Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social reinforcers

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Social reinforcers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Social reinforcers.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Stevens, Jennifer, David May, Nancy Rice, and G. Roger Jarjoura. "Nonsocial Versus Social Reinforcers." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 9, no. 4 (October 2011): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204011409764.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Durand, V. Mark, Daniel B. Crimmins, Marie Caulfield, and Jill Taylor. "Reinforcer Assessment I: Using Problem Behavior to Select Reinforcers." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 14, no. 2 (June 1989): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079698901400203.

Full text
Abstract:
We tested the hypothesis that knowledge of the variables controlling problem behavior could be used to select reinforcers. Students with severe developmental disabilities who exhibited frequent aggression, self-injury, and/or tantrums participated in the study. One group (N = 7) was assessed to engage in problem behavior maintained by social attention, and the second group (N = 7) was assessed to engage in problem behavior maintained by escape from unpleasant situations. A combined multiple baseline and alternating treatments design demonstrated that (a) praise was a reinforcer for the group with attention-maintained behavior and appeared to serve as a punisher for the students with escape-maintained behavior, (b) a procedural “time-out” was a reinforcer for the latter group, and (c) problem behavior was lowest when students with attention-maintained problem behavior were praised and students with escape-maintained problem behavior received the procedural time-out. This study suggests that stimuli that are functionally related to problem behavior (e.g., social attention, escape from tasks) can be used effectively as reinforcers. These findings further emphasize the need to individually select reinforcers because, for some individuals, a presumably positive consequence such as social praise can serve as a punisher.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Wolfe, Katie, S. Shanun Kunnavatana, and Adrianna M. Shoemaker. "An Investigation of a Video-Based Preference Assessment of Social Interactions." Behavior Modification 42, no. 5 (September 14, 2017): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517731062.

Full text
Abstract:
We examined the use of a paired-stimulus, video-based preference assessment (VPA) to identify high- and low-preference social interactions for three children with autism spectrum disorder. We conducted two VPAs with each participant: one with access to the interaction contingent on each selection and one without access. We also conducted a concurrent-operant reinforcer assessment to evaluate the accuracy of the VPAs in identifying reinforcers. For two participants, the VPAs corresponded strongly and the results of the reinforcer assessment suggest that the high-preference interaction produced more of the target response than the low-preference interaction. For the other participant, the VPAs identified different high- and low-preference interactions, and the results of the reinforcer assessment suggest that the VPA without access may have been more accurate in identifying a reinforcer.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Vanderhooft, Lauren, Lavinia Tan, and Timothy D. Hackenberg. "DEMAND FOR SOCIAL CONTACT IN RATS: TOWARD A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT VALUE." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 45, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 330–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75571.

Full text
Abstract:
Rats were studied in social-release procedures, in which lever presses by one rat released a second rat from a tube restraint for a period of social interaction. Both the fixed-ratio price and the duration of social contact were varied systematically on a within-subject basis, generating a total of 27 demand functions across six subjects. Overall, the data were well accounted for by the essential value model (96% VAF), supporting a social reinforcement view, according to which social-release behavior is maintained by social contact with another rat. Response rates and parameter fitswere comparable in 25-min and 120-min sessions, showing little evidence of satiation.Overall, the findings suggest that socially-reinforced behavior shares functionalproperties with other reinforcers, and illustrate a promising set of methods for quantifying social reinforcement value.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Yazıcıoğlu, Tansel. "An Analysis of the Use of Secondary Reinforcers by Pre-School Teachers for the Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Classes." Journal of Education and Training Studies 8, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v8i4.4655.

Full text
Abstract:
Reinforcement is one of the widely used practices in today's educational environments. Teachers often use reinforcement as a form of discipline in the classroom, and these reinforcements allow students to learn new ideas, skills, and rules. Reinforcers can be used effectively in teaching of the social and academic skills as well as in reducing or eliminating problem behaviors. Therefore, this study aims at identifying how pre-school teachers in inclusive classes employ secondary reinforcers for the students with special needs. The study is designed as a descriptive research. The participants of the study are four pre-school teachers working in Ankara who teach students with special needs. In this study, the data were collected through the Teacher and Student Information Form and Learned Reinforcement Checklist which was developed by the author. The findings of the study indicate that the participants mostly use social reinforcers. In other words, they all prefer to use social reinforcers such as praise words and applauding for the students with special needs. The findings of the study indicate that the participants employ limited number of activity reinforcers and all teachers participated in the study employed token reinforcers for the students with special needs.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Kelly, Maureen A., Eileen M. Roscoe, Gregory P. Hanley, and Kevin Schlichenmeyer. "Evaluation of assessment methods for identifying social reinforcers." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaba.107.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Nevin, John A. "Stimuli, reinforcers, and private events." Behavior Analyst 31, no. 2 (October 2008): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392165.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kim, Elizabeth S., Lauren D. Berkovits, Emily P. Bernier, Dan Leyzberg, Frederick Shic, Rhea Paul, and Brian Scassellati. "Social Robots as Embedded Reinforcers of Social Behavior in Children with Autism." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 5 (October 31, 2012): 1038–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1645-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Koegel, Robert L., Ty W. Vernon, and Lynn K. Koegel. "Improving Social Initiations in Young Children with Autism Using Reinforcers with Embedded Social Interactions." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39, no. 9 (April 9, 2009): 1240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0732-5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Birkimer, John C., and Linda K. Bledsoe. "Covert Self-Reinforcers, Fear of Consequences, and Health Behavior." Journal of Social Psychology 139, no. 5 (October 1999): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598425.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Delmendo, Xeres. "Evaluation of reinforcers: A unit price analysis." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2613.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of the present study was to develop an approach to determining relative reinforcer value for children, using unit price theory. A free operant preference assessment was conducted with four children, followed by a reinforcer assessment to determine reinforcer efficacy. Following the reinforcer assessment, the unit price evaluation was conducted. The number of reinforcers and number of responses required were manipulated by varying the number of reinforcers provided and the fixed-ratio (FR) requirement, respectively. Four or five different unit price values were compared for each child, and each child's performance was compared with two combinations of FR schedule and number of reinforcers earned for each unit price. The study tested a prediction of unit price theory that as unit price increases, number of responses will increase to an asymptote and decrease thereafter. Results showed that responding increased and then decreased as unit price increased for 2 of the 4 children for one of the two unit price series. Another unit price theory prediction tested was that the rate of consumption of obtained reinforcers at a given price will be a constant regardless of the response requirement and magnitude of reinforcer that make up the unit price. Results showed that consumption was usually similar given equal unit price values but differing FR and amount of consumables received for all 4 participants. These data suggest that unit price theory may be a useful framework for assessing relative reinforcer value. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that reinforcers may be potent in terms of work rate under one reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combination but not another combination. In terms of consumption, reinforcers may be approximately equally potent under various reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combinations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Knighton, Ryan. "The Use of Progressive-Ratio Schedules to Assess Negative Reinforcers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1323.

Full text
Abstract:
We used a combined multi-element, ABCBC reversal design to examine whether qualities of various negative reinforcers can be assessed under progressive-ratio schedules. Two adults with disabilities participated in this study. We assessed five sounds three times using progressive-ratio schedules to obtain mean break points for each stimulus and ranked negative reinforcers according to their mean break points. We called the stimulus with the highest mean break point the high-quality escape (HQE) stimulus and the stimulus with the lowest break point the low-quality escape (LQE) stimulus and examined responding according to different schedules of reinforcement for each stimulus: FR2, FR4, and FR8 for Jenny and FR1 and FR11 for April. We identified preferred and nonpreferred sounds for both participants.We observed differential responding for both participants between preferred and nonpreferred sounds. We observed differential responding between HQE and LQE stimuli for April but not for Jenny; a larger range in break points was observed for April. These results demonstrate a method to identify preferred and nonpreferred sounds and provide support for the possibility of using progressive-ratio schedules to rank negative reinforcers of various qualities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Rodriguez, Paloma. "Operant and Respondent Procedures to Establish Social Stimuli as Reinforcers in Children with Autism." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/961.

Full text
Abstract:
According to the DSM-IV- TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), one of the core deficits in autism is in the impairment of social interaction. Some have suggested that underlying these deficits is the reality that individuals with autism do not find social stimuli to be as reinforcing as other types of stimuli (Dawson, 2008). An interesting and growing body of literature supports the notion that symptoms in autism may be caused by a general reduction in social motivation (Chevallier et al., 2012). A review of the literature suggests that social orienting and social motivation are low in individuals with autism, and including social motivation as a target for therapeutic intervention should be pursued (Helt et al., 2008). Through our understanding of learning processes, researchers in behavior analysis and related fields have been able to use conditioning procedures to change the function of neutral or ineffective stimuli, including tokens (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968), facial expressions (Gewirtz & Pelaez-Nogueras, 1992) and praise (Dozier et al., 2012). The current study aimed to use operant and respondent procedures to condition social stimuli that were empirically shown to not be reinforcing prior to conditioning. Further, this study aimed to compare the two procedures in their effectiveness to condition social stimuli to function as reinforcers, and in their maintenance of effects over time. Using a multiple-baseline, multi-element design, one social stimulus was conditioned under each procedure to compare the different response rates following conditioning. Finally, the study sought to determine if conditioning social stimuli to function as reinforcers had any effect on the social functioning of young children with autism. Six children diagnosed with autism between the ages of 18 months and 3 years participated. Results show that the respondent procedure (pairing) resulted in more robust and enduring effects than the operant procedure (Sd procedure). Results of a social communication assessment (ESCS, Mundy et al., 2003) before and after conditioning demonstrate gains in all areas of social communication, particularly in the areas of initiating and responding to joint attention.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Koelker, Rachel Lee Ellis Janet. "Comparing a discriminative stimulus procedure to a pairing procedure conditioning neutral social stimuli to function as conditioned reinforcers /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12143.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Koelker, Rachel Lee. "Comparing a discriminative stimulus procedure to a pairing procedure: Conditioning neutral social stimuli to function as conditioned reinforcers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12143/.

Full text
Abstract:
Social stimuli that function as reinforcers for most children generally do not function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. These important social stimuli include smiles, head nods, thumb-ups, and okay signs. It should be an important goal of therapy for children with autism to condition these neutral social stimuli to function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. There is empirical evidence to support both a pairing procedure (classical conditioning) and a discriminative stimulus procedure to condition neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. However, there is no clear evidence as to the superiority of effectiveness for either procedure. Despite this most textbooks and curriculum guides for children with autism state only the pairing procedure to condition neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. Recent studies suggest that the discriminative stimulus procedure may in fact be more effective in conditioning neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. The present research is a further comparison of these two procedures. Results from one participant support recent findings that suggest the discriminative stimulus procedure is more effective in conditioning neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. But the results from the other participant show no effects from either procedure, suggesting future research into conditions necessary to condition neutral social stimuli to function as reinforcers for children with autism.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Peterson, Rachelle N. "The Effectiveness of a Video-Based Preference Assessment in Identifying Socially Reinforcing Stimuli." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2296.

Full text
Abstract:
The following study was conducted to find out more about a video test that could identify social activities that are motivating for individuals with disabilities. Commonly tests can be administered to find what physical items, food, toys, games and so forth, are preferred but the process becomes infinitely more difficult when social activities and interactions are involved. Research has shown that participation in reinforcing social experiences is critical for development and crucial in social skill building. In this study, a video-based test was analyzed to see how effective it was in identifying these socially preferred activities in three individuals with disabilities. The study began with a parent interview, to identify potentially reinforcing activities, and a brief pretest with each participant. The participants then completed the video test in which they were allowed to choose, via video, which activities they wanted to do. When the video test was complete, the activity that each participant liked the most and least was used in the final phase of the study. Each participant was given an individual task and in each session they were rewarded for completing tasks with their most and least preferred activities. For each of the three participants the most highly preferred activity increased their task completion and the lowest preferred did not have a significant effect. These results suggest that the video-based preference assessment was able to successfully identify social activities that were preferred and nonpreferred for each participant.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Sran, Sanddeep K. "Quantity versus quality : the opportunity to choose back-up reinforcers in a token economy." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/660.

Full text
Abstract:
Preference for single versus varied reinforcers was assessed in the context of a token system. This study also assessed the preferences of 4 participants for one stimulus versus a number of qualitatively different stimuli, presented contingent on academic task completion. A paired-choice preference assessment was conducted followed by a reinforcer assessment using a combined reversal and multi-element design. The purpose of these procedures was to determine whether higher rates of responding would occur during conditions in which token reinforcement produced access to back-up reinforcers compared to a no reinforcement condition. Next, the opportunity to choose single versus varied token reinforcers was presented in a concurrent -chains arrangement. The dependent variables were the number of letters traced per min and the number of tokens earned per min during 3-min sessions, and the percentage of selections for single versus varied conditions. Results showed that response rates during the reinforcer assessment were higher during the reinforcement condition relative to the no reinforcement condition. A preference was not detected for 2 of 4 participants when the opportunity to choose from the same or qualitatively different reinforcers was presented. One of 4 participants preferred selecting the varied-choice condition (i.e., qualitatively different back-up reinforcers), and a second participant showed a similar pattern, but results were inconclusive due to limited data.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Zhu, Jingyi. "Neural representation of social, monetary and chocolate reinforcer processing." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/30063/.

Full text
Abstract:
Little attention has been paid to social reinforcer processing compared with food and monetary reinforcers, in the reward-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature. This is surprising as social reinforcers pervade our daily lives and are often experienced more frequently than food or monetary reinforcers. The question of whether social reinforcers are processed in the same or different brain regions as other reinforcer types remains poorly understood. In this thesis, three fMRI studies were employed to investigate this question, in healthy individuals. The experimental paradigms focused on two main aspects of reward processing: neural patterns of activation associated with different reward types and valance, and also correlations between neural activation to rewards and participants’ hedonic level. The studies reported in this thesis revealed that amygdala and a subregion of the OFC responded more sensitively to social reinforcers than monetary, or food reinforcers, indicating social reinforcers modulate the affective response more strongly in the brain reward network. The results also provide evidence for a medial-lateral functional dissociation in the OFC to rewards and punishment, so that medial OFC responded more strongly to rewards and lateral OFC to punishments. Moreover, fMRI study-1 revealed a crossover interaction between reinforcement valence and reward type in the lateral OFC, indicating this region may be involved in the functional integration of both reward type and valence. This is consistent with the theory of a common neural currency, for valuing different rewards in the OFC. As activation in the reward network may also be attributed to the hedonic experience of gaining rewards, fMRI study-2 and study-3 also explored the relationship between BOLD activity in response to rewards and participants’ hedonic scores. These two studies demonstrated highly significant correlations between BOLD activity in the OFC (positive correlation) and insula (negative correlation) and self-reported levels of hedonic response. The findings of the correlations between reward and hedonic level could have important implications for understanding how human hedonic levels affect responses to various reinforcements.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Sassine, Jad(Jad G. ). "How network structure impacts socially reinforced diffusion?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126964.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-28).
Social scientists have long studied adoption choices that depend on the number of prior adopters. What is the effect of network structure on such adoption dynamics? The emerging consensus holds that when agents require a high reinforcement threshold for adoption, clustered networks are better conduits of social contagion than random ones. Using models with deterministic thresholds this argument formalizes the idea that transmission will get 'stuck' should the number of neighboring adopters fall below a threshold. In this paper, we explore the effect of stochastic thresholds on the diffusion races between random and clustered networks. We show that even low probabilities of adoption upon a single contact would tilt the balance in favor of random networks, a tendency that is reinforced with the size of the network. Moreover, if repeated signals from the same adopter can reinforce a message, random networks are further promoted. However, we also show that clustered networks can still be preferred over random networks if adopters become 'inactive' - i.e. they stop sending messages - with high probability. These findings refocus our theoretical understanding of how network structure moderates social influence, and raises new questions on contagion phenomena that benefit from clustered networks.
by Jad Sassine.
S.M. in Management Research
S.M.inManagementResearch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Meuret, Brienna. "Effects of Video Modeling on Preference and Reinforcer Value for Toys." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6118.

Full text
Abstract:
Children diagnosed with autism often exhibit a limited range of preferred stimuli. This can lead to problem behavior or a decline in quality of life. Recent work has shown that watching peers approach and interact with stimuli can affect an observer’s preferences with respect to those stimuli. Video modeling is an effective intervention component for many individuals with ASD, and may be extended toward increasing the breadth of preferences in such individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine the degree to which video modeling can be used to increase the preference and reinforcing value of initially low-preferred toys in individuals with autism. Progressive ratio (PR) break point assessments and multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessments were used to evaluate intervention effectiveness. Overall, video modeling was effective at increasing preference of least preferred toys but increases in preference were not accompanied by increases in reinforcer value as reflected by frequency of responses.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Egberts, Linde, and Maria Alvarez, eds. Heritage and Tourism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985353.

Full text
Abstract:
Heritage and tourism mutually reinforce each other, with the presentation of heritage at physical sites mirrored by the ways heritage is presented on the internet. This interdisciplinary book uses humanities and social sciences to analyse the ways that heritage is branded and commodified, how stakeholders organise place brands, and how digital strategies shape how visitors appreciate heritage sites. The book covers a wide geographic diversity, offering the reader the chance to find cross-cutting themes and area-specific features of the field.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Park, Sooshun. Fitting in: How the social image of the female body reinforces patriarchal notions of women's passivity; a feminine perspective on the Cinderella fairytale, Chinese footbinding, and the modern beauty myth : M. A. Communication Design Thesis 2002. London: Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. Methodologies and Writings that Turn into Black Holes of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.003.0005.

Full text
Abstract:
The training and socialization of social science researchers encourages a quest of tiny gaps in which to make contributions, membership of academic microtribes, a language full of jargon, and a near total indifference to the wider meaning or purpose of their work. Bad habits are reinforced by the review process which encourages further use of jargon, extensive digressions, esoteric arguments, the splitting of hairs, and a general indifference to social meaning and purpose. Almost any trivial or commonsensical observation can be blown up and made into something significant and impressive through the use of grandiose but often deceptive and meaningless labels. Empirical material, whether qualitative or quantitative, is routinely deployed to reinforce existing assumptions rather than to test them. While these trends are not entirely new in social science publications, they have assumed far greater dominance and significance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Gorman, Jack M. Love, Reward, and Social Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0007.

Full text
Abstract:
Just as there are pathways for negative emotions and behaviors like fear and despair, the brain has networks that accompany positive ones, such as parental behavior, love, and social connectedness. One such system involves the brain hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are known to play a critical role in monogamous pair bonding and in both maternal and paternal nurturing behavior. Another is the so-called reward pathway that originates in the brain stem and terminates in the nucleus acumbens. This pathway allows us to anticipate reward and identify risk, and it reinforces pleasurable experiences. Both systems can also be part of aberrant behaviors like prejudice and drug addiction.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Wilcox, Emily E. Women Dancing Otherwise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199377329.003.0004.

Full text
Abstract:
In twenty-first-century urban Chinese contemporary dance, gender and female sexuality are often constructed in ways that reinforce patriarchal and heterosexual social norms. Although “queer dance” as a named category does not exist in China, it is possible to identify queer feminist perspectives in recent dance works. This essay offers a reading of representations of gender and female sexuality in two works of contemporary dance by Beijing-based female Chinese choreographers: Wang Mei’s 2002 Thunder and Rain and Gu Jiani’s 2014 Right & Left. Through choreographic analysis informed by ethnographic research in Beijing’s contemporary dance world, this essay argues that Thunder and Rain reinforces patriarchal and heterosexual social norms common in Chinese contemporary dance, while Right & Left disrupts such norms. Through its staging of unconventional female-female duets and its queering of nationally marked movement forms, Right & Left offers a queer feminist approach to the presentation of women on the Chinese stage.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Spears, Russell, Martin Lea, and Tom Postmes. Computer-mediated communication and social identity. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0017.

Full text
Abstract:
This article argues that social identities not only populate computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the Internet, but they often thrive there, both by designation (of identity: the cognitive dimension) and by design (the strategic dimension in which identities and their agendas are contested). This means that far from being eliminated in CMC, the group and its effects often shine through in CMC (intragroup cohesiveness and conformity, intergroup contrast, and competition). In terms of status and power differentials this can mean that the power and status relations associated with categories are reinforced, both cognitively, by being tied to the roles and relations associated with these identities, and strategically, by the surveillance which CMC can sometimes bring.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Condry, Rachel. Prisoners’ Families and the Problem of Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0002.

Full text
Abstract:
This chapter explores the wide-ranging impact of imprisonment upon the lives of the families of prisoners and the entrenched social inequalities that this both generates and reinforces. It considers the concept of social justice and whether it is useful to this enterprise. The chapter furthermore questions why the families of prisoners are faced with many difficulties. It applies theories of social justice to the consequences experienced by families of prisoners and asks whether or not those consequences are consistent with the principles of these theories. In a democratic society that claims to be organised around principles of equal citizenship, the chapter argues that there is a need to fully consider how and why families of prisoners (as innocent citizens) are affected by punishment inflicted by the state.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. Social Structures Separating Medicine and Religion. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0006.

Full text
Abstract:
The reasons that medicine and religion appear to be rightly separated are reinforced by plausibility structures, unstated cultural assumptions that legitimate socially held beliefs and practices, and socializing patients and medical professionals to keep medicine and spirituality discrete. Plausibility structures include the now-accepted belief that hospitals are spaces set apart for advanced technological interventions; that physicians are primarily scientists whose social authority to act is grounded primarily in the scientific method; and that the cultural repression of dying is in tension with religious sensibilities. The ethos within medicine striving to restore health and extend life is incongruent with the message of the world’s religions, which fundamentally acknowledge human mortality. To the degree that medicine is collectively controlled by ambitions to forestall death, it remains ambivalent toward social understandings that highlight either its limitations or the unavoidability of death. These widely accepted beliefs undergird a general acceptance of medicine’s separation from religion.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Carbonara, Emanuela. Law and Social Norms. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.032.

Full text
Abstract:
Legal norms are often seen as a means to regulate behaviour when neither self-interest nor social norms produce the desired behaviour in individuals. This suggests, on the one hand, that the law should regulate those areas in which social norms do not exist and provide support and extra enforcement in those areas where social norms exist. It also suggests on the other hand that there seems to be no questioning of the intrinsic efficiency and fairness of existing social norms. This article first looks at the genesis of social norms and the mechanism of their enforcement. This allows a closer inspection of the efficiency and fairness concepts. It then considers the impact that introducing legal norms has in contexts in which social norms already exist and in those that social interaction left unregulated. The main issue here is that the social norms prevailing at some historical moment may be just an equilibrium among multiple equilibriums. Given many possible equilibriums, we need to explain why and how one equilibrium is selected and others are rejected. The scholarship on social norms emphasizes that expressive acts in law can select the equilibrium. Legal norms seemingly reinforce existing social norms, bending them towards the law when discrepancy exists and favouring their creation where social norms do not exist. However, legal regulation can also destroy existing social norms (crowding out) or it can be defeated by them (legal backlash and countervailing effects).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Deater-Deckard, Kirby. The Social Environment and the Development of Psychopathology. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0021.

Full text
Abstract:
The development of psychopathology involves a social context with powerful influences on the growth and maintenance of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. The co-occurring processes of socialization (i.e., learning) and selection into relationships and experiences work together to reinforce adaptive and maladaptive developmental outcomes. Using self-regulation and social cognition as guiding concepts, research regarding social environments and their potential influences on psychopathology is highlighted. Family relationships with parents and peers are examined, with an emphasis on harsh reactive parenting and sibling antagonism and reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. In addition, the potential effects of peer victimization and friend/peer group selection are considered. The literature continues to build evidence of a critical role of the social environment in the promotion or prevention of a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in youth.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Rademacher, Lena, Martin Schulte-Rüther, Bernd Hanewald, and Sarah Lammertz. "Reward: From Basic Reinforcers to Anticipation of Social Cues." In Social Behavior from Rodents to Humans, 207–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2015_429.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kalenscher, Tobias, Lisa-Maria Schönfeld, Sebastian Löbner, Markus Wöhr, Mireille van Berkel, Maurice-Philipp Zech, and Marijn van Wingerden. "Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations as Social Reinforcers—Implications for a Multilevel Model of the Cognitive Representation of Action and Rats’ Social World." In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 411–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_19.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractRats are social animals. For example, rats exhibit mutual-reward preferences, preferring choice alternatives that yield a reward to themselves as well as to a conspecific, over alternatives that yield a reward only to themselves. We have recently hypothesized that such mutual-reward preferences might be the result of reinforcing properties of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by the conspecifics. USVs in rats serve as situation-dependent socio-affective signals with important communicative functions. To test this possibility, here, we trained rats to enter one of two compartments in a T-maze setting. Entering either compartment yielded identical food rewards as well as playback of pre-recorded USVs either in the 50-kHz range, which we expected to be appetitive or therefore a potential positive reinforcer, or in the 22-kHz range predicted to be aversive and therefore a potential negative reinforcer. In three separate experimental conditions, rats chose between compartments yielding either 50-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 1), 22-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 2), or 50-kHz versus 22-kHz USVs (condition 3). Results show that rats exhibit a transient preference for the 50-kHz USV playback over non-ultrasonic control stimuli, as well as an initial avoidance of 22-kHz USV relative to non-ultrasonic control stimuli on trend-level. As rats progressed within session through trials, and across sessions, these preferences diminished, in line with previous findings. These results support our hypothesis that USVs have transiently motivating reinforcing properties, putatively acquired through association processes, but also highlight that these motivating properties are context-dependent and modulatory, and might not act as primary reinforcers when presented in isolation. We conclude this article with a second part on a multilevel cognitive theory of rats’ action and action learning. The “cascade” approach assumes that rats’ cognitive representations of action may be multilevel. A basic physical level of action may be invested with higher levels of action that integrate emotional, motivational, and social significance. Learning in an experiment consists in the cognitive formation of multilevel action representations. Social action and interaction in particular are proposed to be cognitively modeled as multilevel. Our results have implications for understanding the structure of social cognition, and social learning, in animals and humans.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Piotrowski, Edward W., Jan Sładkowski, and Anna Szczypińska. "Reinforced Learning in Market Games." In Econophysics and Economics of Games, Social Choices and Quantitative Techniques, 17–23. Milano: Springer Milan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1501-2_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Greer, Brian D., and Wayne W. Fisher. "Treatment of Socially Reinforced Problem Behavior." In Handbook of Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder, 171–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_11.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hu, Aiqun. "The Early Rise of Social Security in China: Ideas and Reforms, 1911–1949." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 55–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_2.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractApplying the editor’s “onion skin model” of social policy ideas, this chapter analyses the early rise of social security ideas and policies in Republican China (1911–1949). Facing imperialism, Chinese elites turned to Western social ideas to “save the nation”. They accepted organic concepts of society, leading to a concern for societal stability and harmony. The Guomindang (GMD) state reinforced this trend in the 1930s when the party-state incorporated Confucianism into its ideology. The GMD state, thus, adopted collectivist notions of social policy, emphasising class harmonisation and productivism. During the Sino-Japanese war, Chinese elites were attracted to the idea of universal social security, which led to an intense development of social security policies. In the entire process, however, Chinese elites emphasised China’s special situation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Lepech, Michael D. "Durability, Economical, Ecological, and Social Aspects: Life-cycle Considerations." In Durability of Strain-Hardening Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites (SHCC), 113–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0338-4_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Isidro, Lola, and Antoine Math. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in France." In IMISCOE Research Series, 165–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_11.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract After a long judicial fight between the 1970s and the late 1990s leading to the abolition of the condition of nationality that excluded foreigners from non-contributory benefits, and in a context of publicly debated restrictive immigration policies, other restrictive conditions were either reinforced or introduced in order to curb access to social protection for foreigners in France. A new condition of regularity for the access of foreigners to most social protection schemes was introduced and/or extended, especially since 1993. In a growing xenophobic context, restrictions were presented as a means to deter immigration and save the Welfare State placed under strong budgetary constraints. The classical condition of residence was also reactivated in a way to place more restrictions. New requirements, such as a condition of anteriority of presence and a condition of anteriority (seniority) of regular residence, were developed to exclude more non-EU migrants, despite their regular situation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Zhang, Xuefei, and Ruifang He. "Topic Extraction of Events on Social Media Using Reinforced Knowledge." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 465–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99247-1_41.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Ali, Awang Nasrizal Awang, Normadiana Mohammad Hanapi, Mohd Mawardi Mohd Kamal, Amminudin Ab Latif, Jamil Matarul, and Basir Noordin. "Compressive Behaviour of Sustainable Hair Fibre-Reinforced Concrete." In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016), 251–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0074-5_23.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Nayana, D. A., Mailareppa Marachakkanavar, and Nagaraj Kantli. "Tribological Behavior of Al6061 Alloy Reinforced with Fly Ash Particles." In Techno-Societal 2016, 915–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53556-2_92.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Iranmanesh, Aminreza, and Resmiye Alpar Atun. "Exploring Patterns of Socio-spatial Interaction in the Public Spaces of City through Big Data." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5254.

Full text
Abstract:
Research on socio-spatial aspect of cities has never been so vibrant and exciting. The form of urban life is changing and evolving with new advancements in communication and technology. Digital communication and social media has reshaped the way people as the actors of society interact with each other and with the network of city. New social networks and widespread of mobile devises can be used to create and reinforce existing social ties. Mobile devises also change the role of citizens from consumers into producers of data; they are the new reporters, photographers, videographers of everyday life. This production creates large quantities of data known as the “Big Data”. Big data has opened up many doors for researchers to investigate new aspects of cities. This paper aims to explore how people access urban public spaces through social media by taking the parameter of distance and physical proximity into account. We tried to investigate if different levels of accessibility effects the way people interact with space through social media. Through this process the study explored different socio-spatial patterns in the city that are being affected by social media. The research data was collect in two layers of Nicosia in Northern Cyprus: first, the geo-tagged social media data was collected from the target group, and it was located on the map. Twitter as a microblogging medium was selected for data collection due to its public nature, geo-tagged abilities, and manageable short content. Second, degrees of accessibility in local and global scale were calculated using Space Syntax. The data was analyzed using regression analysis, scatter plot, and outlier detention. The result shows various patterns in correlation of interactions between society and space; it illustrates the importance of exploring the outliers when reading big data on the city. The result shows clear importance of local accessibility even when social media is the effective variable.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Misnon, M. I., S. A. Bahari, W. Y. Wan Ahmad, M. I. Ab Kadir, and M. Atiyyah. "The mechanical properties of textile fabrics reinforced hybrid composites." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773897.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Kaliwon, J., S. Sh Ahmad, and A. Abdul Aziz. "Performance of oil palm EFB fibre reinforced concrete roof slates." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773834.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Passos, Valeria Maria de Azeredo, Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant, Paulo Roberto Lopes Corrêa, Pedro Cisalpino Pinheiro, Maria de Fátima Marinho de Souza, and Deborah Carvalho Malta. "SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN COVID-19 MORTALITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN BELO HORIZONTE: VACCINATION PRIORITY." In XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Geriatria e Gerontologia. Zeppelini Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2447-21232021res02.

Full text
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that older adults (aged 60+ years) living in areas of greater social vulnerability were most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Belo Horizonte between February and October 2020. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study with analysis of mortality rates by census tracts, classified as areas of low vulnerability (1330 tracts), medium vulnerability (1460 tracts), and high/very high vulnerability (1040 tracts) according to the health vulnerability index (consisting of indicators of sanitation, garbage collection, water supply, literacy level, and race). The number of deaths from COVID-19 was obtained from the Mortality Information System from 10th to 43rd epidemiological week. The rates were age-standardized for populations of the three areas of vulnerability, based on population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. RESULTS: In Belo Horizonte, the mortality rate was 62.9 deaths per 100,000 population, ranging from 36.1 in areas of low social vulnerability to 76.6 and 101.9 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. The mortality rate was 292.3 per 100,000 older persons, increasing from 179.2 in areas of low vulnerability to 353.6 and 472.6 in areas of medium and high/very high vulnerability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this moment of organizing vaccination sessions for the population, social inequalities in mortality, even in the age group at highest risk, reinforce the principle of starting vaccination by prioritizing the most socially vulnerable areas. It is necessary to prioritize the most exposed older persons, as they usually live with on-site workers, have greater difficulty in complying with social distancing orders and with the hygiene preventive measures due to poor housing and transportation conditions, and experience limited access to health care services.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Oh Chai Lian and Gan Sim Keat. "Investigation on integrity of existing circular reinforced concrete silo with opening." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773787.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Barnier, Muriel, and M. L. Stott. "HSE for Youth: How Sharing HSE Expertise Externally Reinforces the Principles Internally." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179397-ms.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Corò, Federico, Gianlorenzo D'Angelo, and Yllka Velaj. "Recommending Links to Maximize the Influence in Social Networks." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/304.

Full text
Abstract:
Social link recommendation systems, like "People-you-may-know" on Facebook, "Who-to-follow" on Twitter, and "Suggested-Accounts" on Instagram assist the users of a social network in establishing new connections with other users. While these systems are becoming more and more important in the growth of social media, they tend to increase the popularity of users that are already popular. Indeed, since link recommenders aim at predicting users' behavior, they accelerate the creation of links that are likely to be created in the future, and, as a consequence, they reinforce social biases by suggesting few (popular) users, while giving few chances to the majority of users to build new connections and increase their popularity.In this paper we measure the popularity of a user by means of its social influence, which is its capability to influence other users' opinions, and we propose a link recommendation algorithm that evaluates the links to suggest according to their increment in social influence instead of their likelihood of being created. In detail, we give a constant factor approximation algorithm for the problem of maximizing the social influence of a given set of target users by suggesting a fixed number of new connections. We experimentally show that, with few new links and small computational time, our algorithm is able to increase by far the social influence of the target users. We compare our algorithm with several baselines and show that it is the most effective one in terms of increased influence.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Yang, Cheng, Jian Tang, Maosong Sun, Ganqu Cui, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Multi-scale Information Diffusion Prediction with Reinforced Recurrent Networks." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/560.

Full text
Abstract:
Information diffusion prediction is an important task which studies how information items spread among users. With the success of deep learning techniques, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown their powerful capability in modeling information diffusion as sequential data. However, previous works focused on either microscopic diffusion prediction which aims at guessing the next influenced user or macroscopic diffusion prediction which estimates the total numbers of influenced users during the diffusion process. To the best of our knowledge, no previous works have suggested a unified model for both microscopic and macroscopic scales. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale diffusion prediction model based on reinforcement learning (RL). RL incorporates the macroscopic diffusion size information into the RNN-based microscopic diffusion model by addressing the non-differentiable problem. We also employ an effective structural context extraction strategy to utilize the underlying social graph information. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models on both microscopic and macroscopic diffusion predictions on three real-world datasets.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Wang, Zong-Yi, Fu-Qiang Liu, Xing-Jian Wang, and Yu Ji. "An ear plate reinforced ring welding robot system with intelligent recognition function." In 2016 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arso.2016.7736283.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Goo, Hideki Garcia, Jaime Alvarez Perez, and Virginia Contreras. "An Antisocial Social Robot: Using Negative Affect to Reinforce Cooperation in Human-Robot Interactions." In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hri.2019.8673264.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Social reinforcers"

1

Ripoll, Santiago, Jennifer Cole, Olivia Tulloch, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Tabitha Hrynick. SSHAP: 6 Ways to Incorporate Social Context and Trust in Infodemic Management. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.001.

Full text
Abstract:
Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ripoll, Santiago, Jennifer Cole, Olivia Tulloch, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Tabitha Hrynick. SSHAP: 6 Ways to Incorporate Social Context and Trust in Infodemic Management. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.001.

Full text
Abstract:
Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Jennifer Cole, Santiago Ripoll, and Olivia Tulloch. SSHAP: 6 Ways to Incorporate Social Context and Trust in Infodemic Management. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.009.

Full text
Abstract:
Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

Full text
Abstract:
The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

Full text
Abstract:
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Social reinforcers' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography