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Markina, Anna. "Problems Related to Reintegration of Young Ex-Offenders in Estonia." Kriminologijos studijos 7 (December 20, 2019): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/crimlithuan.2019.7.3.
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Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks at the effect that stigmatization has on the reintegration of young ex-offenders. The study looks at to what extent and in which domains ex-offenders experience stigma, how they manage it, and what effect it has on social participation and involvement. The results indicate that young ex-offenders experience stigma while looking for jobs and accommodation and when interacting with the criminal justice system. The strategies for managing stigma mostly include secrecy and withdrawal. These strategies are closely related to self-stigmatization, low societal participation, and a low level of trust toward state institutions.
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Hardcastle, Lesley, Terry Bartholomew, and Joe Graffam. "Legislative and Community Support for Offender Reintegration in Victoria." Deakin Law Review 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2011vol16no1art96.
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The status of offender rehabilitation has been influenced by the prevailing social climate, the promotion of ways to improve rehabilitation’s efficacy, and the well documented cycling of correctional imperatives. A renewed interest in offender transitions and reintegration has been apparent in recent years and most western correctional systems now feature policies and/or programs that address issues relating to the housing, employment, education and the broader ‘resettlement’ of offenders. However, this movement of correctional imperatives into the ‘social’ realm brings considerable challenges. Perhaps most significantly, the achievement of reintegration is dependent on juridical and community support in ways that other sentencing goals are not. Given the array of understandings of what ‘reintegration’ actually is, the abundance of programs claiming such a focus, and the reliance that reintegrative ideas have on community support, measuring the extent and nature of such support is seen as a useful exercise. With the above in mind, the goal of this paper is to identify legislative and community obstacles to the success of reintegrative ideals and policies. The paper first examines relevant legislation for references to reintegrative notions, finding a legislative ambivalence about such ideas. It then presents findings from a Victoria-wide survey of community views about the reintegration of ex-offenders. Participants in the community survey (n = 2635) were asked for their views about sentencing objectives, and the nature of their support for employment and housing initiatives. The results showed low levels of overall support for reintegration, with numerous more subtle distinctions being evident. The data also identify numerous areas where reintegrative programs are likely to be more readily accepted. The findings also indicate a need for targeted research into the correlates of community readiness for specific aspects of offender reintegration, and underlines the need for community education about the social implications of effective reintegration policies for urban, regional and rural communities.
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Bertulfo, Donald Jay, Nico Canoy, and Michael Angelo Celeste. "Positioning Analysis of Filipino Family Narratives in the Context of Prisoner Reintegration." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016674248.
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Prisoner reintegration may be viewed as a crisis situation that may lead to a period of instability within the family. Existing researches in this area remain focused on the individual perspective of ex-offenders rather than the experiences of receiving families back in their households. In this study, we aim to examine the reintegration experiences of the family as a group from an initial state of chaos to equilibrium upon the reentry of an incarcerated parent. Using a sample of 12 interviews of family members left behind by incarcerated fathers, three major storylines relating to the family’s struggle for moral re-ascendancy in the context of parental reintegration are identified: othering, rehabilitation, and restoration. We explain the interlocking emotional, discursive, and material forms of labor embedded in the process of prisoner reintegration. Policy implications on social and institutional aid to the families of reintegrating fathers are also discussed.
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FEDOR, Catalin-George. "What works in the Social Reintegration of Law Offenders." Postmodern Openings 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/po/2014.0501.07.
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Harley, Debra A. "Adult Ex-Offender Population and Employment: A Synthesis of the Literature on Recommendations and Best Practices." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.45.3.10.
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Ex-offenders face numerous challenges once release from a period of incarceration. In addition to financial, social, family, and community reintegration, they face enormous barriers to employment. Frequently, for individuals with disabilities a criminal record poses the most significant limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide a synthesis of recommendations and best practice for assisting individuals with disabilities with histories of incarceration with job search and obtaining employment. Attention is given to barriers to community reintegration, employers' hiring practices, and strategies and recommendations for rehabilitation counselors and employment specialists working with ex-offenders. In addition, policy makers, administrators, educators and rehabilitation counselor students, employers, and individuals with incarceration histories themselves may benefit from the information presented.
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Darakai, Adrian, Andrew Day, and Joe Graffam. "Public attitudes towards the employment of ex-offenders with a disability." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-11-2016-0021.
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Purpose Ex-prisoners often face significant challenges in their efforts to find meaningful and stable work, undermining their chances of successful reintegration back into the community. These problems are likely to be compounded for those who have an intellectual disability (ID), given evidence that the disabled generally experience high levels of discrimination when applying for and maintaining jobs. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether members of the public hold different attitudes and expectations towards the employment of ex-offenders who have an ID and a history of criminal offending. Design/methodology/approach Samples of 642 participants, recruited via social media, were presented with vignettes, and then completed a short survey designed to measure their attitudes and expectations towards the employment of ex-offenders. Findings Whilst the presence of a mild ID did not significantly affect community attitudes towards ex-offender employment, it did change expectations about employment outcomes. Research limitations/implications It appears that ex-offenders are perceived as a homogenous group of people, despite actual and substantial differences existing within this population. Practical implications There is a need to actively educate the community about differences between subgroups of ex-offenders in relation to the employment needs of those with an ID. Social implications The social inclusion of ex-offenders with an ID lies at the heart of any effective and progressive criminal justice policy. Originality/value This is one of the only studies that has examined public attitudes towards this group.
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Chan, Joyce P. S., and Douglas P. Boer. "Managing offenders: establishing the impact of incarceration and what works in Singapore." Safer Communities 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-06-2015-0024.
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Purpose – This paper seeks to explore deeper into this subject in search of a new manner that can better aid ex-offenders to reintegrate back into society. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the factors that influence the reintegration process of ex-offenders in the hope of further reducing reoffending and re-incarceration of offenders. This would eventually translate into a possible reduction in the resultant cost impact to the economy. Design/methodology/approach – The study is primarily descriptive, it was hoped to find out the philosophical bases of what were was “effective” (e.g. in terms of helping ex-offenders find jobs, the support they received, etc.) in reducing recidivism. The study adopted a qualitative research framework where attention was devoted to understanding the experiences of 12 formerly incarcerated males, all whom have been out of prison for at least five years or longer. Those individuals participating in the study have been incarcerated in the prison of Singapore more than once and are no longer on parole. Findings – The study indicated seven different factors that influence the success of reintegration. When these seven factors are put together, they increase the probability of success in their reintegration process. Hence, the success of re-entry of offenders after their release from prison is not merely dependent on one or two factors. Therefore, to maximise the rate of success for reintegration of offenders upon their release, a combination of the seven factors reported are essential for the reintegration process. Research limitations/implications – A limitation to this research was that both the halfway houses involved in the research process are faith based. Thus, the faith element was emphasised in the interviewing process. Currently in Singapore, there are no halfway houses that operate on a non-faith-based basis. It would be interesting to be able to interview and understand the perspective of individuals who have benefited from a non-faith-based programme and are successful in their reintegration back into the community. Practical implications – From the themes emerged from the study, critical factors for reintegration of offenders were identified. When resources are invested to strengthen the factors from the study while working with offenders through their transition from incare to aftercare, it would ultimately decrease the rate of recidivism and reoffending. Social implications – Desiring to live a life without crime is often not an easy option for most incarcerated persons after their release as there are several challenges they often face when they are in the community. Some also found themselves unable to adapt to the mainstream culture when released. Problems they faced include difficulty in finding employment, the intricacy of reconnecting back with their families, finding accommodation, etc. Besides these challenges, they have to live with experiences when they were in prison, and for some, the time in prison resulted in them experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (Goff et al., 2007). These issues coupled with guilt and shame often resulted in them going back into crime and sometimes falling into abusing substance. When this happens, the cycle of crime and imprisonment perpetuates and the desire to reduce recidivism will not be achieved and both the individuals and the community they are in will be adversely impacted. Originality/value – In Singapore, the Government has always been proactive in reducing recidivism. Various initiatives to introduce new programmes and alternative sentencing options started to assist in rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders. From the interviews of the 12 individuals who had successfully reintegrated back into the community, several themes emerged and factors that influenced reintegration are identified.
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Miklósi, Márta, and Erika Juhász. "The Role of Education and NGOs in the Reintegration of Inmates in Hungary." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2019010107.
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The period of imprisonment in a penitentiary institution has four overall purposes: retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation. Retribution means punishment for crimes against society; it purportedly prevents future crime by removing the desire for personal avengement against the convict. Incapacitation refers to the removal of criminals from society so that they can no longer harm innocent people, and it prevents future crime by removing the convict from society. Deterrence means the prevention of future crime. Rehabilitation prevents future crime by modifying a convict's behavior and refers to those activities designed to change criminals into law abiding citizens. Rehabilitation may include providing educational and vocational programs in prison, teaching job skills and offering counselling with a psychologist or social worker. The rehabilitation does not necessarily come to an end at the moment of release, it can continue later. Recent scholarship indicates a shifting perspective on the responsibility of correctional institutions for successful reentry. Reentry begins on the first day of incarceration. Commonly, there are three phases of offender reentry programs: programs that take place during incarceration, which aim to prepare offenders for their eventual release; programs that take place during offenders' release period, which seek to connect ex-offenders with the various services they may require; and long-term programs that take place as ex-offenders permanently reintegrate back into their communities, which attempt to provide offenders with support and supervision. In Hungary, the first and second phases are known and used, but currently the system lacks long-term programmes. In the short period (maximum 1 year) after release, the activities of non-governmental, church and other charitable organizations greatly contribute to realizing reintegration. To reach the goals of reintegration, it is important that the inmate voluntarily and actively participate; that all sectors of prison life be purposefully coordinated, and that ‘free society' collaborate. This article describes how education is delivered in Hungarian prisons. The duty of correctional institutions is, along with detaining the convict, to facilitate inmates' reintegration into society in the greatest numbers possible. Reintegration and resocialization starts in the correctional facility and after release, the inmates are assisted by non-government organizations (NGOs). In Hungary, the actions of authorities and social organizations complement each other to facilitate inmate reentry. The situation is, however, exacerbated by the fact the rate of social involvement in Hungary is slight, which seriously hinders successful reintegration.
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So, Jon. "‘Fighting a war alone’: reintegration of ex-offenders from ethnic minority groups." China Journal of Social Work 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2014.882791.
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Kaplan, Oliver, and Enzo Nussio. "Community counts: The social reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 2 (November 24, 2015): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894215614506.
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What explains the social reintegration of ex-combatants from armed conflicts? Community-level programs to reintegrate ex-combatants into society are based on the theory that the participation of ex-combatants in their communities can promote reconciliation and minimize recidivism to illegal activities. We evaluate community and security-related opportunities for and constraints on social reintegration using a survey of ex-combatants from Colombia. We find that ex-combatants in more participatory communities tend to have an easier time with social reintegration and feel less of a need to organize among themselves. These findings suggest that to help ex-combatants, reintegration processes should also work to improve the social vibrancy of receptor communities.
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Özerdem, Alpaslan. "A re-conceptualisation of ex-combatant reintegration: ‘social reintegration’ approach." Conflict, Security & Development 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.667661.
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Schartmueller, Doris. "Doing Indefinite Time: Penal Confinement and the Life-Imprisoned Offender in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden." Prison Journal 99, no. 1 (November 25, 2018): 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885518814727.
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Penal confinement in Danish, Finnish, and Swedish prisons has become a topic of growing interest in comparative penal research. While prison sentences in these countries are characterized by reintegration, offenders serving life sentences with unknown dates of release pose particular challenges. This study involved comparing and contrasting the enforcement of life sentences in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden through comparative legal research and interviews with criminal justice practitioners. The findings suggest reintegrative efforts for life-imprisoned offenders are in theory the same as those for any other prisoner but, in practice, some implementation difficulties arise due to the indefinite character of their sentence.
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Adams, Ericka B., Elsa Y. Chen, and Rosella Chapman. "Erasing the mark of a criminal past: Ex-offenders’ expectations and experiences with record clearance." Punishment & Society 19, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474516645688.
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Through the process of record clearance, individuals can have certain minor convictions removed from their criminal records or designated as expunged. This study analyzes data gathered from semi-structured interviews with 40 persons with past criminal convictions to examine the expectations of individuals who seek record clearance and the extent to which completion of the process facilitates efforts to reintegrate into society and desist from crime. The analysis finds that record clearance benefits ex-offenders through external effects, such as the reduction of barriers to employment, and internal processes, such as the facilitation of cognitive transformation and the affirmation of a new identity. These benefits accrue from both the outcomes of the record clearance process and from the process itself. Increased availability of inexpensive or free opportunities for expungement can contribute to more successful reintegration of persons with criminal convictions into the workforce, families, and communities. Not only would this improve quality of life for the ex-offenders, but it could also increase public safety and reduce public spending.
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Wright, Jennifer Cole, Heath Hoffmann, and Olivia Coen. "On the Value Integration of Successfully Reformed Ex-Convicts: A Comparison With Moral Exemplars." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 58, no. 6 (November 22, 2015): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167815614955.
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The issue of successfully reintegrating ex-prisoners into society is a critical one. To assess the process of successful reintegration, we interviewed five male ex-convicts about their past versus present lives. Their responses were coded for self-oriented (agency) and community-oriented values. We found a shift away from “unmitigated” agency, toward community values from past to present, and also an integration of agency with community similar to that found in moral exemplars. This increase in integration was not found in a demographically matched control group. The transitions exemplified in these ex-convicts’ narratives help define potential paths for successful reintegration into society.
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Brown, Mark, and Stuart Ross. "Mentoring, Social Capital and Desistance: A Study of Women Released from Prison." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 43, no. 1 (April 2010): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.43.1.31.
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Mentoring ex-prisoners is an increasingly popular tool in the burgeoning field of offender reintegration and resettlement. Yet surprisingly little is known about what makes mentoring effective and indeed even whether it can be effective within the domain of criminal justice. This article proceeds in two parts. First, drawing upon desistance theory it attempts to develop a theoretical underpinning for mentoring practice with ex-offenders that would identify appropriate targets for mentoring practice, including the development of social capital or connectedness. Part two of the article utilises data from research on a women's mentoring program in Victoria, Australia, to understand how one key dimension of desistance — social capital — is recognised by women as a domain of need and those women's perceptions of the way mentoring may deliver gains in social connectedness and capital. The article concludes with a discussion of the distinctly gendered nature of women's postprison experiences and the way in which these factors shape both the process of desistance and the nature of mentoring interventions.
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Carroll, Deborah A. "Editor’s Introduction: Highlighting Strategies of the Nonprofit Sector." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.7.2.169-172.
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In this new issue of Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs, we offer a collection of Research Articles focused on the nature and implications of nonprofit higher education programs, the communication strategies and evidence-based information used by different types of organizations in the nonprofit sector, and the volunteering behaviors of nonprofit association members. Our Social Equity Section article highlights the important issue of re-entry and reintegration programs for ex-offenders to reduce recidivism and provide greater access to opportunity. Finally, we offer two Book Reviews related to these topics of important recent work focusing on higher education programs in public administration and advancing social equity.
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Horishnia, Kateryna. "Social and psychological readaptation of Ukrainian ex-combatants: return to a civilian profession." Організаційна психологія Економічна психологія 4, no. 21 (December 23, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/2.2020.4.21.3.
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Introduction. Transition to civilian life and profession is a pressing demand faced by many Ukrainian ex-combatants. The issue of ex-combatants vocational reintegration is poorly researched and covered. Aim: to explore the features of Ukrainian ex-combatants professional reintegration. Methods: focus groups with further analysis according to ground theory and inductive analysis. Results. Professional reintegration of the Ukrainian ex-combatants who are on the State Employment Service waiting list is characterized by their poor initial professional self-determination, poor physical and/or mental health and external position. Conclusions. The results of the study show that ex-combatants return to a civilian profession is an important part of their social and psychological re-adaptation. The process can be facilitated by special programs to train ex-combatants in finding ways of psychological recovery, motivation, goal-setting and redesigning their negative experiences of the past.
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Bowd, Richard, and Alpaslan Özerdem. "How to Assess Social Reintegration of Ex-Combatants." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7, no. 4 (December 2013): 453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2012.727537.
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Pękala-Wojciechowska, Anna, Andrzej Kacprzak, Krzysztof Pękala, Marta Chomczyńska, Piotr Chomczyński, Michał Marczak, Remigiusz Kozłowski, et al. "Mental and Physical Health Problems as Conditions of Ex-Prisoner Re-Entry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 7642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147642.
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The article focuses on a less-discussed issue of social marginalization of people leaving penitentiaries, which is the prevalence of multifaceted health problems experienced by people in this category. It includes poor health status, resulting from, among others, poor housing conditions, harmful or risky lifestyle, and lack of access to medical services. Data from the District Inspectorate of the Prison Service in Lodz, Poland on the health conditions of inmates was accessed. These data were supplemented by qualitative research conducted in 21 juvenile detention centers and 8 prisons across the country, conducting direct observations and In-Depth Interviews (IDI). A total of 198 IDIs were conducted with incarcerated (72) and released (30) juvenile offenders, and incarcerated (68) and released (28) adult offenders. These were complemented by IDIs with experts (50) and Focus Group Interviews (FGIs; 8) with male and female inmates in 4 Polish prisons. The study revealed that mental and physical health is a serious obstacle to social reintegration of ex-prisoners. It is rarely addressed by state institutions. There are strong associations between neglect of health issues in the prison population and increasing social exclusion after leaving prison. As Poland has a restrictive penal policy, former prisoners remain a group with social stigma and little support.
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Ternes, Marguerite, Shanna Farrell Macdonald, and Madelon Cheverie. "Substance Use Disorder Typologies of Canadian Federally Sentenced Men: Relationships With Institutional Behavior and Postrelease Success." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818812516.
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This study explored the presence of subgroups of incarcerated offenders using cluster analysis. Subgroups were created based on severity of criminogenic needs, including substance use, from a retrospective cohort of 5,275 Canadian male incarcerated offenders. Five groups emerged: (a) Primarily Drug Users With Stable Employment/Education, (b) Primarily Drug Users with High Needs, (c) Polysubstance Users With Positive Social Supports, (d) Polysubstance Users With Severe Need for Intervention, and (e) Drug Offenders With Good Reintegration Potential. Sociodemographic factors, criminal history, institutional behavior, and rates of recidivism were explored across subgroups. Drug Offenders With Good Reintegration Potential had the lowest rates of institutional charges and recidivism, while offenders in the Primarily Drug With High Needs and Polysubstance With Severe Need for Intervention groups had the highest rates. These findings highlight that classification of offenders is complex and nuanced. Knowing the pattern and severity of substance use and criminogenic needs aids offender management.
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Connolly, Kristen, and Robert Granfield. "Building Recovery Capital: The Role of Faith-Based Communities in the Reintegration of Formerly Incarcerated Drug Offenders." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 3 (March 12, 2017): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617696916.
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Recovery capital is an important concept in the field of addiction studies. A person’s access to recovery capital can mean the difference between the termination of addiction and successful reintegration or ongoing criminality and drug use. Increasingly, religious institutions are playing a vital role in the provision of social services, including addiction services that provide access to recovery capital. This article begins by exploring the concept of recovery capital and its utility in the successful reintegration of offenders. It then uses a case study to show how one’s religious organization plays an important role in providing the necessary recovery capital for the desistance of drug abuse and for a successful reintegration into the community. Through in-depth interviews with several persistent adult offenders, this article demonstrates that religious organizations may play an important role in providing the recovery capital that so many persistent drug offenders are lacking.
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Willems, Rens, and Mathijs van Leeuwen. "Reconciling reintegration: the complexity of economic and social reintegration of ex-combatants in Burundi." Disasters 39, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 316–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12102.
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Craw, Michael, and Tusty ten Bensel. "Recidivism and Neighborhood Governance." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 1263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418809946.
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Recent research on recidivism emphasizes the importance of neighborhoods to successful prisoner reentry. This research analyzes two ways in which institutions of neighborhood governance affect reentry. First, offenders in neighborhoods with institutions supporting social control may have more success in reintegrating into the community. Second, neighborhood institutions may create barriers to entry for ex-offenders more likely to reoffend. To test this, we combine Arkansas Department of Corrections data on offenders returning to Little Rock between 2004 and 2014 with geocoded data on neighborhood and homeowner associations. We analyze this data using Cox proportional hazards and two-stage residual inclusion models of recidivism hazard. We find that a significant relationship exists between recidivism hazard and neighborhood governance, but that this is attributable to nonrandom assignment of ex-offenders to neighborhoods rather than the role neighborhood organizations play in facilitating reentry.
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Fox, Kathryn J. "Contextualizing the Policy and Pragmatics of Reintegrating Sex Offenders." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215574711.
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As sanctions for those convicted of sex offenses have increased over recent years, the risk for reoffense presented by social isolation increases. Because most jurisdictions struggle with how best to manage and reintegrate sex offenders, this study analyzes bureaucratic and contextual issues with arranging community-based reintegration programs. Specifically, this qualitative, process-oriented study examines and compares Circles of Support & Accountability (CoSA) programs from the United States (specifically, Vermont) and New Zealand. CoSAs provide support for medium- to high-risk sex offenders as they are released to communities. The programs are compared with regard to their structures, the relationship to Corrections, the role of communities, and core members’ reentry challenges. The implications of each configuration are explored. As most of the existing research on CoSAs is focused on recidivism, and as the U.S. federal government is expanding the use of CoSA, this article fills a void in our understanding of the role that communities can play in reintegrating sexual offenders and how program structures shape reentry.
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Rodríguez López, Maivel, Eleni Andreouli, and Caroline Howarth. "From Ex-Combatants to Citizens: Connecting Everyday Citizenship and Social Reintegration in Colombia." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3, no. 2 (October 26, 2015): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i2.388.
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Citizenship can be understood as a form of civic participation and a means of developing social relations with members of the broader community and, therefore, can act as an important means to help reintegrate ex-combatants back into mainstream society. This paper discusses an exploratory research project conducted with a sample of 23 Colombian ex-combatants from non-state armed groups who are current participants of the national programme of reintegration in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. By collecting their views and opinions about what it is like to become reintegrated, we explored the range of social factors that facilitate as well as obstruct practices of citizenship in everyday life and, subsequently, the ways in which this affects their overall experience of reintegration into Colombian society. Drawing on social psychological literature on citizenship and on the theory of social representations, we explored how citizenship is understood and enacted by this group as part of their reintegration process. A thematic analysis of three focus groups highlights an enabling as well as a limiting social context that affects former combatants’ ability to participate as citizens. This paper also contributes to the social psychology of citizenship by studying the experience of reintegration in conflict-affected societies.
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MCMULLIN, JAREMEY R. "Integration or separation? The stigmatisation of ex-combatants after war." Review of International Studies 39, no. 2 (October 11, 2012): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210512000228.
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AbstractEx-combatant reintegration programmes are buttressed by a number of problematic assumptions about ex-combatants themselves; namely, that ex-combatants should not receive long-term support because such assistance would amplify the threat they pose to security and exacerbate community resentment towards them. The article uses data collected from Liberia to demonstrate that such thinking stigmatises ex-combatants and works against the objective of reintegration: it disruptsintegration intothe everyday social, economic, and political life of the post-conflict state and aims instead to render ex-combatantsseparate fromcommunities. Integration will remain elusive unless assumptions about ex-combatants as programme beneficiaries are challenged.
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Cheah, Phaik Kin, N. Prabha Unnithan, and Annie Margaret Sandela Raran. "Rehabilitation Programs for Incarcerated Drug Offenders in Malaysia: Experience-Based Perspectives on Reintegration and Recidivism." Prison Journal 100, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885519894656.
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This study explores lived experiences of repeat drug offenders in Malaysia, their reasons for recidivating, and related shortcomings in prison rehabilitation programs. We categorize the prisoners’ descriptions and interpretations of their experiences after participating in rehabilitation programming. We are able, as a result, to shed light on these offenders’ perspectives on the treatment efforts in which they were involved.
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Hass, Aida Y., and Caryn E. Saxon. "From the Inside/Out." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 7 (August 8, 2011): 1037–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11418914.
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The application of criminal justice sanctions is often misguided by a failure to recognize the need for a comprehensive approach in the transformation of offenders into law-abiding citizens. Restorative justice is a growing movement within criminal justice that recognizes the disconnect between offender rehabilitative measures and the social dynamics within which offender reentry takes place. By using restorative approaches to justice, what one hopes of these alternative processes is that the offenders become reconnected to the community and its values, something rarely seen in retributive models in which punishment is imposed and offenders can often experience further alienation from society. In this study, the authors wish to examine factors that contribute to failed prisoner reentry and reintegration and explore how restorative reintegration processes can address these factors as well as the needs, attitudes, and perceptions that help construct and maintain many of the obstacles and barriers returning inmates face when attempting to reintegrate into society.
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Benson, Michael L., Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Velmer S. Burton, and Francis T. Cullen. "Reintegration or stigmatization? Offenders’ expectations of community re-entry." Journal of Criminal Justice 39, no. 5 (September 2011): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.05.004.
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Daly, Sarah Zukerman, Laura Paler, and Cyrus Samii. "Wartime ties and the social logic of crime." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319897098.
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While ex-combatant reintegration is vital to successful transitions from war to peace, some former fighters turn to crime following demobilization. Such criminality undermines the consolidation of political order. Leading theories of crime participation emphasize the role of both individual economic opportunities and factors related to social ties. Yet, we still know little about the social logic of ex-combatant criminality and how social and economic factors relate as drivers of crime participation. This article presents a theory of how wartime social ties – namely, vertical ties to former commanders and horizontal ties to ex-combatant peers – influence ex-combatant crime on their own and via their relationship to economic opportunity costs. We use the theory to derive predictions in the context of Colombia, and then test them with a combination of administrative data and high-quality original survey data. We find that both vertical and horizontal wartime ties are powerful drivers of ex-combatant criminality. Our evidence indicates that wartime ties mitigate the risks of criminal behavior by facilitating the transmission of criminal capabilities and pro-crime social norms. We do not find that economic conditions moderate the effect of wartime times nor do we find any indication that economic opportunity costs, on their own, predict criminality. These findings underscore the importance of wartime ties – both vertical and horizontal – to understanding post-conflict transitions and designing reintegration interventions.
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Bailey, Danielle J. S., and Jennifer L. Klein. "Ashamed and Alone." Criminal Justice Review 43, no. 4 (March 14, 2018): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016818756486.
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Originally intended to decrease sexual victimization by increasing community awareness of convicted sex offenders, sex offender registration and notification laws have been shown to produce numerous unintended consequences for both registrants and their family members (FMs). In many cases, these unintended consequences may actually increase sexual reoffending risk by reducing offenders’ informal social control and inhibiting successful postconviction reintegration. The current study examines two such consequences, shame and social isolation, using a sample of 109 registered sex offenders and 116 sex offender FMs ( N = 225). Although prior research has documented the existence of shame and social isolation within both populations, to date, there have been no systematic attempts to examine variation between groups. We found that the degree of social isolation and shame does significantly differ between registered sex offenders and their FMs, with registered sex offenders reporting higher levels of both social isolation and shame compared to FMs at the bivariate level. Using ordinary least squares regression analysis, we determined that attitudinal variables (disrespect and unfair sanctions) were the most salient predictors of participants’ perceived intensity of social isolation and shame.
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Best, David, Amy Musgrove, and Lauren Hall. "The bridge between social identity and community capital on the path to recovery and desistance." Probation Journal 65, no. 4 (July 31, 2018): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550518790677.
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It has long been recognised that changes in social networks (and the underpinning changes in personal and social identity) are strong predictors of both desistance from crime and recovery from substance use. Building on existing work attempting to measure and shift social networks and transitions to prosocial groups, the current study provides pilot data from prisoners and family members about a visualisation technique widely used in specialist addiction treatment (node-link mapping) to map opportunities for linkage to prosocial groups and networks. The data presented in the paper are from a small-scale feasibility pilot. This suggests both bonding and bridging capital in prisoner populations due for release and the diversity of community capital opportunities that exists in this population. The implications of this work are significant for substance users and offenders pending return to the community, and has implications around resettlement and reintegration support for probation staff in prisons and in the community. The paper emphasises the importance of mapping connectedness as a key component of planning for reintegration back into the community for those working with offenders who are aspiring to achieve desistance and recovery.
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ASRORI, SAIFUDIN, and AHMAD SYAUQI. "MUTUAL AID IN SOCIAL REINTEGRATION OF FORMER TERRORIST PRISONER IN INDONESIA." EMPATI: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial 9, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/empati.v9i1.17020.
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Abstract. The involvement of former terrorist prisoners in social and economic empowerment efforts, especially members or ex-convicts who disengage the terrorist groups is an interesting and unique phenomenon. This article aims to explore the empowerment of ex-terrorist convicted on de-radicalization and social reintegration disengaging terrorist back into society. Through interviews of several activists ex-Jihadist and observation of empowerment programs, this article conclude that the former terrorist prisoner’s engagement in the empowerment initiatives as an alternate of government deradicalization programs of former terrorist prisoner. This group became the ‘new community’ for ex-extremists to express various views and believe without concealment. The presence of this group is a potential asset in promoting narratives against radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Abstraks. Pelibatan mantan narapidana teroris dalam upaya pemberdayaan sosial dan ekonomi, khususnya anggota atau mantan narapidana yang memisahkan diri dari kelompok teroris merupakan fenomena yang menarik dan unik. Artikel ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi pemberdayaan eks narapidana teroris melalui deradikalisasi dan reintegrasi sosial untuk kembali ke masyarakat. Melalui wawancara beberapa mantan aktivis jihadis dan observasi program pemberdayaan, artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa pelibatan mantan narapidana teroris di dalam upaya pemberdayaan sebagai program deradikalisasi alternatif dari pemerintah terhadap para eks napi teroris. Mereka bisa menjadi sebuah komunitas baru untuk para eks-ekstremis dalam mengungkapkan pandang dan keyakinan mereka secara terang-terangan. Kehadiran kelompok (mereka) ini menjadi aset penting dalam upaya mendorong narasi terhadap radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia.
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Graffam, Joseph, and Alison J. Shinkfield. "The Life Conditions of Australian Ex-Prisoners." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 6 (July 19, 2011): 897–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11415510.
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Successful reintegration of ex-prisoners into the community is multifaceted. The life conditions of 36 adult Australian ex-prisoners (20 male and 16 female) were examined via a questionnaire administered at 1 to 4 weeks post release, and a subset of 19 of the original respondents were interviewed again at 3 to 4 months post release. Interviews focused on intrapersonal conditions (physical and psychological health and substance use), subsistence conditions (housing, employment, and finance), and support conditions (social support, support services/program participation, and criminal justice support). The majority of ex-prisoners self-reported chronic physical and mental health problems as well as a history of substance use and/or current substance use. Although the housing conditions of ex-prisoners were largely favourable and constant, the employment and financial conditions of this group were generally unfavourable. Level of social support was variable. Theoretical implications and practical applications of the present investigation for reintegration theory are discussed.
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Cohen, Mary L. "Choral Singing in Prisons: Evidence-Based Activities to Support Returning Citizens." Prison Journal 99, no. 4_suppl (July 10, 2019): 106S—117S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885519861082.
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Choral singing in prisons can help incarcerated individuals identify as returning citizens instead of felons. Shadd Maruna argues that while many legal and penal rituals exist to convince individuals to identify as “offenders,” few such rituals are in place to reconnect formerly incarcerated people to identify as community members outside of prisons. Maruna describes successful reintegration rituals as symbolic and emotive, repetitive, community-based, and infused with a dynamic of challenge and achievement; they give form to political and social processes that enable successful reentry. I maintain that choral singing models positive reintegration rituals that promote prosocial connections between returning citizens and the societies to which they are restored.
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Iudici, Antonio, Fela Boccato, and Elena Faccio. "Perspectives on recidivists: the views of detainees, the general public and people working with offenders." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.356.
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There is ample evidence on recidivism including its relationships with drug use, addiction, mental illness and security problems; however there has been less research based on direct accounts of detainee experiences and on the experience of people who try to prevent recidivism. The aim of this research was to describe how recidivism is perceived and dealt with by different actors: offenders (recidivists and non-recidivists), pedagogical operators and the public. The wider objective of the study was to identify ways in which various stakeholders can facilitate social reintegration of prisoners. The interviews revealed marked differences in how recidivism is interpreted; these affect both management of recidivism risk and the rehabilitation process, which involves society. The results suggest some ways of reducing recidivism, such as work groups among the actors involved, educational opportunities for offenders and the implementation of reintegration projects according to the laws on alternatives to prison.
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Mollenhorst, Gerald, Ruben De Cuyper, Beate Volker, Anja Dirkzwager, and Paul Nieuwbeerta. "Segregated Worlds? The Level of Overlap Between Dutch Offenders’ Criminal and Core Discussion Networks." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 12 (May 8, 2019): 1775–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819846918.
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We examine the level of overlap between offenders’ criminal networks (i.e., those with whom they discuss criminal activities and exchange criminal knowledge and skills) and offenders’ core discussion networks (i.e., those with whom they discuss important personal matters). We formulate four hypotheses based on social capital and focus theory. Empirical data from 1,904 Dutch pretrial detainees reveal that one third of the criminal network members also function as core discussion partners and that half of the criminal network members know at least one core discussion partner. This implies that offenders do not completely separate their criminal network from their core discussion network. Multilevel analyses show that this network overlap is larger if criminal network members live close to the offender and/or if they share multiple social settings. Our findings have implications for policies regarding the prevention of recidivism and the reintegration of offenders into society.
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Brownell, Gracie, and Randall Basham. "NGO strategy toward the reintegration of child soldiers in Liberia, Africa: An online survey of services, roles, and activities." International Social Work 60, no. 5 (June 7, 2017): 1074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817704278.
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This research investigates the roles of international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Liberia 10 years after the 14-year civil war ended in 2003. Soldiers of the war included a large number of child soldiers who are currently combatants at differing levels and phases of reintegration into society. A survey was conducted to generate descriptive empirical information about the roles NGOs play in ex-combatants’ reintegration and the knowledge, skills, and training needed to assist ex-combatants. Communicative and emerging social technologies appear, according to survey results, to also contribute to NGO service delivery.
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Wilson, Anne, and Phillip Tully. "Reintegrating young offenders into the community through discharge planning: a review of interventions and needs of youth in secure care." Australian Journal of Primary Health 15, no. 2 (2009): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py08063.
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The health status of young offenders is often poorer than similar aged non-offenders. Addressing young offender needs is a key priority for their rehabilitation and reintegration into the community. The objectives were to identify programs and interventions that assist detained youth through focussed discharge planning by a systematic review of the literature. In addition, this review examined the identified health needs of young offenders in secure care. Our systematic review searched electronic databases using the keyword terms youth, secure care, health assessment and primary health care. Keyword browser terms were also entered as search strings, and only literature from 1997 onwards was retained. Twenty-two pieces of published literature were retained, and these documented the needs and service utilisation of young offenders. Mental health problems and trauma exposure were commonly identified in the literature, as was general physical health deficits and social and familial problems. Retrieved articles also made recommendations for health assessments and discharge planning, and some provided discharge planning models. Young offenders have diverse needs that can be ascertained from quality assessment measures. Effective discharge planning is important to attend to ongoing health issues and aid rehabilitation and reintegration into the community. By administering a comprehensive multidimensional screening measure upon admission to secure care, individualised care plans can be formulated with discharge planning measures. Recommendations for further study include the development and implementation of a needs assessment tool in youth secure-care facilities that complements the existing assessments and helps reintegrate young offenders to primary health care and community services.
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Sarri, Rosemary C., and Jeffrey J. Shook. "The Future for Social Work in Juvenile and Adult Criminal Justice." Advances in Social Work 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2005): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/92.
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Critical contemporary issues in juvenile and adult criminal justice are identified followed by an examination of particular issues for social workers, including the increase in incarceration, the over representation of people of color, and the numerous negative effects on children. The various roles for social workers in the criminal justice systems are presented and discussed. The paper also addresses the decline of social work professionals in the criminal justice systems and why it is imperative that the pattern be reversed now that there is growing interest in the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders.
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Anctil Avoine, Priscyll, and José Fabián Bolívar Durán. "‘Toys for Reconciliation’: A Grassroots Peacebuilding Initiative in Bucaramanga, Colombia." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 13, no. 1 (April 2018): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2018.1429947.
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In a grassroots effort to counter the institutional and state-centred narratives on disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) processes conceptualised by the Integrated DDR Standards of the United Nations, the NGO Corporación Descontamina has organised local projects around what it has identified as significant problems in previous work carried out in a Bucaramanga men's jail where ex-paramilitaries and ex-guerrilleros live together. In fact, two main problems have been observed: the socioeconomic and emotional situation of the ex-combatants, preventing their reintegration, and the social stigmatisation surrounding their return to civil society. As such, drawing upon decolonial theory, the objective of this article is to present the peacebuilding project ‘Toys for Reconciliation’ that was developed by Corporación Descontamina with the aim of advancing reconciliation in the context of the Colombian armed conflict.
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Bakken, Nicholas W., and Christy A. Visher. "Successful Reintegration and Mental Health: An Examination of Gender Differences Among Reentering Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 8 (May 23, 2018): 1121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818774384.
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Men and women exiting the correctional system represent a population at high risk for mental health problems, and the body of research on the mental health needs of former prisoners is growing. These mental health problems pose challenges for individuals at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to incarceration to reentry and reintegration. This article examines the mental health status and gender differences among a sample of 352 men and women leaving confinement and the role that mental health problems played in shaping their reentry outcomes using data collected between 2002 and 2005. In the year after leaving prison, men and women with mental health problems reported worse health indicators and less satisfactory social factors, such as employment, housing, and family support. The article concludes with a discussion of recommendations for improved policy and practice for assisting former prisoners with mental health problems during reintegration.
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Osborne, Matthew, Ben D’Exelle, and Arjan Verschoor. "Truly reconciled? A dyadic analysis of post-conflict social reintegration in Northern Uganda." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 1 (November 9, 2017): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317729011.
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In the aftermath of civil war or violent internal conflict, one of the key peacebuilding challenges is the reconciliation of former enemies who are members of the same small-scale societies. A failure of social reintegration may contribute to what is known as a conflict trap. To detect lingering hostile attitudes among a community’s various factions is crucial, but the approaches adopted in previous studies tend to focus on the impact of conflict on one or other aggregated indicator of social cohesion rather than on how violence-affected individuals regard and act towards their fellow community members. Here we demonstrate the value of concentrating on this latter dyadic component of social interactions and we use behavioural experiments and a social tie survey to assess, in an appropriately disaggregated manner, social cohesion in a post-conflict setting in northern Uganda. Whereas in self-reported surveys, ex-combatants appear to be well-connected, active members of their communities, the experiments unveil the continued reluctance of other community members to share or cooperate with them; fewer resources are committed to ex-combatants than to others, which is statistically significant. The dyadic nature of our analysis allows us to detect which groups are more prone to discriminate against ex-combatants, which may help facilitate targeted interventions.
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Arango, Maria. "Technical Education for the Reintegration of Ex-Combatants: One Pathway, Different Trajectories." Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education 11, Winter (March 14, 2020): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iwinter.1527.
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Reintegration programs promote technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for ex-combatants, with the aim of preparing them to participate in the labor market and assume new social roles. This in-depth interview study with ex-combatants from Colombia participating in technical programs explores the motivations they have for enrolling in technical education, critical information to identify ways in which programs could better respond to participants’ aspirations. Findings illustrated that through education, ex-combatants seek to be respected and recognized, set an example for their children, experience a moral transformation, and develop autonomy. These findings suggest that TVET’s assumptions that ex-combatants are only motivated by material factors such as money and employment are too reductionist.
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ESTRADA-FUENTES, MARÍA. "Performative Reintegration: Applied Theatre for Conflict Transformation in Contemporary Colombia." Theatre Research International 43, no. 3 (October 2018): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883318000548.
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Civil wars and internal armed conflicts are commonly followed by transitional justice processes known as Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration programmes. Focusing on the social reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia, this article examines the role of embodiment and secondary care in conflict transformation, and outlines the process of incorporating creative and embodied practice as core elements of transitional justice mechanisms. It discusses the relational qualities of applied theatre, policy development and implementation to demonstrate how embodied practice enables peace-building practitioners and ex-combatants to develop a better understanding of how affective transactions and emotional states shape transitional societies. In so doing, this article discusses some of the challenges of devising sustainable arts-based interventions when working with communities that have been significantly affected by war.
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Piquero, Alex R., and Wesley G. Jennings. "Research Note." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 15, no. 3 (September 14, 2016): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204016669213.
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Although the use of financial penalties is pervasive in the justice system, there has been limited (and mostly dated) empirical research that has investigated the effect of financial costs incurred by juvenile offenders and the extent to which such costs relate to the likelihood of recidivism and reintegration into society. This study uses data from a large cohort of adolescent offenders to examine how demographics and case characteristics relate to financial penalties imposed by the justice system and the degree to which such monetary penalties are related to recidivism in a 2-year follow-up. Results suggest that financial penalties increase the likelihood of recidivism. Study limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Loosemore, M., J. Bridgeman, and R. Keast. "Reintegrating ex-offenders into work through construction: a case study of cross-sector collaboration in social procurement." Building Research & Information 48, no. 7 (January 2, 2020): 731–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1699772.
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Vicente, José, and Susana Loureiro. "Judicial Judgments and Non-Privative Measures of Freedom: Legal Criteria and Social Impacts." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 26 (August 8, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n26p78.
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This paper focuses on the main lines of action that guide the debate between social and legal issues in the attribution of non-custodial penalties. The emphasis is specifically placed on the vulnerability to social exclusion and how to categorize offenders. This begins from the premise that certain stigmatizing attributes and relationships put the person in a position of fragility that conditions them to live their citizenship to the full. It is well known that the social rules and laws instituted at national level exist to condition and establish limits among citizens in order to promote healthy coexistence and non-compliance, which is punishable by law. Infractions are based on the social inadequacy or pathological disability of some citizens. The existence of social control mechanisms is felt by a large part of the community as a means of security and an advantage in guaranteeing the stability and sustainability of the social structure and organization. In this context, the judicial sentences with penalties and non-custodial measures are in force in the legal system with the principle of deterring offenders and reducing the contagion of experiences in the prison context. The judicial penalties, which initially were seen as merely having a compensatory function to the evil of crime, are answered with the evil of the penalties. This evolved to the current conception, and the purposes that should guide the application of the penalties are exclusive, preventive, general, and special. This change in perspective happens because the socialization of the agent assumes a preponderant role today in determining the judicial sentence (private or non-custodial sentences) to be applied in order to contribute to its regeneration, re-education, re-socialization or social reintegration. From the data collected, in the latest reports prepared in Portugal by the Directorate-General for Rehabilitation and Prison Services and by the Statistics Services of Justice, it is clearly seen that there has been a concern by judges/magistrates to articulate with these and other community structures to collect social information and social reports. This is done so that the penalties are attributed fairly, in order to take into account the regenerative character and to promote the social and professional reintegration of the offenders.
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Evans, Nikki, and John Dunlop. "Pragmatism and practicalities: Residential placement and reintegration of young males who have sexually abused." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 21, no. 3 (July 17, 2017): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol21iss3id270.
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Human service responses to sexual abuse perpetrated by young people are often extensive and expensive, and yet many aspects of these responses remain contentious. In 2007, as members of Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW), we prepared a submission to the Social Services Committee for the Inquiry into the Care and Rehabilitation of Youth Sex Offenders. This paper expands on points made in the ANZASW submission, with a particular focus on availability of suitable residential placements for young men who have sexually abused. The paper then considers issues relevant to reintegration of these youth into the community following a period in residential placement.
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Brownell, Gracie, and Regina T. Praetorius. "Experiences of former child soldiers in Africa: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 452–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815617994.
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Child soldiering affects approximately 300,000 children worldwide. Abducted and forced into combat, victims experience trauma that may have life-long effects. Thus, it is important to understand child soldiers’ experiences and develop culturally appropriate interventions. Using Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis (QIMS), the authors sought to understand the lived experiences of ex-child soldiers in Sierra Leone, Northern Uganda, and Liberia. Findings revealed the experiential nuances of four phases ex-child soldiers experience: abduction; militarization; demilitarization and reintegration; and civilian life. Findings enhance current knowledge about ex-child soldiers’experiences and inform policy and program design to help ex-child soldiers cope with the aftermath of the war and civilian life.