Journal articles: 'Social reformers'

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Digdon, Leslie. "The “Good,” the “Bad,” and the “Irresponsibles”: Alexander Peter Reid and His “Utilitarian, if Sordid” Discussion of Eugenics in Nova Scotia, 1875–1913." Canadian Journal of History 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh-57-1-2021-0026.

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In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, eugenics was heralded by physicians, social reformers, educators, and politicians as a science that promised to improve human populations and to solve social ills. This article examines and contextualizes the work of Alexander Peter Reid (1836–1920), a Nova Scotian physician, social reformer, and asylum superintendent while tracing the formation of his eugenic ideology and its transnational influences.

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Mandell, Nikki. "Allies or Antagonists? Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781411000466.

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In the early twentieth century, amid heightening industrial tensions, many large corporations introduced welfare work to co-opt their employees' loyalties and pacify public anger. Many of the techniques and ideas of what became known as “welfare capitalism” were adapted from charity aid and settlement work. Over time, however, labor relations moved from being identified as a social reform issue—bound up with other issues on which the new profession of social work concentrated—to a business management prerogative. This article argues that professionalization played a significant role in these developments. Philanthropic reformers initially claimed welfare work as part of their professional agenda. However, in the second decade of the century, the social work profession began to narrow its field of operations. As social work's ambivalent claims on the factory and shop floor atrophied, business schools were introducing elements of industrial social work into their new management curriculums. The burgeoning field of professional labor management incorporated welfare work as one of its essential tools.

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sinha, Dr Poonam. "WOMEN AND SOCIAL REFORMS." GENESIS 7, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47211/tg.2020.v07i03.020.

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Social Reformers faced so many legal problems for women welfare in our society. They want to reform the condition of women in our society. There are so many bad traditions enforced on women who force them to follow rules which are against their development in our society, society never wants reforms to their condition which is against women but some social reformers fight against the law which is made by society for women. It is very clear they never want to change the Law against women which was fabricated by them but some social reformers fight against those Law which was made by the society. They also knew that all these laws which were imposed on women, that are the cruelty of society under which women can never develop in our society. Gradually, the awareness in women increased and she felt that all these laws were against her.

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Afshar, Ahmadreza. "Hands on Stamps: Great Britain 1976—Social Reformers." Journal of Hand Surgery 39, no. 4 (April 2014): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.01.010.

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Lui, Adonica Y. "The Machine and Social Policies: Tammany Hall and the Politics of Public Outdoor Relief, New York City, 1874–1898." Studies in American Political Development 9, no. 2 (1995): 386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0000136x.

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In the late nineteenth century, public outdoor relief came under severe and sustained attack from reformers. Municipal reformers attacked it as a source of machine patronage and corruption, and charity reformers saw it as the cause of pauperism and moral turpitude among the poor. But in New York City, the critical decision to cut the municipal program came not from the reformers, but from the city's Democratic machine, Tammany Hall itself. In December 1876, the machine administration of Tammany Mayor William Wickham and Boss John Kelly terminated municipal outdoor relief funding for 1877, except for the distribution of coal. The previous “reform” administration had, by contrast, kept the program intact.

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Méthot, Mélanie. "Herbert Brown Ames: Political Reformer and Enforcer." Articles 31, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015755ar.

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To make a distinction between political and social reform may appear simplistic, especially when one considers that many turn of the century social reformers were advocates of prohibition, temperance, child welfare and they turned to the pursuit of female enfranchisement, to achieve their goals. Yet, for social reformers contemporary critics, there was a distinction between political and social reforms, and in their eyes, the ones that needed to be urgently implemented were the latter. The review of social reformer Herbert Brown Ames' municipal career shows that he chose to focus on political reform. He did not envision reforms that would radically transform society. Instead, he asked those with means to assume what he believed should be their moral and financial responsibilities towards the less fortunate. He still believed in the hierarchy of classes. He emphasized the importance of honest businessmen holding positions of potential authority, stressing that the key to a better society resided in the establishment of a professional, accountable, and "scientific" municipal government made up of men like himself. His attempt at professionalizing the municipal government should be seen as a first effort at creating a bureaucracy. Ames should be remembered as a paternalist philanthropist businessman who advocated political reforms.

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Lee, William R. "Music Education and Rural Reform, 1900-1925." Journal of Research in Music Education 45, no. 2 (July 1997): 306–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345589.

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Between 1900 and the early 1920s, music began to be viewed as an important social tool by Progressive Era reformers. One aspect of reform was inspired by the Country Life Movement. With over half the children in the United States still living in rural areas, reformers focused on improving the economic and social conditions of rural people. Rural reformers expanded university offerings in music and campaigned for the legal and educational framework for music education. Ideas for mass music education were explored, including efforts based on agricultural extension models. New approaches were tried that are now standard. A social rationale for music was expounded, giving importance to the Community Music Movement and the Pageant Movement. Rural reform contributed to a wider acceptance of music as an important aspect of education and promoted music as a social necessity.

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Sanzhenakov, Alexander A. "Wittgenstein and Husserl as the Reformers of Social Science." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057338.

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The article is devoted to the rule-following problem and its impact on the sociology of science as K.A. Rodin presents them in his article. It is known that L. Wittgenstein in “Philosophical Studies”, using the rule of arithmetic addition as an example, formulated the rule-following problem, which has acquired the ultimate form of skepticism thanks to S. Kripke. This problem was transferred to the sociology of science by D. Bloor, where it received the following sociological explanation: rule-amenably activity can be understood only by incorporating rules into social institutions. P. Winch rejected a skeptical interpretation of this problem, and as K.A. Rodin shows in the article, most adequately showed the consequences of Wittgenstein’s ideas for sociology. In his answer, A.A. Sanzhenakov draws attention to two circumstances. Firstly, sociology was influenced not only by late but also early ideas of Wittgenstein. Secondly, the rule-following problem as an important factor in the sociological turn can also be found in the phenomenology of E. Husserl. The author concludes about the need for additional research, which will draw a line between the influence of Wittgenstein and Husserl on sociology.

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R, Suresh. "Dravidian Movement and Arangannal." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22422.

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Human society was degraded by superstitious practices without intellectual awareness. The society of the day was subjected to decline and suffering. The social reformers who emerged among the communities guided the people. Among them, Jesus, Prophet, Buddha, Gandhi, and others are notable. From time-to-time reformers appeared to reform society on the soil. Because of the illiteracy of the people, inequality and atrocities in society took place every day. Communalism and caste oppression swelled, and women and the downtrodden suffered from irrational acts. There are plenty of intellectual organizations on the soil that have arisen to reform human society to recover from them. The purpose of this article is to study the Dravidian movement that reformed the people against the atrocities of caste, religion, labour exploitation, and bonded labour in southern Tamil Nadu, and the creator Arangannal, who assimilated and spoke and wrote Dravidian ideology.

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Martini, Sandra Regina. "As contribuições inter e transdisciplinares para as constantes reformas do Sistema da Saúde e da Educação no contexto brasileiro / The inter and transdisciplinary contributions to the constant reforms of the Health and Education system in the Brazilian context." Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales 6, no. 2 (December 9, 2017): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revsocial.v6.93.

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RESUMENCotidianamente nos questionamos sobre o significado e o alcance da educação na sociedade, além da saúde aparecer como preocupação constante. Ambos sistemas sociais apresentam alto nível de complexidade estrutural, por isso, fala-se sempre na necessidade de reforma sem muitas vezes “reformar os reformadores”, o que resulta na repetição de inefetividade de ambos sistemas sociais no contexto brasileiro. A partir deste quadro vemos que é necessário algo que possa “ligar” as reformas com a realidade social. Para isso, a postura interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar são fundamentais. Teremos como referência a Teoria Sistêmica, pois esta analisa a sociedade nas suas possibilidades e nos seus riscos. ABSTRACTEvery day we question the meaning and scope of education in society, and health appears to be a constant concern. Both social systems have a high level of structural complexity, so there is always talk of the need for reform without often "reforming the reformers", which results in the repetition of ineffectiveness of both social systems in the Brazilian context. From this picture we see that something is needed that can "connect" the reforms with the social reality. For this, the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary stance are fundamental. We will refer to Systemic Theory, since it analyzes society in its possibilities and its risks.

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Faust, Friederike, and Klara Nagel. "The Just Prison? Women’s Prison Reform and the Figure of the “Offender-as-Victim” in Germany." Studies in Social Justice 18, no. 2 (April 4, 2024): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v18i2.4343.

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During the 1990s, the Berlin women’s prison was reformed to do justice to female inmates. This redesigning of space and programs was intended to meet women-specific conditions and needs. The present paper engages with this prison reform as transformation in the name of gender justice. Based on interviews with prison reformers, criminologists, and policymakers, as well as on the analysis of historical documents, we illuminate how a specific figure of the “criminalized woman” helps to translate the abstract notion of social justice into situated practice. From the 1970s onward, a new knowledge of women’s crime would emerge: it constituted female offenders as victims of patriarchal oppression and victimization, allowing the prison system to be criticized as androcentric and discriminatory against women. We argue that subsequent reform pursued gender justice in the form of difference-based, gender-responsive programs and spaces targeting individual inmates’ character and mindset. Thereby, the reformers’ initial critique of social justice would be unintentionally depoliticized and so gender, economic, and political inequalities remained unaddressed. Our purpose is hence twofold: first, to review the recent history of women’s incarceration in Germany, and second, to add a social justice focus to the international criminological debate on gender, prison, and reform.

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Nishizawa, Tamotsu. "The economics of social reform across borders: Fukuda's welfare economic studies in international perspective." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 232–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000059.

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AbstractThis article examines how, in the course of modernization, Japan learned from Germany and Britain about ideas and institutions concerning social reform, and attempted to implement and develop them at home. It focuses on Fukuda Tokuzo, a pioneering liberal economist and social reformer, who studied under the German historical economist Lujo Brentano, and who was also inspired by the British scholars Alfred Marshall, A. C. Pigou, and J. A. Hobson. By examining how Fukuda's ideas and work were developed and assimilated in Japan, this article shows how Japanese social reformers navigated the two key strands of economic thinking that witnessed a process of globalization during this period: neoclassical welfare economics, on the one hand, and an ethical-historical style of economics, on the other. It shows how the latter was stronger in a latecomer country to modernization such as Japan.

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VANINSKAYA, ANNA. "SOCIALISTS AND SOCIAL REFORMERS IN LATE VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN BRITAIN." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000113.

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Fishback, Price V., and Shawn Everett Kantor. "“Square Deal” or Raw Deal? Market Compensation for Workplace Disamenities, 1884–1903." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 4 (December 1992): 826–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070001192x.

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Early twentieth-century social reformers claimed that public insurance was necessary because employers ignored the financial needs of their unemployed, injured, or ill workers. Reformers dismissed the idea that competition in the labor market would boost the wages of workers who faced greater chances of job-related financial distress. This article reports a test of the compensating-wage-difference hypothesis on wage samples of men, women, and children from 1884 to 1903. We found mixed support for the reformers' claims: unemployment risk tended to be fully compensated; accident risk was only partially compensated; and occupational illness went unremunerated.

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Fry, John J. ""Good Farming–Clear Thinking–Right Living": Midwestern Farm Newspapers, Social Reform, and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century." Agricultural History 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.1.34.

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Abstract Between 1895 and 1920 technological, economic, demographic, and cultural changes transformed American rural life. This article argues that historians should not take agricultural newspapers as is and assume that they expressed the farmer’s point of view. Because most of the publishers and editors of farm newspapers lived in cities and were influenced by progressive reformers, farm newspapers often reflected urban reform ideas. At the same time, farm newspapers provided space for opposing viewpoints by publishing letters to the editor. The coverage of agricultural education and rural school consolidation in four midwestern farm newspapers provides an illustrative case study of this interaction. While publishers and editors promoted reformers’ recommendations, many farmers did not agree with or follow their advice. As a result, farm newspapers are better seen not as expressing the ideas of farmers, but providing a forum for reformers and farmers to debate proposed changes to country life.

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Kurdić, Šefik. "REFORMERS AND THEIR PERCEPTION OF THE SUNNA." Zbornik radova Islamskog pedagoškog fakulteta u Zenici (Online), no. 7 (December 15, 2009): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2009.159.

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In the last few centuries, European colonialism replaced, neutralized, and minimized local political, social, economic, legal, and educational institutions in the Muslim world, and thus it, undoubtedly, became a chalenge for Islamic religion and culture. Exactly this new state produced reformers who tried to insure an Islamic basis for educational, legal and social reform in order to revitalize dormant and declined Muslim community. For most of those reformers renaissance of the Muslim community was the first step towards national independence or setting free from the despised oppression of colonializm, and a step towards renewing Muslim power and strength. They firmly believed that Islam is a source of strength and unity. Out of numerous reformatory movements, this paper presents three very numerous and important ones: Muhammad's b. 'Abdulwahhaba Movement, Senusijski and Muslim Brethren Movement. Their influence is present in many parts of the world today. This paper especially analyses their relationship to the Sunna, the second source of the Sharia law. Key words: selefije, senusije, Muslim Brethren, Muhammad b. Abdulwahhab, Ali as-Sanusi and Hasan al-Banna.

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MACPHERSON, ANNE S. "Citizens v. Clients: Working Women and Colonial Reform in Puerto Rico and Belize, 1932–45." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 2 (May 2003): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0300676x.

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Marked differences in mid-twentieth-century reformers' approaches to politically active working women in Belize and Puerto Rico help to explain the emergence of colonial hegemony in the latter, and the rise of mass nationalism in the former. Reformers in both colonies were concerned with working women, but whereas British and Belizean reformers treated them as sexually and politically disordered, and aimed to transform them from militant wage-earners to clients of state social services, US and Puerto Rican reformers treated them as voting citizens with legitimate roles in the economy and labour movement. Although racialised moralism was not absent in Puerto Rico, the populism of colonial reform there helped cement a renegotiated colonial compact, while the non-populist character of reform in Belize – and the wider British Caribbean – alienated working women from the colonial state.

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Commins, David. "Religious Reformers and Arabists in Damascus, 1885–1914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, no. 4 (November 1986): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800030762.

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The literature on the genesis of Arab nationalism in Syria often mentions a group of religious reformers who influenced the first generation of Arab nationalists. The relationship between reformers and nationalists, however, has not been explored, perhaps because sources mention the influence of liberal sheikhs without suggesting where the sheikhs came from or what they signified. This study traces the social origins and ideological import of the religious reform movement in Damascus, a hitherto neglected phenomenon. The relationship between reformers and Arabists is also discussed so as to shed new light on the beginnings of Arab nationalism and its significance in late Ottoman Syria.

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Yáñez Andrade, Juan Carlos. "The Argentine Social Museum (1911-1925). The links of Socials Reformers on Southern Cone of América." Quinto Sol 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/qs.v24i1.3388.

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Gagen, Elizabeth A. "An Example to Us All: Child Development and Identity Construction in Early 20th-Century Playgrounds." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 4 (April 2000): 599–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3237.

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At the turn of the 20th century, children's play came under new and heightened scrutiny by urban reformers. As conditions in US cities threatened traditional notions of order, reformers sought new ways to direct urban-social development. In this paper I explore playground reform as an institutional response that aimed to produce and promote ideal gender identities in children. Supervised summer playgrounds were established across the United States as a means of drawing children off the street and into a corrective environment. Drawing from literature published by the Playground Association of America and a case study of playground management in Cambridge, MA, I explore playground training as a means of constructing gender identities in and through public space. Playground reformers asserted, drawing from child development theory, that the child's body was a conduit through which ‘inner’ identity surfaced. The child's body became a site through which gender identities could be both monitored and produced, compelling reformers to locate playgrounds in public, visible settings. Reformers' conviction that exposing girls to public vision threatened their development motivated a series of spatial restrictions. Whereas boys were unambiguously displayed to public audiences, girls' playgrounds were organised to accommodate this fear. Playground reformers' shrewd spatial tactics exemplify the ways in which institutional authorities conceive of and deploy space toward the construction of identity.

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Winant, Gabriel. "The Natural Profits of Their Years of Labor." Radical History Review 2021, no. 139 (January 1, 2021): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8822614.

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Abstract This article uses the politics of old age to help explain the moral conservatism of the American welfare state. It argues that the onset of Fordism caused both uneven economic displacement of old workers and broader anxiety among social reformers about dependency and the forms of social disorder it produced by disturbing normative families. The management of this disturbance became a key promise of the movement for old-age pensions in the 1920s, in which Progressive labor reformers and conservative workers’ and fraternal organizations combined in an effort to support and rehabilitate the patriarchal family form through social policy. This logic ultimately became embedded in Social Security. Grasping this helps clarify the conservative dimensions of the New Deal as a moment of class, state, and racial formation.

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Mozafari, Arshavez. "Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran." American Journal of Islam and Society 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v27i4.1291.

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One cannot think of politicized Islam in Iran without thinking of the IranianLeft’s formation and overall history. The awkward yet symbiotic relationshipbetween them continues to impact how political decisions are made,especially at the parliamentary level. Given the Left’s wide-ranging linkageswith surrounding regions, including the Causacus (early twentieth century)and the Arab Middle East (particularly during the 1970s), experts dealingwith those regions’ politics would benefit from this work. As one of theMiddle East’s strongest leftist movements before the 1980s, any discussionof neighboring revolutionary movements must at least consider it. Althoughthis book assumes familiarity with twentieth-century Iran’s secular politicsand might be considered too dense, its rather large bibliographic section ismeant to encourage individual intellectual pursuits.Many contemporary scholars of the Iranian Left agree on its adherents’general lack of critical self-reflection throughout the twentieth century.Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran offers a forum for criticalreassessments of organizational platforms along with constructive propositionsmeant to enhance the viability of left-leaning programs – especiallysocial-democratic initiatives. This latter point is crucial, because severalcontributors deliberately state the importance of rejuvenating the Leftthrough social democratic reformism. Historical examples are used to provethis option’s viability over the more “rigid” Marxist-Leninist and Stalinistexamples ...

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Cockroft, Jeannette. "American Reformers 1870-1920 - Progressives In Word And Deed." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 32, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.32.2.108-109.

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This book is a collection of twelve biographical essays dealing with major figures of American social, political, and economic reform in the period 1870-1920. Arranged in chronological order and rooted in secondary sources, these essays include well-known reformers such as Lester Frank Ward, Jane Addams, and Walter Rauschenbusch, as well as lesser known reformers such as Charles W. Macune, Harvey W. Wiley, and John Randolph Haynes. In discussing the contributions made by these individuals, Piott transcends the traditional late nineteenth and early twentieth-century divisions between Populism and Progressivism; instead, he develops a comprehensive political and economic framework that not only underscores the excesses of industrial capitalism but also outlines a framework for amelioration. To this end, Piott identifies three commonalities among reformers.

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Zenderland, Leila. "Biblical Biology: American Protestant Social Reformers and the Early Eugenics Movement." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003185.

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The ArgumentIn most historical accounts, eugenic doctrines and Christian beliefs are assumed to be adversaries. Such a perspective is too narrow, however, for while many prominent eugenicists were indeed religious skeptics, others sought to reconcile eugenics with Christianity. Various American Protestant social reformers tried to synthesize new biological theories with older biblical ideas about the meaning of a good inheritance. Such syntheses played an important role in disseminating eugenic doctrines into America's deeply Protestant heartland.

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Barker, Drucilla. "Economists, social reformers, and prophets: a feminist critique of economic efficiency." Feminist Economics 1, no. 3 (November 1, 1995): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714042247.

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O’Neill, Deirdre, Valarie Sands, and Graeme Hodge. "P3s and Social Infrastructure: Three Decades of Prison Reform in Victoria, Australia." Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x19899103.

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Once regarded as core public sector business, Australia’s prisons were reformed during the 1990s and Australia now has the highest proportion of prisoners in privately managed prisons in the world. How could this have happened? This article presents a case study of the State of Victoria and explains how public–private partnerships (P3s) were used to create a mixed public–private prison system. Despite the difficulty of determining clear and rigorous evaluation results, we argue that lessons from the Victorian experience are possible. First, neither the extreme fears of policy critics nor the grandiose policy and technical promises of reformers were fully met. Second, short-term success was achieved in political and policy terms by the delivery of badly needed new prisons. Third, the exact degree to which the state has achieved cheaper, better, and more accountable prison services remains contested. As a consequence, there is a need to continue experimentation but with greater transparency.

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O'Hara, Jonathan. "Late 19th century administrative reform in America: re-articulating Hamiltonian thought." International Review of Administrative Sciences 75, no. 1 (March 2009): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852308099512.

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In this article, the intellectual thought of a group of key late 19th century national administrative reformers is isolated and analyzed. These reformers were interested in reforming the civil, military and business administrative functions of the executive branch to provide for greater elite administrative supervision over and intervention in the national society and economy. The reformers often articulated their reform purposes, motives and goals in the Hamiltonian language of administrative authority and popular deference to executive administrative counsels. An important key to understanding this article is recognizing that while environmental social and economic conditions had changed significantly for the Gilded Age reformers since the American constitutional founding, many elements of the Hamiltonian tradition still resonated with the reformers a full century later. In this way, the historically transmitted ideology and rhetoric of Hamiltonian thought can be seen as having an independent, causative impact on the administrative reformers' purposes, motives and goals related to executive administrative reform. Points for practitioners This article explores an era of American administrative reform that should be of interest to practitioners of administration in other countries. The article's narrative displays a route to reform that is distinct from the more conventionally studied pathways of bureaucratic efficiency and administrative legal mechanisms applied to administrative organizations. The particular American ideas and thinkers examined in this article give a glimpse of a pathway to reform that is absent in many other societies.

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Dzhunushalieva, Gulnara. "The Establishment of Social Entrepreneurship Movements as A Response to The Transformation of Governments' Social Policies (The Case of Four EAEU Countries)." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2016.1.1(3).

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Objective - This article summarizes research into the social entrepreneurship movement based on databases which include respondents from the following countries: the Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation. This article tries to relate the efficiency of social policy to social issues. Methodology/Technique - We selected 180 acting social enterprises and 36 from 4 post-soviet countries and conducted interviews and observations to create a database. Based on defined key criteria, different types of social actors were classified and grouped. Findings - The findings indicate that state funding for social services and social protection has fallen dramatically due to a sharp decline in GDP and in the residual shares of GDP allocated for social policy. Our analysis indicates that countries which experienced a transformation of government social policy have a greater variety of social actors. Through the database, we were able to define and classify 8 typical groups of social actors. Two of them - social activists and social reformers - can help a nation to create a new stable system for target social groups. Novelty - Originality of the findings of this article. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Social entrepreneurship; social reformer; social activists, social policy; problem solution; social groups; social issues

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Hoffman, M. Curtis. "Public Administration in the Social Reform Movement." Public Voices 4, no. 3 (January 13, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.306.

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At the start of the 20th century, social reform competed with structural reform for the hearts and minds of urban reformers. Public administration scholarship has long recognized P A's roots in the structural reform tradition. In contrast, P A's relationship to the social reform tradition has remained obscure. This exploration in the history of ideas shows that social reform rejected many principles upon which public administration now rests, and advanced many alternative concepts in their stead.

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Niezen, R. W. "The ‘Community of Helpers of the Sunna’: Islamic reform among the Songhay of Gao (Mali)." Africa 60, no. 3 (July 1990): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160113.

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Opening ParagraphIn recent decades a scripturalist, anti-Sufi interpretation of Islam has made steady gains in several parts of sub-Saharan Africa. For non-reformers who are confronted with this phenomenon it is easy to consider all active reformers as emerging from the same mould, as turning for inspiration and guidance to the same religious sources, differing only in the intensity of their fervour or commitment. The task of a more scholarly approach to ‘puritan’ Islamic reform, however, is to consider how it is integrated into different social contexts, how it can be used to change or reinforce the social arrangements and institutions of particular groups. This is the general aim of the present article, which considers the social background of factionalism in the emergence of a reform movement among the Songhay of Gao.

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Klausen, Jytte. "Social Rights Advocacy and State Building: T. H. Marshall in the Hands of Social Reformers." World Politics 47, no. 2 (January 1995): 244–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100016099.

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This article argues that it is a fallacy to regard “social citizenship” as granting social rights equivalent to civil rights and suffrage. The argument is based partly upon a textual analysis showing that in formulating his influential “trinity” of citizenship, T. H. Marshall obfuscated differences between the distributional logic of redistributive policy and political and civil rights. The second part of the argument is based upon an empirical discussion of how social citizenship arguments have been applied to create comprehensive social reform.The Scandinavian welfare states play a central role in the discussion as examples of the inclu-sionary benefits of social citizenship. Three instances of welfare state expansion are discussed: the passage of legislation establishing flat-rate retirement benefits, the institution of supplementary earnings-related retirement benefits, and feminist mobilization in the 1980s for a “woman-friendly” welfare state. It is shown that claims to social citizenship are used by out-groups to demand inclusion in electoral coalitions aiming at welfare state expansion.The article concludes that social citizenship is inextricably linked to redistributive political conflict between in-groups and out-groups and depends upon state capacity to raise revenues and to police entitlement. A key difference between social rights and political and civil rights is that consumption of the former hinges on both the consent of the community and the willingness of others to pay for such consumption, while consumption of the latter does not impose direct costs upon others.

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Lui, Adonica Y. "Political and Institutional Constraints of Reform: The Charity Reformers' Failed Campaigns Against Public Outdoor Relief, New York City, 1874–1898." Journal of Policy History 7, no. 3 (July 1995): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003833.

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One of the United States' most enduring social policy conflicts in the nineteenth century concerned the controversy over the provision of municipal outdoor relief. J In the last third of the century, New York City, Brooklyn, and Philadelphia abolished the program. The actual political struggles over outdoor relief, however, have not been closely studied. Most accounts assume that the fierce opposition of the charity reformers to outdoor relief caused this long-standing social provision to be abolished. Instead of a story of “reform success,” this study of the outdoor relief conflicts in New York City between 1874 and 1898 documents the reformers' long years of frustration and ineffectiveness in the city's relief politics.

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Adhikari, Anasuya, and Birbal Saha. "Lesser Known Indian Women Educators and Reformers." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210956.

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India can presently be called a leading nation while considering the field of women education. But the scenario was not always the same. Women had to struggle to reach this summit. The path was not easy and smooth. Interestingly enough, eminent women themselves played a crucial role in not only establishing themselves, but also in promoting women’s education, health, shelter homes, care for the orphans etc. They established schools and other institutes to promote education to not only the women but also to the weaker section of the society and fight against the injustice. This paper is an attempt to remember few of these eminent women, like Tarabai Modak, Durgabai Deshmukh, Anutai Wagh, Pandita Ramabai, Pandita Brahmacharini Chandbai, Nawab Begum Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan, who were path breakers in their attempt to transcend the homely domain and set a new milestone. This paper also attempts to credit these noteworthy women for their extraordinary contribution to social services. Keywords: Women Educators, Women Reformers, Female Education, Indian Women.

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EVENER, VINCENT. "From the Universal to the Particular: Luther and the Reformation after Five Hundred Years." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 69, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 806–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046918000635.

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Scholarship in recent decades has steadily chipped away at the image of Martin Luther as a figure of singular historical significance. Some have sought to embed Luther firmly in his late medieval context, and to situate him within a circle of reformers. Others have pluralised the Reformation, describing a diversity of ideas and movements not bound to Luther's teaching – an array of ‘visions of reform’ shaped by social location and gender. Social and cultural history have enriched a field long dominated by historians of theology and politics. Finally, efforts to rethink periodisation have unseated Luther and the Reformation from the turning point of history. Luther and his fellow reformers thus can find themselves at the end of an ‘age of reform’ that began centuries before, or in the middle of longer and more fundamental processes of social, political and religious transition.

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Ince, Jelani, Brandon M. Finlay, and Fabio Rojas. "College campus activism: Distinguishing between liberal reformers and conservative crusaders." Sociology Compass 12, no. 9 (July 26, 2018): e12603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12603.

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Kotyukova, Tatiana. "Mahkmudkhodja Behbudiy about the Turkestan Representation in the State Duma of the Russian Empire (Based on Publications in the “Native Newspaper of Turkestan”)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015903-2.

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The article is dedicated to one of the most prominent and influential social and political figures of Turkestan Mahkmudkhodja Behbudiy. Like many enlighteners and reformers of the early twentieth century he enthusiastically and hopefully met the October Manifesto. Many contemporaries called the first experience of building a parliamentary system in the Russian Empire “The Duma of Hope”. For Behbudiy and Turkestan Jadid reformers the Duma tribune was perceived as a platform for political dialogue, opening up opportunities for serious economic, social and political reforms in Turkestan. Behbudiy used every opportunity to convey to his compatriots the full importance of the empire that took place in the socio-political life. He shared his thoughts with his compatriots particularly on the pages of the “Native newspaper of Turkestan”.

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Abrams, Laura S. "Guardians of Virtue: The Social Reformers and the “Girl Problem,” 1890‐1920." Social Service Review 74, no. 3 (September 2000): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516412.

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Davidow, Julie. "“The Crusade Is Now Begun in Philadelphia”: Municipal Reformers, Southern Moderates, and African American Politics." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217746162.

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As the twentieth century dawned, social and political reformers increasingly identified the growing black population in Philadelphia as an important underpinning of the city’s corrupt Republican political machine. This article explores the ways in which Philadelphia’s urban political corruption narrative, with its pointed attacks on black partisanship and electoral participation, developed in dialogue with white southerners’ campaigns to frame Reconstruction as a perversion of democracy. Rather than simply solidifying Jim Crow in the South, northern reformers and southern moderates borrowed from each other to shape and articulate an emerging national consensus that African Americans were unfit for full participation in the body politic.

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Oldfield, Kenneth. "The Social Aspects of Hand Washing in American Restaurants: An Administrative Approach to Reducing Public and Private Health Care Costs." Administration & Society 49, no. 5 (April 3, 2016): 753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399716638121.

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Proper hand sanitation prevents spreading of many types of illness and infection, thereby lowering the quantitative and qualitative costs of public and private health care. Research shows that thinking or knowing someone is watching you wash your hands in a public lavatory appreciably improves the odds of you doing so. Nevertheless, most restaurants place their hand washing facilities inside the bathroom, beyond public view. Reformers from the public and private sectors should work cooperatively to incentivize restaurant owners voluntarily to place their hand washing facilities in public spaces. If this uncompelled approach proves unsuccessful, reformers should seek to impose laws requiring that all public eateries place their bathroom washbasins in conspicuous locations. The discussion closes by suggesting ancillary improvements to test in pursuit of further improving hand washing rates and practices in public spaces.

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Simonyan, R. H. "Russian Reformers of the 1990s. (Biographical Research Experience)." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 44, no. 6 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920029014-1.

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In recent history, the triumph of the philosophical law on the increase of the subjective factor in social development is becoming particularly evident. In these conditions, psychology is becoming more and more in demand. The article examines the psychological mechanisms of appointment by the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin of the head of the economic department of the newspaper “Pravda” E. Gaidar to lead the implementation of economic reforms in Russia. A psychological portrait of Gaidar and his associates is presented on the basis of the biographical method with the involvement of a wide source and factual materials. It is shown that the results of the Russian economic reforms carried out in the 1990s are a consequence of the human qualities of reformers — professional competence, value orientations and attitudes.

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Cochran-Smith, Marilyn. "Learning to Teach against the Grain." Harvard Educational Review 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.61.3.q671413614502746.

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Can prospective teachers learn to be both educators and activists, to regard themselves as agents for change, and to regard reform as an integral part of the social, intellectual, ethical,and political activity of teaching? In this article, Marilyn Cochran-Smith argues that a powerful way for student teachers to learn to reform teaching, or what she refers to as teaching against the grain, is to work in the company of experienced teachers who are themselves struggling to be reformers in their own classrooms, schools, and communities. Cochran-Smith analyzes two approaches to preparing preservice teachers to teach against the grain, proposing that differences between them can be understood as the result of different underlying assumptions about knowledge, power, and language in teaching. By analyzing conversations among student teachers and experienced teachers in four urban schools, the author explores the nature of reformers' intellectual perspectives on teaching and demonstrates that regular school-site discussions are an indispensable resource in the education of reformers.

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Borderías, Cristina. "Conflict over Women’s Working Times on the Eve of Industrialisation: Spanish Social Reformers’ Surveys at the End of the Nineteenth Century." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 15, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.20443.

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During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Spain experienced growing social instability. The worsening working conditions stimulated social conflict and the rise of the labour movement. In this context, the first voices in favour of state intervention in conflicts between capital and labour arose among the reformist intellectual elite. One of the first social policy measures undertaken by the state was the creation, in 1883, of the Comisión de Reformas Sociales (Commission for Social Reforms, CRS) as a consultative and advisory institution of the government on social issues. Under the influence of positivist methods of empirical sociology, the commission’s first initiative was to conduct a survey with the objective of undertaking a detailed diagnosis of the living conditions of the working population. Changing gender relations in the family and labour market, especially the conflicts over the use of women’s time, was one of the central questions in this survey. Thus, its results allow us to analyse both the discourses – by social reformers and other social groups – and the social practices of women at work in different sectors and in different parts of Spain.

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MCCORMICK, JOHN P. "Faulty Foundings and Failed Reformers in Machiavelli'sFlorentine Histories." American Political Science Review 111, no. 1 (February 2017): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000678.

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T his article argues against prevailing scholarly trends that theFlorentine Historiescontinues to delineate the ways through which Niccolò Machiavelli, inThe Princeand theDiscourses, advised potential founders or reformers to exploit, for their own benefit and that of their patria, the inevitable social conflicts between elites and the people that arise in all polities. Machiavelli demonstrates that, in particular, Giano della Bella and Michele di Lando could and should have attempted to imitate exemplary ancient founders and reformers whom he praises in previous works, especially Moses, Romulus, and Brutus. Machiavelli implicitly criticizes Giano and Michele for failing to spiritedly invigorate new laws with necessary and salutary violence; for neglecting to effectively manage the “envy” of rival peers; for not resisting the allure of “middle ways” between difficult political choices; and for failing to militarily organize or mobilize the entirety of Florence's common people.

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Koch, Tom. "Mapping the Miasma: Air, Health, and Place in Early Medical Mapping." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 52 (September 1, 2005): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp52.376.

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Medical mapping is broadly assumed to have been a nineteenth century reaction both to the appearance of cholera and the social consciousness of principally British reformers. It is however older, more embedded in the scientific enterprise than the social critique, and in the end, more central to both than researchers typically recognize. This paper argues that medical mapping was from its start in the late 1600s principally a tool for the self-conscious testing of spatial propositions, arguing a relationship between health and place, and between the locus of specific disease incidence and suspected sites of local infectious generation. Through the nineteenth century the resulting work--social and medical— typically advanced a miasmatic theory that argued that infectious diseases were generated spontaneously and diffused naturally through the air. This paper reviews the history of medical cartography as a scientific enterprise in the age of miasma, and the importance of this work to social reformers as an outcome rather than a principal impetus to mapping as a critical tool.

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A, Latha Maheswari. "A Comparative Study of Vaikundaswamy, Ramalingaswamy Community Thoughts." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22222.

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In the 19th century there was a great domination of the higher-class people towards the lower-class people in Kanyakumari district. The latter was discriminated on the basis of social, political and caste system. When this discrimination was at its high peak social reformers like Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy came to rescue the segregated class of people. Vaikunda Swami hailed from Kanyakumari District and Ramalinga Swami from Southarcot District. These two reformers advocated the policy of ‘one caste, one religion and one God.’ They revamped the society with their principle and revolutionized the spirit of people to live a civilized life. They fought for the Social Justice of the socially downtrodden People. In order to commemorate the struggle and service rendered to the socially, politically and Economically segregated Sect, Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy are regarded as Gods among the people. Vaikunda Swamy’s Akila thirattu Ammanai and ArulNool contain the social reformation of his age. Similarly, Ramalinga Swamy’s Thiruvaruttapa and Thiruvarutppa Varainadaipakuthy portray social atrocities confronted by the lower-class people. This article attempts to compare the ideas between Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy’s reformative books titled Akilathirattu Ammanai, ArulNool and Thiruvaruttpa, Thiruvaruttpa Vurainadaipakuthy.

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SHARMA, MANISH. "Child marriage debates during British India." VEETHIKA-An International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/veethika.2021.07.01.006.

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The social reformers continuously attacked the custom of child marriage in the mid-nineteenth century, but they could not start an organized campaign for various reasons. Apart from individual feminism, the female voice was also quiet. In the late Nineteenth Century, the reformer’s campaign did not attack the religious aspect of child marriage rather focused on its moral and physical elements. Consequently, they restricted their efforts to the sphere of Age of Consent for sexual Consummation of girls only. The Revivalist leaders' massive opposition compelled the British Indian Government not to interfere with its domestic sphere. The various changes in the first half of the twentieth century supplied a favourable environment to reopen child marriage. In this paper, the author will examine those changes and delineate the shift from “Age of Consent to the age of marriage”.

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Carlton-LaNey, Iris, and Vanessa Hodges. "African American Reformers’ Mission: Caring for Our Girls and Women." Affilia 19, no. 3 (August 2004): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109904265853.

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Fitzpatrick, Reilly L. "Redundant Women as Reformers in Gaskell’s Cranford and My Lady Ludlow." Victorians: A Journal of Culture and Literature 145, no. 1 (June 2024): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vct.2024.a931642.

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ABSTRACT: Elizabeth Gaskell’s protagonists are often categorized as redundant, particularly spinsters and widows. Such characters potentially complicate Gaskell’s feminist status, seemingly embodying the repressive stereotypes of Victorian femininity. But rather than portraying them as unproductive, ridiculous, and marginal, Gaskell creates characters who directly counter the idea of redundancy. Her spinsters and widows are reformers who catalyze significant social change and redefine the power of elderly, unmarried women against patriarchal paradigms. The shift from redundancy to reform is especially evident in Cranford (1853) and My Lady Ludlow (1858), which cast Miss Matty and Lady Ludlow as influential social figures who not only challenge tradition but reject its intolerance by working to rebuild their communities around a more inclusive model based on morality and relationality.

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HAMMOND, J. DANIEL. "STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: FR. JOHN A. RYAN AND THE MINIMUM WAGE MOVEMENT." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 33, no. 4 (December 2011): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837211000277.

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Fr. John A. Ryan (1869–1945) was one of the early advocates of minimum wage laws in the United States. The thesis of this paper is that in three respects Fr. Ryan stood apart from other advocates of the minimum wage. First, during the period of his work, economics was developing on the basis of the positivist conception of science. Fr. Ryan’s case for the minimum wage combined economics with “non-scientific” theology and philosophy. Second, most religiously motivated American reformers were Protestants, and their advocacy was grounded in the Protestant Social Gospel movement. This was different from Fr. Ryan’s grounding in the social encyclicals of Popes Leo XIII and Pius XI, which themselves were grounded in the Catholic Church’s constant teaching that man is made in the image of God. Third, many reformers were motivated not at all by religion, but by the utilitarian calculus that had become the foundation of the social sciences. Although Fr. Ryan made utilitarian judgments in his analysis, he was not an ethical utilitarian.

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Sage, William M., and Jennifer E. Laurin. "If You Would Not Criminalize Poverty, Do Not Medicalize It." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804199.

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American society tends to medicalize or criminalize social problems. Criminal justice reformers have made arguments for a positive role in the relief of poverty that are similar to those aired in healthcare today. The consequences of criminalizing poverty caution against its continued medicalization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Social reformers'

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