Journal articles: 'Social paternity'

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Haneef, Sayed Sikandar Shah. "Harmonization between Islamic Law and Science: DNA Test of Paternity as a Case Study Pengharmonian diantara Undang-undang Islam dan Sains Ujian Paterniti DNA Sebagai Kajian Kes." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 12, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 246–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v12i1.469.

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AbstractDNA testing of paternity has emerged as a conclusive scientific evidence of ascertaining paternity to overcome the problem of ‘paternity fraud’ and ‘misattributed paternity’ in the West. To harmonize it with old established common law principles of ‘presumption of paternity` and ‘ex parte’ judgment for granting a woman her claim that her bastard child belongs to a certain accused, the Western legal system has accommodated it within its law of evidence. In Islamic law, on the other hand, its reception as conclusive evidence in establishing or negating paternity is a matter of controversy among the jurists. Some have approved it partially others advocate its wholesale adoption. This presents another interesting case for the issue of harmonization between Islam and science. In this divided juridical landscape, therefore, a selective approach to evidence and proof would regard it in total harmony with Islamic law. But this approach will not only be questionable on methodological grounds but also polemical in terms of social acceptability. This paper argues for regulated proof-based approach to address its harmonization with Islamic law. Keywords: DNA Paternity Test, harmonization, Proof-Based Approach.AbstrakUjian paterniti DNA telah muncul sebagai bukti saintifik muktamad yang menentukan paterniti untuk mengatasi masalah 'penipuan paterniti’ dan ‘paterniti salah' di Barat. Untuk mengharmonikannya dengan undang-undang yang wujud yang berprinsip ‘paterniti andaian` dan penghakiman secara ‘ex parte’ bagi memberikan seorang wanita tuntutannya bahawa anak luar nikah itu kepunyaan tertuduh tertentu, sistem undang-undang Barat telah menempatkannya dalam undang-undang sebagai bukti. Di sisi lain, dalam undang-undang Islam, penerimaan bukti sebagai muktamad dalam menetapkan atau menafikan paterniti adalah suatu perkara yang berkontroversi di kalangan ulama. Ada yang meluluskan sebahagiannya dan yang lain menyokong penggunaan sepenuhnya. Ini merupakan satu lagi kes yang menarik bagi isu pengharmonian antara Islam dan sains. Dalam landskap perundangan terbahagi ini, pendekatan yang terpilih bagi keterangan dan bukti akan menganggap ia selaras dengan undang-undang Islam. Tetapi pendekatan ini bukan sahaja akan diragui atas alasan metodologikal tetapi juga polemik dari segi penerimaan sosial. Kajian ini menegaskan pendekatan berasaskan bukti dikawal selia untuk menangani pengharmoniannya dengan undang-undang Islam.Kata Kunci: Ujian Paterniti DNA, Pengharmonian, Pendekatan berasaskan bukti..

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Cohas, Aurélie, and Dominique Allainé. "Social structure influences extra-pair paternity in socially monogamous mammals." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (March 4, 2009): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0760.

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Using the genetic estimates of paternity available for 22 species of socially monogamous mammals, we investigated the impact of the social structure and of the type of pair bonding on the interspecific variations of extra-pair paternity rates. To this purpose, we classified species in three categories of social structure—solitary, pair or family-living species—and in two categories of pair bonding—intermittent or continuous. We show that interspecific variations of extra-pair paternity rates are better explained by the social structure than by the type of pair bonding. Species with intermittent and continuous pair bonding present similar rates of extra-pair paternity, while solitary and family-living species present higher extra-pair paternity rates than pair-living species. This can be explained by both higher male–male competition and higher female mate choice opportunities in solitary and family-living species than in pair-living species.

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Prall, Sean P., and Brooke A. Scelza. "Why men invest in non-biological offspring: paternal care and paternity confidence among Himba pastoralists." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 11, 2020): 20192890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2890.

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Paternal investment is predicted to be a facultative calculation based on expected fitness returns and modulated by a host of social predictors including paternity uncertainty. However, the direct role of paternity confidence on the patterns of paternal investment is relatively unknown, in part due to a lack of research in populations with high levels of paternity uncertainty. Additionally, much of the work on paternity certainty uses cues of paternity confidence rather than direct assessments from fathers. We examine the effect of paternity assertions on the multiple measures of paternal investment in Himba pastoralists. Despite a high degree of paternity uncertainty, Himba have strong norms associated with social fatherhood, with men expected to invest equally in biological and non-biological offspring. Our behavioural data show patterns that largely conform to these norms. For domains of investment that are highly visible to the community, such as brideprice payments, we find no evidence of investment biased by paternity confidence. However, more private investment decisions do show some evidence of sex-specific titration. We discuss these results in light of broader considerations about paternal care and the mating–parenting trade-off.

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de Ruiter, Jan R., and Miho Inoue. "Paternity, male social rank, and sexual behaviour." Primates 34, no. 4 (October 1993): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382666.

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Harris, Ian, and Robert Salt. "Patterns of Paternity." Journal of Men's Studies 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.0702.245.

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ROSS, LAINIE FRIEDMAN. "DISCLOSING MISATTRIBUTED PATERNITY." Bioethics 10, no. 2 (April 1996): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1996.tb00111.x.

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Draper, H. "Paternity fraud and compensation for misattributed paternity." Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013268.

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Soulsbury, Carl D. "Ovulation mode modifies paternity monopolization in mammals." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (October 7, 2009): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0703.

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There are two forms of ovulation: spontaneous and induced. As copulation triggers ovulation for induced ovulators, males can predict the timing of ovulation and may have greater paternity monopolization than spontaneous ovulators. However, this prediction has never, to my knowledge, been tested. Using a cross-species comparison I examined the percentage of offspring sired within a litter (single paternity) and in social species the percentage of offspring sired by the dominant male (alpha paternity). My results indicate that ovulation mode alters the ability of males to monopolize paternity, with males of induced ovulators having higher single paternity and greater alpha paternity where male–female association is intermittent.

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Kempenaers, Bart. "Does Reproductive Synchrony Limit Male Opportunities or Enhance Female Choice for Extra-Pair Paternity?" Behaviour 134, no. 7-8 (1997): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00520.

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AbstractBreeding synchrony has been suggested as one factor that might explain the variation in frequency of extra-pair paternity, both between and within species. Reproductive synchrony might limit the opportunities for males to engage in extra-pair copulations (EPCs), because males face a trade-off with guarding their own fertile partner. Alternatively, breeding synchrony may promote extra-pair paternity, because of reduced male-male competition for EPCs or because of enhanced possibilities for females to assess male quality. In this study, I investigated the influence of synchrony on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit Parus caeruleus. Over four years, breeding synchrony and extra-pair paternity were positively related. Within a season, extra-pair paternity occurred independently of the timing of breeding. The fertile period of the extra-pair male's social mate and that of the extra-pair female often overlapped considerably. However, males who performed EPCs during the fertile period of their social mate were not more likely to lose paternity than males who performed EPCs after the fertile period of their mate. These data suggest that breeding synchrony has little influence on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit.

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Sorj, Bila, and Alexandre Fraga. "Leave policies and social inequality in Brazil." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 5/6 (January 6, 2020): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2019-0141.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leave policies and social inequalities. It seeks to analyze the historical course of maternity and paternity leave legislation in Brazil, and also provides quantitative evidence that access to leave is impacted by social stratification, revealing different inequalities. Design/methodology/approach To investigate access to leave policies, this study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Anual de 2017 (Annual National Continuous Household Sampling Survey of 2017), conducted by IBGE/Brazil. Findings The results point out the existence of inequalities in the conceptions of leave policies in Brazil, and lead to quantitative confirmation that access to leave is stratified and permeated by inequalities of gender, class, race and age. Social implications By pointing out the social inequalities resulting from the contributory scheme of maternity and paternity leave, the results of this paper may generate debate on the transformation of leave into a universal right of citizens and impact public policy agenda in the future. Originality/value This is the first Brazilian study to analyze the relationship between leave policy and social inequality through quantitative data, showing the existence of social stratification of gender, class, race and age concerning the employed population’s access to maternity and paternity leave.

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Yatsyna, O. "Modelling of Civil Union and Fatherhood: Mechanisms, Predictors, Self-Reference of Identities." Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 39, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2019.39.17.

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The article describes the mechanisms of constructing the practices of marriage and family partnership and paternity. The author notes that an idea of a traditional family, the subject changes the status of traditional family values, destroys the usual role-playing behaviour of men/women, departs from institutional rules and constructs individual values of practices, is freed from the influence of absolute measurements regarding the “sacredness” of classically traditional families, marriage, paternity. In such circumstances, the explanatory capacity of existing scientific approaches to interpreting the polyphony of the meanings of practices and multiple identities is insufficient. It logically raises the question of the need for a new concept of psychological transformation practices of marriage and family partnership and paternity. Thus, addressing these issues gives a new understanding of the mechanisms and processes that recreate the nature of changes in spousal partnerships and paternity practices in the context of social realities. In the process of building of marriage and family partnership and paternity cultural conditioned, individual and personal, emotional and sensitive social and psychological predictors of external variables are personal factors which correlate individual understanding of the meanings of practices and themselves. The work also proposes the social-psychological concept of postmodern transformations of the practices of marriage-family partnership and paternity, according to which the existing polyphony of meanings is the result of the interdependence of social-psychological predictors of meanings, the activation of mechanisms of constructing and the process of self-referential identity.

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Weems, Carl F., Heather L. Rouse, Janet N. Melby, Sesong Jeon, Kate Goudy, Bethany H. McCurdy, and Abigail R. Stanek. "A Partnership Approach to Paternity Establishment: Child Welfare Research and Training Project Ecological Model and Preliminary Data." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 101, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389419892273.

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This article provides an ecological model of child support facilitation through broad efforts to maintain high rates of paternity establishment via agency–university collaboration. The study utilized administrative data (2,208 electronic records from the Bureau of Health Statistics) on voluntary paternity affidavits (VPA) rejected by the Iowa Department of Public Health. These records represented all rejected VPAs from 70 hospitals in Iowa for 6 months in 2017. Results indicated that the majority of VPAs were not accepted for minor errors (78%) such as missing information rather than incorrect information. Results also indicated variation among hospitals and hospital regions in the reasons for rejection. Outreach to hospitals targeting affidavit completion is a potential step for increasing paternity establishment.

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DUGDALE, HANNAH L., DAVID W. MACDONALD, LISA C. POPE, and TERRY BURKE. "Polygynandry, extra-group paternity and multiple-paternity litters in European badger (Meles meles) social groups." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 24 (December 2007): 5294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03571.x.

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Adams, Charles F., David Landsbergen, and Larry Cobler. "Welfare Reform and Paternity Establishment: A Social Experiment." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11, no. 4 (1992): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3324961.

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Benowitz, Kyle M., Megan L. Head, Camellia A. Williams, Allen J. Moore, and Nick J. Royle. "Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1764 (August 7, 2013): 20131124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1124.

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Theory predicts that male response to reduced paternity will depend on male state and interactions between the sexes. If there is little chance of reproducing again, then males should invest heavily in current offspring, regardless of their share in paternity. We tested this by manipulating male age and paternity assurance in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides . We found older males invested more in both mating effort and parental effort than younger males. Furthermore, male age, a component of male state, mediated male response to perceived paternity. Older males provided more prenatal care, whereas younger males provided less prenatal care, when perceived paternity was low. Adjustments in male care, however, did not influence selection acting indirectly on parents, through offspring performance. This is because females adjusted their care in response to the age of their partner, providing less care when paired with older males than younger males. As a result offspring, performance did not differ between treatments. Our study shows, for the first time, that a male state variable is an important modifier of paternity–parental care trade-offs and highlights the importance of social interactions between males and females during care in determining male response to perceived paternity.

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Turney, Lyn. "Paternity Secrets: Why Women Don’t Tell." Journal of Family Studies 11, no. 2 (October 2005): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jfs.327.11.2.227.

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Patrick, Samantha C., Joanne R. Chapman, Hannah L. Dugdale, John L. Quinn, and Ben C. Sheldon. "Promiscuity, paternity and personality in the great tit." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1734 (November 30, 2011): 1724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1820.

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Understanding causes of variation in promiscuity within populations remain a major challenge. While most studies have focused on quantifying fitness costs and benefits of promiscuous behaviour, an alternative possibility—that variation in promiscuity within populations is maintained because of linkage with other traits—has received little attention. Here, we examine whether promiscuity in male and female great tits ( Parus major )—quantified as extra-pair paternity (EPP) within and between nests—is associated with variation in a well-documented personality trait: exploration behaviour in a novel environment. Exploration behaviour has been shown to correlate with activity levels, risk-taking and boldness, and these are behaviours that may plausibly influence EPP. Exploration behaviour correlated positively with paternity gained outside the social pair among males in our population, but there was also a negative correlation with paternity in the social nest. Hence, while variation in male personality predicted the relative importance of paternity gain within and outside the pair bond, total paternity gained was unrelated to exploration behaviour. We found evidence that males paired with bold females were more likely to sire extra-pair young. Our data thus demonstrate a link between personality and promiscuity, with no net effects on reproductive success, suggesting personality-dependent mating tactics, in contrast with traditional adaptive explanations for promiscuity.

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El-Faedy, Mahjoub A., and Lee L. Bean. "Differential paternity in Libya." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 4 (October 1987): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017053.

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SummaryLibya is one of the Middle East nations with very high fertility, and data from 1973 suggest the presence of a natural fertility regime marked by the absence of fertility limitation within marriage. Analysis of paternity data by occupation, however, identifies major differences in the level and pattern of childbearing. The Libyan data are compared with fertility and paternity data from an American frontier population to demonstrate that the general patterns observed are consistent with other natural fertility populations, while selected occupational groups may limit family size.

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Alvergne, Alexandra, Fanny Perreau, Allan Mazur, Ulrich Mueller, and Michel Raymond. "Identification of visual paternity cues in humans." Biology Letters 10, no. 4 (April 2014): 20140063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0063.

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Understanding how individuals identify their relatives has implications for the evolution of social behaviour. Kinship cues might be based on familiarity, but in the face of paternity uncertainty and costly paternal investment, other mechanisms such as phenotypic matching may have evolved. In humans, paternal recognition of offspring and subsequent discriminative paternal investment have been linked to father–offspring facial phenotypic similarities. However, the extent to which paternity detection is impaired by environmentally induced facial information is unclear. We used 27 portraits of fathers and their adult sons to quantify the level of paternity detection according to experimental treatments that manipulate the location, type and quantity of visible facial information. We found that (i) the lower part of the face, that changes most with development, does not contain paternity cues, (ii) paternity can be detected even if relational information within the face is disrupted and (iii) the signal depends on the presence of specific information rather than their number. Taken together, the results support the view that environmental effects have little influence on the detection of paternity using facial similarities. This suggests that the cognitive dispositions enabling the facial detection of kinship relationships ignore genetic irrelevant facial information.

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PETTS, RICHARD J., DANIEL L. CARLSON, and CHRIS KNOESTER. "If I [Take] Leave, Will You Stay? Paternity Leave and Relationship Stability." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 4 (November 14, 2019): 829–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000928.

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AbstractRecent European studies suggest that fathers’ leave-taking may contribute to parental relationship stability. Paternity leave-taking may signal a commitment by fathers toward a greater investment in family life, which may reduce the burden on mothers and strengthen parental relationships. This study uses longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to analyze the association between paternity leave-taking and relationship stability in the United States. Results indicate that paternity leave-taking, and taking relatively short leaves (i.e. two weeks or less) in particular, is associated with greater relationship stability. These findings increase our understanding of the potential benefits of paternity leave, and can inform policy decisions that aim to increase family stability.

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Wenk, R., T. Houtz, and S. Korpisz. "Paternity inclusions among suspicious spouses and their social value." Transfusion 47, no. 5 (May 2007): 947–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01215.x.

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Kokko, Hanna, and Lesley J. Morrell. "Mate guarding, male attractiveness, and paternity under social monogamy." Behavioral Ecology 16, no. 4 (April 27, 2005): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari050.

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Rudavsky, Shari. "Separating Spheres: Legal Ideology v. Paternity Testing in Divorce Cases." Science in Context 12, no. 1 (1999): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003331.

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The ArgumentBlood tests developed at the turn of the century could in some cases discern genetic relations. While such tests could never prove that a given individual had fathered a child in question, men of certain blood types could be exonerated from paternity of children with other blood types. Starting in the 1930s, scientists and lawmakers attempted to introduce such evidence into paternity or bastardy trials to attest to a man's innocence. Evidence from blood tests soon came to be used in divorce cases.Blood tests appeared to be ideal for providing relevant information in cases when divorcing men claimed as a part of their suit that they had not fathered their ex-wife's child or children. Nevertheless, the courts remained reluctant to intro duce such evidence in divorce cases. This paper will argue that reluctance derived not from a distrust of the science, but from the courts' clinging to a definition of paternity that was not rooted in genetic connection.Many judges and juries fell back on the pre-industrial assumption that once a man married a woman he was automatically the father of any children she bore. While this assumption flew in the face of scientific evidence, it did have the advantage of ensuring that the children of married women could not be bastard ized. The changing manner in which courts handled the tension between genetic paternity and traditional paternity in divorce cases reveals how society's views on paternity have evolved over the course of this century.

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Carmichael, Gordon A. "Estimating Paternity in Australia, 1976-2010." Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 256–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/fth.1103.256.

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Clutton-Brock, T. H., and K. Isvaran. "Paternity loss in contrasting mammalian societies." Biology Letters 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2006): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0531.

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Dobson, F. Stephen, Ash Abebe, Hannah E. Correia, Christian Kasumo, and Bertram Zinner. "Multiple paternity and number of offspring in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1891 (November 14, 2018): 20182042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2042.

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Many cooperative social attributes are being linked to characteristics of mating systems, particularly to the rate of multiple paternity that typifies a population. Under the logic that greater offspring production by females should engender greater competition among males to mate with females, it is predicted that multiple paternity should increase with litter sizes. We tested the predicted positive association of multiple paternity and litter size with a meta-analysis of 59 species of mammals. The probability of multiple paternity and mean litter size were positively correlated, but not significantly ( Zr = 0.202). Also, the mean number of sires of litters increased with mean litter size, but not significantly ( Zr = 0.235). We developed a combinatorial formula for the influence of number of male mates and litter size on the probability of multiple paternity. We used Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations to generate an expectation for the form of the relationship between the probability of multiple paternity and mean litter size. Under the assumption of random samplings of numbers of mates, the expected association of the probability of multiple paternity and mean litter sizes among species was positive, curvilinear and relatively high. However, the empirical probabilities of multiple paternities were much less than expected, suggesting that behavioural factors (such as mating-associated behaviours) or ecological characteristics (such as population density) probably limit the number of male mates for reproductive females. The probability of multiple paternity in a population is an estimate of mating patterns that does not closely reflect the number of sires of individual litters. We suggest use of the estimated probability of mating success for males as an alternative measure of their contribution to the mating system.

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Ngui, Emmanuel M., Alicia L. Cortright, and Karen Michalski. "Relationship of Paternity Status, Welfare Reform Period, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality." American Journal of Men's Health 9, no. 5 (July 24, 2014): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314543906.

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The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of paternity status, welfare reform period, and racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality. The study used retrospective analysis of birth outcomes data from singleton birth/infant death data in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 1993 to 2009. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between paternity status, welfare reform period, and infant mortality, adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics. Data consisted of almost 185,000 singleton live births and 1,739 infant deaths. Although unmarried women with no father on record made up about 32% of the live births, they accounted for over two thirds of the infant deaths compared with married women with established paternity who made up 39% of live births but had about a quarter of infant deaths. After adjustments, any form of paternity establishment was protective against infant mortality across all racial/ethnic groups. Unmarried women with no father on record had twice to triple the odds of infant mortality among all racial/ethnic groups. The likelihood of infant mortality was only significantly greater for African American women in the postwelfare (1999-2004; odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.46) period compared with the 1993 to 1998 period. Study findings suggest that any form of paternity establishment may have protective effect against infant mortality. Welfare reform changes may have reduced some of the protection against infant mortality among unmarried African American women that was present before the welfare legislation. Policies and programs that promote or support increased paternal involvement and establishment of paternity may improve birth outcomes and help reduce infant mortality.

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Hajduk, Gabriela K., Andrew Cockburn, Helen L. Osmond, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extrapair reproduction in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa142.

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Abstract In cooperatively breeding species, the presence of male helpers in a group often reduces the breeding female’s fidelity to her social partner, possibly because there is more than one potential sire in the group. Using a long-term study of cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and records of paternity in 1936 broods, we show that the effect of helpers on rates of extrapair paternity varied according to the helpers’ relatedness to the breeding female. The presence of unrelated male helpers in a group increased average rates of extrapair paternity, from 57% for groups with no unrelated helpers, to 74% with one unrelated helper, to 86% with 2+ unrelated helpers. However, this increase was due in equal part to helpers within the group and males in other groups achieving increased paternity. In contrast, helpers who were sons of the breeding female did not gain paternity, nor did they affect the level of extra-group paternity (which occurred at rates of 60%, 58%, 61% in the presence of 0, 1, 2+ helper sons, respectively). There was no evidence of effects of helpers’ relatedness to the female on nest productivity or nestling performance. Because the presence of helpers per se did not elevate extrapair reproduction rates, our results undermine the “constrained female hypothesis” explanation for an increase in extrapair paternity with helper number in cooperative breeders. However, they indicate that dominant males are disadvantaged by breeding in “cooperative” groups. The reasons why the presence of unrelated helpers, but not of helper-sons, results in higher rates of extra-group reproduction are not clear.

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Oliver, Kelly. "Conflicted Love." Hypatia 15, no. 3 (2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb00328.x.

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Our stereotypes of maternity and paternity as manifest in the history of philosophy and psychoanalysis interfere with the ability to imagine loving relationships. The associations of maternity with antisocial nature and paternity with disembodied culture are inadequate to set up primary love relationships. Analyzing the conflicts in these associations, I reformulate the maternal body as social and lawful, and I reformulate the paternal function as embodied, which enables imagining our primary relationships as loving.

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PIMENTEL, Adelma. "Formas de exercer a paternidade em Belém e Évora." PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES - Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica 15, no. 1 (2009): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18065/rag.2009v15n1.5.

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The form of exert the paternity in the world is modifying itself. However living together in the same culture traditional and attempt of the establishing a new identity for the father. Brazil and Portugal are two countries whose the mans cultural formation is still marked by patriarchal gender orientations that they set a strong performance of the man in functions less participation in the family, what resound in the affectionate estrangement and in the childrens education. This horizon based the accomplishment of the exploratory qualitative research accomplished in Belem, Para, Brazil and in Ever, Portugal, trying to delineate some characteristics in the ways that Brazilian and the Portuguese fathers exercise the paternity. Objective: To identify the self-perception of the paternity focusing models, functions, values and the conception of love of the informers. Procedures: Application of 89 questionnaires: 70 in Évora and 19 in Belem to the fathers of the childrens in kindergarten. Analyze were focalized for the singular and the intersubjetive. in the results we found: presence of the pater sense as nutritor, that is, the parents had the intention of to conceive the son and to form with them a stable entail; the civil status (married or stable union) it doesnt mean that there is an united participation with the mother in the care with the children, in other words, in the healthy emotional development that requests the fathers presence or at least the quality of the coexistence.

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Harvey, Valérie, and Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay. "Paternity leave in Québec: between social objectives and workplace challenges." Community, Work & Family 23, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2018.1527756.

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Martin, Julien G. A., Matthew B. Petelle, and Daniel T. Blumstein. "Environmental, social, morphological, and behavioral constraints on opportunistic multiple paternity." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, no. 9 (July 8, 2014): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1762-3.

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Frankham, Greta J., Robert L. Reed, Mark D. B. Eldridge, and Kathrine A. Handasyde. "The genetic mating system of the long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) with notes on male strategies for securing paternity." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 4 (2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12064.

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The potoroids are a small group of cryptic macropodoid marsupials that are difficult to directly monitor in the wild. Consequently, information regarding their social and mating systems is limited. A population of long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) on French Island, Victoria, was monitored from June 2005 to August 2010. Tissue samples were collected from 32 (19 ♂, 13 ♀) independent potoroos and 17 pouch young. We aimed to determine the genetic mating system and identify patterns of paternity through genotyping individuals at 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we investigated the importance of body mass and site residency as strategies in securing paternity. Twelve of the 17 pouch young sampled were assigned paternity with confidence to five males. Multiple pouch young were sampled from two long-term resident females, one of which had 10 pouch young sired by multiple partners, with some repeat paternity, while the other had three young sired by one male, suggesting that the mating system is not entirely promiscuous. Sires were recorded on site for significantly longer periods than non-sires but were not significantly larger than non-sires at conception. This suggests that sires employ strategies other than direct competition, such as scramble competition, to secure paternity in P. tridactylus.

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Raj Pant, Sara, Jan Komdeur, Terry A. Burke, Hannah L. Dugdale, and David S. Richardson. "Socio-ecological conditions and female infidelity in the Seychelles warbler." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 5 (May 30, 2019): 1254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz072.

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Abstract Within socially monogamous breeding systems, levels of extra-pair paternity can vary not only between species, populations, and individuals, but also across time. Uncovering how different extrinsic conditions (ecological, demographic, and social) influence this behavior will help shed light on the factors driving its evolution. Here, we simultaneously address multiple socio-ecological conditions potentially influencing female infidelity in a natural population of the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis. Our contained study population has been monitored for more than 25 years, enabling us to capture variation in socio-ecological conditions between individuals and across time and to accurately assign parentage. We test hypotheses predicting the influence of territory quality, breeding density and synchrony, group size and composition (number and sex of subordinates), and inbreeding avoidance on female infidelity. We find that a larger group size promotes the likelihood of extra-pair paternity in offspring from both dominant and subordinate females, but this paternity is almost always gained by dominant males from outside the group (not by subordinate males within the group). Higher relatedness between a mother and the dominant male in her group also results in more extra-pair paternity—but only for subordinate females—and this does not prevent inbreeding occurring in this population. Our findings highlight the role of social conditions favoring infidelity and contribute toward understanding the evolution of this enigmatic behavior.

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Johansson, Thomas. "Fatherhood in Transition: Paternity Leave and Changing Masculinities." Journal of Family Communication 11, no. 3 (July 2011): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2011.561137.

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Turney, Lyn. "Paternity Testing and the Biological Determination of Fatherhood." Journal of Family Studies 12, no. 1 (May 2006): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jfs.327.12.1.73.

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Cramer, Emily, Nicole Krauss, Tricia Rowlison, and Pierre Comizzoli. "Sperm Morphology and Male Age in Black-Throated Blue Warblers, an Ecological Model System." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071175.

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Extra-pair paternity may drive selection on spermatozoa and ejaculate characteristics through sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Here, we examine sperm morphology in the black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), an ecological model species where extra-pair paternity is frequent and is linked with male age. We test whether sperm morphology relates to several aspects of male phenotype known or suspected to affect extra-pair paternity success. Sperm morphology did not correlate with the size of the white wing spot, a social status signal, nor with the volume of the cloacal protuberance. However, older males tended to have longer sperm cells. Although the sample size was limited, this pattern is intriguing, as longer cells may be advantageous in post-copulatory sexual selection and older males have larger testes and higher extra-pair paternity success in this species. Changes in sperm morphology with age are not observed in other birds, though they have been observed in insects and fishes. More research on sperm morphology is needed to clarify its role in extra-pair fertilizations in this well-studied species.

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While, Geoffrey M., David L. Sinn, and Erik Wapstra. "Female aggression predicts mode of paternity acquisition in a social lizard." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 2021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1926.

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Individual differences in behaviour are ubiquitous in nature. Despite the likely role of selection in maintaining these differences, there are few demonstrations of their fitness consequences in wild populations and, consequently, the mechanisms that link behavioural variation to variation in fitness are poorly understood. Specifically, the consequences of consistent individual differences in behaviour for the evolution of social and mating strategies have rarely been considered. We examined the functional links between variation in female aggression and her social and mating strategies in a wild population of the social lizard Egernia whitii . We show that female Egernia exhibit temporally consistent aggressive phenotypes, which are unrelated to body size, territory size or social density. A female's aggressive phenotype, however, has strong links to her mode of paternity acquisition (within- versus extra-pair paternity), with more aggressive females having more offspring sired by extra-pair males than less aggressive females. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which female aggression could underpin mating strategies, such as the pursuit/acceptance of extra-pair copulations. We propose that a deeper understanding of the evolution and maintenance of social and mating systems may result from an explicit focus on individual-level female behavioural phenotypes and their relationship with key reproductive strategies.

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Petts, Richard J., and Chris Knoester. "Paternity Leave‐Taking and Father Engagement." Journal of Marriage and Family 80, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 1144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12494.

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Dunn, William N. "The disputed paternity of technological innovation." Knowledge in Society 1, no. 2 (March 1988): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02687209.

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Isvaran, Kavita, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Ecological correlates of extra-group paternity in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1607 (October 31, 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3723.

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Extra-group paternity (EGP) can form an important part of the mating system in birds and mammals. However, our present understanding of its extent and ecology comes primarily from birds. Here, we use data from 26 species and phylogenetic comparative methods to explore interspecific variation in EGP in mammals and test prominent ecological hypotheses for this variation. We found extensive EGP (46% of species showed more than 20% EGP), indicating that EGP is likely to play an important role in the mating system and the dynamics of sexual selection in mammals. Variation in EGP was most closely correlated with the length of the mating season. As the length of the mating season increased, EGP declined, suggesting that it is increasingly difficult for males to monopolize their social mates when mating seasons are short and overlap among females in oestrus is likely to be high. EGP was secondarily correlated with the number of females in a breeding group, consistent with the idea that as female clustering increases, males are less able to monopolize individual females. Finally, EGP was not related to social mating system, suggesting that the opportunities for the extra-group fertilizations and the payoffs involved do not consistently vary with social mating system.

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Lichter, James B., Connor T. Lambert, Nancy G. Solomon, and Brian Keane. "Breeding patterns of female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) displaying alternative reproductive tactics." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 990–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa058.

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Abstract Individuals of either sex may display alternative behaviors to obtain copulations, but few studies have examined the breeding patterns of females and males in populations where individuals of both sexes exhibit alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). In prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), most adults are territorial, residing at a single nest site either as male–female pairs or as solitary individuals. However, some adults adopt nonterritorial, wandering tactics. During two field seasons monitoring prairie vole populations maintained in seminatural enclosures, we found evidence that females exhibiting different ARTs bred differentially with resident and wandering males. Females residing at a nest with a male bred significantly more often with a paired resident male, primarily their social partner, and significantly less often with male wanderers compared to single resident females or wandering females. These patterns were not due to chance, because paired resident females produced offspring with paired resident males significantly more than expected based on the relative abundance of these males in the population, whereas single resident females produced offspring with male wanderers significantly more than expected based on the proportion of male wanderers in the population. We did not find any evidence that multiple paternity was greater in the litters of single resident females and wanderer females even though these females lacked a male social partner to limit mating access by multiple males. This suggests that mate guarding by a female’s male social partner was not the primary determinant of multiple paternity in the litters of females exhibiting different reproductive tactics. However, male ART did affect the likelihood of multiple paternity. Females that produced offspring with single resident or wanderer males had an increased likelihood of multiple paternity relative to females producing offspring with paired resident males. The results of this study show that female and male ARTs can affect breeding patterns.

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Hubin, Donald C. "Fractured Fatherhood: An Analytic Philosophy Perspective on Moral and Legal Paternity." Journal of Family Theory & Review 6, no. 1 (March 2014): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12024.

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Rowell, T. E. "Beyond the One-Male Group." Behaviour 104, no. 3-4 (1988): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00511.

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AbstractSocial systems are not necessarily equivalent to mating systems. Observation is prerequisite for control of one animal by another. It is not possible without extremely good visibility, which is rare. Nonetheless most social theories assume such control. Neither social position nor copulation guarantee paternity. It is important that biochemical tests provide certainty of paternity in as many studies as possible, so that assumptions about behavioural determinants of reproductive success can be tested. The function of fighting is discussed. Males spend more of their time cooperating than competing, and it is suggested that differences between these may not be so clear. To understand the behaviour of adult males it is necessary to consider behaviour throughout lifetimes, behaviour in all seasons, and behaviour throughout demes. Scepticism towards facile explanations is recommended.

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Williams, James G., and Nancy Jay. "Throughout Your Generations Forever: Sacrifice, Religion, and Paternity." Sociology of Religion 54, no. 4 (1993): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711801.

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Berzins, Lisha L., and Russell D. Dawson. "Does experimentally altered plumage brightness influence extra-pair mating success in female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0142.

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Recent empirical evidence suggests that ornamental traits displayed by female birds may reflect aspects of their quality, and function during competitive interactions and (or) social mate attraction; however, less is known about how such traits influence extra-pair paternity. In Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)), plumage brightness of females signals their quality and may be related to extra-pair paternity if it enables them to invade the territories of other females to seek extra-pair copulations and (or) if potential extra-pair mates perceive their plumage brightness as attractive. Therefore, to examine whether the plumage brightness displayed by females influence rates of extra-pair paternity and the number of sires per brood, we experimentally enhanced and reduced the plumage brightness of females relative to controls. Our results showed that plumage brightness treatment of the female did not influence the number of extra-pair offspring in nests or the likelihood of a brood containing extra-pair offspring. Additionally, the number of extra-pair males siring offspring within the broods of females did not differ by plumage brightness treatment. Although extra-pair paternity has been shown to be beneficial for female Tree Swallows, our results suggest that plumage brightness of females does not influence their ability to engage in extra-pair mating.

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Kaiser, Sara A., T. Scott Sillett, Benjamin B. Risk, and Michael S. Webster. "Experimental food supplementation reveals habitat-dependent male reproductive investment in a migratory bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1803 (March 22, 2015): 20142523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2523.

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Environmental factors can shape reproductive investment strategies and influence the variance in male mating success. Environmental effects on extrapair paternity have traditionally been ascribed to aspects of the social environment, such as breeding density and synchrony. However, social factors are often confounded with habitat quality and are challenging to disentangle. We used both natural variation in habitat quality and a food supplementation experiment to separate the effects of food availability—one key aspect of habitat quality—on extrapair paternity (EPP) and reproductive success in the black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens . High natural food availability was associated with higher within-pair paternity (WPP) and fledging two broods late in the breeding season, but lower EPP. Food-supplemented males had higher WPP leading to higher reproductive success relative to controls, and when in low-quality habitat, food-supplemented males were more likely to fledge two broods but less likely to gain EPP. Our results demonstrate that food availability affects trade-offs in reproductive activities. When food constraints are reduced, males invest in WPP at the expense of EPP. These findings imply that environmental change could alter how individuals allocate their resources and affect the selective environment that drives variation in male mating success.

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Alger, Ingela, Paul L. Hooper, Donald Cox, Jonathan Stieglitz, and Hillard S. Kaplan. "Paternal provisioning results from ecological change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 10746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917166117.

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Paternal provisioning among humans is puzzling because it is rare among primates and absent in nonhuman apes and because emergent provisioning would have been subject to paternity theft. A provisioning “dad” loses fitness at the hands of nonprovisioning, mate-seeking “cads.” Recent models require exacting interplay between male provisioning and female choice to overcome this social dilemma. We instead posit that ecological change favored widespread improvements in male provisioning incentives, and we show theoretically how social obstacles to male provisioning can be overcome. Greater availability of energetically rich, difficult-to-acquire foods enhances female–male and male–male complementarities, thus altering the fitness of dads versus cads. We identify a tipping point where gains from provisioning overcome costs from paternity uncertainty and the dad strategy becomes viable. Stable polymorphic states are possible, meaning that dads need not necessarily eliminate cads. Our simulations suggest that with sufficient complementarities, dads can emerge even in the face of high paternity uncertainty. Our theoretical focus on ecological change as a primary factor affecting the trade-off between male mating and parenting effort suggests different possibilities for using paleo-climatic, archaeological, and genomic evidence to establish the timing of and conditions associated with emergence of paternal provisioning in the hominin lineage.

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Onorato, Dave P., Eric C. Hellgren, Ronald A. Van Den Bussche, and J. Raymond Skiles, Jr. "Paternity and relatedness of American black bears recolonizing a desert montane island." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-097.

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American black bears (Ursus americanus (Pallas, 1780)) are characterized by female philopatry and male-biased dispersal, with predictable consequences for genetic structure of populations. We studied a recolonizing population of black bears on a desert montane island to test genetic-based predictions of bear social behavior. We assessed genetic paternity and relatedness among bears within Big Bend National Park, Texas, from 1998 to 2001 via maternally and biparentally inherited markers and field observations. Data from seven microsatellite loci permitted us to assign paternity for 7 of 12 cubs, and multiple paternity was revealed in one litter. Levels of relatedness in the Park were comparable to those found in a nearby large population in Coahuila, Mexico. Adult female bears in the Park were more closely related to each other than males were to each other. Microsatellite data were consistent with previous analyses of mtDNA sequences that indicated bears in the Mexico-Texas metapopulation exhibit male-biased dispersal. Demographic and genetic data provided a pedigree for 23 of 31 sampled bears and depicted the matriarchal structure of this recently recolonized population. Although females in this insular population are closely related to each other, as predicted by characteristics of ursine social ecology, incoming dispersal by unrelated males results in periodic supplementation of genetic variation.

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Ladino Cárdenas, Norma Isabel, and Piedad Yolanda López Muñoz. "Así hemos sido padres... Un aporte a la construcciónde las representaciones sociales sobre paternidad." Pensamiento Americano 11, no. 20 (January 1, 2018): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.21803/pensam.v11i20.22.

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La investigación estuvo orientada a conocer lo que nueve hombres-padres pertenecientes a tres familias del departamento de Antioquia fueron construyendo, y cómo se han transformado entre una generación y otra, al interior de sus familias. El objetivo general fue indagar al interior de cada familia, las transformaciones que se dieron en las representaciones sociales sobre paternidad que construyeron los hombres-padres de diferentes generaciones al interior de cada familia. Como enfoque epistemológico, se trabajó desde lo cualitativo, siendo la metodología de investigación la biográfica-narrativa, bajo la modalidad de historias de familia. Para la recolec-ción de la información, las técnicas utilizadas fueron los mapas de familia y las entrevistas a profundidad. Para dar cuenta de ello, el presente artículo se divide en una breve introducción que contextualiza al lector frente al tema trabajado, posteriormente, se encuentran los referentes conceptuales, la memoria metodológica del proceso y finalmente, se exponen los hallazgos derivados a partir de tres momentos: I. Caracterización de las familias entrevistadas, cada una con su respectiva representación gráfica; II. Análisis intrafamiliar de la paternidad desde la llegada de los hijos, los aprendizajes entre generaciones y las construcciones que cada hombre ha hecho en la familia para convertirse en padre; y III. Análisis intergeneracional desde la conformación familiar y el rol como padres. Para concluir, se presentan algunas reflexiones finales que concluyen los aspectos más relevantes de los hallazgos investigativos

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Journal articles on the topic 'Social paternity'

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