Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social-spatial effects'

Despite the rising prevalence of mobile media in young children’s lives, little research exists that examines the effects of mobile media use on early childhood cognitive development. This study will explore how mobile media use, specifically iPad use, in early childhood affects development of visual spatial attention span. Researchers will recruit 160 participants, ages 3 to 6, and categorize them into three groups: TV viewers only, interactive iPad users, and passive iPad users. Children will complete a computer task to measure the length of their visual spatial attention span. Parents will report on the average daily amount of media use, their child’s top three most viewed or used programs and apps, and the pervasiveness of media use, as well as complete a demographics survey. Research assistants will rate the level of exogenous stimuli children are exposed to in their top three programs and apps. Researchers predict that iPad use will be associated with shorter visual spatial attention spans in comparison to TV viewing, due to longer amounts of use, higher levels of exogenous stimuli, and higher levels of pervasiveness. In addition, researchers hypothesize that interactive iPad use will correlate with the shortest visual spatial attention spans due to highest levels of exogenous stimuli and longest amounts of use. The results will help parents and educators to more effectively monitor young children’s mobile media usage.

The aim of this dissertation was twofold: (1) to examine task co-representation and joint action in efforts to identify necessary preconditions under which shared representations are formed and (2) to determine whether alternative explanations can account for the social Simon effect (SE). Using joint Simon effect protocols (e.g., Sebanz & Knoblich 2003), we began (Study 1) by showing that when paired participants responded to the same stimulus-response alternative, the joint SE was absent. When participants performed under a competitive context (Study 2), the joint SE was elicited, even though co-representation would have been disadvantageous with respect to the task goal. Next, we examined the influence of spatial and response discrimination factors on the joint action correspondence effect. Our first investigation (Study 3) did not support the assumption that the co-actor may be providing a reference for the spatial coding of alternative responses. Using Ansorge and Wühr’s (2004) response discrimination hypothesis as a framework, we showed in subsequent studies (Study 4 & 6) that a SE could be elicited in a Go/No-Go task when spatial codes were used to discriminate between alternative responses. This was demonstrated when a standard 2-choice task preceded a Go/No-Go task and when participants performed two independent tasks alongside each other. Examination of event-related potentials pertaining to action inhibition suggested reduced action suppression on no-go trials when performing with a co-actor compared to performing with alone under these independent task conditions. In a final study (Study 7), we explored task co-representation using a different experimental paradigm—the response-precuing task. Our results did not provide clear evidence for task co-representation. In cases where the ‘social’ SE was not observed, we propose that a form of ‘social loafing’ or an individualistic mindset approach to the joint action task may have been in operation. Our overall findings encourage further investigation of how task context can modulate the joint SE and highlights how an individualistic mindset can potentially preclude co-representation.

Kin recognition is the ability to identify a conspecific as a relative and can occur even when animals are complete strangers. By being able to recognise relatives, animals are able to give preferential treatment to those with which they share genes. Recognition may occur by either direct familiarisation (learning a phenotypic cue that reliably correlates to kinship), or by indirect familiarisation (learning kinship relationships through previous encounters). Rats (Rattus norvegicus) can recognise kin, however to what degree kin recognition is mediated by genetics (direct familiarisation) or social relationships (indirect familiarisation) are unknown; the influences of kinship and familiarity on the ability to learn from a conspecific is also unknown. Furthermore, the sex of an animal can also influence its ability to learn but this effect has received little attention in the literature, particularly when considering observational learning tasks. I assessed if relatedness and/or familiarity influenced a rat's ability to learn through observation, and if gender relationships influence the learning process. Eighty rats ( observers ) were given the opportunity to observe a demonstrator rat press a joystick in a given direction to obtain a food reward. Observers watched a demonstrator that had one of the following relationships with them: related and familiar, related and unfamiliar, unrelated and familiar, or unrelated and unfamiliar. When observers were given the opportunity to manipulate the joystick, the number of sniffs of the joystick, the latency to first move the joystick and the total number of presses were recorded. Rats that were both familiar and related to the demonstrator consistently performed better than any other treatment group; furthermore, rats that were familiar with the demonstrator performed the task more efficiently than rats that were not familiar with the demonstrator. When the demonstrators and observers were related, the observers produced more presses and sniffs of the joystick while having a lower latency to the first push In addition, male observers learnt better than females regardless of the demonstrator sex, with males that were familiar to their demonstrator making nearly twice as many pushes than any other treatment group. The results from this study are discussed in relation to both the mechanisms of direct and indirect recognition and the potential adaptive value on kin discrimination in the learning process. The home range hypothesis may explain why gender differences in learning were found: male rats have larger home ranges than females. Male rat will regularly encounter more rats than females and would need to ascertain if unfamiliar individuals are relatives. Females remain closer to natal sites and as such are more likely to encounter kin and therefore may not need as well as developed kin recognition ability.

L’âge de l’adolescence est celui de l’expérience quotidienne d’un espace de vie à soi tout en flirtant avec le monde. Dans une société où la division du rôle des sexes est encore prégnante, où les lieux sont des supports de maîtrise masculine de l’espace, comment appréhender la mise en configuration de l’espace par l’adolescent.e à l’épreuve du genre ? L’expérience sociale et spatiale de soi, des autres, de la relation aux lieux est constitutive de l’adolescence. Cette expérience questionne alors le rôle du genre et de l’espace dans la construction identitaire. Dans quelle mesure ces deux concepts, genre et espace du quotidien, se combinent-ils dans la construction identitaire de l’adolescent.e ? Si le genre est une catégorie structurante de l’expérience spatiale, comment les lieux en tant que condition de l’expérience humaine agissent-ils sur les attributs de genre ? Pour répondre à ces questions, il s’agit d’observer les rapports des adolescent.e.s à leurs lieux de vie à la fois en termes de pratiques (espace de vie), de représentations (espaces vécus) et de genre. Cet âge de vie n’est-il pas constitué d’expériences de rapport au monde, c’est-à-dire d’élargissement du territoire de vie et des temporalités à travers des expérimentations faites d’appropriation, de cheminement, de contournement et d’évitement en quête d’autonomie sociale et spatiale ? Notre terrain d’étude porte sur les lieux de vie de collégien.ne.s en classe de 4ème dans sept établissements scolaires du Calvados et de la Manche aux contextes géographiques différents (urbain, périurbain, rural). Cette approche suppose une analyse multiscalaire des pratiques routinières dans les espaces de vie (domicile, lieux de loisirs, école) par des méthodes combinées d’enquêtes quantitative et qualitative, de séances d’observation et de productions graphiques de la part des adolescent.e.s eux-mêmes. Se pose alors la question des mobilités des jeunes car expérimenter les lieux c’est territorialiser son rapport au monde. Les effets de lieu (urbain, périurbain, rural) participent à la construction identitaire d’un territoire. Et réciproquement : l’adolescent.e agit sur l’espace, en ce sens, il ou elle expérimente l’espace
Teenage years are synonymous with the daily experience of one’s own social space while approaching the wider world. In a society where gender role division is still significant, where places are means to assert the masculine control of space, how can we comprehend the construction of space in the everyday life of teenagers faced with gendering? Is experimenting social space during adolescence partitioned according to one’s gender? This thesis aims at analysing the relationship between teenagers and the space they inhabit in terms of practices (social space), representations (lived space) and gender. During adolescence, teens experiment with the world around them. Don’t they expand their territory, their temporality through different spatial experiences such as appropriation and progress but also avoidance and alternative routes on the way to social and spatial independence? Approaching the spaces occupied by teenagers means analysing their daily social practices within their lived space (home, leisure, school) thanks to mixed quantitative and qualitative inquiries, periods of observation and the production of mental maps by the teens themselves. Hence the importance of mobility since roaming space means turning it into a territory and influences one’s relationship to the world. The effects of place (urban, suburban, rural) are essential in the construction of identity within a territory and reciprocally: teenagers act on space, in the sense that they experiment with space

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The inclusion of the Cerrado of Goiás in the national and international production of goods is directly connected to geopolitics and strategies aimed at seizing territories disputed by the hydro-agribusiness, the pharmaceutical-chemical industry, tourism, and mining. Territorial resources such as land, water and ores become vital for the capital to keep its expansionary pace and income generation, focused on disputes over territories and class struggle in the face of a worldwide demand for agricultural-mineral commodities. The social-spatial effects caused by large extraction enterprises bring about social-environmental conflicts and impact the organization of spaces of collective existence of Peasant Communities, land workers, quilombolas and indigenous peoples in Goiás – the Cerradeiros Peoples. Thus, the purpose of the research was to understand the social-spatial effects of the large mineral extraction projects in Goiás, mainly the Mining-Chemical Complex in the cities of Catalão and Ouvidor, in southeastern Goiás. The methodology employed used techniques involving qualitative research and quantitative data collection. The comprehension of the reality and the subjects investigated was made possible by methodological procedures such as field research, interviews, participative research, a field journal, audiovisual records, data tabulation and informative tables, charts and diagrams. It was argued that mining is inseparable from the economic and social formation of Goiás at different production stages of its territory. It was found that the mining companies have their own geopolitics concerning occupying the Goiás’ Cerrado with an unequal, contradictory appropriation of the subsoil by strategies for control and expansion of large mining enterprises. Hence, besides land and water, the subsoil is considered to be a disputed territory. Such process is attached to the globalization of capital and the reprimarization of the Brazilian exporting agenda, with the participation of Goiás in the context of the megacycle of commodities in the 21st century’s first decade. This (re)positioned the Cerrado within the production of goods, as of the modernization of territory and commoditization of nature. Consequently, struggles for land, water and the subsoil are inseparable from the contemporary agrarian issue, and constitute what has been called the agricultural-hydro-mining business. This process also binds together resistances/existences and the working class collective organization, without overlooking the meanings and cultural practices of the subjects who resist/exist. However, the thematic approach focusing on the large mineral extraction projects in Catalão/Ouvidor has shown that conflicts with Peasant Communities, overexploitation of labor, exhaustion of landscapes, and expropriation of peasant families are concrete examples of a primitive capital accumulation and its continuous role in the dynamics of capitalism. It has also revealed the unreformability, uncontrollability, and destructiveness of capital. On the horizon, exhaustion.
A inserção do Cerrado goiano na produção capitalista nacional e internacional de mercadorias relaciona-se diretamente com a geopolítica e as estratégias de apropriação dos seus territórios, disputados pelo agrohidronegócio, indústria farmacoquímica, turismo e mineração. Recursos territoriais como terra, água e minérios tornam-se imprescindíveis para que o capital mantenha sua marcha expansionista e geração de renda, apresentando a centralidade das disputas por território e de classe diante da demanda mundial por commodities agrominerais. Os efeitos socioespaciais de grandes empreendimentos extrativistas geram conflitos socioambientais e impactam a organização dos espaços da existência coletiva de Comunidades Camponesas, trabalhadores da terra, quilombolas e povos indígenas em Goiás – os Povos Cerradeiros. Desse modo, o objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender os efeitos socioespaciais dos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral em Goiás, com foco no Complexo Mínero-Químico nos municípios de Catalão e Ouvidor, localizados no Sudeste Goiano. A metodologia utilizada contou com técnicas no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa e levantamento de dados quantitativos. Procedimentos metodológicos como pesquisa de campo, entrevistas, pesquisa participante, diário de campo, registros audiovisuais, tabulação de dados e informações em tabelas, mapas e quadros possibilitaram a apreensão da realidade e dos sujeitos pesquisados. Defendeu-se que a mineração é indissociável da formação econômica e social de Goiás em diferentes fases da produção do seu território. Constatou-se que há uma geopolítica das empresas mineradoras na ocupação do Cerrado goiano com a apropriação desigual e contraditória do subsolo pelas estratégias de controle e expansão dos grandes empreendimentos de mineração. Por isso, além de terra e água, entende-se o subsolo como território em disputa. Esse processo está associado à mundialização do capital e à reprimarização da pauta exportadora brasileira, com a participação de Goiás no contexto do mega ciclo das commodities na primeira década do século XXI. Isso (re)colocou a posição do Cerrado na produção de mercadorias a partir da modernização do território e da commoditização da natureza. Em razão disso, os conflitos por terra, água e subsolo são indissociáveis da questão agrária contemporânea e constituem o que se denominou de negócio da agro-hidro-mineração. Esse processo também aglutina (Re)Existências e organização coletiva da classe trabalhadora, sem perder de vista os significados e as práticas culturais e políticas dos sujeitos que (Re)Existem. No entanto, o recorte temático com ênfase nos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral de Catalão/Ouvidor demonstrou que os conflitos com as Comunidades Camponesas, superexploração do trabalho, exaustão das paisagens e expropriação das famílias camponesas são exemplos concretos da acumulação primitiva do capital e sua presença permanente no movimento processual do capitalismo. Ainda revelaram a irreformabilidade, incontrolabilidade e destrutividade do capital. No horizonte, a exaustão.

L'investissement et l'innovation jouent un rôle important dans le secteur agricole, permettant aux exploitations de s'adapter aux changements de politiques et aux conditions du marché. Au cours des dernières décennies, les exploitations agricoles de l'Union européenne (UE) ont été confrontées à des changements substantiels à travers la politique agricole commune (PAC). C'est notamment le cas du secteur laitier, qui a vu la fin du régime de quotas laitiers et également vu une volatilité accrue des prix. De tels changements pourraient affecter la productivité et l’efficacité des exploitations agricoles, la compétitivité du secteur laitier et les changements structurels. Comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au comportement d’investissement des exploitations pourrait permettre d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui influent sur les tendances observées. Cela pourrait aider à anticiper les futurs changements structurels, prévoir les besoins des exploitations et aider les décideurs publicet les autres acteurs du secteur agricole à adapter leurs politiques. La thèse contribue à cet objectif en analysant pour les exploitations laitières d'une sous-région de Bretagne (Ille-et-Vilaine) en France, (i) l'impact de la suppression du quota laitier sur les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs et l'hétérogénéité de leurs réactions (ii) le lien entre la performance agricole et les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs, (iii) le rôle des interactions sociales liées aux effets de voisinage sur la décision d'investissement des agriculteurs. Les résultats montrent que la fin
: Investment and innovation play an important role in the agricultural sector, allowing farms to adapt to policy changes and market condition changes. In the last decades, farms in the European Union (EU) have faced substantial changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is particularly the case of the dairy sector, which has seen the end of milk quota regime and increased price volatility. Such changes could affect farm productivity and efficiency, the dairy sector’s competitiveness and structural change. Understanding the mechanisms underlying farms’ investment behaviour could allow identifying key drivers that influence the observed trends. This could help anticipate future structural changes, predict farms’ needs and help policy makers and other stakeholders in farming to adapt their policy. The thesis contributes to this objective by analysing for dairy farms in a sub-region of Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) in France, (i) the impact of the termination of the milk quota onfarmers’ investment decisions and the heterogeneity of farm investment behaviour, (ii) the link between farm performance and farmers’ investment decisions, (iii) the role of social interactions related to neighbourhood effects on farmers' investment decision. Findings show that the termination of the dairy quota policy increased farmers’ incentive to invest, contributing to the trend towards larger, more capital intensive and more specialised dairy farms. In addition, the thesis underlines the need to take into account farmers’ heterogeneity in modelling investment behaviour. Doing so allows

Prenatal stress exposure (PNS) has detrimental effects on the offspring’s brain and behaviour and has been identified as an etiological factor in inducing cognitive function deficits in rodents and humans. The neural mechanisms are unclear, however reprogramming of the neuroendocrine stress axis, the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis is hypothesised. A psychosocial stressor (residentintruder paradigm) was used to generate PNS rat offspring, making these studies clinically compatible. The hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are critical in regulating cognitive function and also contribute to the negative feedback control of the HPA axis via corticosteroid receptors, including the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here the Barnes maze was used to assess spatial learning and memory in male and female PNS offspring during adulthood under different scenarios, including basal and acute and chronic stress conditions. Under basal conditions, PNS was associated with reduced GR and MR mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus, respectively; suggesting inhibitory feedback control of the HPA axis may be compromised in PNS rats. Moreover, impaired spatial learning was observed in male PNS rats following acute restraint stress. Bilateral lesions of the prelimbic cortex and central administration of an MR antagonist in control rats suggested acute stress-induced learning deficits in PNS males were a result of impaired hippocampus-mediated inhibitory feedback control of the HPA axis. Conversely, a one-week variable stress regimen facilitated spatial learning in PNS rats and this was associated with elevated MR mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, facilitated learning in the PNS rats exposed to chronic stress could be blocked by central administration of an MR antagonist, indicating a facilitatory role of hippocampal MR in spatial learning. In summary, opposite effects of PNS on spatial learning were observed under acute and chronic stress conditions, in which hippocampal MR played a key role in regulating behavioural performance. The effect of age was also examined in PNS rats, and the findings from middle-aged (10-11 months old) rats indicated PNS may accelerate cognitive decline. Sex differences were also studied, with control females’ out-performing males under basal conditions in terms of spatial learning and behavioural flexibility; however following prenatal or chronic stress these sex differences were no longer detected. Furthermore, acute stress impaired spatial learning to a greater extent in females, and this might be attributed to greater HPA axis responses to stress in females compared with males. In conclusion, prenatal stress alters later cognitive performance, in a sex- and stress context-dependent manner. Hippocampal MR plays a critical role in mediating spatial learning, particularly during stress conditions.

Over the last few years the city of Anaheim has undertaken several significant redevelopment projects designed to revitalize some of the older, more run down areas of the city. One of these projects was the redevelopment of the Jeffrey-Lynne neighborhood, an area that had been plagued by crime. The redevelopment involved the complete remodeling of the existing housing structure into lower density housing within a gated community. This study examines the impact of the redevelopment on the crime rate in this neighborhood; it employs location quotient analyses for six geographic levels on four crime categories (property, violence, disorder, drug) and five crime types (disturbance, robbery, burglary, assault, auto theft). The results reveal that the effects of the redevelopment on the crime rate were mixed.

Dans quelle mesure le concept de genre constitue-t-il une clé de lecture pertinente aux rapports entre dynamiques territoriales et dynamiques sanitaires ? Cette thèse propose de répondre à cette interrogation en analysant la participation au dépistage organisé du cancer colorectal et sa promotion dans les Hauts-de-Seine (92). Les villes de Boulogne-Billancourt et de Gennevilliers, ainsi que deux quartiers populaires de chacune d’elles sont comparés à partir de données quantitatives (taux de participation au dépistage) et qualitatives (observations, entretiens semi-directifs). Il apparaît que les disparités spatiales (inter ou infra-communale) et sexuées de participation au dépistage du cancer colorectal se déclinent différemment selon les territoires étudiés et ne reflètent pas l’inégale répartition spatiale des classes sociales. L’analyse des trajectoires de recours au médecin généraliste, acteur clé du programme, révèle des représentations et pratiques territoriales spécifiques aux contextes gennevillois et boulonnais, mais aussi aux hommes et aux femmes de ces espaces. L’étude de la promotion de ce dépistage permet de mieux comprendre les modes d’organisations et de développement des communes et quartiers ciblés (types et réseaux d’acteurs politiques, professionnels ou associatifs). Elle révèle également la nécessité de prendre en compte le genre dans l’analyse des déclinaisons locales d’une politique nationale de santé publique. Enfin, les représentations et les pratiques des médecins généralistes s’ancrent dans des parcours professionnels, des normes sociales dominantes et des dynamiques territoriales originales
To which extent does the concept of gender can be a strategic concept to understand links between health and territorial dynamics? The following study aims to investigate this topic by analyzing the attendance at colorectal cancer screening sessions and its promotion in the Hauts-de-Seine (Paris region). We draw a comparison between the towns of Boulogne-Billancourt and Gennevilliers, and two of their popular districts, based on quantitative (attendance rates to screening sessions) and qualitative data (observations, semi-directive interviews). Among the findings, it appears that spatial and gendered disparities regarding colorectal cancer screening vary depending on the places studied and do not reflect the unequal distribution of social classes. The analysis of health-seeking behaviors to a general practitioner – a key actor of this screening program – highlights spatial representations and practices which are specific to the contexts in Boulogne-Billancourt and in Gennevilliers, as well as to women and men. The study of the promotion of colorectal cancer screening also enables us to better understand the ways these towns and districts are developed and organized (type and network of political, professional and associative stakeholders). In addition, the study stresses on the necessity to take gender into account when it comes to the analysis of local implementations of a national public health policy. Lastly, professional backgrounds, dominant social norms and spatial dynamics are an integral part of general practitioner’s representations and practices

La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie urbaine sur les effets de quartiers en cherchant à répondre à trois questions liées : quelle est l'importance du territoire dans la sortie du chômage ? Peut-on parler d'effets de quartier en France ? Comment expliquer la géographie du chômage local ? La réponse à ces questions nécessite une démarche en plusieurs temps. D'abord, l'importance du territoire est analysée par une revue de littérature qui liste les différents mécanismes par lequel le contexte local peut influer sur l'accès à l'emploi des individus. Nous proposons également une analyse descriptive des disparités de chômage entre communes, en France et plus particulièrement en Ile-de-France. Les forts contrastes, qui se maintiennent même lorsque l'on considère la composition locale des demandeurs d'emplois, témoignent d'une relative importance du territoire.La thèse propose, par la suite, des analyses empiriques sur données individuelles pour démontrer l'existence d'effets de quartier en France. Nous montrons que la "qualité" du quartier et les caractéristiques qui lui sont propres déterminent le statut d'emploi des individus. Les individus qui vivent dans les quartiers les plus "défavorisés" ont moins de chances que les autres de trouver un emploi et lorsqu'ils en trouvent un, celui-ci est généralement de moindre qualité. Parmi les effets de quartiers observés, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l'existence d'une discrimination liée au lieude résidence. Nous proposons des méthodologies distinctes mais complémentaires pour analyser l'effet de la réputation d'un quartier. Nous observons que cette dernière diminue les chances de trouver un emploi. Enfin, pour rendre compte de la géographie du chômage, la thèse propose différentes analyses à l'échelle de la commune et centrées sur la région Ile-de-France. L'objectif est de tester différents mécanismes évoqués dans la littérature en économie urbaine(ségrégation résidentielle, Spatial Mismatch, Skill Mismatch etc.) afin de voir lesquels sont les plus pertinents et lesquels doivent être considérés en priorité. Identifier les mécanismes en jeu est une étape nécessaire et importante pour orienter les politiques publiques qui chercheraient notamment à améliorer la situation des quartiers les plus défavorisés.

Les traces numériques ont envahi notre quotidien : capturées en temps réel par divers supports sur les plateformes du Web 2.0 et principalement par les smartphones, elles présentent l'avantage d'être fréquemment géolocalisées. Ces traces constituent ainsi des marqueurs virtuels attestant de la présence physique d'un individu dans un espace précis à un moment connu. C'est pourquoi elles ont été rapidement intégrées dans la recherche et considérées comme l'opportunité de construire une connaissance de phénomènes sociaux selon une approche verticale ascendante (bottom-up). La recherche doctorale se focalise sur une trace numérique particulière, le tweet géolocalisé, dans le contexte des risques hydrométéorologiques. En raison des nombreux phénomènes violents survenus au début des années 2010, la gestion des risques et catastrophes naturels a fait partie des tout premiers thèmes d'exploration du potentiel des tweets géolocalisés comme nouvelle source d'information de terrain. Pour autant, l'étude géographique de ces traces rencontre des difficultés qui restent marginales dans l'approche des data analysts : devant la variabilité d'accès et d'utilisation des nouvelles technologies numériques mobiles, quelle est la représentativité sociale et spatiale de ces traces ? Comment positionner les outils de l'analyse spatiale et de la cartographie face à ces nouveaux types de données hétérogènes et acquises en dehors de toute norme conventionnelle ? Dans cette recherche, nous explorons ces questions à partir des phénomènes extrêmes d'origine hydrométéorologique, survenus au Texas au printemps 2016 et en août 2017. Nous explorons des méthodes d'extraction sémantique et spatiale destinées à construire un corpus de tweets relatifs aux phénomènes étudiés (nommés tweets de crise). Dans un second temps, l'analyse des tweets de crise est focalisée sur trois axes : nous explorons les comportements spatiaux et statistiques des lieux de l'activité virtuelle et recherchons des facteurs socio-spatiaux explicatifs de sa distribution spatiale. Nous testons la pertinence du tweet de crise géolocalisé comme marqueur des différents paramètres du phénomène (localisation à une échelle fine, intensité, etc.) en croisant les tweets avec des données officielles de réalité-terrain. Nous cherchons enfin à valoriser la composante textuelle des tweets de crise par la cartographie, notamment en croisant analyse sémantique par catégorie grammaticale et vulnérabilité sociale des populations
Digital footprints have invaded our daily lives: captured in real time by various media on Web 2.0 platforms and mainly by smartphones, they offer the advantage of being frequently geolocated. These footprints thus constitute virtual markers attesting to the physical presence of an individual in a given space at a given time. That is why they were quickly integrated into the research and considered as the opportunity to build a knowledge of social phenomena using a bottom-up approach. The doctoral research focuses on a particular digital footprint, geolocated tweets, in the context of hydrometeorological risks. Due to the many violent phenomena that occurred in the early 2010s, natural disaster and risk management was one of the first topics considered to explore the potential of geolocated tweets as a new source of field information. However, the geographical study of these footprints encounters difficulties that remain marginal in the approach of data analysts: seeing as the variability of access and use of new mobile digital technologies, what is the social and spatial representativeness of these footprints? How to consider the tools of the spatial analysis and the cartography regarding these new types of heterogeneous data that are acquired outside any conventional norm? In this research, we explore these questions from the extreme phenomena of hydrometeorological origin, which occurred in Texas in the spring of 2016 and in August 2017. We explore semantic and spatial extraction methods to build a corpus of tweets relating to the phenomena studied (named crisis tweets). In a second step, the analysis of crisis tweets is focused on three axes: we explore the spatial and statistical behaviors of places of virtual activity and look for socio-spatial factors that explain its spatial distribution. We test the relevance of the geolocated crisis tweet as a marker of the various parameters of the phenomenon (localization at a fine scale, intensity, etc.) by crossing the tweets with official ground-truth data. Finally, we seek to enhance the textual component of crisis tweets by mapping, notably by combining semantic analysis by grammatical category and social vulnerability of populations

L'impact des activités humaines sur l'état d'une rivière est le plus souvent évalué réglementairement par le suivi d'indicateurs de la qualité de l'eau. La définition des réseaux de mesures réglementaires est contrainte par des aspects techniques ou pratiques qui font que les diagnostics sont établis sur une base de connaissances limitée. Etudier la relation qu'ont les riverains avec le cours d'eau peut-il servir à améliorer les connaissances scientifiques sur les pressions et l'état de la rivière, et donc à moyen terme à améliorer la définition des actions de contrôle et de restauration ? La réponse à cette question s'appuie sur l'étude du rio Liberia (longueur 30 km, bassin versant 46 km2) au Costa Rica situé dans la région du Pacifique Nord. La rivière traverse, à l'aval, la zone urbaine de Liberia (39000 habitants), représentative des villes dites périphériques du pays. La thèse est basée sur le couplage de deux démarches : (a) la réalisation du diagnostic réglementaire de la qualité de l'eau et la caractérisation des pressions anthropiques sur la rivière ; (b) l'étude de la perception et de la pratique de la rivière par les riverains. Dans un premier temps, quinze campagnes de mesure de la qualité de l’eau ont été effectuées conformément à la réglementation du Costa Rica, sur un réseau de sept stations, le long du rio Liberia, entre 2013 et 2015. Les indicateurs physico-chimique, biologique et bactériologique montrent un gradient amont-aval de l'état de rivière, de peu à très pollué. Ces indicateurs sont peu variables en fonction des conditions hydrologiques -vu par un indice de précipitation antérieur-, mais sont influencés par les pressions anthropiques, vu par les indices d'occupation du sol et d'état de la ripisylve. La qualité de la rivière est fortement dégradée à la traversée de la zone urbaine. Dans un deuxième temps, une enquête a été effectuée en 2016, auprès de 100 habitants et de 32 acteurs économiques riverains. Une cartographie de la rivière, en termes d'intensité de fréquentation et de perception de la qualité a été réalisée. La fréquentation de la rivière est différente selon le type de riverains. En général, les habitants traversent tous les jours la rivière par les différents ponts alors que les acteurs économiques fréquentent la rivière occasionnellement pour participer à des actions collectives de restauration. La rivière est perçue comme un espace dégradé et dangereux par la majorité des riverains. Mais, la partie amont du cours d'eau, et quelques sites urbains, sont appréciés pour leur bonne qualité. Dans un troisième temps, le croisement des connaissances issues du réseau de suivi avec les résultats de l’enquête de perception a été réalisé. Le niveau de dégradation des stations de mesure, localisées en des sites reconnus par les usagers, est concordant du point de vue des riverains et des observations scientifiques. De plus, l’identification par les habitants de nouveaux points dégradés permet d’étoffer le réseau de suivi. Ainsi, des nouvelles stations ont fait l’objet d’une campagne de mesures menée en 2017, qui permet d'affiner les connaissances de la variabilité spatiale de la qualité de l’eau et de la ripisylve. On démontre ainsi que les perceptions des riverains peuvent être utilisées comme système de connaissances pour améliorer l'évaluation de la qualité d'une rivière urbaine. Cette thèse est une première étape de diagnostic de la qualité d'une rivière urbaine, combinant approches hydrologique, par des indicateurs réglementaires, et socio-géographique, par un travail d'enquêtes. Il reste à mieux comprendre à la fois la dynamique de la qualité de l'eau, en lien avec l'hydrologie, et celle des pressions anthropiques, ainsi que la variabilité temporelle de la perception du cours d'eau par les riverains. Enfin, les modalités d'engagement des riverains au suivi et à la restauration de la qualité de la rivière restent à analyser, pour le développement d'une vraie démarche participative
The impact of human activities on rivers status is most often assessed through the monitoring of regulatory water quality indicators. The definition of regulatory action networks is constrained by technical or practical aspects. As a result, diagnoses are made on the basis of limited knowledge. Can studying the relationship between residents and rivers be used to improve scientific knowledge on the pressures and state of the river, and therefore in the medium term to improve the definition of control and restoration actions? The thesis is based on the study of the Liberia River (30 km long, 46 km2 catchment area) in Costa Rica - North Pacific Region. The river flows downstream through the urban area of the city of Liberia (39 000 inhabitants). The thesis is based on the coupling of two approaches: (a) the regulatory diagnosis of water quality and the characterization of anthropogenic pressures on the river; (b) the study of the perception and practice of the river by residents. Firstly, fifteen water quality measurement campaigns were carried out in accordance with Costa Rica's regulations, on a network of seven stations along the Liberia River between 2013 and 2015. The physico-chemical, biological and bacteriological indicators show an upstream-downstream gradient of the river state, from slightly to highly polluted. These indicators are not very variable according to hydrological conditions - as seen by a previous rainfall index - but are influenced by anthropogenic pressures, as seen by land use and riparian condition indices. The quality of the river is severely degraded when crossing the urban area. Secondly, a survey was carried out in 2016, among 100 inhabitants and 32 professionals. A map of the river, in terms of use and perception, was carried out. In general, the inhabitants cross the river every day via the various bridges, while the professionals occasionally participate in collective restoration actions. The river is perceived as a degraded and dangerous space by the majority of residents. However, the upstream part of the river, and some urban sites, are appreciated for their good quality. Thirdly, knowledge from the monitoring network and results of the perception survey were analysed jointly. The level of degradation from monitoring stations is consistent with the point of view of residents that identify all the locations of the stations. In addition, inhabitants point new hot spots of degradation that makes it possible to strengthen the monitoring network. Thus, new stations were implemented during a campaign carried out in 2017. The spatial variability of water quality and riparian zones was refined. As a conclusion, residents’ perceptions can be used to improve the assessment of the quality of an urban river. This thesis is a first step in diagnosing the quality of an urban river, combining hydrological approaches, through regulatory indicators, and socio-geographic indicators, through survey of residents. However, it is necessary to better understand both dynamics of water quality, in relation to hydrology, and those of anthropogenic pressures, as well as the temporal variability of the perception of the river by residents. Finally, conditions for involving residents in monitoring and restoring the quality of the river remain to be analyzed, in order to develop a real participatory approach

During face-to-face meetings, humans use multimodal information, including verbal information, visual information, body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal gestures. In contrast, during computer-mediated-communication (CMC), humans rely either on mono-modal information such as text-only, voice-only, or video-only or on bi-modal information by using audiovisual modalities such as video teleconferencing. Psychologically, the difference between the two lies in the level of the subjective experience of presence, where people perceive a reduced feeling of presence in the case of CMC. Despite the current advancements in CMC, it is still far from face-to-face communication, especially in terms of the experience of presence. This thesis aims to introduce new concepts, theories, and technologies for presence design where the core is actions for creating presence. Thus, the contribution of the thesis can be divided into a technical contribution and a knowledge contribution. Technically, this thesis details novel technologies for improving presence experience during mediated communication (video teleconferencing). The proposed technologies include action robots (including a telepresence mechatronic robot (TEBoT) and a face robot), embodied control techniques (head orientation modeling and virtual reality headset based collaboration), and face reconstruction/retrieval algorithms. The introduced technologies enable action possibilities and embodied interactions that improve the presence experience between the distantly located participants. The novel setups were put into real experimental scenarios, and the well-known social, spatial, and gaze related problems were analyzed. The developed technologies and the results of the experiments led to the knowledge contribution of this thesis. In terms of knowledge contribution, this thesis presents a more general theoretical conceptual framework for mediated communication technologies. This conceptual framework can guide telepresence researchers toward the development of appropriate technologies for mediated communication applications. Furthermore, this thesis also presents a novel strong concept – presence through actions - that brings in philosophical understandings for developing presence- related technologies. The strong concept - presence through actions is an intermediate-level knowledge that proposes a new way of creating and developing future 'presence artifacts'. Presence- through actions is an action-oriented phenomenological approach to presence that differs from traditional immersive presence approaches that are based (implicitly) on rationalist, internalist views.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
92
It has been postulated that stressful events may trigger mental dysfunction such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The role of stress in affective or anxiety disorders has been partly linked to its influences on memory. However, studies have shown that different types of stress, such as physical, psychological or social ones, precipitate disorder symptoms with different likelihood. Numerous reports have indicated that various stressful stimuli modulate learning and memory processes. Yet evidence summarized by Lupien and McEwen (1997) indicates that stress has multiple and often conflicting effects on cognition. To elucidate the effects of stress on cognition, it is critical to evaluate the independent effects of different kinds of stress on different phases of learning and memory. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of physical, psychological, and social stress on different phases of spatial memory processing that engages the hippocampus: Spatial navigation in a Morris water maze. Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress induced by footshock, stimuli paired with footshock, or obseration of conspecifics being shocked, and received multiple training sessions at the Morris water maze. Pre-training application of physical stress (footshock paired with light) impaired acquisition of Morris water maze. However, pre-training application of psychological stress enhanced spatial learning. Pre-test manipulation of either physical stress or psychological stress did not influence the retrieval of well-formed spatial memory traces. Nevertheless, if rats went through only a single session of training, pre-test application of physical stress caused a mild retrieval deficit, and pre-test present of psychological stress produced significant retrieval enhancement. Both effects were restricted to the first trial of a three-trial test session. Finally, pre-training presentation of social stress induced a deficit in the second training session; this finding suggests that social stress impaired acquisition of spatial memory. Furthermore, posttraining present of social stress did not influence consolidation of spatial memory, but pre-test application of social stress produced retrieval enhancement. In conclusion, physical, psychological and social stress produces distinct effects on acquisition, formation or expression of spatial memory. The present results established an animal model in studying the differential influences of stress in various kinds on memory processing and may eventually lead to understanding of why traumatic experience of different kinds had different effects in precipitating psychological symptoms.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
人類發展與家庭學系
94
The purpose of this study is to inquire how the spatial density, social density and the meal person's intimate degree influence consumer's perceived crowding, consumer emotion and patronage Intention. A hypothesized path model using structural equation modeling was proposed to examine the correlation of variables. This study is an experimental research which aims to investigate the effects of spatial density, social density, and dining situation on perceived crowding. The three effects will be manipulated independently. The study is designed by 2 × 2 × 3 factors, including spatial density (high vs. low), social density (high vs. low), and the meal person's intimate degree (high vs. medium vs. low). A fictitious scenario will be offered to participants to read first, and then colored graphics for illustrating the crowded restaurant will be presented. Next, participants will answer the questionnaires. Each respondent will only be assigned one dining situation comprised of social density and the meal person's intimate degree factors. The spatial density factor will adopt a within-subject way to proceed situation simulation and randomly separate participants into two dining situation group (high spatial density and low spatial density). There are 12 fictitious scenarios and will be sent to respondents randomly. Subjects were 294 students of Nation Taiwan Normal University. Data were analyzed by SPSS12.0 and AMOS 6.0. The results of path analysis of structural equation modeling using AMOS indicatedthat “spatial density” and “social density” had significant direct effect on “perceived spatial crowding” and “perceived social crowding”. In particular, “perceived spatial crowding” had significant direct effect on “positive consumer emotion” and “negative consumer emotion”; “perceived social crowding” had significant direct effect on “positive consumer emotion”; “positive consumer emotion” and “negative consumer emotion” had significant direct effect on “patronage Intention”. Besides, the Subjects’ tolerance for crowding had moderated effect on the relationship of perceived crowding and consumer emotion. Most hypotheses were confirmed by the result of analysis.Suggestions for further study and limitations were discussed at the endof the study.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系碩博士班
96
Because of urbanization people gather and live in the city and thus make huge transportation trips. Lots of vehicle exhausts cause air pollution but being full of artificial architectures and impervious pavements in urban environment make the air and water cycle systems worsen. Nature environment decrease its function of adjusting the air temperature, relatively increase the use of air conditions and higher energy consumption, which derived the phenomenon “Urban Heat Island Effect；UHI”, means the air temperature higher in urban surrounding than in rural space. Recent years, most researches of UHI in Taiwan are focusing on dry seasons in Taipei. By motorcycle-traverse approaches they found the relationship between population scale or park greenery resources and UHI intensities. This paper will take advantage of remote sensing techniques, possesses the merit of time chronological and widely picturing range, by finding the locations of the highest and the lowest temperature in Tainan with land surface temperature（LST）derived from MODIS （Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）. Using NDVI（Normalization Difference Vegetation Index）from the image of FORMOSA-2 to calibrate and increase the spatial resolution of the LST map at the micro-level. Finally, overlaying GIS social-economic data such as land-use type, density of population, the ratio of architectures and green cover ratio with LST, aims at examining how social-economic parameters influenced the distribution of surface temperature in urban scale. During daytime in summer, we have the highest average temperature 36.52℃ in commercial district. Furthermore, in our UHI model we found the Ratio of Road and Architecture are the most significant variables affecting LST and the Ratio of Green cover is the only variable that can mitigate UHI effect. Comparing with the elastic of the Ratio of Green cover over Road and Architecture, we can realize that when increasing one area-unit of architecture or road in a village, we must also increase about 0.6 area-unit of green cover to cool down the surface temperature. With overlaying technique, we find that the ratio of Green on park and Greenland in Tainan is 45% and 41%, which unqualified to the minimum ratio of green in “Urban Design Review Panel of Tainan”. According to the results above, we can provide suggestions for government to cool down the local highest temperature region by improving the ratio of green cover and create a more sustainable environment.

The face inversion effect (FIE; Yin, 1969) raises the question of whether upright face identification is mediated by a special mechanism that is disrupted by inversion. The present study investigates the effect of face inversion on the perceptual encoding of spatial frequency (SF) information using a novel variant of the Bubbles technique (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001). In Experiment 1, the SF Bubbles technique was validated using a simple plaid detection task. In Experiment 2, SF tuning of upright and inverted face identification was measured. While the data showed a clear FIE (28% higher accuracy and 455 ms shorter reaction times for upright faces), SF tunings were remarkably similar in both conditions (r = .96; a single SF band of ~2 octaves peaking at ~9 cycles per face width). Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that SF Bubbles is sensitive to bottom-up and top-down induced changes in SF tuning, respectively. Overall, the results show that the same SFs are utilized in upright and inverted face identification, albeit not with equal efficiency.

abstract: It is well understood that innovation drives productivity growth in agriculture. Innovation, however, is a process that involves activities distributed throughout the supply chain. In this dissertation I investigate three topics that are at the core of the distribution and diffusion of innovation: optimal licensing of university-based inventions, new variety adoption among farmers, and consumers’ choice of new products within a social network environment. University researchers assume an important role in innovation, particularly as a result of the Bayh-Dole Act, which allowed universities to license inventions funded by federal research dollars, to private industry. Aligning the incentives to innovate at the university level with the incentives to adopt downstream, I show that non-exclusive licensing is preferred under both fixed fee and royalty licensing. Finding support for non-exclusive licensing is important as it provides evidence that the concept underlying the Bayh-Dole Act has economic merit, namely that the goals of university-based researchers are consistent with those of society, and taxpayers, in general. After licensing, new products enter the diffusion process. Using a case study of small holders in Mozambique, I observe substantial geographic clustering of new-variety adoption decisions. Controlling for the other potential factors, I find that information diffusion through space is largely responsible for variation in adoption. As predicted by a social learning model, spatial effects are not based on geographic distance, but rather on neighbor-relationships that follow from information exchange. My findings are consistent with others who find information to be the primary barrier to adoption, and means that adoption can be accelerated by improving information exchange among farmers. Ultimately, innovation is only useful when adopted by end consumers. Consumers’ choices of new products are determined by many factors such as personal preferences, the attributes of the products, and more importantly, peer recommendations. My experimental data shows that peers are indeed important, but “weak ties” or information from friends-of-friends is more important than close friends. Further, others regarded as experts in the subject matter exert the strongest influence on peer choices.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015

Débat public, participation, délibération, autant de termes utilisés pour parler de normes et de dispositifs qui participeraient au nouvel « impératif délibératif » (Blondiaux et Sintomer 2002). Ce mémoire présente une analyse du débat public sur le plan d'urbanisme de Montréal avec un schéma d'analyse inspiré de celui de Simard et Fourniau (2007). Notre discussion du processus de débat porte non seulement sur la phase formelle des audiences publiques, mais aussi sur les étapes de concertation en amont et sur divers processus plus ou moins publicisés en aval. Ceci permet une réflexion d'ordre procédural plus riche qui considère la diversité des dispositifs dans une perspective de complémentarité. Pour chercher des effets du débat public sur le plan d'urbanisme, nous adoptons le parti de la congruence (Offner 1993), ce qui nous amène à une analyse de l'interaction entre des dynamiques contextuelles et des mobilisations des participants au débat. Certaines de ces congruences concordent avec des modifications au plan d'urbanisme. Notre étude propose aussi des implications du contexte particulier de la nouvelle ville de Montréal (avec la création des arrondissements) sur le contenu du débat public, sur certaines de ses manifestations procédurales ainsi que sur sa portée. Notre dernier chapitre montre que la dynamique du débat public en aval, dans la phase de mise en oeuvre du plan d'urbanisme, se déploie beaucoup plus dans les débats sur les grands projets que sur les mécanismes prévus à cette fin, qui comportent des embûches de par leur faible publicité et le caractère technique du processus réglementaire. Dans l'ensemble, notre étude met en lumière l'importance du contexte : autant le processus de débat que ses effets s'inscrivent dans des dynamiques contextuelles.
In this master thesis, the mechanisms of public debate used to discuss the urban master plan of Montreal are analysed with a framework inspired by Simard and Fourniau (2007), which contains a serie of deliberative criterion. Public debate is used as a terminology to include diverse possible mechanisms and norms of debate and of public participation. Our discussion covers not only the formal phase of the debate (in the public hearings) but also the informal forums. We conclude that this allows for a richer procedural analysis based on a perspective of complementarity between diverse mechanisms of public debate. In the search for effects of the public debate on the urban master plan, we found a number of cases where contextual dynamics interacted with the demands of participants. These « congruences » (Offner 1993) concurred with the evolution of the planning document. This master thesis also presents interesting findings related to constraints on public debate brought about by the particular political and institutional context of Montreal. The coordination between the scale of the central city and the newly constituted boroughs had implications on the content of the debate, on procedural components as well as on its impact in the plan and the implementation phase. This suggests that studies of public debate and of public participation events should consider as an important dimension the contextual dynamics.