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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social security taxes – China

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Academic literature on the topic 'Social security taxes – China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

1

Ma, Xinxin, and Dongyang Zhang. "The Incidence of Social Security Payroll Taxes: Evidence From China." International Journal of Financial Research 9, no. 4 (August 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n4p1.

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The Chinese government enforced public security system reform in the economic transition period. Now, the enterprise’ social insurance premium, a kind of payroll tax, is nearly 40% of the total wage in China. It is thought enterprises may transfer the burden of payroll taxes to workers by reducing their wages. Does the level of an enterprise’s social security payroll taxes influence their workers’ wages? Using the Chinese Large and Medium-size Manufacturing Enterprises (CLMME) dataset to construct an enterprise panel data from 2004 to 2007, we employ an empirical study to provide evidence on the issue. We utilize the fixed effects model, random effects model and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to address the heterogeneity problem, initial dependent problem and endogenous problem. It is found that in general, increased social security payroll taxes negatively affect the workers’ wages, which indicates that many enterprises may transfer the payroll taxes burden onto their workers. Increased social security payroll taxes may decrease the wage levels for workers in both the public sector and the private sector, but the negative effect is greater for workers in the private sector than in the public sector.

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Han, Fei. "Measuring the Tax Incidence of Social Security Taxes in China: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment of Tax Collection Entity Shift." International Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 8, no. 4 (2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijebo.20200804.13.

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SHI, SHIH-JIUNN. "Towards Inclusive Social Citizenship? Rethinking China's Social Security in the Trend towards Urban–Rural Harmonisation." Journal of Social Policy 41, no. 4 (July 16, 2012): 789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412000517.

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AbstractUrban–rural harmonisation has risen to prominence in recent social security reform in China. This article offers an account of the changing welfare institutions and social citizenship configurations unfolded by this particular policy approach. As social activism gained substantial weight as part of the regional developmental strategies of local governments, harmonisation efforts have led to a boundary shift of social citizenship largely defined by the within–without criterion rather than the urban–rural divide. In places where urban–rural harmonisation takes hold, the pivotal criterion for claiming social benefits is the possession of local resident status, regardless of whether this status is urban or rural. The heterogeneity of regional social security developments resulting from social decentralisation also calls attention to the ‘variable geometry’ of institutional change, i.e. various social policy domains manifest diverse degrees of institutional dynamics towards harmonisation. In this light, urban–rural harmonisation is likely to trigger competitive solidarity in terms of regional competition and emulation in economic development and social provision, leading to regional disparities that will shape the future contours of social policy and social citizenship in China.

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Li, Jianjun, Yonghui Dai, Qinghua Shi, and Jin Xian. "Study of situation awareness of cultural security based on social media analysis." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 155014772090360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720903604.

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With the intercultural exchanges between different countries becoming more and more frequent, the degree of cultural exchanges is gradually deepening, which brings more and more cultural security problems. As an important part of national security, cultural security is closely related to national interests. This article takes Chinese college students and social workers who just graduated as research objects, takes online comments on “hip-hop” culture and “funeral culture” as research objects, and uses literature research and empirical research methods to analyze social media comments and study the cultural security situation in China. It is concluded that online comments have a significant impact on cultural identity and cultural security, and negative online comments have a greater impact on both than positive online comments. In addition, cultural identity has a significant impact on cultural security. At the same time, the impact of cultural identity on online comments and cultural security is partly mediated. The results of this study will help to provide reference and guidance for the maintenance of cultural security.

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Howell, Jude, and Jane Duckett. "Reassessing the Hu–Wen Era: A Golden Age or Lost Decade for Social Policy in China?" China Quarterly 237 (December 3, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001200.

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AbstractThe Hu–Wen era has been characterized as a “lost decade” for economic and political reform, but a “golden era” in terms of economic growth and political stability. Yet, relatively little attention has been paid to the social policies introduced during Hu and Wen's decade in power. These important policies, however, abolished agricultural taxes, extended health insurance, pensions and income support to almost all rural as well as urban residents, and built a civic welfare infrastructure to address migrants’ grievances. These policies, some of which were developed under the preceding Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji leadership, were introduced for a complex mix of reasons. Their aim was not only to reduce inequalities but also to stimulate domestic consumption and sustain economic growth, offset the effects of China's entry to the WTO and the global recession of 2008, and maintain social stability. They were the product of domestic bureaucratic politics and experimentation. They were also strongly influenced by China's integration into the international economy, as well as by international governmental and non-governmental organizations and the ideas they introduced into China's domestic policy networks. Although Hu–Wen era social policy reforms had only limited effects on reducing income inequality and involved complex politics, they did establish for the first time entitlements to social security and safety nets for all China's population.

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He, Guohua, Xiaoling Li, Shan Jiang, Yongnan Zhu, Fan He, and Haihong Li. "Quantitative evaluation of the nexus between water and energy in China." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701006.

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This paper takes each province and region as the research object and 2017 as the research period, and the energy consumption of China’s social water cycle process was analyzed. The results showed that the total power consumption of China’s social water cycle process was 1082.81 billion kWh, accounting for 17.2% of the total power consumption of China’s society in 2017. Terminal water consumption is the biggest energy consumption. Based on the calculated results, this study puts forward relevant suggestions for realizing energy-water coordinated security.

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Hu, Kang, Rong Hu, Ivan Sun, and Yuning Wu. "Social capital and public willingness to cooperate with the police in China." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2019-0143.

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Purpose Public cooperation with the police is of great significance in the maintenance of social security and social harmony, but studies investigating the mechanisms of public cooperation with the police in China are scarce. Using survey data obtained from Xiamen, China, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of social capital on willingness to cooperate with the police and their mediating mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach Data with 938 respondents were used in this study. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to test the influence of social capital on the willingness of the Chinese public to cooperate with the police and its mediating mechanisms. Findings The results show that associational life participation, social trust and neighborhood cohesion can all enhance public willingness to cooperate with the police by cultivating public spirit or trust in government, whereas participation in community collective resistance is negatively correlated with willingness to cooperate with the police. Theoretical explanations are offered to understand different effects of social capital elements on public cooperation with the police, and possible ways to foster such cooperation are discussed. Originality/value This paper takes the lead in examining the effects of social capital on willingness to cooperate with the police and their mediating mechanisms in China.

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Radtke, Kurt. "China and the Greater Middle East: Globalization No Longer Equals Westernization." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2007): 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x207801.

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AbstractThe reshaping of the domestic social, political, and economic structures all over East Asia takes place in the context of a restructuring of the international (security) order. Despite China's increasing acceptance of international institutions and regimes the divergence of vital security interests of the United States (US) and Japan vis-a-vis those of China has raised the specter of increased polarization. This article will seek to answer the question of whether China is about to consciously challenge the power of the US and its allies not only in Asia, but also in the Greater Middle East (GME), mainly through China's impact on the economics, political, and social structure of those countries rather than through rivalry in the field of military power. China's conceptualization of the current global order is also shaped by historical memories of an age in which China was merely an object of Great Power politics which also directly affected the wider region, including the heartland of Eurasia, Southeast Asia, and in particular Japan and the Korean peninsula with their direct impact on China's security equation. To some Chinese strategists the Indian Ocean and countries of the GME have acquired a vital importance not only with regard to the supply of raw materials (including those obtained from Africa). Continuing Western strategic dominance in this large area would also have an important negative impact on China's global strategic position. For the first time in its history, China has become critically dependent on the acquisition of foreign resources—raw materials, investment and technology, as well as earnings from exports. China's economic activities in near neighbors such as Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, ailand, and Iran are also strategically important due to the impact on domestic and international politics of these countries. The US tends to interpret such influence in terms of Chinese power projection. This article interprets the linkages between domestic events and international strategies on the network of global (security) relations in terms of neogeopolitics rather than mainstream US scholarship.

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He, Guohua, Shan Jiang, Yongnan Zhu, Fan He, Xiaoling Li, and Haihong Li. "Quantitative identification of water consumption in electricity development in 2017 in China." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125702028.

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This paper takes each province and region as the research object and 2017 as the research period, and the water consumption of power production was analyzed. The results showed that China’s electricity production consumed 6.57 billion m³ of water, accounting for 2% of the total social water consumption in 2017. Thermal power is the most water-consuming power source in China, accounting for 78% of the total water consumption in the country’s electric power development. Based on the calculated results, this study also puts forward relevant suggestions for realizing energy-water coordinated security.

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Yeh, Chung-Yang, Hyunwook Cheng, and Shih-Jiunn Shi. "Public–private pension mixes in East Asia: institutional diversity and policy implications for old-age security." Ageing and Society 40, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 604–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001137.

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AbstractPrevious studies of East Asian welfare regimes focus on similarities between social security schemes. In contrast, this paper explores cross-national variations in public–private pension mixes in six welfare states: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Our research echoes the pension policy analysis of international organisations but takes a step forward with emphasis on the historical and institutional characteristics of the respective pension systems. The analysis identifies three institutional patterns. First, the statist pension system (Taiwan and China) primarily relies on public pensions to provide old-age security, with private pensions playing a rather minor role. Second, in the dualist pension system (Japan and Korea) both public and private pensions work in parallel to ensure retirement income, though a clear security gap exists between workers in the formal and informal economies. Finally, the individualist pension system (Hong Kong and Singapore) is characterised by genuine fully funded individual accounts, emphasising citizens’ own responsibilities for ensuring old-age security. These three types of pension systems demonstrate distinct institutional characteristics and policy outcomes, illustrated by the juxtaposition of their institutional structures as well as by the comparison of key indicators collected from government reports and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development statistics. The paper concludes with a theoretical reflection of East Asian pension policies and a diagnosis of the distinct challenges confronted by each of the various pension patterns.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

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劉穎. "中國城鎮開徵社會保障稅的必要性和可行性研究." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636897.

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Chung, Kim-wah, and 鍾劍華. "Social security for rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245262.

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Frias, Anguiano Judith Alejandra. "Unions, taxes, and the changing Mexican labor market, 1990-2007." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1692785511&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Veen, Anthonius Peter van. "Studies in wage bargaining the influence of taxes and social security contributions on wages /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1997. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5916.

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Duffy, Shawn P. "Social Security : a present value analysis of Old Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) taxes and benefits /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306111.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995.
Thesis advisor(,):David R. Henderson, Katsuaki L. Terasawa. "December 1995." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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Ashraf, Eram. "Societal security, social identity, and the Uyghur Millet/Minzu." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678304.

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Ricketts, Robert C. (Robert Carlton). "Alternative Social Security Taxing Schemes: an Analysis of Vertical and Horizontal Equity in the Federal Tax System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331574/.

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The objectives of this study were twofold. One objective was to analyze the effects of growth in the social security tax, when combined with recent changes in U.S. income tax law, on the distribution of the combined income and social security tax burden during the 1980s. The second objective was to estimate the effects of certain proposals for social security tax reform upon that distribution. The above analyses were performed using simulation techniques applied to the 1984 IRS Individual Tax Model File. The data from this file were used to estimate the income and social security tax liabilities for sample taxpayers under tax law in effect in 1980, 1984 and 1988 and under fourteen proposals for social security reform (under 1988 law). The results indicated that the income tax distribution was almost 25 percent more progressive under 1988 tax law than under 1980 tax law. In contrast, the combined distribution of income and social security taxes was almost 25 percent less progressive under 1988 income and social security tax law relative to 1980. Two types of social security tax reform were analyzed. One type consisted of reforms to the basic social security tax structure, such as removal of the earnings ceiling, provision of exemptions and replacement of the current single tax rate with a two-tiered graduated rate structure. The second type of reform consisted of proposals to expand the theoretical tax base subject to the social security levy. The results suggested that these reforms could generate substantial increases in progressivity in the combined tax distribution. In general, it would appear that changes in the social security tax structure could generate greater improvements in progressivity than expansion of the theoretical tax base, although the greatest improvement was associated with a combination of these two reforms. With regard to horizontal equity, expansion of the theoretical tax base generated the most improvement.

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Wu, Mingqin, and 吴明琴. "Essays on job assignment and social security." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46090873.

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Hu, Aiqun. "Social insurance in twentieth-century China a global historical perspective /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3289999.

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Beach, Robert R. "Essays in social security: net of benefits tax rates, labor supply, savings and welfare." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54489.

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In the standard case in which the interest rate is assumed to be greater than the rate of population growth, implementation of a social security program leads to a reduction in capital formation and a loss of welfare of the representative individual. This dissertation asks whether the parameters of a stylized social security program can be manipulated to reduce this welfare loss. By attaching weights to the earnings used in computing the average monthly earnings, an instrument is created which the social security administrator can use to manipulate the net marginal tax rates and the relative cost of leisure between years. If, as a result, aggregate savings increase, then steady-state welfare may also increase. The effect of changing the weights in the benefit formula is considered first in a simple three-period partial equilibrium model. Individuals work for two periods and are retired in the third. It is shown, under assumptions of separability, that first-period labor supply must go up and second-period labor supply must go down in response to an increase in the earnings weight attached to the first period. Furthermore, although there is an element of ambiguity, a strong case can be made that aggregate savings must increase. It is also shown that, contrary to intuition, a zero net tax is not neutral and in fact must lead to a reduction in capital formation and welfare. These same issues are then considered in a many-period model in which interest rates and wage rates are allowed to respond to changes in aggregate savings. It is found that alternatives to the current program that provide more weight to earnings of younger workers can reduce the welfare loss by a small amount. Because of the intractability of the many-periods case a computer simulation is used to perform the analysis. In addition, the adjustment costs of a public savings program are considered. (Feldstein, among others, has suggested that social security be used as a vehicle for a public savings program to increase private investment in the economy.) It is shown that while such a program would adversely affect that welfare of a number of generations, these welfare losses are quite small: less than 0.05% for all the cases considered.
Ph. D.

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Books on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

1

Cross, Timothy L. Social Security tax. Corvallis, Or: Extension Service, Oregon State University, 1990.

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Schmidt, Richard F. Social security taxes for Christian ministry personnel. Diamond Bar, Calif. (P.O. Box 4651, Diamond Bar 91765): Christian Ministries Management Association, 1986.

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Diamond, Peter A. Taxes and pensions. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2009.

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S, Feldstein Martin. Social security rules and marginal tax rates. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Koitz, David. Social security tax debate: A fact sheet. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Cashell, Brian. Social security: The macroeconomic effects of cutting payroll taxes. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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Kesselman, Jonathan R. Payroll taxes in the finance of social security. Vancouver: Dept. of Economics, University of British Columbia, 1995.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: The relationship of taxes and benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Allman, Peter J. Withholding, social security and unemployment taxes on compensation. [Washington, D.C.]: Tax Management Inc., 2004.

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Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Social Security: Privatization and progressivity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

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Guo, Rongxing, Uradyn E. Bulag, Michael A. Crang, Thomas Heberer, Eui-Gak Hwang, James A. Millward, Morris Rossabi, Gerard A. Postiglione, Chih-yu Shih, and Nicholas Tapp. "Public Health and Social Security." In Multicultural China, 317–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44113-8_8.

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Nakamura, Alice, and Ging Wong. "Canada’s Social Security Programs and Payroll Taxes." In Labor Market Policies in Canada and Latin America: Challenges of the New Millennium, 109–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3347-1_5.

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Kesselman, Jonathan R. "Payroll Taxes in the Finance of Social Security." In Labor Market Policies in Canada and Latin America: Challenges of the New Millennium, 135–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3347-1_6.

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Gu, Danan, Qiushi Feng, Ning Wang, Zhiyi Wang, and Matthew E. Dupre. "Social Security System in China." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_530-1.

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Qian et al., Wenrong. "Social Security of Rural Households." In Societal Development in Rural China, 149–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8082-2_7.

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Guo, Rongxing. "Health Care and Social Security." In China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2016, 227–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49199-8_7.

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Guo, Rongxing. "Health Care and Social Security." In China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook 2020, 221–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49024-9_7.

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Pan, Yi. "The Social Security System in Rural China." In Rural Welfare in China, 123–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56627-6_10.

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Qin, Bingtao. "Sustainable Social Security System in Rural China." In Sustainable Development in Rural China, 73–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46476-2_6.

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Chi, Fulin. "Establishing a Fair and Sustainable Social Security System." In The Great Transformation of China, 269–327. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9479-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

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DANILOVA, Zinaida. "CHINA, MONGOLIA, RUSSIA: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY." In Social and political challenges of modernization in the 21st century. Publishing House of Buryat Scientific Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0537-7-2018-36-39.

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Kostyukov, Aleksander, and Kirill Maslov Maslov. "The Role of National Fiscal Security and Tax Sovereignty in Collection of Taxes." In XVI International Scientific Conference "The Optimization of Organization and Legal Solutions concerning Public Revenues and Expenditures in Social Interest". Temida 2, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oolscprepi.2018.33.

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Gao, Shang, Zao-li Yang, and Zheng-pei Wang. "Study on emergent social security event management in social transition period in China." In 2011 China located International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM-CHINA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscram.2011.6184114.

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Yina, Wan. "The Theoretical Return of Social Security Reform in China." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2010.182.

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Fan, Zheran. "The Dual Economy and Social Security in Rural China." In 2017 7th International Conference on Social science and Education Research (SSER2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sser-17.2018.16.

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Dexin Zou and Chong Jiang. "Research on optimization of athletes' social security system in China." In 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2010.5498904.

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Ya-Xiong, Guo. "Consideration on the direction of social security reform in China." In 2010 International Conference on Financial Theory and Engineering (ICFTE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfte.2010.5499375.

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Xing, Ji, Meng Xiangyu, Yang Tianmeng, Zhang Na, and Song Zhuoran. "Evaluation of Blackout Social Comprehensive Loss Based on Public Security Model." In 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2018.8592145.

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Sheng, Keqing, and Wenyu Wang. "Analysis on the Social Security System of Retired Athletes in China." In 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emle-17.2017.45.

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Ji, Hong, and Shuyuan Zou. "Electronic Commerce in China Information Security Management System Strategy Research." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichssr-16.2016.111.

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Reports on the topic "Social security taxes – China"

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Feldstein, Martin. Social Security Pension Reform in China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6794.

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Borella, Margherita, Mariacristina De Nardi, and Fang Yang. The Effects of Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23972.

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Smetters, Kent. Social Security Privatization with Elastic Labor Supply and Second-Best Taxes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11101.

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Borella, Margherita, Mariacristina De Nardi, and Fang Yang. Are Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits Holding Back Female Labor Supply? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26097.

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Tadevosyan, Gohar, Shaojun Chen, and Rong Liu. Returning Migrants in the People’s Republic of China: Challenges and Perspectives—Evidence from Chongqing. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200399-2.

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This working paper examines the push and pull factors that shape return migration in the People’s Republic of China. This study draws on primary qualitative research in Dianjiang County of Chongqing Municipality. The push and pull factors are associated with the availability of assets both in migration destinations and back at home that the migrants can draw upon to support their livelihoods. These assets comprise financial, human, and social capital; family relations; access to social security, housing and infrastructure; and productive assets such as land.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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Abstract:

In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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