To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Social reinforcers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social reinforcers'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 39 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Social reinforcers.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Delmendo, Xeres. "Evaluation of reinforcers: A unit price analysis." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2613.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present study was to develop an approach to determining relative reinforcer value for children, using unit price theory. A free operant preference assessment was conducted with four children, followed by a reinforcer assessment to determine reinforcer efficacy. Following the reinforcer assessment, the unit price evaluation was conducted. The number of reinforcers and number of responses required were manipulated by varying the number of reinforcers provided and the fixed-ratio (FR) requirement, respectively. Four or five different unit price values were compared for each child, and each child's performance was compared with two combinations of FR schedule and number of reinforcers earned for each unit price. The study tested a prediction of unit price theory that as unit price increases, number of responses will increase to an asymptote and decrease thereafter. Results showed that responding increased and then decreased as unit price increased for 2 of the 4 children for one of the two unit price series. Another unit price theory prediction tested was that the rate of consumption of obtained reinforcers at a given price will be a constant regardless of the response requirement and magnitude of reinforcer that make up the unit price. Results showed that consumption was usually similar given equal unit price values but differing FR and amount of consumables received for all 4 participants. These data suggest that unit price theory may be a useful framework for assessing relative reinforcer value. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that reinforcers may be potent in terms of work rate under one reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combination but not another combination. In terms of consumption, reinforcers may be approximately equally potent under various reinforcement schedule and number of reinforcer units combinations.
2
Knighton, Ryan. "The Use of Progressive-Ratio Schedules to Assess Negative Reinforcers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1323.
Full textAbstract:
We used a combined multi-element, ABCBC reversal design to examine whether qualities of various negative reinforcers can be assessed under progressive-ratio schedules. Two adults with disabilities participated in this study. We assessed five sounds three times using progressive-ratio schedules to obtain mean break points for each stimulus and ranked negative reinforcers according to their mean break points. We called the stimulus with the highest mean break point the high-quality escape (HQE) stimulus and the stimulus with the lowest break point the low-quality escape (LQE) stimulus and examined responding according to different schedules of reinforcement for each stimulus: FR2, FR4, and FR8 for Jenny and FR1 and FR11 for April. We identified preferred and nonpreferred sounds for both participants.We observed differential responding for both participants between preferred and nonpreferred sounds. We observed differential responding between HQE and LQE stimuli for April but not for Jenny; a larger range in break points was observed for April. These results demonstrate a method to identify preferred and nonpreferred sounds and provide support for the possibility of using progressive-ratio schedules to rank negative reinforcers of various qualities.
3
Rodriguez, Paloma. "Operant and Respondent Procedures to Establish Social Stimuli as Reinforcers in Children with Autism." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/961.
Full textAbstract:
According to the DSM-IV- TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), one of the core deficits in autism is in the impairment of social interaction. Some have suggested that underlying these deficits is the reality that individuals with autism do not find social stimuli to be as reinforcing as other types of stimuli (Dawson, 2008). An interesting and growing body of literature supports the notion that symptoms in autism may be caused by a general reduction in social motivation (Chevallier et al., 2012). A review of the literature suggests that social orienting and social motivation are low in individuals with autism, and including social motivation as a target for therapeutic intervention should be pursued (Helt et al., 2008). Through our understanding of learning processes, researchers in behavior analysis and related fields have been able to use conditioning procedures to change the function of neutral or ineffective stimuli, including tokens (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968), facial expressions (Gewirtz & Pelaez-Nogueras, 1992) and praise (Dozier et al., 2012). The current study aimed to use operant and respondent procedures to condition social stimuli that were empirically shown to not be reinforcing prior to conditioning. Further, this study aimed to compare the two procedures in their effectiveness to condition social stimuli to function as reinforcers, and in their maintenance of effects over time. Using a multiple-baseline, multi-element design, one social stimulus was conditioned under each procedure to compare the different response rates following conditioning. Finally, the study sought to determine if conditioning social stimuli to function as reinforcers had any effect on the social functioning of young children with autism. Six children diagnosed with autism between the ages of 18 months and 3 years participated. Results show that the respondent procedure (pairing) resulted in more robust and enduring effects than the operant procedure (Sd procedure). Results of a social communication assessment (ESCS, Mundy et al., 2003) before and after conditioning demonstrate gains in all areas of social communication, particularly in the areas of initiating and responding to joint attention.
4
Koelker, Rachel Lee Ellis Janet. "Comparing a discriminative stimulus procedure to a pairing procedure conditioning neutral social stimuli to function as conditioned reinforcers /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12143.
Full text
5
Koelker, Rachel Lee. "Comparing a discriminative stimulus procedure to a pairing procedure: Conditioning neutral social stimuli to function as conditioned reinforcers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12143/.
Full textAbstract:
Social stimuli that function as reinforcers for most children generally do not function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. These important social stimuli include smiles, head nods, thumb-ups, and okay signs. It should be an important goal of therapy for children with autism to condition these neutral social stimuli to function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. There is empirical evidence to support both a pairing procedure (classical conditioning) and a discriminative stimulus procedure to condition neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. However, there is no clear evidence as to the superiority of effectiveness for either procedure. Despite this most textbooks and curriculum guides for children with autism state only the pairing procedure to condition neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. Recent studies suggest that the discriminative stimulus procedure may in fact be more effective in conditioning neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers for children diagnosed with autism. The present research is a further comparison of these two procedures. Results from one participant support recent findings that suggest the discriminative stimulus procedure is more effective in conditioning neutral stimuli to function as reinforcers. But the results from the other participant show no effects from either procedure, suggesting future research into conditions necessary to condition neutral social stimuli to function as reinforcers for children with autism.
6
Peterson, Rachelle N. "The Effectiveness of a Video-Based Preference Assessment in Identifying Socially Reinforcing Stimuli." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2296.
Full textAbstract:
The following study was conducted to find out more about a video test that could identify social activities that are motivating for individuals with disabilities. Commonly tests can be administered to find what physical items, food, toys, games and so forth, are preferred but the process becomes infinitely more difficult when social activities and interactions are involved. Research has shown that participation in reinforcing social experiences is critical for development and crucial in social skill building. In this study, a video-based test was analyzed to see how effective it was in identifying these socially preferred activities in three individuals with disabilities. The study began with a parent interview, to identify potentially reinforcing activities, and a brief pretest with each participant. The participants then completed the video test in which they were allowed to choose, via video, which activities they wanted to do. When the video test was complete, the activity that each participant liked the most and least was used in the final phase of the study. Each participant was given an individual task and in each session they were rewarded for completing tasks with their most and least preferred activities. For each of the three participants the most highly preferred activity increased their task completion and the lowest preferred did not have a significant effect. These results suggest that the video-based preference assessment was able to successfully identify social activities that were preferred and nonpreferred for each participant.
7
Sran, Sanddeep K. "Quantity versus quality : the opportunity to choose back-up reinforcers in a token economy." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/660.
Full textAbstract:
Preference for single versus varied reinforcers was assessed in the context of a token system. This study also assessed the preferences of 4 participants for one stimulus versus a number of qualitatively different stimuli, presented contingent on academic task completion. A paired-choice preference assessment was conducted followed by a reinforcer assessment using a combined reversal and multi-element design. The purpose of these procedures was to determine whether higher rates of responding would occur during conditions in which token reinforcement produced access to back-up reinforcers compared to a no reinforcement condition. Next, the opportunity to choose single versus varied token reinforcers was presented in a concurrent -chains arrangement. The dependent variables were the number of letters traced per min and the number of tokens earned per min during 3-min sessions, and the percentage of selections for single versus varied conditions. Results showed that response rates during the reinforcer assessment were higher during the reinforcement condition relative to the no reinforcement condition. A preference was not detected for 2 of 4 participants when the opportunity to choose from the same or qualitatively different reinforcers was presented. One of 4 participants preferred selecting the varied-choice condition (i.e., qualitatively different back-up reinforcers), and a second participant showed a similar pattern, but results were inconclusive due to limited data.
8
Zhu, Jingyi. "Neural representation of social, monetary and chocolate reinforcer processing." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/30063/.
Full textAbstract:
Little attention has been paid to social reinforcer processing compared with food and monetary reinforcers, in the reward-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature. This is surprising as social reinforcers pervade our daily lives and are often experienced more frequently than food or monetary reinforcers. The question of whether social reinforcers are processed in the same or different brain regions as other reinforcer types remains poorly understood. In this thesis, three fMRI studies were employed to investigate this question, in healthy individuals. The experimental paradigms focused on two main aspects of reward processing: neural patterns of activation associated with different reward types and valance, and also correlations between neural activation to rewards and participants’ hedonic level. The studies reported in this thesis revealed that amygdala and a subregion of the OFC responded more sensitively to social reinforcers than monetary, or food reinforcers, indicating social reinforcers modulate the affective response more strongly in the brain reward network. The results also provide evidence for a medial-lateral functional dissociation in the OFC to rewards and punishment, so that medial OFC responded more strongly to rewards and lateral OFC to punishments. Moreover, fMRI study-1 revealed a crossover interaction between reinforcement valence and reward type in the lateral OFC, indicating this region may be involved in the functional integration of both reward type and valence. This is consistent with the theory of a common neural currency, for valuing different rewards in the OFC. As activation in the reward network may also be attributed to the hedonic experience of gaining rewards, fMRI study-2 and study-3 also explored the relationship between BOLD activity in response to rewards and participants’ hedonic scores. These two studies demonstrated highly significant correlations between BOLD activity in the OFC (positive correlation) and insula (negative correlation) and self-reported levels of hedonic response. The findings of the correlations between reward and hedonic level could have important implications for understanding how human hedonic levels affect responses to various reinforcements.
9
Sassine, Jad(Jad G. ). "How network structure impacts socially reinforced diffusion?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126964.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-28).
Social scientists have long studied adoption choices that depend on the number of prior adopters. What is the effect of network structure on such adoption dynamics? The emerging consensus holds that when agents require a high reinforcement threshold for adoption, clustered networks are better conduits of social contagion than random ones. Using models with deterministic thresholds this argument formalizes the idea that transmission will get 'stuck' should the number of neighboring adopters fall below a threshold. In this paper, we explore the effect of stochastic thresholds on the diffusion races between random and clustered networks. We show that even low probabilities of adoption upon a single contact would tilt the balance in favor of random networks, a tendency that is reinforced with the size of the network. Moreover, if repeated signals from the same adopter can reinforce a message, random networks are further promoted. However, we also show that clustered networks can still be preferred over random networks if adopters become 'inactive' - i.e. they stop sending messages - with high probability. These findings refocus our theoretical understanding of how network structure moderates social influence, and raises new questions on contagion phenomena that benefit from clustered networks.
by Jad Sassine.
S.M. in Management Research
S.M.inManagementResearch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
10
Meuret, Brienna. "Effects of Video Modeling on Preference and Reinforcer Value for Toys." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6118.
Full textAbstract:
Children diagnosed with autism often exhibit a limited range of preferred stimuli. This can lead to problem behavior or a decline in quality of life. Recent work has shown that watching peers approach and interact with stimuli can affect an observer’s preferences with respect to those stimuli. Video modeling is an effective intervention component for many individuals with ASD, and may be extended toward increasing the breadth of preferences in such individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine the degree to which video modeling can be used to increase the preference and reinforcing value of initially low-preferred toys in individuals with autism. Progressive ratio (PR) break point assessments and multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessments were used to evaluate intervention effectiveness. Overall, video modeling was effective at increasing preference of least preferred toys but increases in preference were not accompanied by increases in reinforcer value as reflected by frequency of responses.
11
Edwards, William Harrison. "Control over Therapist Interactions as a Reinforcer for a Child with Autism." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278765/.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated whether therapist terminations of social interactions would decrease social terminations and increase social initiations during play activities with a child with autism. The assessment took place in two conditions. The first condition, instructed involved social interactions with instructions delivered, and the second, uninstructed, involved social interactions without instructions delivered. These conditions were analyzed with a multiple baseline across-conditions design. Interaction duration, initiations, instructions, and child terminations were recorded. This study showed that the therapist-removal procedure resulted in a complete decrease in child terminations, and an increase in the number of initiations and the duration of the child-therapist interactions during the uninstructed condition. Similar effects were seen in the instructed condition, but to a lesser degree.
12
Livingston, Cynthia P. "Comparison of Conditioning Procedures to Condition Praise as a Reinforcer for Children with Autism." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7331.
Full textAbstract:
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disability characterized by social, behavioral, and communicative impairments. A primary characteristic of Autism includes impairment in social skills. Along the same lines, praise, defined as approval or admiration, does not always function as a reinforcer for this population. One way to address the absence of a reinforcement effect for praise is to condition praise as a reinforcer. The literature on conditioned reinforcement encompasses many procedural variations that have been shown to increase the reinforcing value of neutral stimuli. One such variation relatively new to the conditioned reinforcement literature includes observational conditioning. With observational conditioning, initially neutral stimulus are established as reinforcers through observation of others receiving an initially neural stimulus, contingent on some response, while the same neutral stimulus is restricted to the observer for engagement the same response. Few component analyses of observational conditioning procedures have been conducted. Identification of its key aspects and further clarification of its generality will improve understanding of the effect and lead to more reliable clinical endpoints. Given this, and the need for procedures focused on conditioning praise as a reinforcer for individuals with Autism, the purpose of the current proposal was twofold. The purpose of Study 1 was to compare the effects of the observational conditioning procedure to observational conditioning plus response restriction in children diagnosed with Autism. The purpose of Study 2 was to assess the effects of observational conditioning plus response restriction to condition praise as a reinforcer in children diagnosed with Autism.
13
Francisco, Monica T. "Evaluation of absolute and relative reinforcer value using progressive ratio schedules." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/672.
Full textAbstract:
We evaluated behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities using progressive ratio schedules. High- and low-preferred stimuli were determined based on the results of a paired-stimulus preference assessment and were evaluated in subsequent reinforcer and progressive ratio assessments using concurrent- and single-operant schedules of presentation in a modified reversal design. Results showed that for two participants, stimuli determined to be low-preferred via a preference assessment functioned as reinforcers when evaluated independently of high-preferred stimuli and under gradually increasing response requirements. The results suggest that for cases in which a high-preferred stimulus is unavailable or unfeasible, the contingent delivery of relatively less-preferred stimuli may maintain appropriate behavior, even as response effort is increased. In addition, results of the progressive ratio evaluation are suggestive of stimulus value.
14
Schepers, Scott Timothy. "The Effects of Reinforcer Distribution During Response Elimination on Resurgence of an Instrumental Response." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/280.
Full textAbstract:
Resurgence is the relapse of an extinguished instrumental behavior that can occur when an alternative behavior that was introduced to replace it is itself extinguished. In a typical resurgence experiment, rats are trained to make a response (R1) for food reinforcers. In a second phase, responses on R1 are no longer reinforced, but a new response (R2) is introduced and responses on it are reinforced. During a third phase, reinforcement for R2 is removed and behavior on R1 often returns (or "resurges") despite remaining on extinction.
The current experiments were designed to examine the effects of the temporal distribution of reinforcers delivered during Phase 2 on later resurgence. The role of these alternative reinforcers is central to theories that have been proposed to account for resurgence. The experiments provided a special opportunity to contrast predictions made by the Shahan-Sweeney Model (Shahan & Sweeney, 2011) and a contextual account of resurgence (Winterbauer & Bouton, 2010).
Experiments 1 and 2 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement during Phase 2 was delivered according to the same set of daily reinforcement schedules presented in different orders. That is, one group received rich reinforcement rates that were gradually thinned to leaner ones (Group Thinning) and another group received lean rates that were gradually increased to richer ones (Group Reverse Thinning). Both procedures weakened resurgence compared to that in a group that received the richest rate (a variable interval, or VI 10-s schedule that arranged for a reinforcer to be available for a response every 10s on average) during all of the Phase 2 sessions. However, the forward thinning procedure was more effective than the reverse thinning procedure at eliminating the resurgence effect.
Experiment 3 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement was only available for R2 during every other session. The results indicated that daily alternations of a VI 10-s schedule with an extinction schedule for R2 weakened resurgence compared to groups that either received the same average rate over the entire phase (VI 17.5-s) or that received the same terminal rate (VI 10-s) in every session.
The Shahan-Sweeney model cannot account for several of the current results. Instead, the results are most consistent with a contextual account of resurgence. That is, resurgence can be conceptualized as an ABC renewal effect in which extinguished R1 behavior returns when an animal is removed from an extinction "context" provided by R2 reinforcement. Lean reinforcement rates at any time during Phase 2 allow the animal to learn to inhibit R1 under conditions that generalize to the extinction conditions that prevail during the resurgence test. The results also suggest that experience with alternating extinction sessions or lean reinforcement rates close to the final resurgence test are especially effective at eliminating the resurgence effect.
15
Berry, Meredith Steele. "Reinforcer Magnitude and Resistance to Change of Forgetting Functions and Response Rates." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1269.
Full textAbstract:
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of reinforcer magnitude on resistance to disruption of remembering and response rates. Pigeons were exposed to a variable-interval (VI), delayed-matching-to-sample procedure (DMTS) with two components (rich and lean). Specifically, completion of a VI 20 second (s) multiple schedule resulted in DMTS trials in both components. In a DMTS trial, a choice of one of two comparison stimuli (e.g., blue key) results in reinforcement if the choice matches some property of the sample stimulus presented previously. Sample and comparison stimuli are separated by a delay. Four delays (0.1, 4, 8, and 16 s) were used between the sample and comparison stimuli in the study. The difference between rich and lean components was the length of hopper duration following a correct response. The probability of reinforcement following a correct response in both components was .5. Each pigeon was exposed to 50 sessions of initial baseline and then 30 sessions of baseline between each disruptive condition (extinction, intercomponent interval [ICI] food, lighting the houselight during delays, and prefeeding). Separable aspects of the forgetting functions (initial discriminability and rate of forgetting) were examined by determining accuracy at each delay. During baseline, response rates were higher in the rich component relative to the lean. Accuracy decreased as delay increased in both rich and lean components, and accuracy was consistently higher in the rich relative to the lean component. During disruptive conditions, extinction, ICI food, and prefeeding disrupted response rates, but lighting the houselight during the delays had little effect. During the DMTS portion of the procedure, extinction and prefeeding decreased initial discriminability and lighting the houselight during the delay increased rate of forgetting. Intercomponent food had little effect on accuracy. Accuracy in the rich component was more resistant to disruption relative to the lean component during extinction. These results indicate that certain disruptors do not have the same disruptive effect across response rates and accuracy (e.g., ICI food). These data also suggest that when systematic differences in accuracy between rich and lean components are revealed, performance in the rich component tends to be more resistant to disruption.
16
Langthorne, Paul David. "Antecedent influences on negatively reinforced behaviour : an examination of person-environment interplay : Volume 1 - research component and Volume 2 - clinical componenet : five clinical practice reports." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3709/.
Full textAbstract:
Motivating operations (MOs) exert value- and behaviour-altering effects on problem behaviour. To date, there has been no systematic review of the literature regarding the influence of MOs on negatively reinforced problem behaviour. The current review adopted a systematic strategy to identify and review papers relevant to this area published between 1999-2011. Fifty nine papers were identified that met inclusion criteria for the review. Papers were grouped according to themes and reviewed to: 1) identify recent trends in the literature, 2) provide a critique of the methodological strengths and weaknesses of the field, 3) examine implications for the assessment, understanding and treatment of negatively reinforced problem behaviour and 4) provide suggestions for future research. A model of negatively reinforced problem behaviour is presented that emphasises the importance of the interaction between person and environment.
17
Sullivan, Kaitlin Sullivan. "Evaluating Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) in a High School Setting." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6407.
Full textAbstract:
Current research shows that school’s behavior intervention plans are lacking in key components, indicating a need for a standardized model of assessment that sustains teacher adherence, acceptance, and feasibility. Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) is a model that combines the principles of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support to provide a standardized approach to conducting a functional assessment and creating a behavior plan. Studies have indicated that PTR is effective in improving student behavior and academic engagement. The current study evaluated the use of PTR for three high school students classified as emotional behavioral disorder (EBD). Results indicated that teacher-implemented functional assessment and intervention planning through the use of PTR was effective at creating substantial reductions in problem behaviors and improvements in replacement behaviors for all three students. In addition, teachers were able to implement the interventions with high levels of fidelity, and social validity scores obtained from both the teachers and students indicated that the acceptability of the PTR procedures and results was relatively high.
18
McNamara, Kiersty. "Further Evaluation of Treatments for Vocal Stereotypy: Response Interruption Redirection and Response Cost." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7061.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to expand on research by evaluating the effects of response interruption redirection and response cost alone to reduce vocal stereotypy and to evaluate whether response cost increases the effectiveness of response interruption redirection. Treatment phases included response interruption redirection, response cost, and response interruption redirection plus response cost. We saw high rates of vocal stereotypy during baseline, toy baseline, and pre-intervention phases. During all treatment phases, we saw substantial decreases in stereotypy. For two of the three participants response interruption redirection and response cost was a slightly more effective treatment suggesting that using response interruption redirection with an additive of response cost may further suppress stereotypy. These results were replicated across phases. For one participant response interruption redirection was the most effective treatment. All three treatments reduced vocal stereotypy to clinically acceptable levels for two participants. For one participant, there was only a slight decrease in stereotypy when RC was implemented. We discuss limitations and areas for future research.
19
Lynn, Tamara J. "Irony of a revolution: how grassroots organizations reinforced power structures they fought to resist." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17377.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
L. Susan Williams
This study is about two grassroots political organizations that formed prior to the 2012 presidential election in the United States, each concerned with the nation's economy, corporate favoritism, government involvement, and growing income inequality. The study outlines an historical account of a culture of control, and then analyzes actions of two contemporary protest organizations – The Tea Party, known as politically conservative; and Occupy Wall Street (OWS), characterized as liberal – as the national election unfolded. Each group sought to change the political landscape and influence the outcome of the presidential election, but with competing messages and very different approaches. Seeking change from the inside, The Tea Party emphasized limited government regulation of the market economy. OWS intended to crumble the system by outside resistance and demanded government attention to economic inequality. Field research and content analysis provide insight into behaviors, beliefs, and actions of each group, which, in turn, identify efforts to resist the status quo. Content analysis of print news provides evidence of state responses toward each group, while also offering insight into media framing and public influence. Finally, a survey of official responses from host communities reveals specific efforts to control protest organizations, ranging from acts of diplomacy to violent opposition. Findings demonstrate how roles of the Tea Party and OWS are not always in conflict, such as media often portray; for example, both groups contested corporate control. The Tea Party met token success, but stopped short of influencing top echelons. OWS brought attention to system inequities, but failed to maintain significant pressure; instead, participants were criminalized for acts of protest. Ironically, in the end, both groups' efforts reinforced the culture of control they sought to resist. Theoretically, a cultural criminology framework, integrating symbolic interaction and social control, demonstrates how structural constraints oppose grassroots political efforts.
20
Andersen, Cristina Diane. "Evaluating Video Modeling to Teach Caregivers to Conduct Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessments." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6167.
Full textAbstract:
Stimulus preference assessments have been shown to identify stimuli that are likely to function as reinforcers for individuals with disabilities. It is important to identify these stimuli to increase the effectiveness of interventions. The ability to conduct a stimulus preference assessment is a skill that parents and caregivers should have. Research on training preference assessments is limited to staff, teachers, and students. The following study evaluated the effectiveness of video modeling to teach caregivers to conduct paired stimulus preference assessments. The results showed that video modeling was effective and that the results maintained during a one week follow up.
21
Grande, Fernando Mazzeo. "Desenvolvimento de painel alveolar de concreto armado pré-moldado para habitações de interesse social." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-06062013-161927/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho analisa, por meio de método experimental, a viabilidade de apropriar a produção de painel alveolar de concreto armado para aplicação em habitações de interesse social. Compara os processos industriais praticados para a produção deste elemento com alternativas inovadoras proporcionadas pela incorporação de fôrma interna, ou núcleo alveolar, que permite apropriar a tecnologia para aplicação em diferentes escalas conforme as características de cada empreendimento. Avalia a execução, a conectividade e o desempenho mecânico em relação à resistência à compressão do painel alveolar. Contribui com contexto de construção sustentável e o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais e conclui que o núcleo alveolar incorporado configura inovação tecnicamente viável no processo de produção do painel alveolar que pode ser utilizado em sistemas de fechamento e superestruturas (paredes portantes e lajes) em habitações.This work analyzes the viability of appropriate the hollow core slab production for social housing construction, by means of an experimental method procedure. It compares the industrial process with innovated alternatives proportionate by internal hollow nuclear mould incorporate which provides technology appropriation for several production scales according to construction portage. Evaluate the execution, connectivity (with hydraulic and electric systems) and compressive strength of hollow core slabs. The researchs contributions is relate with the context of sustainable construction and the use of industrial waste as construction raw materials and it concludes that internal hollow nuclear mould incorporate is technically viable in hollow core slabs production´s process and this precast element could be applied in wall´s and slabs for housing construction.
22
Deenihan, Deanna. "Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce for Secondary (PTR-SEC) Model for High School Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7777.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the use of the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce for Secondary (PTR-SEC) model as an individualized Tier 3 intervention within the School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS) in three high school classrooms. Three teaching staff (two teachers and one instructional aide) and three students with autism spectrum disorders participated in the study. The study examined the degree to which the classroom staff implemented the PTR intervention plan with fidelity and its impact on the students’ behaviors, using a multiple baseline across participants design. The results indicated that the teaching staff implemented the PTR intervention plan with high levels of fidelity, and their implementation of the intervention plan led to decreases in problem behavior and increases in replacement behavior across all three participating students with ASD. The PTR-SEC teams found the PTR-SEC intervention to be acceptable and satisfactory; all three staff expressed interest in continuing to implement the PTR intervention plan after completion of the study.
23
Kilpatrick, Quentin K. "School Districts and Academic Achievement: Socio-Economic Structure and Social Reproduction in Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338996607.
Full text
24
Santiago, Melissa. "Using the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce for Families (PTR-F) with Hispanic Families of Young Children with ASD." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7567.
Full textAbstract:
This study assessed the feasibility of the newly manualized Prevent Teach Reinforce for Families (PTR-F) for use with Hispanic families of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who have difficulty adjusting to family routine. The study involved three families of children with ASD ages 3 to 6 years old who participated in the 5-step PTR-F process and who implemented the PTR intervention plan during naturally occurring family routines. A multiple-baseline across participants design was employed to examine the preliminary evidence of efficacy of using the PTR-F for children with ASD. The results indicated that Hispanic parents successfully implemented intervention strategies with the help of a facilitator using the PTR-F manual. All children’s alternate desirable behavior increased and problem behavior reduced a significant amount when the PTR-F intervention was implemented by the parents. The parents reported high social validity when implementing the PTR-F intervention.
25
Dellplain, Laura. "Yellow, in Peril: How public health discourse on tuberculosis (TB) reveals, refines, and reinforces the racial stigmatization of Asian Americans." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1339100153.
Full text
26
Reyes, Sofia. "Implementation of the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Model within Multi-tiered Systems of Support for Elementary School Students with Problem Behavior." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7906.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the implementation of the school-based Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) model within multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) for elementary school students engaging in high levels of problem behavior. Three students and their classroom teachers in two public schools participated in the team-based PTR process during which they engaged in teaming and goal setting, functional behavior assessment, intervention, and evaluation. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the impact of using the PTR model on student problem and replacement behaviors. Direct and indirect observations of student behaviors were conducted across target and generalization academic time periods. Findings indicate that the PTR intervention effectively reduced problem behavior and increased replacement behavior for all three participating students in both target and generalization academic time periods. Social validity assessments with the participating teachers and students indicated high levels of acceptability of and satisfaction with the PTR intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes. Implications for using the PTR model within MTSS for students who are not responding to Tier 2 interventions are discussed.
27
DeCaro, Daniel A., Brian C. Chaffin, Edella Schlager, Ahjond S. Garmestani, and J. B. Ruhl. "Legal and institutional foundations of adaptive environmental governance." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623959.
Full textAbstract:
Legal and institutional structures fundamentally shape opportunities for adaptive governance of environmental resources at multiple ecological and societal scales. Properties of adaptive governance are widely studied. However, these studies have not resulted in consolidated frameworks for legal and institutional design, limiting our ability to promote adaptation and social-ecological resilience. We develop an overarching framework that describes the current and potential role of law in enabling adaptation. We apply this framework to different social-ecological settings, centers of activity, and scales, illustrating the multidimensional and polycentric nature of water governance. Adaptation typically emerges organically among multiple centers of agency and authority in society as a relatively self-organized or autonomous process marked by innovation, social learning, and political deliberation. This self-directed and emergent process is difficult to create in an exogenous, top-down fashion. However, traditional centers of authority may establish enabling conditions for adaptation using a suite of legal, economic, and democratic tools to legitimize and facilitate self-organization, coordination, and collaboration across scales. The principles outlined here provide preliminary legal and institutional foundations for adaptive environmental governance, which may inform institutional design and guide future scholarship.
28
Lambert, Joseph Michael. "Sensitivity of Human Choice to Manipulations of Parameters of Positive and Negative Sound Reinforcement." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1945.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether altering parameters of positive and negative reinforcement in identical ways could influence behavior maintained by each in different ways. Three undergraduate students participated in a series of assessments designed to identify preferred and aversive sounds with similar reinforcing values. Following reinforcer identification, we conducted parameter sensitivity assessments for both positive and negative reinforcers. Parameter manipulations influenced behavior in the same way across reinforcement processes for two participants. However, for one participant, the way in which parameter manipulations influenced behavior differed according to the reinforcement process. Our results suggest that, for at least some individuals, positive and negative sound reinforcement processes do not influence behavior in identical ways. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
29
Hermansson, Jimmy. "Cheering versus giggling: two happy stimuli can be used in appetitive conditioning paradigms." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-161274.
Full textAbstract:
In appetitive conditioning, a neutral stimulus (CS) is conditioned to elicit a positive emotional response by pairing it with a positive/appetitive unconditioned stimulus (US). This method is useful for studying emotional disorders and emotion in general. Studying appetitive conditioning in humans has been hampered by the lack of adequate positive unconditioned stimuli. This study investigated multimodal social stimuli as potential unconditioned stimuli in an appetitive conditioning paradigm. Neutral faces (CS+’giggle’ and CS+’woohoo’) were paired with two multimodal unconditioned stimuli consisting of the same smiling face and two different sound stimuli (US‘giggle’ and US‘woohoo’). The dependent variable was participant skin conductance response (SCR) alongside participant emotional ratings of the stimuli, that together indexes the conditioned response. CS+’giggle’ was hypothesized to be rated as happier, and less fearful than CS+’woohoo’. Successful conditioning was evidenced by higher happiness ratings for both stimuli after acquisition compared to habituation. However, no effect of acquisition was found on SCR. US’woohoo’ was also rated as more fearful and arousing and less happy and pleasant than the US’giggle’. In sum, this thesis presents a paradigm that can be used in future studies on appetitive conditioning.
30
Kaisaravalli, Bhojraj Gokul, and Yeswanth Surya Achyut Markonda. "Policy-based Reinforcement learning control for window opening and closing in an office building." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34420.
Full textAbstract:
The level of indoor comfort can highly be influenced by window opening and closing behavior of the occupant in an office building. It will not only affect the comfort level but also affects the energy consumption, if not properly managed. This occupant behavior is not easy to predict and control in conventional way. Nowadays, to call a system smart it must learn user behavior, as it gives valuable information to the controlling system. To make an efficient way of controlling a window, we propose RL (Reinforcement Learning) in our thesis which should be able to learn user behavior and maintain optimal indoor climate. This model free nature of RL gives the flexibility in developing an intelligent control system in a simpler way, compared to that of the conventional techniques. Data in our thesis is taken from an office building in Beijing. There has been implementation of Value-based Reinforcement learning before for controlling the window, but here in this thesis we are applying policy-based RL (REINFORCE algorithm) and also compare our results with value-based (Q-learning) and there by getting a better idea, which suits better for the task that we have in our hand and also to explore how they behave. Based on our work it is found that policy based RL provides a great trade-off in maintaining optimal indoor temperature and learning occupant’s behavior, which is important for a system to be called smart.
31
Řimnáč, Radek. "Domov důchodců." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227436.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is processed in the form of project documentation which comprises all the requisites required by current regulations. Designed house for seniors is located between the villages Lomnicka u Tišnova and Šerkovice. The building has four floors. The facility is located 42 residential units social care and facilities for the elderly. The structural system consists of reinforced concrete frame and masonry infill ceramic blocks. The entire building is equipped with a contact system. The roof structure consists of lattice trusses and metal roofing.
32
Schneider, Diego. "Desenvolvimento de fibras metálicas espaciais e avaliação experimental do comportamento de compósitos de concretos com adições híbridas de fibras." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6268.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-18T15:31:46Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Diego Schneider_.pdf: 6006786 bytes, checksum: 39919f3d2ca8c2885f4d2e54af8bbb06 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T15:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Schneider_.pdf: 6006786 bytes, checksum: 39919f3d2ca8c2885f4d2e54af8bbb06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22
Nenhuma
A adição de fibras a uma matriz cimentícia proporciona vários benefícios para o desempenho do compósito, podendo-se citar o controle da fissuração, ganho de tenacidade, aumento da resistência à tração, entre outros. Diante disto, busca-se uma distribuição aleatória e mais homogênea possível das fibras ao longo da matriz. É esperado que a proposição de um elemento de reforço definido a partir da união ortogonal de filamentos – fibra espacial – venha contribuir para uma distribuição mais uniforme e homogênea do reforço da matriz, evitando imperfeições no compósito e maximizando a eficiência do reforço. Este trabalho tem por objetivo criar um modelo de fibra espacial e adicioná-la em uma matriz de concreto convencional, tanto isoladamente como combinada com macrofibras monofilamentos de aço e microfibras de polipropileno, avaliando o desempenho dos compósitos resultantes em termos de trabalhabilidade, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração indireta e tenacidade. Ademais, avaliou-se a distribuição das fibras no interior da matriz de concreto e sua influência no desempenho final do compósito. Para tal, foi realizado um programa experimental com 18 compósitos, cada um com uma combinação diferente de fibras espaciais, fibras de aço monofilamento e microfibras de polipropileno. Foram executados ensaios de compressão axial, segundo a ABNT NBR 5739:2007, resistência à tração na flexão, conforme a norma JSCE-SF4 (1984) e ABNT NBR 12142:2010, e tenacidade, de acordo com a JSCE-SF4 (1984). Em virtude dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as fibras espaciais apresentaram desempenho satisfatório, tanto isoladamente como hibridizada pois, além de não afetar a resistência à compressão, melhorou o comportamento à tração em 37,6% e atingiu um Fator de Tenacidade de 3,4 MPa . Ainda, observou-se que a trabalhabilidade diminuiu em relação ao concreto sem fibras, mas a capacidade de compactação não foi prejudicada.
The addition of fibers to a cementitious matrix provides several benefits to the performance of the composite, including the control of cracking, tenacity gain, increased tensile strength, among others. In view of this, a random and more homogeneous distribution of the fibers along the matrix is sought. It's expected that the proposition of a reinforcement element defined from the orthogonal union of filaments - spatial fiber - will contribute to a more uniform and homogeneous distribution of the matrix reinforcement, avoiding imperfections in the composite and maximizing the reinforcement efficiency. This dissertation aims to create a spatial fiber model and add it in a conventional concrete matrix, either alone or in combination with steel macro fibers monofilaments and polypropylene microfibers, evaluating the performance of the resulting composites in terms of workability, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and tenacity. In addition, the distribution of the fibers inside the concrete matrix and their influence in the final performance of the composite were evaluated. For this, an experimental program was carried out with 18 composites, each with a different combination of spatial fibers, steel macro fibers monofilaments and polypropylene microfibers. It was performed the axial compression tests according to ABNT NBR 5739: 2007, the flexural tensile strength tests according JSCE-SF4 (1984) and ABNT NBR 12142:2010, and the tenacity tests according to JSCE-SF4 (1984). Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the spatial fibers presented satisfactory performance, both alone and hybridization, because they didn't affect the compressive strength, improved the tensile behavior in 37,6% and reached a tenacity factor of 3,4 MPa. Also, it was observed that the workability decreased in relation to the concrete without fibers, but the capacity of compaction was not impaired.
33
Ševčík, Jan. "Polyfunkční komplex - Houbalova - stavebně technologický projekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240422.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this thesis is the solution of building technology project poly-functional complex with a focus on execution of construction. Gross building is designed reinforced concrete skeleton combined with masonry. Technology will be developed Code for reinforced concrete monolithic frame and masonry. On the techno-logical stage it will be processed inspection and test plan and the balance of the major sources for the implementation of reinforced concrete structures 1.NP. The thesis is a proposal for construction site, which is complemented by a social facilities and offices. For an overall view of the construction of a multifunctional complex is processed time and financial plan, which will be further elaborated for building construction B. Availability of supply is verified by the design of routes. Like other task will be processed proposal formwork system for con-struction 1.NP Building B.
34
Bíza, Petr. "Společenský dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227523.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis focuses on project of new building of social house in Mutěnice in Hodonín district in South Moravian region. The project is in accordance with official assignment and with contemporary Czech standards and legislation. The building is placed in inner part of the town close to the town centre. It’s designed on an empty plot owned by town. Object should serve to the town citizens as cultural and social meeting point. The building plan is irregullarly-shaped with maximum dimensions 29,5 X 52,0 m and has two floors. Inside the social house there is a dance hall, restastaurant with kitchen and rooms for cultural and social activities of citizens of Mutěnice. Structural system can be divided into two parts. The part of the building with dance hall consists of feinforced concrete frames combined with infill masonry walls. The other part with restaurant and other rooms is made of masonry walls. The foundations of the building are made of concrete strip foundations and reinforced concrete square footings with grade beams. Bearing walls are made of sand-lime blocks KM Beta. Ceilings are made of prestressed concrete floor slabs Spiroll. Partition walls consist of plasterboard panels. The building is roofed by flat extensive green roof. All external walls are insulated with mineral wool. Doors and windows have wooden frames and triple glazing. As result there’s structurally, operationally and aesthetically functional complex, that will be benefit for the town and its citizens, especially for their cultural and social life.
35
Katz, Emily. "The Effects of Social Conditions on Learning New Reinforcers." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86Q28JC.
Full textAbstract:
In two experiments, I arranged the environment to determine if a relation existed between the social setting, which was defined by the presence of a peer or multiple peers and measured by the participants’ verbal behavior, and the learning of new reinforcers for the participants and the confederate peers. The peers were used to establish an intervention setting that fostered interaction between individuals but did not require it. In both experiments, two pre- and post- intervention tests of the dependent variables were used to measure the learning of new reinforcers. In Experiment 1, two intervention conditions were counterbalanced across participants to identify if a neutral stimulus would attain reinforcing value by observation if it was simultaneously delivered to both participant and peer for responding to previously learned math equations (Condition 1) or if the conditioning phenomenon was only observed when the neutral item was delivered to the peer (while the participant was present but denied access to the stimulus) for responding to previously learned math equations (Condition 2). Participant behavior was measured for all variables across all phases of the experiment and peer behavior was measured during the pre- and post-intervention screening test. The results from Experiment 1 showed that the participants did not learn new reinforcers when the neutral stimulus (NS) was delivered simultaneously to both participant and peer as they completed math worksheets. However, the previously neutral stimulus did become a reinforcer when the participant did not receive the NS but observed the peer receive the NS as they completed the math worksheets. Peer behavior was also measured during the pre- and post-intervention screening test and was consistent with the participants’ results; peers acquired new reinforcers during Condition 2 but not Condition 1, even though they were never denied access to the stimulus. In Experiment 2, I tested whether reinforcers would be conditioned through observation regardless of the role that the participant was assigned during the intervention. Pre- and post-intervention tests for the dependent variables measured the behaviors of all nine participants regardless of the participant’s intervention role (e.g. peer, recipient). In Experiment 2, participants were randomly put in groups of three that included two participants (peers) who observed the third participant (recipient) receive the NS as a reinforcement operation as all three were completing math worksheets. The setting was arranged in this manner to test the effect of the reinforcement operation when two peers observed one recipient receive the stimulus. The results are discussed as an analysis of social contingencies, reinforcement operations including deprivation and other implications that can be drawn from the changes in the participants’ and confederates’ behavior during the pre-and post-intervention measures.
36
KUO, CHENG-CHEN, and 郭晟禎. "Social Harmony Liberally Embodied by Nude Reinforced Concrete." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sywqb5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
廣播電視學系碩士班應用媒體藝術組
107
The "Social Harmony Liberally Embodied by Nude Reinforced Concrete" image project, with video and graphic photography as the main creative intermediary, express the workplace phenomenon and lifestyle under the class system of capitalist society produced. Use people as the main body, adopt a lot of anthropomorphic and simulacra props design, and the size of object space dislocation or replacement, to construct a surreal visual experience, but behind it is hidden the real phenomenon observation. The video tells the story of several people in different genders, ages, and experience, who follow the career food chain in the framework constructed by social rules and passing class reproduction to the next generation. At the end of the video, exposed steel and cement of industrial construction after the beautiful scene fell, standing gracefully. The graphic photography project takes "trees in the urban jungle" as the main concept, combine two or three consecutive photos side by side to produce textual significance, and through the interaction between people and props, imply the labor commercialization caused by the class division. Finally, the overall creation is presented in the form of an exhibition to make the works echo each other.
37
Rodrigues, Maria Inês Reia de Faria. "Altran Portugal : the need to reinforce the brand in the portuguese market." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/15926.
Full textAbstract:
Altran was an international consulting group, leader on innovation and high-tech engineering in the European realm. It was present in the Portuguese market since 1998, but despite the years of experience and the proved potential in the field, the recognition of its innovative side in the local market was still behind the expectations of the company. In 2011, with the entrance of a new CEO, Philippe Salle, there was a turning point for the multinational. It was defined a new strategy for the group with the aim of reinforcing the brand not only globally, but also locally. Altran Portugal was, obviously, no exception: the new strategic plan presented a great opportunity for the local subsidiary to strengthen the brand in the national realm.
To give a broader overview of the current situation of Altran Portugal, this dissertation aims to provide the reader a profound understanding about the company background and how it has evolved in the Portuguese market. Regarding this, it is made a characterization of the national IT and R&D market and an analysis of the respective competitive structure and future market opportunities. In addition, the new strategic plan released by the group is explored as a way to understand the strategic opportunities and challenges it brought to the Portuguese subsidiary in terms of business and marketing practices. Finally, and in order to have a richer analysis, it is made an evaluation of the perception of the brand/company among customers and employees, with the aim of further find points of agreement and conflict between them.
Overall, the main purpose of this dissertation is to better understand the positioning of the brand Altran in the domestic market and further realize the challenges it has to overcome in order to reinforce the brand in the national realm, while being able to fulfill the parameters defined globally by the group.
38
Argumedes, Charles Malena. "L'évaluation du programme Prevent-Teach-Reinforce pour réduire les comportements problématiques en contexte familial chez les enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19044.
Full textAbstract:
Les enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) présentent parfois des comportements problématiques, comme des comportements agressifs ou stéréotypés. L’émission de tels comportements peut avoir des conséquences néfastes, tant pour l’enfant que pour son entourage. Ainsi, l’enfant peut être limité dans ses apprentissages et vivre de l’isolement social. Leurs parents peuvent quant à eux vivre un niveau élevé de stress parental. Afin de répondre à ces besoins, cette thèse doctorale vise l’évaluation d’une adaptation parentale du Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR, Dunlap et al., 2010), un programme initialement conçu pour diminuer les comportements problématiques et augmenter les comportements désirables des enfants en milieu scolaire. Basé sur les principes du soutien comportemental positif, ce programme prévoit l’atteinte des objectifs suite à la mise en place d’une intervention comportementale qui tient compte de la fonction du comportement problématique. L’intervention comprend des stratégies d’intervention pour modifier les antécédents, pour enseigner des comportements désirables et pour modifier les conséquences. Une étude randomisée a montré l’efficacité du PTR auprès d’enfants en milieu scolaire et deux études l’ont évalué à l’aide de devis expérimentaux à cas uniques en milieu familial pour des enfants ayant des troubles développementaux. Cette thèse, comprenant trois articles, constitue la première évaluation randomisée du PTR en contexte familial pour diminuer les comportements problématiques d’enfants ayant un TSA. Le premier article décrit les adaptations apportées au programme initial en prévision d’une implantation en contexte d’intervention comportementale précoce et en milieu familial, pour les enfants ayant un TSA. De plus, un parallèle est fait entre le programme et les principes clés de l’intervention psychoéducative. Le deuxième article présente les principaux résultats du projet de thèse, dans lequel 24 familles ont reçu deux interventions distinctes : le PTR durant huit semaines ou une formation théorique d’environ trois heures. Des analyses de variance ont été menées afin de statuer sur l’efficacité du programme. En somme, les comportements problématiques des enfants appartenant aux deux groupes ont diminué et les comportements désirables ont augmenté. Il n’est donc pas possible de statuer sur l’efficacité unique du PTR à diminuer les comportements problématiques. Les parents ont implanté le PTR avec une grande fidélité et ont accordé un score élevé de validité sociale au programme. Le troisième article présente les résultats en lien avec le stress parental. Les scores initiaux de stress parental ont été associés à la sévérité des comportements problématiques, montrant une corrélation modérée entre les deux concepts. Par ailleurs, une analyse de variance a permis de montrer que le stress parental a diminué uniquement chez les parents qui ont implanté de PTR. En conclusion, cette thèse a montré que le PTR semble être efficace pour diminuer les comportements problématiques et augmenter les comportements désirables des enfants ayant un TSA lorsque leurs parents l’implantent, mais davantage d’études sont nécessaires pour confirmer cette hypothèse. Ces études devraient comporter davantage de sujets et comparer le PTR à un groupe ne recevant aucun type d’intervention pour diminuer les comportements problématiques.Children with an Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis sometimes show challenging behaviors such as aggressive or stereotyped behaviors. The presence of such behavior can have harmful consequences for both the children and the people living with them. For example, the child may be limited in his or her learning and experience social isolation. Parents may experience high levels of parental stress. In order to respond to these problems, this thesis evaluated a parental adaptation of the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce model (PTR; Dunlap et al., 2010), a program designed to reduce children’s challenging behaviors and increase their desirable behaviors in school settings. Based on the principles of positive behavioral support, this program aims to achieve its objectives by implementing a behavioral intervention taking into account the behavioral function of the challenging behavior. The intervention includes intervention strategies to modify the behavior’s antecedents, to teach desirable behaviors and to modify the behavior’s consequences. A randomized controlled study demonstrated the effectiveness of the PTR for school-aged children and two studies evaluated it in home settings for children with developmental disorders, using single case experimental designs. This thesis, comprising three articles, is the first randomized study evaluating the PTR in family settings to reduce challenging behaviors of children with ASD. The first article describes the adaptations made to the initial program in order to implement it with children with an ASD diagnosis receiving early intensive behavioral intervention or in family settings. In addition, a parallel was made between the PTR and the key principles from the psychoeducation field. The second article presents the main results of this thesis, with the 24 families which received two distinct interventions: the PTR for eight weeks or a theoretical training for about three hours. Analyzes of variance were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the PTR. In sum, children of both groups saw a reduction in challenging behaviors and an increase in desirable behaviors. It is therefore not possible to rule on the unique effectiveness of the PTR to reduce challenging behaviors. Parents implemented the PTR with great fidelity and rated the PTR with a very high level of social validity. The third article presents the results on parental stress. Initial parental stress scores were associated with the severity the child’s problem behaviors, showing a moderate correlation between the two concepts. On the other hand, an analysis of variance showed that parental stress only decreased for parents who implemented the PTR. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that PTR may be effective in decreasing problem behaviors and in increasing desirable behaviors of children with ASD. However, more studies are needed to confirm these hypotheses. These studies should include more subjects and compare the PTR to a group of children not receiving any type of intervention to reduce challenging behaviors.
39
Langevin, Cécile. "La comparaison entre les ressortissants travailleurs turcs et les citoyens de l'UE concernant leur protection contre l'expulsion de l'Union Européenne." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11044.
Full text