responsibility. The findings resulted in eight different themes, which were analysed with the stakeholder theory and Porter’s value chain. This study concludes that Volvo Cars’ CSR activities have been integrated into their business strategies and that environmental responsibility is the most reported theme in their sustainability reports. Furthermore, this study shows that the stakeholder that is affected significantly by the performed CSR activities of Volvo Cars is the society.

In the present paper we aim to analyze the way the philosophical theories on the concept of truth find their applicability in the contemporary society and their influences on moral decisions and the making of justice. First, we will refer to the main philosophical theories in this matter: the correspondence theory of truth, the coherence of truth and the pragmatic theory regarding the truth and, also, to some relevant contemporary theories regarding the truth. Then, we will analyze how these theories fit into the lives of contemporary people, the link between truth and justice and how different types of errors and lies affect the proper functioning of society and the adequate development of the interpersonal relations. In the final part of the paper, we will describe the effect of errors upon the good administration of justice. We will argue that the good development of our social lives depends on the trust we have in each other and in the authorities. Also, the success of our actions depends on how well we know the difference between truth and error, how correct and logical our thinking is. Our sense of morality, justice and good is linked to the truth and implies avoidance of intentional or not intentional errors. If errors occur, they must be corrected as soon as possible in order not to lose trust in the social system.

This study investigates the teachings of Saint Porphyrios the Kafsokalivite on how the appreciation of beauty in creation can lead believers closer to God. Despite his lack of formal theological training, Saint Porphyrios offered profound experiential insights into divine beauty manifest in nature, art, and music. He passionately argued that the beauty surrounding us is a reflection of divine grace, urging believers to perceive these manifestations as direct links to the Creator. Saint Porphyrios highlighted the spiritual dimensions of beauty, fostering gratitude and reverence for God�s gifts. This study employs a qualitative methodology, analyzing primary sources such as the writings and recorded teachings of Saint Porphyrios, alongside secondary sources including theological commentaries and contemporary scholarly interpretations. The study�s findings reveal that engaging with the world�s beauty cultivates a closer relationship with Christ and enriches spiritual life through continuous praise and glorification of God. By articulating the role of beauty in the spiritual journey, this paper emphasizes its importance in drawing the soul toward higher realms of divine reality. The contribution to the field lies in demonstrating that recognizing and valuing beauty in creation is both an act of worship and a method of theological reflection, leading to a deeper union with the divine. Therefore, in order to emphasize the subject of this study, in addition to the above-mentioned method, we have used both the analytical and the synthesis method, in accordance with the values of Orthodoxy in general.

Cultural journalism is a sub-field of journalism characterized by specific knowledge and education required from the journalists working as both reporters and reviewers and often close interaction with arts and cultural industries. The importance of cultural journalism lies in its role of providing for society a self-reflective discourse describing values and modeling patterns of behaviour and thought through journalistic practices such as reporting and reviewing on everyday culture and arts. However, the role of cultural journalism in the context of contemporary media environment is deminishing. This pushes for finding of new models of work in this field that at the same time puts under question professional identity of those working in cultural journalism. Until now cultural journalism is an underresearched domain in journalism studies, especially, from the media management and economics as well as work organisations/conditions point of view. This paper contributes to the reseatch on the roles and identity of cultural journalism focusing on exactly these aspects of journalistic practice.The purpose of this paper is to explore flexible working models in the field of cultural media in Latvia in connection with reflection of professional role and corporate identity.To achieve this, 12 in depth interviews were conducted with editors and journalists of Latvian media companies. The findings show that professionals interviewed see the goal of their professional activity broader, often combining their role in journalism with other roles in the field of culture. They can more or less be aware of their professional identity as journalists, tend to experiment deliberately with working schemes, but mostly recognize their corporate identity.

The article investigates the influence of Kazakhstan�s law enforcement agencies on local communities in the 1920s and 1930s within the context of state-driven confiscation policies and sustainable resource management, demonstrating how these agencies emerged as powerful instruments for implementing governmental directives. This era is marked by extensive political repression and profound social transformations, which enforced the forced expropriation of lands, resources, and means of production. Such interventions disrupted established economic practices and social structures, leading to substantial shifts in the livelihood systems of the population and destabilizing their long-term resilience. The relevance of this research lies in its potential to inform contemporary strategies by critically examining historical precedents. Specifically, it underscores the need to develop modern frameworks for state engagement with local communities, as well as principles for sustainable development that uphold the rights and interests of these populations. The primary aim of this study is to analyze the underlying causes and consequences of repressive policies, the roles and functions of law enforcement bodies in executing these policies, and to evaluate the long-term impacts, including resource depletion and ecological degradation. The findings indicate that confiscation policies introduced novel social and environmental challenges, complicating local communities' capacity for adaptation. This analysis highlights the importance of historical insights as a basis for crafting approaches that promote both environmental sustainability and social welfare. Utilizing lessons from past state-community interactions can guide more effective, balanced policies that foster economic stability while ensuring sustainable community development and ecological integrity.

Summary. Public activism is a significant phenomenon of modern society, manifested in the active engagement of citizens in addressing social, political, and economic issues. The article examines various aspects of public activism, including its main characteristics in the context of institutional and practical dimensions.One of the key aspects of civil activism is its expression in different spheres of relations between citizens and authorities. In particular, the article discusses the dynamics of "citizen-citizen" and "citizen-authority" interactions in the context of public activism. Studying these relationships allows us to understand how public activism influences democratic processes and the development of civil society. In addition, the article also analyzes the transformation of public activism after 2014, particularly in the context of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity. These events played a significant role in shaping a new institution of society, where civil activism became one of the influential forces impacting political processes and reforms. The peculiarities of the institutional approach to the study of public activism are also examined in detail in the article. The distinctiveness of this approach lies in analyzing public activism as a social institution that interacts with other institutions. Key words: public activism, institution of society, public, transformations of society, activity, civil society.

Social media marketing has become integral to modern-day business strategies. With billions of active users on various social media platforms, businesses can utilize these channels to connect with their desired audience, build brand awareness and boost customer engagement. This article delves into the power of social media marketing, outlining all the tools and features businesses have at their disposal - such as paid advertising, influencer marketing, and content promotion. Finally, social media marketing's strength lies in its capacity to generate useful data and insights that businesses can use to refine their strategies.

One of the challenges in the subject of social security lies in the fact that people today continue to confuse it with earlier models or stages. This is the importance of these class notes: Through the instruction of the history of social security in its broadest contexts, students will find and learn to differentiate the origins of concepts such as family protection, mutualism, social insurance, and the concept of social security itself. The reader — a student of these class notes — will see how, through the influences of Egyptian, Roman, German, and finally English models, systems were formed that still constitute part of social security in the form of its own institutions.

Management for Social Development is a field of action (or practice) and knowledge focused strategically on the promotion of social development. Its objective lies in the creation of public value, thus contributing to the reduction of poverty and inequality, as well as to the strengthening of democratic states and citizenship. The present document attempts to define and characterize the field of Management for Social Development and proposing a conceptual framework that provides orientation to the strategic action of Management for Social Development. We consider these objectives relevant to the degree that they may contribute to creating awareness of the importance of effective management practices in the promotion of social development and to strengthening those practices. This text highlights the creation of public value as a central element of Management for Social Development. It also emphasizes the importance of working with multiple actors interested or involved in promoting development. It recommends that management consist of simultaneous and strategic efforts in the areas of programmatic, organizational and political management in order to achieve effectiveness, which will be evidenced by impacts on the improvement of the quality of life and living conditions of the target population.

The present document seeks to set forth the IDB's commitment to the objectives contained in the Declaration of Guadalajara and the parallel Memorandum of Understanding, a commitment that has taken shape in Bank programs and lending, as well as in a growing number of coordination efforts and analytical contributions. Despite progress thus far made, a long road lies ahead if more cohesive societies are to be achieved. Challenges in the operational arena include moving from good design to good execution, the need to improve and expand evaluation, and the building and further consolidation of country institutional capacity. We hope that this document, with its proposal on how to define and measure social cohesion and its discussion of Bank activity and the situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, will help to ensure that such opportunities result in concrete achievements for the region.

The Russian government has been devoting an ever-increasing volume of resources to the war with Ukraine, while attempting to maintain normality for its citizens. Russia has maintained an almost balanced budget because the economy has been growing at a rapid pace, despite tough international sanctions. The challenge in preparing the budget for 2025–27 was to continue this balance as the economy showed signs of overheating and the Central Bank attempted to cool it, creating problems for businesses. Despite diminished budget transparency, Russia’s total planned military expenditure in 2025 can be estimated at 15.5 trillion roubles, a real-terms increase of 3.4 per cent over 2024 and equivalent to 7.2 per cent of gross domestic product. This level of spending should be manageable, but budgetary pressures could mount. A growing share of total military spending lies outside the budget chapter ‘National defence’, including spending on social support. This is rendering ‘National defence’ an ever more unreliable proxy for Russian military spending. In addition to military expenditure, the budget includes war-related spending on territory occupied in Ukraine and its own border regions.

This case study engages with the journey of Dhwani Rural Information Systems, a social enterprise that traces its earliest origins back to 2012. Founded by the duo of Sunandan Madan and Swapnil Aggarwal – engineers by training who met while studying for a postgraduate course at the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) – Dhwani since its inception has been trying to help a range of social sector organizations effectively integrate technology without disrupting the core ways in which these organizations work. Notably, it has been amongst one of the early enterprises in the sector which has taken efforts to understand in-depth the technology-related “pain points” common across organizations, and to bring a degree of standardisation to their solutions. The case builds an appreciation towards the fact that at the core of a successful technology-centric social enterprise, which can offer relevant and affordable digital products and services to the sector, lies building a composite culture that can straddle both the developmental and technological landscapes. Such a culture seeks to combine engineering and consulting skills in equal measure, and seeks to solve problems mindful of the particularities of the developmental sector, while also retaining a service orientation. In particular, the case looks to draw attention to the ideas of hybridity and elasticity that are integral to such a culture and how these have to be sustained against continuous pressures of talent sourcing, compensation, retention, and learning and development. In a short period of time, Dhwani has become a mature set-up with a clear sector-agnostic product and service value proposition to the sector, with a team strength of over 120 people and over 50 projects, and a variety of organizations, including nonprofits, philanthropies, CSR divisions and governments as clients. Therefore, the experiences of the founders and members of the team offer valuable lessons for other like-minded practitioners. At the same time, to researchers in the field of social enterprise the case may provide a more granular view of important aspects of culture-building in emerging social enterprises. The fact that such enterprises have to draw from a talent pool in constant competition with their private sector counterparts imparts added force to the above considerations.

This case study engages with the journey of Dhwani Rural Information Systems, a social enterprise that traces its earliest origins back to 2012. Founded by the duo of Sunandan Madan and Swapnil Aggarwal – engineers by training who met while studying for a postgraduate course at the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) – Dhwani since its inception has been trying to help a range of social sector organizations effectively integrate technology without disrupting the core ways in which these organizations work. Notably, it has been amongst one of the early enterprises in the sector which has taken efforts to understand in-depth the technology-related “pain points” common across organizations, and to bring a degree of standardisation to their solutions. The case builds an appreciation towards the fact that at the core of a successful technology-centric social enterprise, which can offer relevant and affordable digital products and services to the sector, lies building a composite culture that can straddle both the developmental and technological landscapes. Such a culture seeks to combine engineering and consulting skills in equal measure, and seeks to solve problems mindful of the particularities of the developmental sector, while also retaining a service orientation. In particular, the case looks to draw attention to the ideas of hybridity and elasticity that are integral to such a culture and how these have to be sustained against continuous pressures of talent sourcing, compensation, retention, and learning and development. In a short period of time, Dhwani has become a mature set-up with a clear sector-agnostic product and service value proposition to the sector, with a team strength of over 120 people and over 50 projects, and a variety of organizations, including nonprofits, philanthropies, CSR divisions and governments as clients. Therefore, the experiences of the founders and members of the team offer valuable lessons for other like-minded practitioners. At the same time, to researchers in the field of social enterprise the case may provide a more granular view of important aspects of culture-building in emerging social enterprises. The fact that such enterprises have to draw from a talent pool in constant competition with their private sector counterparts imparts added force to the above considerations.

In the wake of a robust economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 and 2022, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) now face a less promising growth outlook for 2024, with slowing employment growth and rising concerns over inflation. In this context, climate change is increasingly affecting labor markets. As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, the negative effects on employment, labor conditions, and productivity pose significant threats to the region's workforce. However, amidst these challenges lies an opportunity for strategic intervention through effective labor market policies. By embracing adaptation and mitigation strategies, such policies can not only mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on employment but also catalyze job creation, skills development, and economic resilience. Decarbonization policies, while potentially disrupting traditional employment sectors, present avenues for transitioning to a green economy with sustainable job opportunities. Central to this endeavor is ensuring a just transition that protects vulnerable populations and fosters social cohesion. This paper proposes an analytical framework to understand the mechanisms through which climate change affects labor markets and identifies policy options to address these challenges. By integrating environmental goals into labor market policies, countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean region can simultaneously pursue adaptation, mitigation, and socioeconomic development agendas contributing to a more sustainable and equitable future.