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Journal articles on the topic 'Social phobia'
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1
Loken, E. K., J. M. Hettema, S. H. Aggen, and K. S. Kendler. "The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for fears and phobias." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 11 (December 16, 2013): 2375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713003012.
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BackgroundAlthough prior genetic studies of interview-assessed fears and phobias have shown that genetic factors predispose individuals to fears and phobias, they have been restricted to the DSM-III to DSM-IV aggregated subtypes of phobias rather than to individual fearful and phobic stimuli.MethodWe examined the lifetime history of fears and/or phobias in response to 21 individual phobic stimuli in 4067 personally interviewed twins from same-sex pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders (VATSPSUD). We performed multivariate statistical analyses using Mx and Mplus.ResultsThe best-fitting model for the 21 phobic stimuli included four genetic factors (agora-social-acrophobia, animal phobia, blood-injection-illness phobia and claustrophobia) and three environmental factors (agora-social-hospital phobia, animal phobia, and situational phobia).ConclusionsThis study provides the first view of the architecture of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobic disorders and their subtypes. The genetic factors of the phobias support the DSM-IV and DSM-5 constructs of animal and blood-injection-injury phobias but do not support the separation of agoraphobia from social phobia. The results also do not show a coherent genetic factor for the DSM-IV and DSM-5 situational phobia. Finally, the patterns of co-morbidity across individual fears and phobias produced by genetic and environmental influences differ appreciably.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., Michael C. Neale, Ronald C. Kessler, Andrew C. Heath, and Lindon J. Eaves. "Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028464.
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SynopsisIn a population based sample of 2163 personally interviewed female twins, substantial comorbidity was observed between DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) and 4 subtypes of phobia: agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia and situational phobia. However, the level of comorbidity of MD with agoraphobia was much greater than that found with the other phobic subtypes. We conducted bivariate twin analyses to decompose the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity between MD and the phobias. Our results suggest that a modest proportion of the genetic vulnerability to MD also influences the risk for all phobic subtypes, with the possible exception of situational phobias. Furthermore, the magnitude of comorbidity resulting from this shared genetic vulnerability is similar across the phobic subtypes. By contrast, the non-familial environmental experiences which predispose to depression substantially increase the vulnerability to agoraphobia, have a modest impact on the risk for social and situational phobias and no effect on the risk for animal phobias. The increased comorbidity between MD and agoraphobia results, nearly entirely, from individual-specific environmental risk factors for MD which also increase the risk for agoraphobia but not for other phobias.
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Solyom, L., B. Ledwidge, and C. Solyom. "Delineating Social Phobia." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 4 (October 1986): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.4.464.
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The natural history-including psychiatric symptoms, precipitating factors, onset and course of illness, and personality characteristics-of 47 social phobics, 80 agoraphobics, and 72 simple phobics was examined. The social phobia group differed from the agoraphobia group by having a lower mean age, fewer females and married members, and a higher educational and occupational status. They were less fearful generally, less obsessive, and less likely to follow a fluctuating or phasic course. There was overlap between the two groups with regard to main phobias, and they were similar with regard to adjacent symptomatology. Both the social and agoraphobia groups differed in similar and significant ways from simple phobics.
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Bener, A. "Prevalence of common phobias and their socio-demographic correlates in children and adolescents in a traditional developing society." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71978-2.
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BackgroundEpidemiological data indicate that anxiety disorders are the most common childhood disorders and phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorders.AimTo identify the most common phobias in children and adolescents and to determine the prevalence, age distribution, and socio-demographic correlates of phobias.DesignA cross sectional studySettingPublic and Private schools of the Ministry of Education, State of QatarSubjectsA total of 2188 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were approached and 1703 (77.8%) students participated in this study.MethodsThe questionnaire included socio-demographic information, extra curricular activities and hobbies, behaviour at home and various phobic fears. Psychiatrists determined the definitive diagnosis for various phobias by checking and screening their symptoms.ResultsOf the studied subjects, 44% were males and 56% were females. The overall prevalence of phobia in children and adolescents was 19.7%. Among children with phobia, females had higher rates of phobias (62.4% vs 37.6%) than males. Social phobia (12.7%) was the commonest phobia found followed by Agoraphobia (8.6%). Secondary school children were highly afflicted with social phobia (14.9%), agoraphobia (11.7%) and specific phobia (9.6%), while preparatory students (8.3%) were more likely to have’medical’ phobia (fear of physical illness, medical tests and procedures). A significant difference was observed between the age groups in children with agoraphobia (p = 0.002).ConclusionThe overall prevalence of phobia in children and adolescents in Qatar was higher, with the most common phobias observed being social phobia, agoraphobia and specific phobia.
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Newell, Robert, and Isaac Marks. "Phobic nature of social difficulty in facially disfigured people." British Journal of Psychiatry 176, no. 2 (February 2000): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.2.177.
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BackgroundOver 390 000 people in the UK are disfigured. Facial disfigurement distresses sufferers markedly but has been studied little.AimsTo compare fearful avoidance of people with a facial disfigurement with that of a group of patients with phobia.MethodComparison of Fear Questionnaire agoraphobia, social phobia and anxiety depression sub-scale scores of 112 facially disfigured people (who scored high on Fear Questionnaire problem severity in three survey studies) with those of 66 out-patients with agoraphobia and 68 out-patients with social phobia.ResultsFacially disfigured people and patients with social phobia had similar Fear Questionnaire scores. In contrast, facially disfigured people scored lower on the agoraphobia sub-score but higher on the social phobia sub-score than did patients with agoraphobia.ConclusionsFacially disfigured people with psychological difficulties resembled people with social phobia on Fear Questionnaire social phobia, agoraphobia and anxiety/depression sub-scores but were less agoraphobic and more socially phobic than were people with agoraphobia. Facially disfigured people thus appeared to be socially phobic and to deserve the cognitive – behavioural therapy that is effective for such phobias.
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Van Zuuren, Florence J. "The Fear Questionnaire." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 5 (November 1988): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.5.659.
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In order to assess some psychometric properties of Marks & Mathews' (1979) short Fear Questionnaire, a Dutch translation of this form was administered to 143 phobic outpatients: 100 women and 43 men. There was a special interest in assessing validity by comparing the scores of agoraphobics, social phobics and simple phobics. The findings were that all scales have sufficient internal consistency, although the Total Phobia scale does not seem to add meaningful information to its subscales. Most scales are significantly related to neuroticism, and the Social Phobia subscale is strongly related to social anxiety. The Agoraphobia and Social Phobia subscales discriminate between categories of phobics in the expected way. For the Blood/Injury subscale the relevant comparisons could not be made. The data presented in this study can be used to develop FQ norms for phobic patients.
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van Vliet, I. M. "Biological aspects of social phobia." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 8, no. 4 (December 1996): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800036978.
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SummaryIn contrast to the research in panic disorder, not much neurobiological studies have been conducted in social phobia. In challenge-tests using lactate or pentagastrin general anxiety and anxiety symptoms were induced in social phobies, although not as frequent is in panic disorder patients, but no specific social phobic anxiety was induced. The role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin is, as yet, unclear. There are no indications for abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity or abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis activity in social phobia. To the present, preliminary findings in neuroimaging studies show no differences between patients and controls, except a possibly diminished and reversible metabolic activity.
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Bowen, Rudradeo C., Donald G. Fischer, Peter Barrett, and Carl D'Arcy. "The Relationship between Agoraphobia, Social Phobia and Blood-Injury Phobia in Phobic and Anxious-Depressed Patients." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (May 1987): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200405.
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This paper reports the results of principal components and stepwise discriminant analyses of anxiety, depression and fear scores for 74 phobic and anxious-depressed psychiatric patients. Factor analysis indicated a coherent agoraphobia factor, with less coherent blood-injury and social phobia factors. Discriminant analysis showed a high degree of correct classification of diagnosed agoraphobic, blood-injury and social phobic patients particularly for agoraphobia. A frequency distribution of the phobia scores indicated an all or nothing quality to agoraphobic fears. The results indicate that agoraphobia is a fairly coherent syndrome, but that more work is needed on the concepts and measurement of blood-injury and social phobias.
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Yao, Sai-Nan, Jean Cottraux, Evelyne Mollard, Pascale Robbe-Grillet, Eliane Albuisson, Martine Dechassey, Ivan Note, et al. "THE FRENCH VERSION OF THE SOCIAL INTERACTION SELF-STATEMENT TEST (SISST): A VALIDATION AND SENSITIVITY STUDY IN SOCIAL PHOBICS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 3 (July 1998): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465898000265.
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The French version of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST) was studied in 95 social phobia and 87 non-clinical subjects. Total scores on both positive and negative scales significantly discriminated social phobics from non-clinical control subjects. Social phobics had higher scores than controls on negative statements and lower scores on positive statements. The positive and negative subscales of the SISST for social phobic patients were correlated with anxiety, depression and avoidant behaviours. The negative subscale was significantly sensitive to change in patients with social phobia receiving cognitive behavioural therapy. Our findings showed good convergent and discriminant validity of the SISST and the sensitivity of the negative sub-scale to improvement after cognitive behavioural therapy.
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Stangier, Ulrich, Thomas Heidenreich, and Karin Schermelleh-Engel. "Safety Behaviors and Social Performance in Patients With Generalized Social Phobia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.1.17.
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The cognitive model of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995) suggests that safety behaviors, besides preventing disconfirmation of dysfunctional beliefs, cause significant impairment in social performance. To test this hypothesis, the current study investigated the relationship between observer-rated social performance, self-rated safety behaviors, and anxiety in 20 generalized social phobics, 14 controls with anxiety, and 17 controls without anxiety in two experimental tasks: a conversation with a stooge and a brief speech. Compared to the control groups, socially phobic patients displayed higher anxiety levels, reported more safety behaviors, and did not perform as well as the control groups in both tasks. There was a nonsignificant tendency of socially phobic patients to display more negative thoughts than both control groups. Differences in heart rate responses were not significant. A path analysis revealed that safety behaviors partially mediated the relation between diagnostic group and social performance deficit in both tasks. The results highlight the importance of safety behaviors for social performance deficit in social phobia.
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Czajkowski, N., K. S. Kendler, K. Tambs, E. Røysamb, and T. Reichborn-Kjennerud. "The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (January 7, 2011): 1987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002436.
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BackgroundTo explore the genetic and environmental factors underlying the co-occurrence of lifetime diagnoses of DSM-IV phobia.MethodFemale twins (n=1430) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Comorbidity between the phobias were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and polychoric correlations and multivariate twin models were fitted in Mx.ResultsPhenotypic correlations of lifetime phobia diagnoses ranged from 0.55 (agoraphobia and social phobia, OR 10.95) to 0.06 (animal phobia and social phobia, OR 1.21). In the best fitting twin model, which did not include shared environmental factors, heritability estimates for the phobias ranged from 0.43 to 0.63. Comorbidity between the phobias was accounted for by two common liability factors. The first loaded principally on animal phobia and did not influence the complex phobias (agoraphobia and social phobia). The second liability factor strongly influenced the complex phobias, but also loaded weak to moderate on all the other phobias. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by a specific genetic factor, which accounted for 51% of the total and 81% of the genetic variance.ConclusionsPhobias are highly co-morbid and heritable. Our results suggest that the co-morbidity between phobias is best explained by two distinct liability factors rather than a single factor, as has been assumed in most previous multivariate twin analyses. One of these factors was specific to the simple phobias, while the other was more general. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by disorder specific genetic factors.
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Terra, Mauro Barbosa, Ivan Figueira, and Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros. "Impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal syndrome on social phobia and panic disorder in alcoholic inpatients." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 59, no. 4 (2004): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812004000400006.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal on the course of social phobia and panic disorder. METHOD: A group of 41 alcoholic inpatients undergoing detoxification therapy were interviewed using the SCID-I (DSM-IV) and questions to detect fluctuations in the course of social phobia and panic disorder as a function of the different phases in alcohol dependence (intoxication, withdrawal, and lucid interval). RESULTS: Only 1 (2.4%) patient presented panic disorder throughout life, and 9 (21.9%) had panic attacks during alcohol intoxication or during the withdrawal syndrome. Sixteen (39%) alcoholic patients showed social phobia with onset prior to drug use. However, drinking eventually became unable to alleviate social phobia symptoms or worsened such symptoms in 31.2% of social-phobic patients. While patients with social phobia reported a significant improvement in psychiatric symptoms during alcohol intoxication, patients experiencing panic attacks worsened significantly during intoxication. In the withdrawal phase, patients with social phobia tended to have more and more intense phobic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the impact of alcohol intoxication is different for social phobia as compared to panic disorder, at first decreasing the social-phobic symptoms but later aggravating them. In panic disorder, the impact of intoxication by alcohol is more harmful, at least in the short term.
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Luneva, Polina, and Valentin Ababkov. "Coping behavior for social phobia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology 13, no. 2 (2023): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.202.
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Social phobias remain widespread disorders, with only a small proportion of people seeking qualified help. In addition, at the moment there is a lack of comprehensive studies of coping behavior in social phobias. In this regard, a comprehensive study of this phenomenon becomes relevant. This work includes issues of social frustration and social support, as well as the level of perceived stress, which allows a more holistic view of the process of coping with stress. The article describes the results of a study of coping behavior in individuals with different levels of social anxiety. The study was conducted online. The sample consisted of 197 respondents: 56 of them had a low level of social anxiety, 79 had an average level, 41 respondents had an extremely high level of social anxiety, which allows us to speak about the presence of certain manifestations of social phobia. The following methods were used in the study: Social Anxiety and Social Phobia Questionnaire; Ways of coping behavior; personal questionnaire Big 5 adapted by D.P.Yanichev; Multidimensional scale of perception of social support in the adaptation of V.M.Yaltonsky and N.A. Sirota; The level of social frustration and the Scale of perceived stress — 10. The results of the study indicate an increased level of perceived stress and a lack of coping resources in a group of people with social phobia. In turn, the coping strategies of this group are not balanced: there is a predominance of avoidance with a rare use of problem solving planning, the search for social support and positive reassessment. In addition, the level of social frustration for the group of people with social phobias is higher than for the average and low levels of social anxiety. In general terms, we can talk about maladaptive coping behavior in individuals with social phobia.
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King, Neville, Chris Madden, and Bruce Tonge. "Social phobia in children and adolescents: assessment and treatment." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 6, no. 1 (November 1996): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100001539.
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A small proportion of children and adolescents experience a debilitating level of social anxiety, known as social phobia. Initially, we consider the phenomenology and aetiology of social phobia in children and adolescents. A number of age-sensitive assessment instruments or tools are briefly considered: a diagnostic interview, self-report instruments, cognitive assessment and self-monitoring. We explore cognitive-behavioural strategies that have been found to be useful in the management of social phobia. Although there is much research support for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural strategies for adults with social phobia, it is emphasized that controlled evaluations have yet to be undertaken with socially phobic youngsters.
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NEWMAN, M. G., K. E. KACHIN, A. R. ZUELLIG, M. J. CONSTANTINO, and L. CASHMAN-McGRATH. "The Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire: preliminary validation of a new self-report diagnostic measure of social phobia." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 4 (May 2003): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007669.
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Background. The development and validation of the Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire (SPDQ), a new self-report diagnostic instrument for social phobia is described in three separate studies.Study 1. The participants were 125 undergraduates seeking help for an anxiety disorder of whom 60 had social phobia. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was conducted comparing SPDQ diagnoses and clinician-based Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule-IV (ADIS-IV) diagnoses of social phobia. Diagnoses made by the SPDQ showed an 85% specificity, an 82% sensitivity and kappa agreement with the ADIS-IV of 0·66.Study 2. The participants were 462 undergraduates who completed the SPDQ and a battery of additional questionnaires. The SPDQ had good internal consistency (α=0·95), good split-half reliability (r=0·90) and strong convergent and discriminant validity.Study 3. The participants were 145 undergraduates who completed the SPDQ at two time points separated by 2 weeks as well as several additional questionnaires. Scores on the SAD, FNE and SISST of SPDQ categorized undergraduates were also compared to scores on these measures from 35 clinical community participants to determine the clinical validity of the SPDQ. The SPDQ had strong 2-week test–retest reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. Undergraduates diagnosed with social phobia by the SPDQ were not significantly different on the SAD, FNE and SISST from the socially phobic community sample, but both groups had significantly higher scores than undergraduates identified by the SPDQ as not meeting criteria for social phobia, demonstrating clinical validity of the SPDQ.Conclusions. These three studies provide preliminary evidence of the strong psychometric properties of the SPDQ as a measure to identify socially phobic participants.
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Edlund, Matthew J. "Social Phobia Secondary to Pathological Sweating." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 3 (September 1989): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.3.403.
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An individual with agenesis of the corpus callosum associated with recurrent severe sweating and hypothermia developed a social phobia. Phobias may be adaptations to real and potentially dangerous physiological events.
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Argyle, Nick, Carol Solyom, and Leslie Solyom. "The Structure of Phobias in Panic Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 3 (September 1991): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.3.378.
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Fear and avoidance of individual phobic situations were measured in 1168 patients with panic disorder suffering current attacks. Correlation and principal-components analyses give components of agoraphobia, illness phobia, and social phobia in panic disorder. Agoraphobia does not stand out so clearly as illness phobia and social phobia as a separate factor; ‘fear of open spaces' shows some separation from other agoraphobic situations. Frequency of panic attacks and changes associated with their remission have no special relationship to agoraphobia. Closer attention to social and illness phobia may be fruitful in discerning the evolution of panic disorder.
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Wittchen, H. U., M. Fuetsch, H. Sonntag, N. Müller, and M. Liebowitz. "Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia. Findings from a controlled study." European Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2000): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00211-x.
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SummarySocial phobia is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and socially impairing mental disorder. However, little data is available regarding the general and disease-specific impairments and disabilities associated with social phobia. Furthermore, most studies have not controlled for the confounding effects of comorbid conditions.This study investigates: (a) the generic quality of life; (b) work productivity; and, (c) various other disorder-specific social impairments in current cases with pure (n = 65), comorbid (n = 51) and subthreshold (n = 34) DSM-IV social phobia as compared to controls with no social phobia (subjects with a history of herpes infections).Social phobia cases reported a mean illness duration of 22.9 years with onset in childhood or adolescence. Current quality of life, as assessed by the SF-36, was significantly reduced in all social phobia groups, particularly in the scales measuring vitality, general health, mental health, role limitations due to emotional health, and social functioning. Comorbid cases revealed more severe reductions than pure and subthreshold social phobics. Findings from the Liebowitz self-rated disability scale indicated that: (a) social phobia affects most areas of life, but in particular education, career, and romantic relationship; (b) the presence of past and current comorbid conditions increases the frequency and severity of disease-specific impairments; and, (c) subthreshold social phobia revealed slightly lower overall impairments than comorbid social phobics. Past-week work productivity of social phobics was significantly diminished as indicated by: (a) a three-fold higher rate of unemployed cases; (b) elevated rates of work hours missed due to social phobia problems; and (c) a reduced work performance.Overall, these findings underline that social phobia in our sample of adults, whether comorbid, subthreshold, or pure was a persisting and impairing condition, resulting in considerable subjective suffering and negative impact on work performance and social relationships. The current disabilities and impairments were usually less pronounced than in the past, presumably due to adaptive behaviors in life style of the respondents. Data also confirmed that social phobia is poorly recognized and rarely treated by the mental health system.
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Wittchen, HU, M. Fuetsch, H. Sonntag, N. Müller, and M. Liebowitz. "Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia – Findings from a controlled study." European Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (June 1999): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80729-9.
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SummarySocial phobia is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and socially impairing mental disorder. However, little data is available regarding the general and disease-specific impairments and disabilities associated with social phobia. Furthermore, most studies have not controlled for the confounding effects of comorbid conditions.This study investigates: (a) the generic quality of life; (b) work productivity; and, (c) various other disorder-specific social impairments in current cases with pure (n = 65), comorbid (n = 51) and subthreshold (n = 34) DSM-IIIR social phobia as compared to controls with no social phobia (subjects with a history of herpes infections).Social phobia cases reported a mean illness duration of 22.9 years with onset in childhood or adolescence. Current quality of life, as assessed by the SF-36, was significantly reduced in all social phobia groups, particularly in the scales measuring vitality, general health, mental health, role limitations due to emotional health, and social functioning. Comorbid cases revealed more severe reductions than pure and subthreshold social phobics. Findings from the Liebowitz self-rated disability scale indicated that: (a) social phobia affects most areas of life, but in particular education, career, and romantic relationship; (b) the presence of past and current comorbid conditions increases the frequency of disease-specific impairments; and, (c) subthreshold social phobia revealed slightly lower overall impairments than comorbid social phobics. Past week work productivity of social phobics was significantly diminished as indicated by: (a) a three-fold higher rate of unemployed cases; (b) elevated rates of work hours missed due to social phobia problems; and, (c) a reduced work performance.Overall, these findings underline that social phobia in our sample of adults, whether comorbid, subthreshold, or pure was a persisting and impairing condition, resulting in considerable subjective suffering and negative impact on work performance and social relationships. The current disabilities and impairments were usually less pronounced than in the past, presumably due to adaptive behaviors in life style of the respondents. Data also confirmed that social phobia is poorly recognized and rarely treated by the mental health system.
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WITTCHEN, H. U., M. B. STEIN, and R. C. KESSLER. "Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 2 (March 1999): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798008174.
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Background. The paper describes prevalence, impairments, patterns of co-morbidity and other correlates of DSM-IV social phobia in adolescents and young adults, separating generalized and non-generalized social phobics.Methods. Data are derived from the baseline investigation of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective longitudinal community study of 3021 subjects, aged 14–24. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV algorithms of an expanded version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Results. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV/CIDI social phobia was 9·5% in females and 4·9% in males, with about one-third being classified as generalized social phobics. Twelve-month prevalence was only slightly lower, indicating considerable persistence. Respondents with generalized social phobia reported an earlier age of onset, higher symptom persistence, more co-morbidity, more severe impairments, higher treatment rates and indicated more frequently a parental history of mental disorders than respondents with non-generalized social phobia.Conclusions. History of DSM-IV social phobia was found to be quite prevalent in 14–24 year-olds. The generalized subtype of social phobia was found to have different correlates and to be considerably more persistent, impairing and co-morbid than non-generalized social phobia. Although generalized social phobics are more likely than non-generalized social phobics to receive mental health treatments, the treatment rate in this sample was low despite the fact that mental health services are free in Germany.
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Lukin, Yu F. "Arctic Phobias, Social Fears of Russians, Russophobia." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-4-103-119.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the concepts and content of phobias in societies, to understand the differences between them, and to classify people’s fears. In their study, the authors use methods of the Humanities: philosophy, conflictology, historicism; data from sociological surveys of the population. The formation of fears in the life of any society occurs both under the influence of traditional views of people inherent in antiquity, and under the influence of the societal pattern as a whole — culture, civilization, as well as modern transformations related to ecology, climate, development of natural resources, security, Russophobia, fears of coronavirus, racism. The paper considers historical phobias in the Arctic as well. The problems of social phobias in the scientific literature have not yet received such a wide and deep study as in social phobia, Agora phobia, and specific phobias.
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Marteinsdottir, I., T. Furmark, M. Tillfors, M. Fredrikson, and L. Ekselius. "Personality traits in social phobia." European Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (April 2001): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00555-7.
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SummaryThe purpose was to assess personality traits in subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of social phobia. Thirty-two subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axes I and II disorders (SCID I and II). Personality traits were assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Current and lifetime axis I co-morbidity was diagnosed in 28% and 53% of the subjects, respectively. In total, 59% had at least one personality disorder and 47% were diagnosed with an avoidant personality disorder.The social phobics scored significantly higher than a Swedish normative sample on the KSP measuring anxiety proneness, irritability, detachment, and indirect aggression but lower on the scales for socialisation and social desirability. The presence as compared to absence of avoidant personality disorder in the social phobics was associated with significantly higher psychic anxiety and inhibition of aggression. In addition, symptom severity was higher in social phobics with an avoidant personality disorder. Generally, the results support the view that social phobia and avoidant personality disorder reflect different aspects of a social anxiety spectrum.
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Schneier, Franklin R. "Social Phobia." Psychiatric Annals 21, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19910601-07.
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Lipsitz, Joshua D., and Franklin R. Schneier. "Social Phobia." PharmacoEconomics 18, no. 1 (July 2000): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200018010-00003.
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Tancer, Manuel E., and Thomas W. Uhde. "Social Phobia." CNS Drugs 3, no. 4 (April 1995): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199503040-00004.
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&NA;. "Social phobia." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199607010-00004.
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Christenson, Gary A., and Thomas B. Mackenzie. "Social phobia." Postgraduate Medicine 86, no. 6 (November 1989): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1989.11704486.
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Marshall, John R. "Social phobia." Postgraduate Medicine 90, no. 8 (December 1991): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1991.11701149.
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Versiani, M., R. Amrein, and S. A. Montgomery. "Social phobia." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 12, no. 5 (September 1997): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199709000-00001.
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Montgomery, Stuart A. "Social phobia." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 12 (October 1997): S3—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199710006-00002.
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López-lbor, Juan J., and José L. Ayuso Gutierrez. "Social phobia." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 12 (October 1997): S11—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199710006-00003.
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Valente, Sharon M. "Social Phobia." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 8, no. 3 (June 2002): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpn.2002.125038.
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Juster, Harlan R., and Richard G. Heimberg. "Social Phobia." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 18, no. 4 (December 1995): 821–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30025-x.
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Schneier, Franklin R. "Social Phobia." Archives of General Psychiatry 49, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820040034004.
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Liebowitz, Michael R. "Social Phobia." Archives of General Psychiatry 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790300097013.
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Ostow, Mortimer. "Social Phobia." Archives of General Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800060108016.
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Allen, Karina L., and Andrew C. Page. "Performance-Related Beliefs in Social Phobia: Why Social Phobics Perceive Performance Requirements as Exceeding Their Abilities." Behaviour Change 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.22.1.1.66784.
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AbstractThis review evaluates five explanations for why social phobics perceive a discrepancy between performance requirements and their own abilities. There is little evidence to suggest that social phobia is associated with perfectionistic performance standards (possibility 1), perfectionistic standards in social situations (possibility 2), or perceptions of perfectionistic standards in others (possibility 3). Possibility 4, that social phobics set rigid performance standards, requires additional research. Support is provided for possibility 5, however, which proposes that social phobics perceive their own performance abilities negatively. Subsequently, it is concluded that low self-related beliefs account for the discrepancy between social phobics' perceptions of performance requirements, and their perceptions of their performance abilities. This conclusion is discussed in the context of contrasting models of social phobia, and implications for treatment are considered.
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Albantakis, Laura, Marie-Luise Brandi, Imme Christina Zillekens, Lara Henco, Leonie Weindel, Hanna Thaler, Lena Schliephake, Bert Timmermans, and Leonhard Schilbach. "Alexithymic and autistic traits: Relevance for comorbid depression and social phobia in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder." Autism 24, no. 8 (July 14, 2020): 2046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320936024.
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High alexithymic traits and psychiatric comorbidities such as depression and social phobia are frequently observed among adults with autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we tested whether alexithymic and/or autistic traits are risk factors for depressive and social phobic symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder ( n = 122), patients with social interaction difficulties other than autism ( n = 62), and neurotypical participants ( n = 261). Multiple regression analyses of these three groups demonstrated that both traits explained considerable variance of depressive and social phobic symptoms. In adults with autism spectrum disorder, alexithymic traits were predictive of depressive symptoms, while autistic traits predicted social phobic symptoms. In patients with social interaction difficulties other than autism, alexithymic and autistic traits were identified as predictors of social phobic symptoms, while no variable predicted depressive symptoms. In neurotypicals, both alexithymic and autistic traits were predictive of depressive and social phobic symptoms. Our results, therefore, highlight the importance of assessing both alexithymic and autistic traits in patients with and without autism spectrum disorder for identifying comorbid psychopathology. Depending on the underlying core symptomatology, alexithymic and/or autistic traits increase the risk of depressive and social phobic symptoms calling for therapeutic strategies to prevent or at least reduce comorbid psychopathology. Lay abstract Adults with autism often develop mental health problems such as depression and social phobia. The reasons for this are still unclear. Many studies found that alexithymia plays an important role in mental health problems like depression. People with alexithymia have difficulties identifying and describing their emotions. Almost every second person with autism has alexithymia. Therefore, we explored in this study whether alexithymia is linked to worse mental health in autistic people. We looked at two common diagnoses, depression and social phobia. We found that alexithymia increased symptoms of depression, while autistic traits increased symptoms of social phobia. Our results suggest that alexithymia and autistic traits can increase the risk of mental health problems. An early assessment could help prevent mental health problems and improve quality of life.
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Anakiev, S., and G. Tasic. "Social Phobia and Co-morbid States-diagnostics and Importance." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1161.
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IntroductionThe roots of social phobia, lay in the social nature of human beings who fulfil their basic needs in social relations. By the definition, it is the fear of witnessing the negative judgement and the criticism of other people, which is so intense that, is followed by reactions of avoidance of phobic situations and doings, followed by intense vegetative symptoms.AimIntroduce social phobia as an important social and medical problem with common co-morbidity and exceptional risk of suicide. At the same time it gives special accent to the diagnostic procedures and differential diagnosis.MethodAnalysis of the information from literature and practice and coming to conclusions with the inductive method.ResultsSocial phobia is a chronicle illness, equally present in both sexes. The central position is taken by all-the-time present intense irrational fear. Alcoholism, misuse of sedatives, depression, and panic with agoraphobia, OCD are common followers of social phobia. Differential diagnosis witch eliminates panic with agoraphobia, or just the lack of social skills allows the right therapeutic approach.ConclusionSocial phobia, alone or combined with other disorders, has a huge medical and social value. Coming back to regular life tracks depends on the right diagnosis and the right time to go into the healing process.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Boer, Den J. A., I. M. Van Vliet, and H. G. M. Westenberg. "Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of social phobia." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 5, no. 4 (December 1993): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800033822.
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SummaryThe last two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the interest in anxiety disorders. Much research effort has been dedicated to panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, it is only very recently that we have begun to understand some of the basic principles about the psychopharmacology of social phobia. Drug classes so far studied include beta-blockers, non-selective and irreversible MAO-inhibitors (MAOI's) and benzodiazepinen. Beta-blockers appear to be of use in specific social phobias, like public speaking. There is considerable evidence suggesting that MAOI's are effective in reducing both social anxiety as well as social avoidance. A disadvantage of the conventional irreversible MAOI's is their risk for hypertensive crises when combined with dietary tyramine.So far only a small number of studies with selective MAOI-A inhibitors such as moclobemide and brofaromine have been conducted in social phobia, and the results indicate that both compounds are effective.Drugs exerting selective and specific actions on certain components of e.g. the serotonergic system can now be studied and it is hoped that the role of serotonin and other neuronal systems in social phobia can be elucidated.In order to gain more information about selective serotonergic drugs the first double blind placebo-controlled study with fluvoxamine in social phobia is here reported. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of social anxiety.Finally the role of peptides in the treatment of social phobia is critically reviewed. The MSH/ACTH analog Org 2766 was investigated in patients suffering from social phobia. No anxiolytic effects of this peptide could be observed.
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Hofmann, Stefan G., David A. Moscovitch, and Nina Heinrichs. "Evolutionary Mechanisms of Fear and Anxiety." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 3 (September 2002): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.3.317.52519.
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This article examines evolutionary mechanisms in human fear and anxiety, with a particular focus on specific phobias and social phobia. The contribution of evolutionary factors to the development of specific phobias has led to refinements and modifications of earlier conditioning theories. Evolutionary mechanisms further affect cognitive factors of fear and anxiety, such as self-related processes and social comparisons, as in the case of social phobia. Although not without controversy, an evolutionary theory of human fear and anxiety adds a unique perspective that could potentially lead to improved psychopathology models, nosological systems, and treatment strategies for anxiety disorders.
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AlZahrani, A. A. "Testing an aetiological model of social phobia: a study in the kingdom of saudi arabia." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71848-x.
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The aim of this study was to test an aetiological model of social phobia (SP) and related phobias in a Saudi Arabia population. Based on the existing literature several variables - behavioural inhibition, neuroticism, parental rejection, fear of negative evaluation and victimization - were selected for inclusion in a model which was tested with 240 diagnosed anxious and depressed medical patients (both men and women) in Saudi Arabia. The current study found that three antecedents, behavioural inhibition, neuroticism, and parental rejection, did not have a direct path to social phobia (except for behavioral inhibition which had a direct link to the physical sub-scale of social phobia), but they were mediated by two causal variables. The first mediator was fear of negative evaluation, which was directly associated with social phobia, physical phobia, and psychological phobia in the present study, and was influenced by one of the antecedent variables (neuroticism). The second mediator, victimization, had a link with social phobia only, via behavioural inhibition, and parental rejection. The current study found that fear of negative evaluation and victimization appear to play a significant role in the development of social phobia, commencing in early life, during childhood, and developing in later life. The current study suggests that parents and clinical therapists should work to find solutions earlier, starting first with the family environment and continuing with schooling, where interventions to enhance self-image and promote optimism among school children are made part of the normal curriculum
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Flatt, Natalie, and Neville King. "Building the Case for Brief Psychointerventions in the Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.4.191.
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AbstractSpecific phobias are one of the most prevalent childhood anxiety disorders. Research suggests that phobias in children, such as animal or situational phobias, lead to significant impairments in peer relations, social and academic competence. Hence it is imperative to treat phobias within children and adolescents early to avoid more serious, engrained symptoms later in the lifespan. This review focuses on traditional exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapies, and the more recent one-session exposure therapy for phobia treatment (Ost, 1987), a procedure that has only begun to be administered to children. Further, controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of 1-session exposure therapy with phobic children are urgently required. We also address challenges for researchers using psycho-education to control nonspecific treatment effects.
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FURMARK, T., M. TILLFORS, H. STATTIN, L. EKSELIUS, and M. FREDRIKSON. "Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 2000): 1335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799002615.
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Background. Epidemiological data on subtypes of social phobia are scarce and their defining features are debated. Hence, the present study explored the prevalence and descriptive characteristics of empirically derived social phobia subgroups in the general population.Methods. To reveal subtypes, data on social distress, functional impairment, number of social fears and criteria fulfilled for avoidant personality disorder were extracted from a previously published epidemiological study of 188 social phobics and entered into an hierarchical cluster analysis. Criterion validity was evaluated by comparing clusters on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Finally, profile analyses were performed in which clusters were compared on a set of sociodemographic and descriptive characteristics.Results. Three clusters emerged, consisting of phobics scoring either high (generalized subtype), intermediate (non-generalized subtype) or low (discrete subtype) on all variables. Point prevalence rates were 2·0%, 5·9% and 7·7% respectively. All subtypes were distinguished on both SPS and SIAS. Generalized or severe social phobia tended to be over-represented among individuals with low levels of educational attainment and social support. Overall, public-speaking was the most common fear.Conclusions. Although categorical distinctions may be used, the present data suggest that social phobia subtypes in the general population mainly differ dimensionally along a mild–moderate–severe continuum, and that the number of cases declines with increasing severity.
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Kristensen, Ann Suhl, Erik Lykke Mortensen, and Ole Mors. "Social phobia with sudden onset—Post-panic social phobia?" Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22, no. 4 (May 2008): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.002.
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Seedat, S. "Social Anxiety Disorder." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i3.953.
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<div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971046);" data-canvas-width="419.81549999999993">According to epidemiological studies, rates of social anxiety disorder</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11655);" data-canvas-width="424.26750000000004">(SAD) or social phobia range from 3% to 16% in the general</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987995);" data-canvas-width="69.1185">population.</div><div style="left: 139.985px; top: 365.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952064);" data-canvas-width="16.423109999999998">[1,2]</div><div style="left: 156.408px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977187);" data-canvas-width="334.422">Social phobia and specific phobias have an earlier age</div>of onset than other anxiety disorders.
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FAVA, G. A., S. GRANDI, C. RAFANELLI, C. RUINI, S. CONTI, and P. BELLUARDO. "Long-term outcome of social phobia treated by exposure." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 5 (July 2001): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004020.
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Background. There is very little information on long-term follow-up of social phobia.Methods. A consecutive series of 70 patients satisfying the DSM-IV criteria for social phobia was treated in an out-patient clinic with behavioural methods based on exposure homework. Forty-five patients were judged to be remitted after eight individual sessions of psychotherapy. A 2 to 12 year (median = 6 years) follow-up was performed. Survival analysis was selected to characterize the clinical course of patients. Assessments were performed before treatment, at the end of therapy, after 1 year, and subsequently on a yearly basis, and utilized selected items of Paykel's Clinical Interview for Depression.Results. Six of the 45 patients (13%) had a relapse of social phobia at some time during follow-up. The estimated cumulative percentage of patients remaining in remission was 98 after 2 years, 85 after 5 years and 85 after 10 years. Such probabilities increased in the absence of a personality disorder, of residual social phobic avoidance after exposure, and of concurrent use of benzodiazepines.Conclusions. The findings suggest that, even though one patient out of three is unable to complete treatment or does not benefit sufficiently from it, exposure treatment can provide lasting effects to the majority of patients with social phobia. Disappearance of residual, subclinical social phobic avoidance appears to be the target of treatment.
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Heimberg, R. G., M. B. Stein, E. Hiripi, and R. C. Kessler. "Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: a synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades." European Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2000): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00213-3.
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SummaryPrevious analysis of data from the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) suggested that the lifetime prevalence of social phobia in the community has increased significantly in recent cohorts. Furthermore, a latent class analysis of NCS data revealed two primary classes of persons with social phobia: those with exclusive speaking fears and those with one or more other social-evaluative fears. Social phobia in the other social fear group is more persistent, more impairing, and more highly co-morbid with other DSM-III-R disorders. The current report presents data on whether the cohort effect is a general aspect of social phobia or is specific to one of the NCS social phobia subtypes, and whether the cohort effect varies as a function of socio-demographic characteristics. Data were drawn from the NCS. Social phobia was assessed with a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Retrospective age of onset reports were used to estimate Kaplan-Meier survival curves for first onset of social phobia in each cohort represented in the survey. Comparison of these curves allowed us to make synthetic estimates based on retrospective reports of intercohort trends in lifetime prevalence. The lifetime prevalence of social phobia appears to have increased in recent cohorts. However, this increase does not exist among social phobics with exclusive fears of speaking. The increase is most pronounced among white, educated, and married persons, and it is not explained by increased co-morbidity with other mental disorders. The fact that the cohort effect is more pronounced for social phobia with one or more non-speaking fears is important in that this is generally a more severe form of the disorder with an earlier age of onset than social phobia with pure speaking fears. The fact that the cohort effect is most pronounced among people with social and economic advantage (i.e., white, married, well-educated) is intriguing and raises questions about the etiologic process that warrant further study in future research.
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Lecrubier, Y. "PS02.01 Social phobia." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 256s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94096-3.
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D'Souza, Lancy. "Shyness / Social Phobia." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.6.2.
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This study reports the influence of shyness on self-concept and academic achievement in high school children. In the present study Crozier's (1995) shyness scale, Singh's (1986) self-concept scale and academic achievement of the students were employed to find out the influence of shyness. 240 high school students served as subjects. Results revealed that as the shyness level increased self-concept of
the students decreased linearly. Shyness is found to affect academic achievement negatively and significantly. Also, remedial measures for shyness/social phobia and further management have been discussed.
Key Words: Shyness, Social Phobia, Self concept, Academic Scores & High school students.