Academic literature on the topic 'Social Reaction Theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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Bogard, William C. "Bringing Social Theory to Hazards Research." Sociological Perspectives 31, no. 2 (April 1988): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389080.
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This article relates some examples of current research on the mitigation of environmental hazards to recent sociological work in the theory of action. My intentions are to isolate common themes in an otherwise heterogeneous literature, to encourage debate on mitigation issues, and to enhance the legitimacy of this research program by bringing it to the center of contemporary theoretical concerns in the discipline. Much of the current debate in the field of mitigation still harbors implicit ties to sociological functionalism. These ties are made explicit and critiqued. It is argued that functional conceptions of mitigation present an unbalanced picture of mitigation as a reaction to potential extremes in the environment to the neglect of mitigation's active role in altering hazard potentials.
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Oatley, Keith, and Winifred Bolton. "A social-cognitive theory of depression in reaction to life events." Psychological Review 92, no. 3 (1985): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.3.372.
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Darley, John M., and Thane S. Pittman. "The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice." Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (November 2003): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_05.
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How do observers respond when the actions of one individual inflict harm on another? The primary reaction to carelessly inflicted harm is to seek restitution; the offender is judged to owe compensation to the harmed individual. The primary reaction to harm inflicted intentionally is moral outrage producing a desire for retribution; the harm-doer tust be punished. Reckless conduct, an intermediate case, provokes reactions that involve elements of both careless and intentional harm. The moral outrage felt by those who witness transgressions is a product of both cognitive interpretations of the event and emotional reactions to it. Theory about the exact nature of the emotional reactions is considered, along with suggestions for directions forfuture research.
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Widdison, Harold A., and Howard G. Salisbury. "The Delayed Stress Syndrome: A Pathological Delayed Grief Reaction?" OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 20, no. 4 (June 1990): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nfwu-mge8-5rwf-xlum.
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Many of the social and psychological problems displayed by Vietnam veterans have been classified as “Delayed Stress Syndrome.” Stress theory does not, however, adequately account for protracted reactions after the elements responsible for the stress have been removed. Grief theory provides a model that helps explain such reactions. Grief is a very stressful reaction to any significant loss, and failure to address and resolve grief can result in delayed reactions. The Vietnam experience was replete with significant traumatic losses, many of which were not resolved at the time. It was not until separated from the service that individuals, for a number of reasons, began to experience symptoms associated with suppressed grief. A major focus of delayed reaction research and therapy should be placed on the implications of delayed grief, as well as stress.
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Khan, Urmee, and Maxwell B. Stinchcombe. "The Virtues of Hesitation: Optimal Timing in a Non-Stationary World." American Economic Review 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 1147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121282.
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In many economic, political, and social situations, circumstances change at random points in time, reacting is costly, and reactions appropriate to present circumstances may become inappropriate upon future changes, requiring further costly reaction. Waiting is informative if arrival of the next change has non-constant hazard rate. We identify two classes of situations: in the first, delayed reaction is optimal only when the hazard rate of further changes is decreasing; in the second, it is optimal only when the hazard rate of further changes is increasing. These results in semi-Markovian decision theory provide motivations for building delay into decision systems. (JEL C61, D72, D82, D83, K10, M11)
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FRANZ, PETER, and DONALD I. WARREN. "Neighborhood Action as a Social Movement." Comparative Political Studies 20, no. 2 (July 1987): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414087020002005.
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This article compares the development of the “neighborhood movement” in the United States and the German Bürgerinitiativbewegung from the late 1960s to the present. The interconnections between neighborhood action and bureaucratic reaction are worked out on the background of some dimensions of the political context of both societies and analyzed for two phases. In addition to this, criteria of the social movement theory are applied to neighborhood action, and its potential for creating a social movement is discussed.
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Berry, Bonnie. "Interactionism and Animal Aesthetics: A Theory of Reflected Social Power." Society & Animals 16, no. 1 (2008): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853008x269908.
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AbstractStemming from a study of social aesthetics, in which public reaction to human physical appearance is addressed, the present analysis considers the practice of humans associating themselves with nonhuman animals on the basis of the latter's appearance. The study found these nonhuman animals are intended to serve as a positive reflection on the humans who deliberately choose them for their “special” traits, which the humans then utilize to enhance their own social standing. The study compares this to the same practice used by humans to associate themselves with attractive humans and serves the similar purpose of amassing social status by virtue of the association. This paper explains the phenomenon in theoretical terms; namely, symbolic interactionism, paying special attention to impression-management and dramaturgy, along with other interactionist features of attribution and social exchange. Where available, the paper uses scholarly, empirical work on the topic, supplemented by popular media observations and news articles. Viewed from an interactionist perspective, these empirical and non-empirical examples provide a novel picture of human-and-animal society as a unidirectional, status-seeking interaction intended to benefit human actors.
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Vanlandingham, Mark J., Wassana Im-Em, and Chanpen Saengtienchai. "Community Reaction to Persons with HIV/AIDS and Their Parents: An Analysis of Recent Evidence from Thailand." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46, no. 4 (December 2005): 392–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600406.
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We systematically examine community reaction to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) and their older parents in Thailand. We focus on parents as well as PHAs because parents are major providers of care for their ill adult children. Our analyses are based on several sources of recently collected survey and qualitative data from a wide range of perspectives. We find important variations in community reaction to PHAs and their families, but overall these reactions are much more positive than is widely assumed. We conclude that much existing research on community reaction to AIDS neglects both a rich body of social theory on stigma and a strong tradition of population-based empirical research in sociology. Much existing research also fails to adequately distinguish between key aspects of the social settings where most AIDS cases occur and the social settings where most of the stereotypes surrounding AIDS-related stigma have originated. A closer marriage between empirical and theoretical approaches to social stigma is required to advance our understanding of this critically important dimension of the AIDS epidemic.
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He, Fei, Hao Guan, Zhijing Zhao, and Rong Cao. "Neural Mechanisms of Risky Decision Making in Monetary Gain and Loss Situations." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 10 (November 1, 2013): 1725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.10.1725.
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Our aim was to investigate the cognitive neural basis, the behavioral characteristics, and the cognitive process of decision making with a group of 30 healthy Chinese adults. Two conditions with tasks drawn from prospect theory allowed us to examine how different risky decisions and related behaviors activate specific brain regions. Participants completed 2 decision tasks in which the amount of possible monetary gain and loss differed. Event-related potentials recorded for analysis during these tasks involved the N2 and P3 components. Participants' behaviors showed risk aversion in the monetary gain condition and risk seeking in the loss condition. Reaction time for risk-seeking decisions in a loss condition was significantly slower than for the same decision in a gain condition. The reactions to uncertainty shared a general neural network, but reactions were activated with different intensities in certain brain regions.
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Searcy, Yan Dominic, and Resche D. Hines. "Historical Persecution Reaction Complex." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 2 (November 21, 2016): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934716679564.
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This original study examines the reluctance of oppressed populations to publicly criticize the recognized performance shortcomings of leaders who are members of their identity group. Using critical race theory (CRT), this article utilizes three case examples of Black American leadership that present evidence of what the authors identify as Historical Persecution Reaction Complex (HPRC). HPRC describes four elemental arguments reflecting an oppressed identity group’s attempt to protect itself from perceived further social marginalization, limit the exacerbation of oppression, and to preserve the identity group’s leadership gains in the larger society by supporting leadership despite recognized shortcomings in the leadership. Although asserting HPRC operates as a functional reaction to oppression by serving both as an act of cohesion and resistance to oppressive structures, the authors suggest that HPRC is paradoxically detrimental to oppressed identity groups due to maintaining substandard leadership.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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Phillips, Daniel W. "Mental illness, social status and health care utilization : a test of societal reaction theory /." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-154419/.
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Christopher, Michael Edward. "Thinking green and the prescriptive reaction to modernity : a theory of social change and objectivity /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9808980.
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Grooms, Claudette M. "Lived Experiences of Exonerated Individuals 1 Year or Longer After Release." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2824.
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The majority of information related to the postprison experiences of exonerated individuals is frequently found in reports by journalists, or based on the findings of scholars on systematic factors that contribute to wrongful incarcerations. There is a lack of social science research on the unexplored meanings and essence of the postprison lived experiences of exonerees exclusively from their perspectives. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand and describe the postprison lived experiences of exonerated individuals, 1 year or longer after their prison release. The conceptual framework was guided by Tajfel's social identity theory and Becker's social reaction theory. Interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 8 exonerated males who were released from prison 1 year or longer. The data were analyzed using van Kaam's 7-step phenomenological analysis process as modified by Moustakas. The 7 themes that emerged from the data were employment and financial challenges, negative societal reaction, broken family relationships, unresolved emotional and psychological factors, self-imposed social isolation, role of family support, and resilience. Understanding the experiences of exonerees contribute to positive social change by providing knowledge to policymakers and others in the criminal justice system to assist in creating policies to expunge the records of exonerees without the necessity of litigation. Findings from this study also provide valuable insights on the need to offer monetary compensation and social services assistance to exonerees in all U.S. states to help in their reintegration experiences as they transition into their communities.
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Mohajeri, Kaveh. "THEORIZING WHEN USER REACTION TO IT IMPLEMENTATION IS NEITHER RESISTANCE NOR ACCEPTANCE, BUT CONSTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF HEALTHCARE IT IMPLEMENTATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3830.
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The prevailing discourse of “resistance vs. acceptance” in IT implementation research mostly personalizes the issue as “users” versus IT implementers (e.g., managers, CIOs, CMIOs, etc.). This kind of discourse has created an IT-implementer-centric attitude among IS scholars and practitioners. The IT-implementer-centric attitude, while embraces “acceptance” as a desirable reaction almost unconditionally, frequently holds for minimizing or more conservatively suppressing “resistance” to IT implementation. In other words, the mainstream IT implementation research, almost completely, treats “users” as passive recipients whose choices, as they face pre-developed/pre-designed/pre-rolled-out technology being implemented, can only be defined on a spectrum from “acceptance” to “resistance.” The current research study, however, offers an alternative perspective that views the “resistance vs. acceptance” duality “from the other side,” i.e., from the perspective of the supposed “resistors” or “acceptors” themselves. Through a review of the literature, this study first identifies major drawbacks of the extant theories and models of IT implementation research. Next, drawing on an interpretive paradigm of research (more specifically, phenomenological sociology), this study investigates a real world case of healthcare IT implementation. The results of the aforementioned literature review and case investigation subsequently form the basis for the study’s proposed theoretical account, which provides an unprecedented understanding and explanation of how actors representing different stakeholder groups, among which people who are routinely called “users” are but one group, experience IT implementation as they live their everyday lives. The proposed theoretical account is lastly used as a guide for crafting both practical and research prescriptions with respect to managing IT-involved change occasions.
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Demirhan, Emirhan. "The Social Psychology of Social Media Reactions to Terrorism." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955045/.
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Columnists and social media users commonly stated that terrorist attacks resonate differently in the world and they speculated on some potential reasons such as familiarity, number of victims, and the difference in expectations of a country to be a stage for a terrorist attack to explain this difference. An academic perspective, more specifically a sociological one, is needed to bring light to this debate. In this study, I aimed to understand the discourse after terrorist attacks and to find out if there is a difference between reactions to terrorist attack based on where they happened. This paper embraces a text mining approach to uncover what topics are discussed after four cases of terrorist attacks and to reveal if there is a discrepancy in reactions towards terrorist attacks based on the country they happened. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, the determinants of the public interest and support and how public interest differentiates between different cases of terror attacks is explored. In the second part, topic sentiment analysis is conducted to reveal the nature of the discourse on terrorism. Using the insights from social identity theory, realistic conflict theory and integrated threat theory, I argued that social group categorization in the context of terrorism takes place in a dichotomous manner as Western and Non-Western. This argument, social self-identities being based on ‘West vs. the Rest' mentality in the context of terrorism, is supported by the statistical evidence and the topic model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Tomkins, Christie. "Social Reactions to Acquaintance Sexual Assault: Perceptions of Responsibility and Blame." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35682.
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Employing a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology among undergraduate students at the University of Ottawa, this research has explored attributions about sexual assault and the role of perceived intoxication in the context of female and male victims of sexual assault. The use of qualitative methodology and the application of a feminist critique of attribution theory and its contemporary application to rape perception research have contributed to a better understanding of these judgements and the varied ways in which undergraduate students apply the core constructs of responsibility and blame to sexual assault, while simultaneously highlighting the limitations of typically positivistic research in this area. Analyses suggest that the judgements students make about the victims and perpetrators involved in sexual assault are varied and complex, and future research employing a similar methodology and theoretical lens among other populations, both within and outside post-secondary spheres, is warranted.
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Clifford, Jeanie Marie. "Reactions toward people with an illness : examining similarity as an extension to attribution theory /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130204.
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Dechesne, Mark. "Flexible and rigid reactions to reminders of mortality : some further explorations of terror management theory /." Nijmegen : Katholieke universiteit, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388487712.
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Morgan, David George. "Societal reactions to human adversity, pain and distress : essays in medical sociology and cultural theory." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404529.
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Warren, Michael A. "Reactions to Power Scale: Construct Validation with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Polytomous Item Response Theory." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1396287116.
Full textBooks on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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Mahoney, Charles. Romantics and renegades: The poetics of political reaction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
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Time discounting and future generations: The harmful effects of an untrue economic theory. Westport, Conn: Quorum, 1997.
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Busacca, Maurizio, and Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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Kalmykov, Sergey, and Nikolay Pashin. Social advertising: designing effective interaction with the target audience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23289.
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The monograph analyzes the possibility of managing the process of socio-advertising influence on socio-demographic groups. The developed methodological bases with the use of the multivariate paradigmatic status of sociological knowledge allowed us to form: principles of designing social advertising interaction, factors of efficiency (quality) of social advertising, a system of sociological quality assurance of social advertising.
Insufficiently studied problems of efficiency and quality of social advertising are investigated. The coefficients of the importance of its efficiency factors (quality) are established. Stable interrelations of social advertising influence at the level of revealed correlation coefficients of behavioral reactions of various categories of target audience with their characteristics are proved. The results obtained are summarized in the developed model of behavior of the target audience on the basis of social advertising interaction, and the content modules of the mechanism of controllability of the specified process are proposed.
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Vasterman, Peter, ed. From Media Hype to Twitter Storm. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982178.
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The word media hype is often used as rhetorical argument to dismiss waves of media attention as overblown, disproportional and exaggerated. But these explosive news waves, as well as - nowadays - the twitter storms, are object of scientific research, because they are an important phenomenon in the public area. Sometimes it is indeed 'much ado about nothing' but in many cases these media storms have play an important role in political issues, scandals and crises. Twitter storms sometimes ruin reputations within hours. Although different concepts are used, such as media hypes, news waves, media storms, information cascades or risk amplification, all the studies in this book refer to the same process in which key events trigger a chain of reactions and interactions, building up huge news waves in the media or rapidly spreading social epidemics in the social media. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of this important topic. It is not only interesting for scholars and students in media and journalism, but also for professionals in PR and communication, crisis communication and reputation management.
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Pearce, Jenny, ed. Child Sexual Exploitation: Why Theory Matters. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447351412.001.0001.
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The issue of child sexual exploitation (CSE) is firmly in the public spotlight internationally and in the UK, but just how well is it understood? To date, many CSE-related services have been developed in reaction to high profile cases rather than being designed more strategically. This book breaks new ground by considering how psychosocial, feminist and geo-environmental theories, amongst others, can improve practice understanding and interventions. It makes the case for a more thoughtful approach to CSE prevention and a greater use of different theoretical perspectives in the development and delivery of strategies and interventions. The book is an essential text for students and those planning strategic interventions and practice activities in social, youth and therapeutic work with young people, as it supports understanding of how CSE arises and how to challenge the nature of the abuse.
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Romantics and Renegades: The Poetics of Political Reaction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
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Innes, Martin, and Helen Innes. Signal Crimes, Social Reactions, and the Future of Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.11.
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This chapter examines the precepts associated with the signal crimes perspective (SCP). It begins by setting out that a signal is something that transmits messages to an audience. Thinking in terms of signals and “signaling” opens up new ways of seeing crime, disorder, and social control. In particular, it keys into an event-based unit of analysis, as opposed to measuring impacts in an aggregated form. Having laid out the conceptual apparatus of the SCP, the discussion proceeds on to briefly consider how SCP compares with more established criminological frameworks for studying reactions to and consequences of crime. The latter sections of the chapter focus on the ways that changes to the information environment, associated with an era of “big data” and social media, are altering the incidents that signal and how their impacts travel across space and time.
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Swann, Julian. Emptying the Chamber Pot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198788690.003.0009.
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In popular fiction and many scholarly works, courtiers are represented as masters of the art of dissimulation, cynical and self-serving, ready to turn their backs on anyone who has lost royal favour. This chapter challenges those assumptions by looking at the reaction of family groups and wider networks of friendship or clientele to disgrace. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, families rose and fell as a kinship group, and when confronted by the disgrace of one of their members the collective response was to rally in order to save social, financial, and political status. Friendship too proved far more durable than the stereotype of the courtier might lead us to predict, and by examining the conventions, theory, and actual practice of friendship in times of adversity this chapter offers new insight into noble sociability.
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Goode, Erich. The Taming of New York's Washington Square. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.001.0001.
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This book addresses the matter of how social audiences, both formal agents of social control (the NYPD and the Park Enforcement Control) and the ordinary, everyday park-goer, react when they encounter what they consider wrongdoing, or “deviance.” The focus is on the micro or face-to-face interactional level; the larger structural forces are held in abeyance and assumed to operate, but they are not analysed or accounted for here. Likewise, literary and philosophical speculations as well as considering political and ideological implications have been left to other analysts. What constitutes deviance in an unconventional public setting remains the central issue throughout the volume. Visitors to the park—one that is known for celebrating difference and diversity—observe behaviour or utterances by an actor or a speaker in their presence that, they feel goes too far in violating their sense of acceptable norms. What do they do? How do they sanction the offender? The analysis in this book presents the reader with a series of anecdotes—events or episodes observed or statements overheard by the researcher that audiences, judging by their reactions, consider untoward. The action-reaction-interaction dynamics constitutes the lodestone of this volume. Washington Square Park is a “text”; this book represents a sociological “reading” of that text.
Book chapters on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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Ning, Miao, and Jifa Gu. "Research on Social Stability Mechanisms Based on Activation Energy and Gradual Activation Reaction Theory." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2309–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02469-6_109.
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Lemert, Charles. "Reactions and Alternatives." In Social Theory, 455–74. 7th ed. 7th Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Revised edition of the author’s Social theory, 2017.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429295867-18.
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Behl, Joshua D., and Leonard A. Steverson. "Societal Reactions and Labeling of Deviance." In Criminal Theory Profiles, 70–87. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036609-8.
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Buikstra, Jane E. "Knowing Your Audience: Reactions to the Human Body, Dead and Undead." In Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 19–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93012-1_2.
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Kazemi, Ali, Maedeh Gholamzadehmir, and Kjell Törnblom. "Predicting Reactions to Procedural Injustice via Insights from Resource Theory." In Handbook of Social Resource Theory, 373–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4175-5_23.
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Wortman, Camille B., and Darrin R. Lehman. "Reactions to Victims of Life Crises: Support Attempts That Fail." In Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications, 463–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_24.
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van Doorn, Cees, and Theo Brinkel. "Deterrence, Resilience, and the Shooting Down of Flight MH17." In NL ARMS, 365–83. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_19.
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AbstractRussian disinformation has thus far proven to be unconvincing for most Dutch target audiences. This is the conclusion of the present chapter. Information and disinformation have become effective weapons in international politics. This is part of a development where the weapons and concepts used in deterrence strategies have moved away from the military domain toward the political, economic, humanitarian, and communicative ones. In western literature, this is called hybrid warfare. In recent literature on hybrid warfare, resilience is often considered a key theme which may boost deterrence against hybrid activities and/or lower their impact. Most research on resilience and security is focused on infrastructure and resource planning. In this chapter, however, we attempt to ascertain how the existence of resilience in society can be observed. By looking at the case of the Dutch reaction to the shooting down of flight MH17, we hope to illustrate how resilience works in deterrence to hybrid warfare. We try to establish how subversive Russian activities were taking place and what measures were taken by the Netherlands government in order to counteract them. We monitored societal resilience by looking for the presence of trust, social capital, and credible narratives in reaction to disinformation activities after a disruptive event. All these elements appeared to be present in the MH17 case. Overall, we conclude, the handling of the MH17 case has reinforced deterrence.
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Martin, John Levi. "Action and Reaction: Response to Bradford." In Current Perspectives in Social Theory, 231–58. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0278-120420140000032009.
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Tomasi, John. "Social Justicitis." In Free Market Fairness. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691144467.003.0005.
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This chapter examines what it calls “social justicitis”—a strongly negative, even allergic, reaction to the ideal of social or distributive justice. Social justicitis is a malady from which many defenders of private economic liberty suffer. For libertarians, arguments on behalf of social justice may be as threatening as a bee sting is to some people. In the case of classical liberals, social justicitis arises as an adverse reaction to talk about social justice at the level of public policy. The chapter first considers the notion of distributional adequacy condition from the perspective of classical liberalism and libertarianism before discussing the arguments of classical liberals and libertarians regarding property and the poor. It also explores F. A. Hayek's critique of social justice and the implications of his theory of spontaneous order with respect to distributional ideals.
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Vincentnathan, S. George. "Social Reaction and Secondary Deviance in Culture and Society: The United States and Japan." In The Legacy of Anomie Theory, 329–47. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429335945-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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McColl, Derek, and Goldie Nejat. "A Socially Assistive Robot That Can Interpret Body Language." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48031.
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Socially assistive robots can engage in assistive human-robot interactions (HRI) by providing rehabilitation of cognitive, social, and physical abilities after a stroke, accident or diagnosis of a social, developmental or cognitive disorder. However, there are a number of research issues that need to be addressed in order to design such robots. In this paper, we address one main challenge in the development of intelligent socially assistive robots: A robot’s ability to identify human non-verbal communication during assistive interactions. In this paper, we present a unique non-contact automated sensory-based approach for identification and categorization of human upper body language in determining how accessible a person is to a robot during natural real-time HRI. This classification will allow a robot to effectively determine its own reactive task-driven behavior during assistive interactions. The types of interactions envisioned include providing reminders, health monitoring, and social and cognitive therapies. Preliminary experiments show the potential of integrating the proposed body language recognition and classification technique into socially assistive robotic systems partaking in HRI scenarios.
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Luca, Christiaan, Marjolijn Vencken, Katinka van Cranenburgh, Juan Diego Borbor, and Anthony Tchilinguirian. "Trends in the Relationship Between Business and Society: Understanding the Past and Preparing for the Future." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206032-ms.
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Abstract How can a business develop sustainable societal relationships in a world that is often described as volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous? While public expectations of companies are complicated and continuously changing, there are clear underlying trends in modern society that shape this relationship. Understanding these trends allows a company to develop the capability of proactively managing societal relationships. The findings of the study are especially relevant for industries that visibly operate in the public space and should anticipate societal resistance. This paper first describes the societal trends that shaped the way people and organizations have interacted since the Second World War. In this period increasing environmental and social awareness and assertiveness developed along three evolutionary paths: –active public discourse that continuously pushes the boundaries of what is deemed acceptable and desirable, with increasing focus on human values and space for the individual;–industry sectors and international organizations that try to preempt new societal expectations with voluntary guidelines and self-regulation; and–governments that formalize important and matured parts of the public discourse and voluntary guidelines in laws and regulations. Secondly, the authors adopt a practical model to describe how companies have struggled to keep up with this continuously evolving and dynamic societal landscape due to lack of adaptation. An increasingly defensive and reactive business approach to societal pressure has led to a low point in trust from stakeholders. To regain trust and their social license to operate companies need to take a more proactive approach to societal relationships, which require both organizational and cultural change. Finally, the authors take the example from the safety journey, where the oil and gas industry has been very successful in demonstrating that excellence in safety is both a moral obligation and good for the bottom line. The same applies to excellence in societal relationships. Using the evolutionary model of safety culture with its maturity ladder as analogue, the authors provide a practical and value-driven framework to guide companies on their organizational and cultural change journey towards effective societal relationship management.
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Mwaffo, Violet, and Franck Vernerey. "Modeling and Analysis of the Effects of Startle Reaction on Group Coordination." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3161.
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Abstract Startle reaction is an alarm behavior observed in animal groups during anti-predatory response or fear-inducing stimulation. This behavior is characterized by spontaneous change in heading direction and increasing speed that can drastically affect group coordination. In this work, we leverage a mathematical model of fish social behavior to recreate startle reaction. Specifically, we model startle reaction through a biased jump diffusion process, where the jumps process captures sudden and fast changes of heading direction observed during this escaping behavior. Then, using extensive numerical simulations, we test their effects on group of fish including an informed individual prescribing the direction of motion and several followers by systematically varying the frequency and intensity of the sudden and fast turns introduced in the heading direction of a single individual. We demonstrate the emergence of novel form of leadership and phase transition between complete ordered states and disorganized states. In addition, we evidence that at specific range of frequencies and amplitudes, the initiation of this behavior might be utilized to divert group followers from their reference trajectory while keeping them in a synchronized state with the startling individual. Our findings offer a new paradigm to recreate the emergence of leadership applicable to divert or contain multi-vehicle systems.
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Harron, Lorna. "Societal Risk as an Input to Risk Assessment." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64356.
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Societal risk has been investigated in the United Kingdom by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2), the Netherlands (1), and most recently Canada (3). All methodologies focus on the high consequences of a significant event with a low probability of occurrence. Enbridge Pipelines Inc. uses various techniques to assess risk of mainline pipe and facilities. An index based risk model has been used for both mainline and facility risk assessment to provide relative risk values. These models have proven to be a useful means of risk evaluation. However, there are certain facilities or segments of pipe that have been identified by operating personnel as sensitive areas for reasons other than those defined for high consequence areas under 49CFR195 for liquid operations and 49CFR192 for gas operations regulated by the United States Department of Transportation. This paper proposes a method of identifying and quantifying these higher sensitive areas that could be applied to the any organization in the Oil and Gas Industry by incorporating societal risk into existing risk methodologies. For the purposes of this paper, societal risk is defined as the presence of a sensitive area from a social viewpoint with the potential for enhanced risk control or negative public reaction in the event of a significant incident at a specified location. Societal risk is approached in this paper as a multiplier to the total risk score obtained from existing risk assessment techniques. This multiplier can be applied to risk models, quantitative risk evaluations or other numerical based risk methodologies. This paper discusses the development of a societal risk factor, including a definition and scope for societal risk, and application of this risk multiplier to existing risk assessment techniques. Risk management strategies that may result from the use of a societal risk factor are also included.
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Damen, Nicole B., and Christine A. Toh. "Implicit and Explicit Trust Behavior: Does Stereotype Congruence Affect User Trust in a Home Automation Device?" In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86091.
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Although trust is widely accepted as important for technology adoption and usage, it has received little attention in home automation, where users interact closely with these devices to enhance their quality of life. Research is needed to investigate how design considerations such as agent gender and automation location impact trust. This study expands on a pilot study by examining how stereotype congruence impacts implicit and explicit measures of trust in home automation devices. A smart lock simulation was utilized to examine how users interacted with systems that confirm and violate social expectations. The results show that users displayed more trusting behavior towards systems that were stereotype congruent than incongruent. That is, users extended their expectations of stereotypical social behaviors to their interaction with the home automation simulation. In addition explicit trust measures, or directly observable behaviors, differed from implicit trust measures, such as reaction time with the system. These findings provide a foundation for empirically testing and understanding the complex relationship between users and increasingly social automated devices.
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Konstantinov, V. V., E. A. Klimova, and R. V. Osin. "Socio-psychological adaptation of children of labor migrants in the conditions of preschool educational institutions." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.143.155.
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In the modern world, labour migrants come to developed countries with their children, including children of preschool age, in search of better jobs. It is children who are most vulnerable in the framework of the migration process as they need to adapt to life in a new multicultural environment. Today, in fact, there is absence of fundamental developments aimed at solving difficulties of an adaptation process for children of labour migrants who have insufficient experience in constructive sociopsychological interaction and are involved in building image representation systems of significant others and of their own selves. The paper presents results of an empirical study implemented on the basis of preschool educational institutions of the Penza region in which 120 children of labour migrants participated between the ages of 6–7 years. Authors conclude that children of labour migrants are the most vulnerable social group in need of psychological support. Most pronounced destructive impact on a pre-schooler’s personality is expressed in a child-parent relationship. As main effects of a maladaptive behaviour of children from migrant families we can highlight: expressed anxiety, decreased self-esteem, neurotic reactions in social interaction, identification inconsistency, reduced social activity, intolerance of otherness and constant stress due to expectations of failure. Most children from migrant families express decreased or low self-esteem. The nature of a parent-child relationship is expressed in a collective image of a parent, in particular the image of the mother, and acts as an indicator of well-being / dysfunction of a child’s personal development, his attitude to the world and his own self.
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Reyhan, Hakan, and Ahmet Mutlu. "The Future of Multinational Corporation Investments In Turkey: An Evaluation of Environmental and Natural Sources Investments." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00474.
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It’s well known that receiving foreign investments is one of the main targets of Turkey’s economic policies since 1980’s. As a result of these policies, foreign-capitalized companies have considerable market shares in many sectors from automotive to mining, from food and beverage to petroleum, from agriculture to chemicals, from construction to pharmaceutical products. On the other hand, in last year’s there is a remarkable and growing public reaction to the foreign investments especially investments related to natural resources and environmental areas. Thus, in near future MNC’s which wanted to invest in Turkey would need to take more attention to public’s tendencies then government policies. In this study, main policies concerning MNC investments in Turkey will be evaluated and public’s approaches to foreign investments in environmental and natural resources will be discussed. In this study government perspectives of the foreign investments made by MNC’s and stimulation policies for foreign investments made by MNC’s will be evaluated in terms of sustainable development policies. Then, public’s reactions which raised especially after 2000’s to the foreign investments in environmental and natural resources and potential results of these reactions for future investments will be evaluated. Method of the study, based on literature review, and analysis of statistics and social event. In the study, the sensitivity against environmental and natural resource investments was found to be active in the past. Thus, MNC, for this type of investment, must more focus on changes in Turkey.
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Marcuz, Gabriel, and Rodolfo Reale. "Innovative Management Strategies to Address Environmental and Social Concerns on a Major Pipeline." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31049.
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Gasoducto Nor Andino is a 1,100 km long natural gas pipeline which runs through one of the most critical environmental and social areas of Argentina and Chile. The area is inhabited by aboriginal communities that face a progressive deterioration of their cultural values and traditional customs. The beginning of the construction of Gasoducto Nor Andino triggered a strong reaction in the local communities and environmental organizations such as Greenpeace. Such reaction soon extended throughout the country, generating a strong debate as to the value of Economic & Technological Progress vs Environmental Conservation. All the problems were successfully solved by actions conducted in accordance with the Company’s ethical values. The different stakeholders involved were called together and agreements were implemented with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), such as Greenpeace, representatives of the aboriginal communities, local and environmental authorities (National Park Administration, Environmental Secretariat of Salta Province, etc.). This paper describes the non-traditional and innovative actions taken to solve the problems and the remarkable results achieved.
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Kosyakova, A. Yu, A. S. Lukina, and L. Yu Rusina. "FUNCTIONAL REACTION OF PARASITOIDS IN LOCAL SETTLEMENTS OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES NIMPHA (CHRIST, 1791) IN THE TERRITORY OF THE MESHCHERSKY NATIONAL PARK." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-19.
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Ectoparasitoids Latibulus argiolus and Elasmus schmitti were found in 62 nests of Polistes nimpha. P. nimpha colonies nested in the attics of buildings (Meshchersky National Park, Ryazan region). Parasitoids had shown the functional reaction, choosing larger nests, and parasitized there a large number of host larvae.
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Opsenica Kostic, Jelena, Milica Mitrovic, and Damjana Panic. "THE EXPERIENCE OF INFERTILITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF WOMEN UNDERGOING THE IVF PROCESS – A STUDY IN SERBIA." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact005.
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"Studies have shown that women facing infertility and undergoing the IVF process generally belong to the mentally healthy group of the population. However, their stress level and emotional reactions vary significantly. Besides, there are women who report higher anxiety and/or depression levels up to six months after an (unsuccessful) IVF process. The aim of this study is to determine the perception of the infertility experience and the functioning of domains particularly affected by overcoming infertility through IVF. Fourteen women were excluded from the study sample due to their secondary infertility: 9 women had already had a child conceived though IVF and 5 had conceived naturally – these respondents have a successful experience of overcoming infertility, as they do not face the possibility of remaining involuntarily childless. The final sample was comprised of 149 women, 23 to 45 years of age (M=35,50, SD=4,48). For 83,9% of the women, the ongoing IVF procedure was the first (38,3), the second (25,5) or the third (20,1) attempt, while the rest of respondents were going though IVF for the fourth to the eighth time. Infertility is considered the worst experience of their life by 67,8% of the respondents. 95,3% of the respondents in the study want psychological counseling, which is not an integral part of the IVF process in Serbia and thus not covered by the national health insurance. The “Fertility quality of Life” (FertiQoL; Boivin, Takefman and Braverman, 2011) Questionnaire was used for the assessment of quality of life. A one sample t-test shows statistically significant differences in experiencing difficulties in the observed domains. The respondents have the lowest scores on the Emotional subscale, meaning that the most pronounced feature is the impact of negative emotions (e.g., jealousy and resentment, sadness, depression) on quality of life. The score on the Social subscale is highest, which means that social interactions have not significantly been affected by fertility problems. In conclusion, the infertility experience is highly stressful for a significant number of women and they are in need of psychological support, especially for overcoming negative emotions. This can be done by defining a new way of life filled with contentment, one that is in accordance with their value systems, despite their experience of infertility."
Reports on the topic "Social Reaction Theory"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Syvash, Kateryna. AUDIENCE FEEDBACK AS AN ELEMENT OF PARASOCIAL COMMUNICATION WITH SCREEN MEDIA-PERSONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11062.
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Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on previous research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.
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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.