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1
Egberts, Linde, and Maria Alvarez, eds. Heritage and Tourism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985353.
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Heritage and tourism mutually reinforce each other, with the presentation of heritage at physical sites mirrored by the ways heritage is presented on the internet. This interdisciplinary book uses humanities and social sciences to analyse the ways that heritage is branded and commodified, how stakeholders organise place brands, and how digital strategies shape how visitors appreciate heritage sites. The book covers a wide geographic diversity, offering the reader the chance to find cross-cutting themes and area-specific features of the field.
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Park, Sooshun. Fitting in: How the social image of the female body reinforces patriarchal notions of women's passivity; a feminine perspective on the Cinderella fairytale, Chinese footbinding, and the modern beauty myth : M. A. Communication Design Thesis 2002. London: Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, 2002.
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Alvesson, Mats, Yiannis Gabriel, and Roland Paulsen. Methodologies and Writings that Turn into Black Holes of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787099.003.0005.
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The training and socialization of social science researchers encourages a quest of tiny gaps in which to make contributions, membership of academic microtribes, a language full of jargon, and a near total indifference to the wider meaning or purpose of their work. Bad habits are reinforced by the review process which encourages further use of jargon, extensive digressions, esoteric arguments, the splitting of hairs, and a general indifference to social meaning and purpose. Almost any trivial or commonsensical observation can be blown up and made into something significant and impressive through the use of grandiose but often deceptive and meaningless labels. Empirical material, whether qualitative or quantitative, is routinely deployed to reinforce existing assumptions rather than to test them. While these trends are not entirely new in social science publications, they have assumed far greater dominance and significance.
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Gorman, Jack M. Love, Reward, and Social Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0007.
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Just as there are pathways for negative emotions and behaviors like fear and despair, the brain has networks that accompany positive ones, such as parental behavior, love, and social connectedness. One such system involves the brain hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are known to play a critical role in monogamous pair bonding and in both maternal and paternal nurturing behavior. Another is the so-called reward pathway that originates in the brain stem and terminates in the nucleus acumbens. This pathway allows us to anticipate reward and identify risk, and it reinforces pleasurable experiences. Both systems can also be part of aberrant behaviors like prejudice and drug addiction.
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Wilcox, Emily E. Women Dancing Otherwise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199377329.003.0004.
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In twenty-first-century urban Chinese contemporary dance, gender and female sexuality are often constructed in ways that reinforce patriarchal and heterosexual social norms. Although “queer dance” as a named category does not exist in China, it is possible to identify queer feminist perspectives in recent dance works. This essay offers a reading of representations of gender and female sexuality in two works of contemporary dance by Beijing-based female Chinese choreographers: Wang Mei’s 2002 Thunder and Rain and Gu Jiani’s 2014 Right & Left. Through choreographic analysis informed by ethnographic research in Beijing’s contemporary dance world, this essay argues that Thunder and Rain reinforces patriarchal and heterosexual social norms common in Chinese contemporary dance, while Right & Left disrupts such norms. Through its staging of unconventional female-female duets and its queering of nationally marked movement forms, Right & Left offers a queer feminist approach to the presentation of women on the Chinese stage.
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Spears, Russell, Martin Lea, and Tom Postmes. Computer-mediated communication and social identity. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0017.
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This article argues that social identities not only populate computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the Internet, but they often thrive there, both by designation (of identity: the cognitive dimension) and by design (the strategic dimension in which identities and their agendas are contested). This means that far from being eliminated in CMC, the group and its effects often shine through in CMC (intragroup cohesiveness and conformity, intergroup contrast, and competition). In terms of status and power differentials this can mean that the power and status relations associated with categories are reinforced, both cognitively, by being tied to the roles and relations associated with these identities, and strategically, by the surveillance which CMC can sometimes bring.
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Condry, Rachel. Prisoners’ Families and the Problem of Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the wide-ranging impact of imprisonment upon the lives of the families of prisoners and the entrenched social inequalities that this both generates and reinforces. It considers the concept of social justice and whether it is useful to this enterprise. The chapter furthermore questions why the families of prisoners are faced with many difficulties. It applies theories of social justice to the consequences experienced by families of prisoners and asks whether or not those consequences are consistent with the principles of these theories. In a democratic society that claims to be organised around principles of equal citizenship, the chapter argues that there is a need to fully consider how and why families of prisoners (as innocent citizens) are affected by punishment inflicted by the state.
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Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. Social Structures Separating Medicine and Religion. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0006.
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The reasons that medicine and religion appear to be rightly separated are reinforced by plausibility structures, unstated cultural assumptions that legitimate socially held beliefs and practices, and socializing patients and medical professionals to keep medicine and spirituality discrete. Plausibility structures include the now-accepted belief that hospitals are spaces set apart for advanced technological interventions; that physicians are primarily scientists whose social authority to act is grounded primarily in the scientific method; and that the cultural repression of dying is in tension with religious sensibilities. The ethos within medicine striving to restore health and extend life is incongruent with the message of the world’s religions, which fundamentally acknowledge human mortality. To the degree that medicine is collectively controlled by ambitions to forestall death, it remains ambivalent toward social understandings that highlight either its limitations or the unavoidability of death. These widely accepted beliefs undergird a general acceptance of medicine’s separation from religion.
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Carbonara, Emanuela. Law and Social Norms. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.032.
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Legal norms are often seen as a means to regulate behaviour when neither self-interest nor social norms produce the desired behaviour in individuals. This suggests, on the one hand, that the law should regulate those areas in which social norms do not exist and provide support and extra enforcement in those areas where social norms exist. It also suggests on the other hand that there seems to be no questioning of the intrinsic efficiency and fairness of existing social norms. This article first looks at the genesis of social norms and the mechanism of their enforcement. This allows a closer inspection of the efficiency and fairness concepts. It then considers the impact that introducing legal norms has in contexts in which social norms already exist and in those that social interaction left unregulated. The main issue here is that the social norms prevailing at some historical moment may be just an equilibrium among multiple equilibriums. Given many possible equilibriums, we need to explain why and how one equilibrium is selected and others are rejected. The scholarship on social norms emphasizes that expressive acts in law can select the equilibrium. Legal norms seemingly reinforce existing social norms, bending them towards the law when discrepancy exists and favouring their creation where social norms do not exist. However, legal regulation can also destroy existing social norms (crowding out) or it can be defeated by them (legal backlash and countervailing effects).
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby. The Social Environment and the Development of Psychopathology. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0021.
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The development of psychopathology involves a social context with powerful influences on the growth and maintenance of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. The co-occurring processes of socialization (i.e., learning) and selection into relationships and experiences work together to reinforce adaptive and maladaptive developmental outcomes. Using self-regulation and social cognition as guiding concepts, research regarding social environments and their potential influences on psychopathology is highlighted. Family relationships with parents and peers are examined, with an emphasis on harsh reactive parenting and sibling antagonism and reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. In addition, the potential effects of peer victimization and friend/peer group selection are considered. The literature continues to build evidence of a critical role of the social environment in the promotion or prevention of a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in youth.
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Henham, Ralph. Bridging the Gap between Political and Penal Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718895.003.0006.
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This chapter argues that the relationship between penal policy and the political economy provides important insights into the political and institutional reforms required to minimize harsh and discriminatory penal policies. However, the capacity of sentencing policy to engage with this social reality in a meaningful way necessitates a recasting of penal ideology. To realize this objective requires a profound understanding of sentencing’s social value and significance for citizens. The greatest challenge then lies in establishing coherent links between penal ideology and practice to encourage forms of sentencing that are sensitive to changes in social value. The chapter concludes by explaining how the present approach taken by the courts of England and Wales to the sentencing of women exacerbates social exclusion and reinforces existing divisions in social morality. It urges fundamental changes in ideology and practice so that policy reflects a socially valued rationale for the criminalization and punishment of women.
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Boche, Kathaleen. Hatchets and Hairbrushes. Edited by Melissa Blanco Borelli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199897827.013.022.
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This chapter examines dance and gender issues in western musical films in the United States during the Cold War. It explains that most musical films during this period focused on iconic figures of American identity, especially the cowboy and the frontiersman. The chapter utilizes Victor Turner’s theory of social drama to illuminate the ways that musicals functioned within the context of the Cold War. It reviews some of the most popular works, includingAnnie Get Your Gun, Calamity Jane, andSeven Brides for Seven Brothers.This chapter suggests that western musical films reinforced the dominant patriarchal social values regarding gender and family and that the expression of improvisational ingenuity reinforced the gender dichotomy.
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Di Ventra, Massimiliano. Competing Theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825623.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses how to distinguish between two (or more) theories based on different hypotheses and leading to either the same predictions or different ones. It also introduces some of the social pressures experienced by scientists in their work and reinforces the notion that Science is not a democratic enterprise: Nature rules.
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Davis, Christina P. The Struggle for a Multilingual Future. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947484.001.0001.
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The Struggle for a Multilingual Future examines the tension between the ethnic conflict and multilingual education policy in the linguistic and social practices of Sri Lankan Tamil and Muslim girls in Kandy, a city in central Sri Lanka. Postindependence language and education policies were part of the complex and multifaceted causes of the Sri Lankan civil war (1983 to 2009). However, in the last two decades the government has sought to promote interethnic integration by instituting trilingual language policies in the nation’s co-official languages, Sinhala and Tamil, as well as English, in government schools. Integrating ethnographic and linguistic research inside and outside two schools in Kandy during the last phase of the war, this book investigates the efficacy of the national reforms in mitigating ethnic conflict in relation to the way linguistic, ethnic, religious, and class differences are reinforced and challenged in schools, homes, buses, and streets. The author’s research shows how, despite the national reforms, policies and practices in Kandy schools instantiate language-based models of ethnicity. In reaction, Tamil-speaking girls aspire to a cosmopolitan notion of Kandy that is less about being integrated into broader society than drawing on the symbolic resources of the city for social mobility. It also analyzes how the efficacy of the reforms is imperiled by interactional practices in Sinhala-majority public spaces that reinforce ethnic divisions and power inequalities. Davis demonstrates the difficulties of using language policy to ameliorate conflict if it does not also address how that conflict is produced and reproduced in everyday talk.
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Glen, Dunlap, ed. Prevent-teach-reinforce: The school-based intervention for positive behavior. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Pub., 2010.
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L, Roberts Maura, and Dunlap Glen, eds. Prevent-teach-reinforce: The school-based intervention for positive behavior. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Pub., 2010.
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17
Standards-Based Social Studies Activities With Rubrics: Highly Motivating, Literacy-Rich Activities That Reinforce Important Social Studies Content and Help Students Show What They Know. Teaching Resources, 2006.
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18
Filene, Benjamin. History Museums and Identity. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.18.
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In the nineteenth century, elites saw museums as a tool to shape a citizenry, to mold a national identity. Even as the New Social History of the 1960s pushed for a more inclusive history, the idea of a shared American identity remained largely intact. In the 1990s, however, museums started to think of identity as more multifaceted and fragmented. History became a collection of stories whose morals and even main characters varied according to one’s perspective. Exhibitions encouraged visitors to explore their individual identities, and ethnically specific museums emerged to reinforce particular community identities. Recent years have seen another shift: some museums see their job less as to reinforce visitors’ identities than to show how identity works—how it is continually negotiated by individuals, communities, and cultures.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. The Meanings of Latino. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the ways in which Latino GBT activists live their lives as “Latinos” in a racial social system. In a parallel fashion to stigma related to gender nonconformity, it treats the racial labeling of groups as stigma. That is, to call someone Latino or to use the label Latino is part of the process of marking differences between groups, creating social separation, and establishing discriminatory practices. This stigmatization reinforces, if not creates, relations of power. From the viewpoint of the labeled group, stigma can take the form of actual experiences; perceptions about how others or the society at large see them; and internalization of the negative views others have in the self.
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Thomas, Gary. Education: A Very Short Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198859086.001.0001.
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Education: A Very Short Introduction examines the ideas that have shaped education over the years, showing how and why today’s schools have grown into their current form. It explores how education has been moulded by politics, philosophy, and social science, and focuses especially on arguments over the competing benefits of formality and freedom in teaching. This new edition examines in greater depth the inequalities perpetuated by current education systems, asking whether education makes for social mobility, as often claimed, or, in reality, actually reinforces existing inequity. Looking forward, it evaluates the impact of controversial legislation on future students, and considers how teaching must evolve to keep pace with an increasingly digital world.
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Glen, Dunlap, ed. Prevent-teach-reinforce: The school-based model of individualized positive behavior support. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Pub., 2010.
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Prevent-teach-reinforce: The school-based model of individualized positive behavior support. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Pub., 2010.
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23
Phelan, Helen. Finding Your Own Voice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190672225.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 introduces the Irish World Academy of Music and Dance and its emergence as a key site of cultural debate and performance in the 1990s. It explores ways in which mythology, symbol, and ritual are constantly evoked within the Academy to reinforce, contest, and perform its core values of inclusivity, creativity, and respect for diversity. It examines the impact of practice theory on understandings of performance. Practice theory and performance studies have helped singers, dancers, and musicians recast their activities, not as passive “inscriptions” onto their bodies in socially structured rituals, but as active, intelligent practices, influencing social and cultural space through performance. It suggests that the Academy continuously ritualizes and performs its ethos of creative belonging.
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D, Glen Dunlap Ph, Rose Iovannone Ph D, Donald Kincaid Ed D, Kelly Wilson B. S, Kathy Christiansen M. S, and Phillip S. Strain Ph.D. Prevent-Teach-Reinforce: The School-Based Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support. Brookes Publishing, 2018.
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25
Condry, Rachel, and Peter Scharff Smith. The Sociology of Punishment and the Effects of Imprisonment on Families. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0001.
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This chapter considers the impact of criminal justice and particularly prison upon the families of offenders and the ways in which they are drawn into the realm of punishment. It explores how imprisonment creates, reproduces, and reinforces patterns of social inequality. The chapter shows how prisoners’ families occupy an odd position of an increasing visibility in the academic realm. Much earlier work on prisoners’ families was concerned with identifying the difficulties they faced and how this might be addressed through policy measures. In more recent years, however, studies have begun to explore deeper theoretical, legal, and sociological questions which have important implications for criminology and criminal justice, the sociology of punishment, human rights, and the broader study of social justice.
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Cavender, Gray, and Nancy C. Jurik. Doing Justice. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037191.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on Prime Suspect's treatment of justice issues. The main question is the degree to which the series fits within the corpus of a feminist crime genre and embodies a commitment to the tenets of a progressive moral fiction. The chapter considers Jane Tennison's role as a justice provocateur. Do the series and its chief protagonist merely reinforce restoration of the status quo, or do they convey a sense of the limits of law and the criminal justice system, of the fissures in societal and police organizational power structures? And to what extent, if any, is Prime Suspect imagery empowering with regard to individual or collective opportunities for promoting social justice or social transformation? The chapter also presents examples of action and dialogue that exemplify Jane Tennison as a justice provocateur. It then discusses the limitations of the doing of justice by Jane Tennison and in the series as a whole.
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Prevent-Teach-Reinforce for Young Children: The Early Childhood Model of Individualized Positive Behavior Support. Brookes Publishing, 2013.
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McCabe, Joshua T. From the Era of Easy Finance to Permanent Austerity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 covers the transition from the “era of easy finance” to the “era of permanent austerity,” when macroeconomic changes reinforced logics. The onset of stagflation across the developed world led to new and intense economic pressures on families. Most scholars of this period focus on the confusion policymakers faced as the Keynesian consensus broke down and they were forced to recalibrate monetary and fiscal policy. Policymakers also faced uncertainty in how to deal with inflation-induced erosion of tax and social benefits for families. In countries with family allowances, like Canada and the UK, policymakers and the public traced these pressures to the erosion of family allowances. Because the US had no family allowance, policymakers and the public instead traced these pressures to the erosion of dependent exemptions in the tax system. In doing so, they reinforced the dominant logic of appropriateness that lay behind policy responses to the problem of inflation in each country.
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Moon, Jeremy. 4. The socialization of markets. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671816.003.0005.
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‘The socialization of markets’ is concerned with how and why corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become more institutionalized. It considers the ways in which CSR features in some markets, thereby shaping a ‘business case’ for CSR. Markets have become ever more socialized as non-economic criteria increasingly feature in market transactions. As companies both respond to and reinforce this trend, they consolidate CSR as part of ‘business as usual’, and new, shared, and legitimized norms of appropriate business behaviour emerge. The socialization of markets results from the interaction of market, social, and governmental factors. Companies retain a critical role in shaping products and services that foster and reward demands for social criteria in market decisions.
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Williams, Rhonda Y. Women, Gender, Race, and the Welfare State. Edited by Ellen Hartigan-O'Connor and Lisa G. Materson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222628.013.19.
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This chapter examines the modern US welfare state, social welfare, and social citizenship. It focuses on four broad and interconnected themes: (1) The origins of the US welfare state, with an emphasis on race, the roles of women, and gender as an analytical framework; (2) the fissures of democracy made visible through social struggles, such as the antipoverty, black liberation, and welfare rights movements; (3) the relationship between the historical roots and late twentieth-century political battles that gave rise to the dismantling of federal social entitlement programs; and (4) the relationship between notions of the public welfare state and the hidden welfare state, which have served to reinforce the stigmatization of poor people by obscuring the ways in which the middle class and the very wealthy also have benefited from the US welfare state.
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Trencsényi, Balázs, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski. A New State for “New Men”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737155.003.0006.
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Growing disappointment with party politics in the 1920s gave rise to discourses extolling the state as the principal actor of societal change. A common denominator of the various versions of etatism and technocratism in the region was a strong “anti-political” ideological reflex. In the 1930s, this was coupled with a discourse of a preventive strike, defending dictatorial policies as measures to hinder radical left- and right-wing movements from taking power. In turn, East Central European fascism emerged in the post-First World War atmosphere of insecurity and polarization. This was reinforced by the collapse of parliamentary democracy in the 1930s and the reconfiguration of the geopolitical framework of the region due to the rise of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The ensuing fascist projects offered a particularly violent ideological mixture, preventing any empathy toward ethnic and social groups targeted for persecution.
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Vaccari, Cristian, and Augusto Valeriani. Outside the Bubble. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858476.001.0001.
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The ways in which citizens experience politics on social media have overall positive implications for political participation and equality in Western democracies. This book investigates the relationship between political experiences on social media and institutional political participation based on custom-built post-election surveys on samples representative of Internet users in Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States between 2015 and 2018. On the whole, social media do not constitute echo chambers, as most users see a mixture of political content they agree and disagree with. Social media also facilitate accidental encounters with news and exposure to electoral mobilization among substantial numbers of users. Furthermore, political experiences on social media have relevant implications for participation. Seeing political messages that reinforce one’s viewpoints, accidentally encountering political news, and being targeted by electoral mobilization on social media are all positively associated with participation. Importantly, these political experiences enhance participation, especially among citizens who are less politically involved. Conversely, the participatory benefits of social media do not vary based on users’ ideological preferences and on whether they voted for populist parties. Finally, political institutions matter, as some political experiences on social media are more strongly associated with participation in majoritarian systems and in party-centric systems. While social media may be part of many societal problems, they can contribute to the solution to at least two important democratic ills—citizens’ disconnection from politics and inequalities between those who choose to exercise their voice and those who remain silent.
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Rose, Deondra. Sustaining Gender Parity in College Aid. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190650940.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 considers how lawmakers used the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965 to further entrench higher education programming in the fabric of US social policy and to amplify individual-level aid for college students. The HEA provides a valuable example of how “targeting within universalism” can help to generate broad political support for a social policy. Moreover, its creation provides a powerful example of the role that path dependency has played in the development of higher education policy. In addition to illustrating the significance of policy design to the political viability of social policy reforms, this case study highlights the pivotal role that executive leadership has played in the development of US higher education policy. Taken together, these forces were central to lawmakers’ ability to reinforce and build upon the gender-egalitarian higher education policy that had emerged during the late 1950s.
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Prevost, Elizabeth E. Anglican Mission in Twentieth-Century Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199643011.003.0011.
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Anglican mission in Africa had the capacity to challenge and unseat social, political, and religious hierarchies and identities as much as to create and reinforce them. This chapter considers how twentieth-century movements in colonial statecraft, welfare and development, anti-colonial nationalism, and decolonization found expression in Anglican mission in sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, it looks at how the Anglican missionary commitment to indigenization played out in government and society, education and knowledge production, ritual and spirituality, political dissent, and devolution—often in unexpected ways that thwarted the intent of mission establishments and reshaped the character of Anglicanism. Approaching missions as communities, structured by changing norms of authority and social cohesion, can reveal the complex interrelationships of local, regional, and global dynamics of Anglican ideology and practice.
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Thomas, Mary, Bea Green, and Sandi Schlichting. Five Minute Warmups for the Primary Grades: Quick and Easy Activities to Reinforce Basic Skills (Kids' Stuff). Incentive Publications, 1994.
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Beiner, Guy. Restored Forgetting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749356.003.0007.
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Social forgetting is reinforced by prohibitions on memories that do not correspond to the official ethos. Following Partition, the unionist state in Northern Ireland effectively proscribed commemoration of the United Irishmen. Nonetheless, interest in 1798 found expression in various cultural productions that broke the silence on this taboo. Local folk history traditions persisted into the twentieth century. However, during the violent years of the Troubles, open remembrance was once again subject to decommemorating and forms of censorship. Silencing was undermined by a number of nonconformist writers, who unflinchingly engaged with the ambiguous legacy of the United Irish rebellion.
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Gunn, Steven. Killing and Dying. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802860.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates the experience of preparation for and participation in warfare. People often owned weapons appropriate to their social status, and kept them all over their houses. Modernization was slow, but guns, useful for hunting and home security, spread steadily. Archery practice was widespread and training with other weapons was developing by the 1560s. Exhortations to manly valour, reinforced by peer pressure and self-preservation, egged soldiers on to fight, but captains’ handbooks show the difficulties in turning raw recruits into effective troops, all the more so as the social level of those enlisted relentlessly declined. While standing forces were small, English mercenaries fought in continental wars. Mutiny and desertion, massacre and panic were recurrent phenomena, but death rates were very variable, and more died of disease than from enemy action.
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Wang, Ying, and Chia-Huei Wu. Work and Personality Change. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529207552.001.0001.
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This book provides an advanced and contemporary understanding about personality at work, with a particular focus on the change perspective of personality. Thus far, the majority of research focusing on personality at work takes a more static perspective, assuming that personality is fixed and stable. However, an increasingly prominent research line over recent years have started to indicate that personality is not fixed, and that personality can be changed by work and vocational experiences, such as employment status, career roles, and job characteristics, and deliberate training and interventions. This perspective is in line with various studies on personality in the general life domain, which reinforces the changing nature of personality. This book extends from this line of research, with a particular focus on personality change in the work context. By reviewing latest research evidence in this area and also drawing on research in the broader personality and social psychology domain, this book provides a conceptual development on how personality can be changed via work, by societal, organisational, and job-related factors, as well as how individuals can take an active approach in changing their personality at work.
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Patico, Jennifer. The Trouble with Snack Time. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479835331.001.0001.
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In the wake of school lunch reform debates, heated classroom cupcake wars, and worries about childhood obesity, children’s food is a locus of anxiety and “crisis” in the United States. What does the feeding of children—and adults’ often impassioned, worried talk about the foods children eat—say about middle-class parents’ understandings of what it means to parent well, and about the kinds of individuals they feel compelled to create in their children? How are these understandings reflective of a larger political economic moment, and how do they reinforce existing forms of social inequality? This book takes up those questions through in-depth ethnographic research in “Hometown,” an urban Atlanta charter school community. Embedding herself in school events, after-school meetings, school lunchrooms, and private homes, the author observed how children’s food was a locus for fundamental moral tensions about how to live, how to present oneself, and how to be protected from harm in a neoliberal environment. Middle-class parents took responsibility for protecting their children from an industrialized food system and for cultivating children’s self-management in food and other realms; yet they did so in ways that ultimately and unintentionally tended to reinforce class privilege and the effects of social inequality. Listening closely to adults’—and children’s—food concerns and contextualizing them both very locally and vis-à-vis a broader political economy, this book interrogates those unintended effects and asks how the “crisis” of children’s food might be reimagined toward different ends.
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Henham, Ralph. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718895.003.0001.
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The Introduction outlines the work’s rationale and scope. Two main propositions are advanced. First, it is argued that the values underpinning sentencing policy should promote social cohesion rather than neo-liberal retributive values, which tend to reinforce social divisions through the disproportionate use of incarceration. Thus, sentencing policy should reflect shared values that justify punishment for the common good. Crucially, the identification of such values is regarded as a moral obligation that falls to the state. Secondly, and fundamental to social justice and credible governance, is the normative dimension. Hence, values must be realized through practice so that outcomes have moral credibility at the community level. It is suggested how value-related information could be accommodated in individual cases, whilst maintaining the system’s overall consistency. Numerous changes to practice and guidance are advocated, the most important being that sentencers should be given more discretion, not less, to facilitate the changes proposed.
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Boyle, Deborah. Gender Roles and the Role of Nature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234805.003.0008.
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Some scholars have argued that Cavendish was a feminist or proto-feminist. This chapter argues that Cavendish’s views on gender were actually quite conservative. Cavendish thought natural norms should guide people’s choices, and she believed women were naturally inferior to men. While Cavendish’s natural philosophy entails that natures are not fixed and that women are free to act differently than Nature prescribes, this chapter argues that Cavendish thought that violating gender norms would be irregular, unnatural, and a source of social instability. She believed women should conform to traditional feminine virtues and that women’s education should reinforce those virtues. Nonetheless, Cavendish also recognized how social institutions can limit women’s freedom. This chapter explores the complexities of Cavendish’s critique of one such institution, patriarchal marriage, arguing that despite her recognition that patriarchal marriages were nearly always bad for women, Cavendish believed marriage to be necessary for maintaining social order.
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Vázquez, Yolanda. Enforcing the Politics of Race and Identity in Migration and Crime Control Policies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how migration and crime policies in the United States have shaped and been shaped by race and racism. Specifically, it discusses the racialization of the ‘criminal alien’ as Latino and the way in which this category has shaped contemporary notions of race and racial identity. It argues that the historical construction of Latinos as inferior and temporary labourers continues to influence the way in which migration and crime policies are created in a post-racial society. At the same time, these policies reinforce the nation state’s understanding of race and racism, racial ideology, and the position that Latinos hold within American society. Through the category of the ‘criminal alien’, societal attitudes and beliefs are formed that view Latinos as dangerous to the nation and its community, legitimizing increasingly harsh migration and criminal laws, policies, and practices that disproportionately impact Latinos and reinforce their racial inequality.
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Dalton, Russell J. What’s a Good Citizen to Do? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.003.0006.
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The civic voluntarism model holds that citizen attitudes strongly influence participation patterns. The chapter demonstrates that changing norms of citizenship, from duty-based norms to more engaged citizenship, are shifting the pattern of participation from voting toward direct and contentious forms of action. In addition, feelings of political efficacy encourage all forms of political participation. Yet efficacy feelings often reinforce the SES participation gap with a wider gap among the most efficacious. In overall terms, social status has a predominant influence on political participation and this persists through the cumulative modeling of the civic voluntarism model.
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Delgado, Melvin. State-Sanctioned Violence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190058463.001.0001.
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The role and function of the state is not to harm its residents but rather to help them develop their potential and meet their basic human needs. The importance of violence is well attested to by Oxford University Press devoting a book series on interpersonal violence. However, state-sanctioned violence in the United States is not, for example. The saying “The truth will set you free, but first it will make you miserable” comes to mind in writing this book because it holds personal meaning that goes beyond being a social worker and a person of color (Latinx). The basic premise and interconnectedness of the themes in this book were reinforced and expanded in the course of writing. Bonilla-Silva (2019, p. 14) states, “We are living, once again, in strange racial times,” which, indeed, is true. The hope is that readers appreciate the numerous threads between themes, some of which have not gotten close attention by the general public and scholars. Harris and Hodge (2017), for example, adeptly interconnect environmental, food, and school-to-pipeline social injustice issues among urban youth of color, illustrating how oppressions converge. Future scholarship will connect even more dots to create the mosaic that constitutes state-sanctioned violence. It was a relief to see the extent of scholarship on the topics addressed in this book. Bringing together this literature, public reports, and the experiences from those currently dealing with state-sponsored violence allowed for a consistent narrative to unfold. Writing a book is always a process of discovery. There is a body of scholarship to buttress the central arguments of this book, but no such literature addressing the structural interconnectedness of the types of state-sanctioned violence for social work. The sociopolitical, interactional consequences of place, time, people, and events set a social-political context that is understood by social workers and makes this mission distinctive because of this grounding. Viewing state-sanctioned violence, including its laws and policies, within this prism allows the development of a vision or charge that can unite people, as well as a deeper commitment to working with oppressed groups in seeking social justice. Social work is not exempt from having a role in state-sanctioned violence. This book only delves into the profession’s history and evolution to appreciate how it has reinforced a state-sanctioned violence agenda, wittingly or unwittingly. Practice is never apolitical; it either supports a state-sanctioned violence narrative or resists it with counternarratives. Social work must be vigilant of how it supports state violence.
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Davis, Gayle. Health and Sexuality. Edited by Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0028.
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The concept of sexuality is being deployed as a prism through which a rich range of social, cultural, and political issues can be explored. This article considers the ways in which female and male sexualities have been constructed and problematized in modern Western history. The medical role is stressed, bearing in mind the ambivalent historical relationship that has existed between physicians, sexual science, and society. With reference to the ‘double standard’, this article shows how female sexuality has been particularly prone to pathologization and psychiatrization when believed to drift from the marital or reproductive ideal. Social and political concerns surrounding sexually transmitted diseases are discussed as they are seen to both reflect and reinforce society's most fundamental assumptions and fears surrounding sexuality and disease. The questions that this article seeks to answer are arguably of increasing relevance to modern Western society.
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You, Jong-sung. Trust and Corruption. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.22.
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Trust and trustworthiness reinforce each other, while perceptions of fairness are closely linked to trust. Corruption in the form of untrustworthy behavior, a betrayal of entrusted power, and a breach of interactional or formal justice negatively affects people’s perceptions of fairness and generalized trust. Corruption can be understood as a collective action problem, and social trust can help solve such collective action problems. Empirical studies have found considerable evidence for the reciprocal causal relationship between social trust and corruption. On the one hand, there seems to be a vicious circle of low trust, high corruption, and high inequality, thus creating an inequality trap. On the other hand, there is a virtuous circle of high trust, low corruption, and low inequality, resulting in multiple equilibria. This relationship appears to be very strong in democracies, but not in authoritarian countries.
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Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. Gender Implementation in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039423.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) reinforces a logic that upholds social hierarchies while also opening new spaces to consider a gender analysis. When the PTRC began its investigation in August 2001, a gender analysis was not included. However, the commission was compelled to integrate the issue of gender into its investigation due to international pressure coupled with funding sources that required a gender component, as well as Peruvian women's and feminist movements' advocacy. This chapter analyzes the struggle for inclusion within the PTRC by focusing on the debate around the meaning of gender, its methodological operationalization, and incorporation into the final report. It shows how the push to document direct human rights violations against women led the PTRC to make a concerted effort to include a gender analysis and to address gender-based violence, specifically sexual violence.
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Allen, William. 8. Satire. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199665457.003.0008.
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‘Satire’ traces the development of Roman satire from Lucilius in the 2nd century bc to Juvenal in the early 2nd century ad, showing how the targets of satire, and the personae adopted to attack them, reflect changing social and political contexts in republican and imperial Rome. It also considers how the narrative of decline, so popular in Roman thinking, contributes to the satirists' themes, and examines to what extent their criticisms of Roman society and literature reinforce cultural norms or challenge them. Roman satire ranged from erudite literary parody to the most vulgar abuse, but it is thanks to Juvenal that satire is seen as above all political, angry, and funny.
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Baker, Andy, Barry Ames, and Lúcio Rennó. Persuasive Peers. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691205779.001.0001.
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In Latin America's new democracies, political parties and mass partisanship are not deeply entrenched, leaving many votes up for grabs during election campaigns. In a typical presidential election season, between one-quarter and one-half of all voters change their voting intentions across party lines in the months before election day. Advancing a new theory of Latin American voting behavior, this book argues that political discussions within informal social networks among family members, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and acquaintances explain this volatility and exert a major influence on final voting choices. The book shows that weakly committed voters defer to their politically knowledgeable peers, creating vast amounts of preference change as political campaigns unfold. Peer influences also matter for unwavering voters, who tend to have social contacts that reinforce their voting intentions. Social influence increases political conformity among voters within neighborhoods, states, and even entire regions, and the authors illustrate how party machines use the social topography of electorates to buy off well-connected voters who can magnify the impact of the payoff. The book demonstrates how everyday communication shapes political outcomes in Latin America's less-institutionalized democracies.
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Jones, Sarah Rees. Public and Private Space and Gender in Medieval Europe. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.023.
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This essay explores ideas and practices of gender in public and private space in medieval Europe. It considers elite and religious men and women as well as the spaces used by lower-status people, and draws on historical records, literature, and archaeology. From the early Middle Ages, space was planned in order to reinforce social hierarchies, but normative rules about gendered spatial conduct also soon became commonplace. Such rules varied over time and from place to place and were often contradicted by popular behavior. Nevertheless ideals did affect vernacular architecture and the use of space by people of most social classes. Above all attitudes towards space were conditioned by religion. Radical changes in the use of domestic and street spaces often followed radical religious change. Within Christian communities the central cultural focus for the gendered regulation of space was the desire to purify material production, particularly the reproduction of children.