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Noble, Trevor. "Social mobility trends and social stratification in Britain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245787.
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Korrup, Sylvia Elizabeth. "Mothers and the process of social stratification /." [S.l.] : Interuniversity center for social science theory and methodology, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37628685k.
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Proefschrift--Universiteit Utrecht--Utrecht, 2000.Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : De @invloed van de moeder op het proces van statusverwerving. Résumé en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 138-150.
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AZZOLLINI, LEO. "Social Stratification, Life Course, and Political Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035715.
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No abstract availableThe topic of this dissertation is the relationship between social stratification and inequality in electoral participation in European countries, examined from a life course perspective. This participatory inequality across social strata is considered as particularly worrisome by social scientists, due to a potential vicious circle arising between socio-economic and political inequalities. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the exploration of said vicious circle, focusing on theoretical perspectives originating in sociology, at the intersection of social stratification and life course research: unemployment scarring, precarious work, relative cohort size, and age-class intersections. Broadly, I posit how the impact of individual social stratification on turnout is moderated by contextual-level dynamics, such as the unemployment rate, the size of the birth cohort, and the ideological convergence in the party system. I test the hypotheses by fitting logistic and multilevel regressions to data from the European Social Survey, combined with data from the EUROSTAT, Fraser Institute’s World Project, and the International Database of the US Census for Chapters 1-3. In Chapter 4, I integrate data from British Social Attitudes, the British Election Study, and the Manifesto Research on Political Participation in the case study of Great Britain. The key findings are the following: unemployment scarring decreases electoral participation by 10%, but its impact is amplified (up to 17%) by lower contextual unemployment, and nullified by higher levels of the latter. Precarious work decreases probability of voting in 21 European countries, on top of traditional predictors such as social class and education. In contrast with the Easterlin Hypothesis, larger Relative Cohort Size increases electoral participation, especially in upper social strata. Ideological convergence in Great Britain depresses the turnout of the working class and the self-employed, and this is driven mainly by younger cohorts within those classes. In sum, integrating the social stratification and life course approaches sheds new light on how inequality in electoral participation is jointly affected by individual and contextual characteristics. In future work, this joint approach may orient research on additional socio-political outcomes, towards a broader research programme on the Political Sociology of Inequalities.
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AZZOLLINI, LEO. "Social Stratification, Life Course, and Political Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11565/4035714.
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No abstract availableThe topic of this dissertation is the relationship between social stratification and inequality in electoral participation in European countries, examined from a life course perspective. This participatory inequality across social strata is considered as particularly worrisome by social scientists, due to a potential vicious circle arising between socio-economic and political inequalities. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the exploration of said vicious circle, focusing on theoretical perspectives originating in sociology, at the intersection of social stratification and life course research: unemployment scarring, precarious work, relative cohort size, and age-class intersections. Broadly, I posit how the impact of individual social stratification on turnout is moderated by contextual-level dynamics, such as the unemployment rate, the size of the birth cohort, and the ideological convergence in the party system. I test the hypotheses by fitting logistic and multilevel regressions to data from the European Social Survey, combined with data from the EUROSTAT, Fraser Institute’s World Project, and the International Database of the US Census for Chapters 1-3. In Chapter 4, I integrate data from British Social Attitudes, the British Election Study, and the Manifesto Research on Political Participation in the case study of Great Britain. The key findings are the following: unemployment scarring decreases electoral participation by 10%, but its impact is amplified (up to 17%) by lower contextual unemployment, and nullified by higher levels of the latter. Precarious work decreases probability of voting in 21 European countries, on top of traditional predictors such as social class and education. In contrast with the Easterlin Hypothesis, larger Relative Cohort Size increases electoral participation, especially in upper social strata. Ideological convergence in Great Britain depresses the turnout of the working class and the self-employed, and this is driven mainly by younger cohorts within those classes. In sum, integrating the social stratification and life course approaches sheds new light on how inequality in electoral participation is jointly affected by individual and contextual characteristics. In future work, this joint approach may orient research on additional socio-political outcomes, towards a broader research programme on the Political Sociology of Inequalities.
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Connelly, Roxanne. "Social stratification and education : case studies analysing social survey data." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/18590.
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Social Stratification is an enduring influence in contemporary societies which shapes many outcomes over the lifecourse. Social Stratification is also a key mechanism by which social inequalities are transmitted from one generation to the next. This thesis presents a set of inter-related case studies which explore social stratification in contemporary Britain. This thesis focuses on the analysis of an appropriate set of large scale social survey datasets, which contain detailed micro-level data. The thesis begins with a detailed review of one area of social survey research practice which has been neglected, namely the measurement and operationalisation of ‘key variables’. Three case studies are then presented which undertake original analyses using five different large-scale social survey resources. Throughout this thesis detailed consideration of the operationalisation of variables is made and a range of statistical modelling approaches are employed to address middle range theories regarding the processes of social stratification. Case study one focuses on cognitive inequalities in the early years of childhood. This case study builds on research which has indicated that social stratification impacts on the cognitive performance of young children. This chapter makes the original contribution of charting the extent of social inequalities on childhood cognitive abilities between three British birth cohorts. There are clear patterns of social inequality within each cohort. Between the cohorts there is also evidence that the association between socio-economic advantage and childhood cognitive capability have remained largely stable over the post-war period, in spite of the raft of policy measures that have been floated to tackle social inequality. Case study two investigates the recent sociological idea that there is a ‘middle’ group of young people who are absent in sociological inquiries. This chapter sets out to explore the existence of a ‘middle’ group based on their socio-economic characteristics. This case study focuses on school GCSE examination performance, and finds that performance is highly stratified by parental occupational positions. The analysis provided no persuasive evidence of the existence of a ‘middle’, mediocre or ordinary group of young people. The analytical benefits of studying the full attainment spectrum are emphasised, over a priori categorisation. Case study three combines the analysis of intra-generational and inter-generational status attainment perspectives by studying the influences of social origins, educational attainment and cognitive abilities across the occupational lifecourse. This case study tests theoretical ideas regarding the importance of these three areas of influence over time. This case study therefore presents a detailed picture of social stratification processes. The results highlight that much more variation in occupational positions is observed between individuals, rather than across an individual’s lifecourse. The influence of social origins, educational attainment and cognitive ability on occupational positions appear to decrease across an individual’s occupational lifecourse. A brief afterword that showcases a sensitivity analysis is presented at the end of the thesis. This brief exposition is provided to illustrate the potential benefit of undertaking sensitivity analyses when developing research which operationalises key variables in social stratification. It is argued that such an activity is beneficial and informative and should routinely be undertaken within sociological analyses of social surveys. The thesis concludes with a brief reflection on large-scale survey research and statistical modelling and comments on potential areas for future research.
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Lampard, Richard James. "An empirical study of marriage and social stratification." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fb961361-18b3-4801-bd83-8d2bc5b234d5.
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The dual objectives of this thesis are to assess the merits of certain statistical methods as applied to sociological data and to use statistical methods to produce interesting and worthwhile substantive results. The main statistical focus of the thesis is the analysis of two-way tables, for which purpose association models and correspondence analysis are used. Some of the tables analysed require the application of quasi-association models and association models with more than one dimension. Elsewhere in the thesis a proportional hazards model and various log-linear models are fitted. The substantive focus of the thesis is the relationship between marital formation/dissolution and social stratification in modern Britain. Particular attention is paid to assortative marriage for social status, with the relationships between spouses' occupations, educational levels and social origins being considered in detail. Assortative marriage for religion and for party political identification/voting intention are also examined. The data analysed come from a variety of social surveys, including both government surveys (e.g. various General Household Surveys, and the Family Formation Survey) and academic surveys (e.g. the Oxford Mobility Survey and the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey). The thesis conclusively demonstrates the utility of association models, log-linear models and proportional hazards models as applied to data relating to marital formation/dissolution. Among the numerous substantive findings are that there was a significant post-war decline in the strength of the relationship between spouses' social origins, and that unemployment appears to cause an increase in the risk of marital dissolution.
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Gadson, Bryan C. "American Elite: The Use of Education for Social Stratification." Kent State University Liberal Studies Essays / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuls1461187582.
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Vukasovic, Martina. "Higher education and social stratification in Serbia: 1990-2005." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3823.
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Mestrado em Políticas e Gestão do Ensino SuperiorO presente estudo focaliza questões sobre desvantagem e exclusão em educação superior na Sérvia no período entre 1990-2005. O estudo analisa como matrícula, progresso e conclusão em educação superior dependem de elementos como as bases sócio-econômicas dos alunos, baseando-se nos bancos de dados nacionais. A estrutura teórica foi construída com base nas idéias sobre formas de capital e reprodução em educação de Bourdieu, a teoria da perspectiva do curso da vida e as hipóteses da desigualdade mantida maximamente e da desigualdade mantida efetivamente. O estudo mostra que existe exclusão tanto interna quanto externa de alunos das classes menos privilegiadas e que progresso e conclusão em educação superior dependem também de elementos das bases sócio-econômicas dos alunos.
The present study focuses on issues of disadvantage and exclusion in higher education in Serbia in the period 1990-2005. The study analyses how enrolment, progress and completion in higher education depends on elements of students´ socio-economic background on the basis of national statistical databases. The theoretical framework is built upon Bourdieu´s ideas on forms of capital and reproduction in education, the life course perspective, as well as the hypotheses of maximally maintained and effectively maintained inequality. The study shows that there is both external and internal exclusion of students from less privileged socio-economic backgrounds and that progress and completion of higher education also depends on elements of students´ socio-economic background.
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Vyas, Ashwin G. "Systematic Statement of Mahatma Gandhi's Theory of Social Stratification." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331565/.
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This study presents the major ideas of Mahatma Gandhi on social stratification and social inequality. The methodology consists of systematically reading and analyzing the literature through which the theoretical components of social stratification in Gandhi's writings become more explicit, and evaluating these theoretical components. A systematic statement of Gandhi's theory of social stratification included the following five components. First, social differentiation is inherent in human nature. Gandhi believed in the universality of social differentiations and was convinced that societies were organized into the divisions on the basis of vocations. Second, relations among strata imply that a division of labor is essential for the stability and organization of society. Gandhi also implied that this division of labor is necessary and functional. Third, normative patterns establish traditions of heredity. To Gandhi, the four divisions in society defined a person's "calling" which is essential for social organization. Fourth, the system of stratification is the universal law that everyone is obliged to follow. Gandhi tried to legitimize social stratification through moral and religious values of the society. Fifth, social stratification system defines duties only and does not confer any privileges. To Gandhi, the divisions of people into strata was the best possible adjustment of social stability and progress. While accepting some form of social stratification for the benefit of total funcioning of the society, Gandhi refused to accept that social inequality necessarily grows out of the process of social stratification. To maintain the hereditary law of social stratification and reduce the inequality, Gandhi suggested the abolition of the present caste system and the revival of four orders of social organization, the removal of the concept of untouchability, the regulation of trusteeship, decentralization of power, the increase of women's status, and vocational education for all.
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Silva, Paulo Cesar Garré. "ESTRATIFICAÇÃO SOCIAL, ESCOLAR E LINGUÍSTICA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/108.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-31Ce travail analyse le rapport entre stratification sociale, scolaire et lingüistique dans le processus de reproduction ou transformation sociale. Pour ce faire il trouve ses fondements épistémologiques dans la sociolingüistique de Labov, et les travaux de Foucault, Benerstein et Bourdieu, entre autres. Il se place dans une perspective d analyse qualitative, en sachant que l importance de données colligées ne se justifie pas par la quantité des individus interrogés mais par la richesse et pour ce que les informations founies représentent, permettant établir des rapports et élargir les inférences sur un plan plus général. Les données ont été construits par le moyen des questionnaires dirigés aux étudiants de la troisième année du lycée dans des écoles publiques et privés dans la ville de São Luis du Maranhão (Brésil). Il soutient que le rapport entre langue et société est intrinsèque étant donné qu on ne peut pas dissocier la langue de son contexte social de production dont la force symbolique dépend de la position sociale que celui qui parle occupe dans la structure sociale. Le cadre lingüistique change dans la mesure que change la position sociale. L appropriation des codes lingüistiques est une condition nécessaire pour participer des rapports sociaux de pouvoir. Cependant, il y a un contrôle des codes lingüistiques qui rend inaccessible aux groupes sociaux défavorisés. L éducation serait est une forme politique de surmonter ce contrôle, mais elle deviant un mécanisme de contrôle qui favorise, en quelque sorte, une ritualisation des discours. Les variables telles que : lieux de naissance, residence, profession et scolarité des parents, l habitus culturel des étudiants, sont autant des índices qui rendent possibles d établir les rapports entre stratification sociale, stratification scolaire et lingüistique en montrant que les facteurs socioculturels et économiques ont des rapports étroits avec le développement scolaire et lingüistique des étudiants. Dans une societé où il y a une varieté de stratification, notamment une stratification scolaire, qui deviant une cause eficiente de reproduction sociale et de conservation du pouvoir des groupes dominants, on ne peut pas la considérer comme une société démocratique. Ce travail veut contribuer avec la réflexion et l entendement des processus des rapports de pouvoir dans les conflits sociaux. En plus, il montre que l éducation n est pas à l écart des conflits sociaux, et que l enseignant en tant qu un élément du processus éducatif est un agent de reproduction ou transformation sociale. De ce fait, la pratique pédagogique, ne peut pas être dépourvue d une critique sociale.
O presente trabalho analisa a correlação entre a estratificação social, escolar e linguística no processo de reprodução ou transformação social. Para tanto, ele encontra seus fundamentos epistemológicos na sociolinguística de Labov e nas contribuições de Foucault, Bernstein, Bourdieu, entre outros. Ele adota uma metodologia de análise qualitativa, sendo que a importância dos dados coletados não se justifica pela quantidade dos indivíduos entrevistados, mas pela riqueza e capacidade representativa dos dados fornecidos, os quais permitem tecer relações e ampliar as inferências para um contexto mais generalizado. Os dados foram construídos por meio de entrevistas gravadas e questionários direcionados aos estudantes da 3ª série do ensino médio de escolas públicas e privadas de São Luís. Defende-se que a relação entre língua e sociedade é intrínseca, uma vez que não se pode dissociar a língua de seu contexto de produção, uma vez que sua força simbólica depende da posição social que o falante ocupa na estrutura social. À medida que o falante muda de posição social, seu padrão linguístico, também, muda. A aquisição do código linguístico é condição fundamental para que o falante participe das relações sociais de poder, porém há formas de controle do código linguístico que o torna inacessível aos falantes dos grupos sociais desprestigiados. A educação seria uma forma política para superar esse controle, porém ela se torna um mecanismo de controle que favorece, em certo sentido, um processo de ritualização da palavra. As variáveis, tais como: local de nascimento, de residência, profissão e escolaridade dos pais e mães, habitus cultural dos estudantes, etc. são indicadores que possibilitam relacionar a estratificação social, estratificação escolar e a linguística mostrando que os fatores socioculturais e econômicos têm relação com o desenvolvimento escolar e linguístico dos estudantes. Numa sociedade em que há várias formas de estratificação, em especial a estratificação escolar, a qual é uma forma eficiente de reprodução social e manutenção do poder pelos grupos dominantes, não pode ser considerada, de fato, uma sociedade democrática. Assim, espera-se contribuir com a reflexão e o entendimento sobre os processos sociais e as relações de poder inerentes aos conflitos sociais. Além disso, mostra-se que a educação não está fora desses conflitos e que o professor, como elemento fundamental do processo educativo, é um agente de reprodução ou transformação social, por isso a sua prática pedagógica não pode ser desprovida de uma crítica social.
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Ağlamaz, Fatma Sibel. "Understanding the dynamics of cultural stratification: the case of Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672392.
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Advanced societies have witnessed unprecedented socioeconomic and technological changes in the last 50 years. The growth of the service sector has transformed the class structure, and social mobility has increased for younger cohorts. Massive urbanization has altered social interactions; educational expansion has raised people’s cognitive abilities, and the spread of the mass media and new information technologies has facilitated contacts between different cultures. These social transformations have been accompanied by deep cultural changes at the individual and societal levels. This thesis explores the many different manifestations of cultural change and investigates the underlying mechanisms through which social change has promoted differentiation in cultural consumption and the multiplication of social connections. Using data from Spain, a society that experienced one of the fastest modernization processes in the second half of the 20th century, I examine three dimensions of culture that are central to the literature on the sociology of culture: cultural tastes, omnivority, and social capital. The findings of this thesis highlight the persistent importance of structural factors such as education and social class in explaining the differences in cultural manifestations. However, the results also suggest that cultural preferences may be becoming more socially heterogeneous and individualistic over time due to the levelling role of public education, urbanization, social mobility, and the spread of new communication technologies. The thesis's main conclusion is that to study the relationship between social and cultural change it may be necessary to adopt a pluralist perspective that considers the role of both social structure and individuals’ actions in shaping culture.Las sociedades avanzadas han presenciado cambios socioeconómicos y tecnológicos sin precedentes en los últimos 50 años. El crecimiento del sector de servicios ha transformado la estructura de clases y la movilidad social ha aumentado para las cohortes más jóvenes. La urbanización masiva ha alterado las interacciones sociales; la expansión educativa ha aumentado las capacidades cognitivas de las personas; y la difusión de los medios de comunicación y las nuevas tecnologías de la información han facilitado los contactos entre diferentes culturas. Estas transformaciones sociales han ido acompañadas de profundos cambios culturales a nivel individual y social. Esta tesis explora las diferentes manifestaciones del cambio cultural e investiga los mecanismos subyacentes a través de los cuales el cambio social ha promovido la diferenciación en el consumo cultural y la multiplicación de contactos sociales. Utilizando datos de España, una sociedad que experimentó uno de los procesos de modernización más rápidos en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, examino tres dimensiones de la cultura que son centrales para la literatura sobre la sociología de la cultura: los gustos culturales, la omnivoridad cultural y el capital social. Los resultados de la tesis resaltan la importancia continuada de los factores estructurales como la educación y la clase social para explicar las diferencias en las manifestaciones culturales. Sin embargo, los resultados también sugieren que las preferencias culturales pueden volverse más socialmente heterogéneas e individualistas con el tiempo debido al papel democratizador de la educación pública, la urbanización, la movilidad social y la difusión de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. La principal conclusión de la tesis es que para estudiar la relación entre cambio social y cultural puede ser oportuno adoptar una perspectiva pluralista que considere el papel tanto de la estructura social como de las acciones de los individuos en la configuración de las manifestaciones culturales.
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Yaniklar, Cengiz. "Class, status and gender : social stratification in a Turkish town." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340429.
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McNealy, Tara E. "Veterans' college choices: A process of stratification and social reproduction." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290121.
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College choice is a socially constructed process that shapes individuals' educational and occupational mobility, resulting in a reproduction of the existing societal class structure. The complexity of the college choice process is especially apparent among the veteran population where most prospective college students belong to lower socioeconomic statuses, participate in military and working class socialization, and are impacted by organizational habitus. A considerable number of veterans transition from the military each year, eligible for significant educational benefits, yet an examination of their college choices is absent from the current literature on institutional choice. In an attempt to gain insight regarding veterans' college choices, this study aims to answer the following research questions: (1) Do veterans intend to utilize their G.I. Bill benefits when they separate from the military and what factors influence their intentions? (2) What type of institutions do veterans plan to attend and what are the major factors that influence their choices? (3) What types of messages do veterans receive about attending higher education? A total of 30 enlisted veterans transitioning from one U.S. Army installation and 12 educational counselors, education officials, Veteran's Administration representatives, and Army officials were interviewed. The vast majority of veterans interviewed in this study stated an intention to enroll in a community college rather than a four-year institution. Veterans acknowledged two salient reasons for selecting to attend a community college: the perception of financial resources and ability to bank extra financial resources. The research data also indicates that veterans are heavily socialized regarding the value of higher education and institutional selection by military supervisors and education officials who encourage the development of practical skill, focus on the collection of miscellaneous credit hours for the promotion point system rather than actual degree attainment, and encourage community college attendance. Based on the research data, the following recommendations are made: (1) Educate veterans and education officials about the structure of the higher education system including types of degrees, how to utilize educational benefits, and outcome differences between community colleges and four-year institutions . (2) Refine the Army's current promotion system to emphasize and reward degree completion.
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Kwon, Hye Won. "The sociology of grit: cross-cultural approaches to social stratification." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6454.
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Grit, the concept consisting of perseverance and passion towards a desired long-term goal, has been spotlighted as a key psychological resource that is predictive of positive life outcomes including academic achievement, professional success and subjective well-being. Despite its popularity within and outside of academia, much more needs to be researched before we can understand its properties and sociological utility.
This dissertation explores the potential location of grit within various sociological discourses, including literature on agency, stratification, and perceived meritocracy. In addition, I explore the relationship between social status, subjective agency, the social valuation of grit, and grit cross-culturally to place grit within proper cultural and structural contexts. In Chapter 2, I propose the psychological notion of grit as a potentially useful variable in sociological analysis and explore its potential for contributing to addressing sociological concerns including human agency and stratification. Grit could work as a “behavioral engine” transforming subjective beliefs about agency (e.g., sense of control) to agentic practices that potentially produce better life outcomes.
In Chapter 3, using new cross-cultural data collected from South Korea and the United States, I test the current measure of grit, the Grit-S scale, that is developed and predominantly tested in the United States, in two different countries, South Korea and the United States. I find in both countries grit is better understood as the concept consisting of two separate dimensions, perseverance and passion, rather than a global concept. In addition, I find the perseverance facet of grit, but not the passion facet, shows the distinctive utility in explaining subjective well-being beyond subjective agency (i.e., sense of control) in both countries.
In Chapter 4, I analyze novel cross-cultural data collected from four nations (France, South Korea, Turkey and the United States) and find an indirect linkage between a person’s socioeconomic status and the level of grit through positive associations with the sense of control. That is, people with a higher socioeconomic status tend to hold stronger beliefs about one’s agency, and those who are strong believers in one’s control over life outcomes, in turn, are more likely to develop grit in these four countries.
In Chapter 5, using the same cross-cultural data used in Chapter 3, I investigate the social valuation of grit and whether and how the valuation of grit is associated with individual development of grit in South Korea and the United States. In both countries, grit is valued as a desirable virtue that leads to success in life. However, there is within-society variance: people from lower social statuses tend to value grit as a virtue that leads to success more than those from higher statuses in both country samples. In addition, I find people with a higher sense of control are more likely to value grit as a virtue, and valuing grit is positively associated with the individual development of perseverance in both countries.
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Chan, Yan Seng Esther. "Private education in China : a multiple-case study of social stratification and social change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608256.
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Molutsi, Patrick Dibera Peace. "Social stratification and inequality in Botswana : issues in development 1950-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327964.
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Lindell, Johan. "Cosmopolitanism in a Mediatized World : The Social Stratification of Global Orientations." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31782.
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The contemporary media landscape invites us to experience a belonging to various distant places, mourn the victims of faraway disasters, expose ourselves to foreign cultures and engage in political issues in places far from our local context of living. In other words, we are invited to become citizens of the world – cosmopolitans. But are we? And if so, how is such cosmopolitanism expressed in a given society, under what social conditions, and in relation to what media practices? Contemporary social theory depicts a global or cosmopolitan mode of orienting in the world as paradigmatic of social life in global modernity. To date, little is known about the structural realities of such orientations. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present study is to understand the potentially “cosmopolitan” character of peoples’ outlooks and practices, and the societal conditions in which they can be identified. On the one hand, the aim of the study is to contribute to the largely theoretical accounts of the “cosmopolitan” character of social life in present times, andon the other, to understand the specific role of various media practices in the process generally described as “cosmopolitanization”. Results yielded by a national survey deployed in Sweden (n = 1 025) show that the distribution of various cosmopolitan dispositions abides by logics of social stratification. In tandem with previous research, cosmopolitanism – when studied “from below” – has a tendency to emerge in more privileged spheres of society. Being “connected” and simply living in a potentially global media landscape does not nullify this pattern. Contrary to significant parts of popular and scholarly conviction, the media is no uniform, all-encompassing environment operating as a force of cosmopolitanization across all social strata. The results of this study point towards a “mediatized cosmopolitanism” that is impossible to disentangle from social context and the power dynamics pertaining to that context.Det samtida medielandskapet tillåter oss att känna tillhörigheter till en mängd olika platser, sörja offer för katastrofer i fjärran länder, exponera oss för främmande kulturella uttryck och engagera oss i politiska frågor rörande platser långt bortom vårt lokala sammanhang. Vi tycks med andra ord bli inbjuda att bli världsmedborgare – kosmopoliter. Men är vi det? Hur uttrycks i sådana fall kosmopolitismen i ett givet samhälle - under vilka förhållanden och i relation till vilka mediepraktiker? Samtida samhällsvetenskaplig teori framställer ett globalt-, eller kosmopolitiskt förhållningsssätt som paradigmatiskt för det sociala livet i den globala moderniteten. Dock finns inte tillräckligt underlag för att förstå den strukturella verkligheten kring sådana förhållningssätt. Mot den bakgrunden är syftet med föreliggande studie att förstå den potentiellt sett ”kosmopolitiska” karaktären på människors förhållningssätt och praktiker och de förhållanden i vilka sådana orienteringar kommer till uttryck. Således är syftet å ena sidan att bidra empiriskt till teoretiska beskrivningar av vår kosmopolitiska samtid. Å andra sidan söker studien också förstå den specifika rollen av olika mediepraktiker i relation till den process som beskrivits som ”kosmopolitaniseringen”. Resultat från en nationell enkätundersökning i Sverige (n = 1 025) visar på en social stratifiering av kosmopolitiska orienteringar. I linje med tidigare forskning påvisar föreliggande studie att kosmopolitism studerad “underifrån” har en tendens att framförallt komma till uttryck i mer priviligierade samhällssfärer. Att vara “sammanlänkad” och helt enkelt leva i ett potentiellt sett globalt medielandskap motverkar inte den tendensen. I motsats till både populära och akademiska utsagor utgör inte medierna en unison och allomfattande miljö som sätter igång en process av kosmopolitanisering i alla samhällets skikt. Studiens resultat pekar istället mot en ”medialiserad kosmopolitism” som är omöjlig att förstå utan att ta hänsyn till sitt sociala sammanhang och de maktförhållanden som råder i det sammanhanget.
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Tang, Yao. "Class and gender : social stratification of women in contemporary urban China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28453/.
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This thesis studies the method of gender social stratification and its circumstance in contemporary urban China. Firstly, a ‘social class schema’ is created after comparing the occupational classification in class schemas of Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and taking into consideration of the Standard Occupational Classification system (2010). Later, each stratum is subdivided into three sectors to reflect the Chinese dualist system of state and market, and the divisions in the market. Based on this schema and the data sets from the Chinese Household Income Project, 2002 and 2007, the shares of each social stratum and the earnings distribution are discussed, especially gender comparisons and changes. Moreover, to further scrutinise the differences in the same social stratum and to observe the impact of the household on men and women, the principal component analysis is applied to create a direct and indirect ‘Social Class Index’ (SCI) for each observation. Both indices are comprehensive and combine many aspects of the social stratification. The indirect ‘SCI’ also reflects the impact of the household with a changed variable set. After inspecting the composition changes of the social groups constructed on direct and indirect ‘SCI,’ the adjusted social stratification of genders are illustrated.
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TSOI, San Kiu Sunday. "Discrimination and social adjustment of 'new arrival women' from Mainland China." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2002. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/soc_etd/24.
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This research examines the scope and the extent of discrimination experienced by (New Arrival Women) NAW as well as its impact on their social adjustment in Hong Kong Special Administration Region (HKSAR). It has been argued that discrimination slow down the adjustment process. Institutionalized discrimination and individual discrimination are examined in relation to NAW social adjustment in the HKSAR society.
The research framework is based on the concepts of institutionalized and individual discriminations. Unfair Government policies being seen as a socio-structural factor results in institutionalized discrimination while the unsatisfactory outcomes arising from the interaction between NAW and LPRs (Local Permanent Residents) brings about individual discrimination. These experiences have brought a sense of alienation and separation from the host population.
This study is based on panel study that lasted from January 2001 through March 2002. In-depth interviews to NAW from Mainland China to Hong Kong were conducted twice within one year. The interviewees include 33 NAW who entered the HKSAR with one-way permit in the last 5 years under the family reunion policy. The time interval between the first and the second interview was at least ten months. Participant observation of two NAW for 9 months was also conducted to complement the interviews.
Findings indicate that institutionalized discrimination arising from government policies such as policies on accreditation, Identity Card and public housing eligibility have adverse effect on the social adjustment of NAW. Furthermore, individual discrimination, as a result of NAW shortcomings in language fluency, differences in life style and dressing style, are manifested in cheating (non-verbal behaviour), scolding (verbal behaviour) and beating (violence). Another major observation is that individual discrimination, which may be attributed to the economic recession where NAW are regarded by LPRs as competitors in the sharing of the diminishing social resources such as jobs and other welfare facilities, gives rise to a sense of alienation and separation. However, proactive social service for NAW empowers their capability to adjustment in HKSAR, which enhance integration and assimilation to the receiving society. Surprisingly, wife abuse is found in NAW’s family. Concomitant to discrimination, NAW lacks support from the society and the family. Indeed, some experienced abuse in the homes, which challenges the notion that family provides social support. Their sense of powerlessness has becomes a catalyst for solidarity among themselves to face the unfavourable situation.
In conclusion, institutionalized discrimination as well as individual discrimination do exist and have adverse effect to the social adjustment process of NAW typically reflected in alienation and separation from the host population.
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Morrow, John Miles. "Structural change and inequality skill premia, firm selection and political consequences /." [Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin--Madison], 2010. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/43939.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2010.Digitized and made available by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center as part of Minds@UW. WU Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-94).
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Lewis, Kevin. "Stratification in the Early Stages of Mate Choice." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10477.
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Sociologists have long studied mate choice patterns to understand the shape of stratification systems. Romantic pairing involves intimacy and trust, and is therefore a prime indicator of the extent to which members of different social groupings (race/ethnicity, social class, education, religion) accept each other as social equals. The majority of this literature focuses on marriage, given the commitment marriage implies and the availability of nationally-representative data. In this dissertation, I examine the opposite end of the relationship spectrum: The initial screening and sorting process whereby strangers consider each other as potential mates; express interest in some subset of this population but not others; and find that this interest is or is not reciprocated. This beginning stage in mate choice is particularly important for our understanding of social boundaries because personality factors are likely to matter less and social characteristics to matter more. Yet because these initial forays into relationships are typically unobserved, we know very little about whom people consider as potential mates in the first place. I ask the following questions, corresponding to three empirical chapters: First, how do individuals from different status backgrounds vary in the types of strategies that they pursue and the degree of success that they achieve? Second, what underlying dynamics of homophily, competition, and gender asymmetry give rise to observed patterns of interaction, and under what circumstances do some of these boundaries break down? Third, how do strategies as well as preferences vary at different stages of selection, and at what point is homogeneity created? To answer these questions, I use detailed longitudinal data from a popular online dating site. These data are particularly useful for the study of social inequality not only due to the unique quantity and nature of information that is available, but also because online dating has become one of the primary ways that singles meet and marry today.Sociology
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Lawton, Paul, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Capital and stratification within virtual community : a case study of metafilter.com." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, c2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/267.
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In this thesis, I conduct a case study of a virtual community (Metafilter.com) in order to apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory of capital and class to an online community. The specific goals for this thesis are in mapping the different forms of capital that are active in Metafilter in order to see how they structure its social space. The questions I address are: 1) what forsm of capital are active in the Metafilter community? 2) How are they similar to the forms of capital presented by Bourdieu? Having identified the active forms of capital, 3) do they act to influence stratification in the Metafilter community?vi, 129 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Stensson, Erica. "The social stratification of albinos in Tanzania : a case study from Babati." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2101.
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The study investigates the social stratification of albinos in Tanzania. This is done by conducting a case study in Babati and decoding and generalising the attitudes in a national context. This is combined with a litterateur study which has been made analysing the attitudes towards albinos in the media. The study has used a critical as well as continental discourse analysis and decoded the data by using the theories of social constructivism and of stigma. Semi-structured interviews as well as a litterateur study was conducted.
The result proved that the albinos in Tanzania are stigmatised in the society and that people treat them based on myths and preconceptions. This stratification sometimes goes as far as to murders and mutations of albinos. The respondents as well as the media and government refer to the lack of education as the main cause behind the killings of albinos. A combination of the myths about albinos and the lack of education is the reasons that are accurate when analysing the reasons behind the ongoing murders.
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Murphy, Eugene Thomas. "Willow Pond Village family, marriage, and social stratification in a Yangzi Delta farming community /." access full-text, 1994. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9427118.pdf.
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Wani, Irshad Ahmad [Verfasser]. "Social Stratification among Kashmiri Muslims. A Study Of District Pulwama / Irshad Ahmad Wani." München : GRIN Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188407554/34.
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Wells, Helen Elisabeth. "A cross-cultural comparative analysis of levels of social development and gender stratification." Oberlin College Masters Theses / OhioLINK, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=obgrad1335884169.
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Garrido, Sardà Maria Rosa. "Emmaus as a transnational imagined community language, interdiscursivity and stratification in a social movement." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285359.
Full textAbstract:
Aquesta tesi és una etnografia sociolingüística crítica d’un moviment social transnacional. Investiga la construcció discursiva i lingüística d’una identitat comuna així com de la diferència social dintre del moviment Emmaús des del punt de vista de dues comunitats de pràctica. Emmaús és un moviment de solidaritat fundat per l’Abbé Pierre durant la post-guerra que (re)insereix persones marginades que viuen i treballen amb d’altres en “comunitats” de vida que es dediquen al reciclatge i als projectes socials. La meva etnografia en múltiples contextos se centra en dues comunitats Emmaús, una en l’àrea metropolitana de Barcelona i una altra a Londres. Aquest estudi contribueix a la sociolingüística de la globalització (Blommaert, 2010) i a l’antropologia lingüística des d’una perspectiva etnogràfica crítica (Heller, 2011). La metodologia combina l’etnografia tradicional basada en l’observació-participació amb l’anàlisi narratiu de les interaccions observades i la genealogia discursiva dels dos contextos estudiats. L’anàlisi es basa en notes de camp, entrevistes, enregistraments d’assemblees, textos institucionals i materials audiovisuals. A partir del concepte de la comunitat imaginada transnacional (Anderson, 1983), aquesta tesi investiga processos sociolingüístics més enllà, en tensió i dintre de diferents estats-nació. Més concretament, investiga (a) l’articulació transnacional de moviment Emmaús a través de recursos narratius, semiòtics, discursius i comunicatius, (b) la localització dels textos, símbols i narratives comuns en diferents règims discursius i socioeconòmics, i (c) les pràctiques situades de socialització en i a través de la llengua que impliquen estratificació social.
La primera troballa és que les comunitats Emmaús estudiades s’articulen a través de la història fundacional d’Emmaús (Linde, 2009). Aquesta història donava forma a les històries que explicaven, amb clars elements intertextuals i cronotòpics (Bakhtin, 1981), i a la disposició dels membres a recrear aquesta narrativa diàriament (Agha, 2007). Malgrat el diferent pes discursiu en les seves construccions d’Emmaús, les dues comunitats compartien un tipus de persona marcat per l’auto-transformació, el valor moral de la solidaritat, i trobar “raons per viure” en la trobada amb l’altre. Quan la història fundacional d’Emmaús es trasllada en el temps i l’espai, es recontextualitza i es corda (Gal, 2007) amb altres discursos situats en comunitats locals a diferents estats. La segona troballa mostra que Emmaús permet un ampli ventall de pràctiques discursives (Foucault, 1972) en comunitats locals. Emmaús Barcelona se centrava en la trobada amb l’altre dintre de la comunitat encarnada en l’icona del fundador, que s’articulava amb els discursos polititzats de l’altermundialisme i de l’alliberament cristià. Emmaús Londres, en canvi, emfatitzava el valor de la solidaritat amb l’altre en connexió amb una ètica individualista del treball, que promovia el voluntariat en l’estat britànic. Les dues comunitats Emmaús (re)produïen les corrents discursives centrípetes i centrífugues dintre del moviment (Brodiez-Dolino, 2008) que han localitzat la missió de solidaritat de manera diferent durant dècades. La tercera troballa qüestiona la connexió naturalitzada entre els moviments socials transnacionals i el multilingüisme, així com la participació horitzontal. La socialització en el moviment Emmaús en comunitats de pràctica (Wenger, 2008) inclou discursos i narratives comuns que conformen identitats comunicatives legítimes que alhora estratifiquen els membres. Les ideologies lingüístiques modernistes feien de l’anglès a Londres, i del català i el castellà a Barcelona, requisits per a la plena participació local. En contrast amb la invisibilització nacionalista del multilingüisme a Emmaús Londres, Emmaús Barcelona acceptava les pràctiques híbrides català-castellà en interaccions quotidianes i l’ús de llengües franques com el castellà, el francès i l’anglès.
En conclusió, l’entramat dels moviments socials és la intertextualitat entre les apropiacions locals que fan diferents connexions discursives amb altres àmbits i adopten pràctiques lingüístiques diverses, que alhora creen heterogeneïtat de base i una pertinença transnacional en una comunitat de pràctica estratificada.This thesis is a critical sociolinguistic ethnography of a transnational social movement. It investigates the situated discursive and linguistic construction of a common identity as well as social difference within the Emmaus movement from the viewpoint of two communities of practice. Emmaus is a post-war transnational movement of solidarity founded by the Abbé Pierre that (re)inserts formerly marginalised people who live and work with other privileged people in live-in “communities” dedicated to recycling and social projects. My multi-sited ethnography mainly explores two Emmaus communities, one located in the Barcelona metropolitan area and another one in Greater London. This study contributes to the fields of the sociolinguistics of globalisation (Blommaert, 2010) and linguistic anthropology from a critical ethnographic perspective (Heller, 2011). The methodological design combines traditional ethnography, retaining participant-observation as the core, with narrative inquiry emerging from observed interactions and discursive genealogy of the two focal sites. The analysis draws on fieldnotes, interview data, assembly recordings, institutional texts and audiovisual materials. Departing from the concept of a transnational imagined community (Anderson, 1983), this thesis explores sociolinguistic processes beyond, in tension and within different nation-states. In particular, it investigates (a) the transnational articulation of the Emmaus movement through narrative, semiotic, discursive and communicative resources, (b) the localisation of common texts, symbols and narratives in different discursive and socioeconomic regimes, and (c) the situated practices of socialisation through and into language resulting in social stratification. My first finding is that the two Emmaus communities investigated were articulated through the movement’s founding story (Linde, 2009). This common story shaped not only the stories told, with recognisable intertextual and chronotopic elements (Bakhtin, 1981), but also the members’ dispositions to reenact this narrative in the local communities daily (Agha, 2007). The two communities shared the person-types marked by self-transformation, the moral worth of solidarity, and finding “reasons to live” in the encounter with others. These chronotopic elements had different weight in local constructions of the movement. When the shared Emmaus founding story gets transposed across time and space, it is recontextualised, recycled and clasped (Gal, 2007) with other situated discourses in local communities in different nation-states. My second finding is that Emmaus allows for a wide range of discursive practices (Foucault, 1972) in multiple communities of practice. Emmaus Barcelona centered on the encounter with others in the community epitomised by the Abbé Pierre icon, clasped with politicised altermondialiste and Liberationist Christian discourses. Emmaus London, by contrast, emphasised the value of solidarity with others in connection to individualist work ethics, which promoted voluntary work in top-down charities in the British state. The two Emmaus communities (re)produced centrifugal and centripetal discursive trends within Emmaus (Brodiez-Dolino, 2008) that have localised the shared transnational mission of solidarity differently for decades. My third main finding is a denaturalisation of the commonsensical connection between transnational social movements and multilingualism, on the one hand, and horizontal participation, on the other. Socialisation into the Emmaus movement in communities of practice (Wenger, 1998) encompassed shared discourses and narratives to craft legitimate communicative identities that stratified members. In addition, modernist language ideologies positioned English in London, and Catalan and Spanish in Barcelona, as requisites for full participation in local communities. In contrast with the nationalist erasure of multilingualism in Emmaus London, Emmaus Barcelona accepted Catalan-Spanish hybrid practices in daily interactions and the use of Spanish, French and, to a lesser extent, English as linguae francae. In conclusion, the everyday fabric of social movements is intertextuality between local appropriations that have different discursive clasps with other social arenas and linguistic practices, which simultaneously creates grassroots heterogeneity and a common transnational belonging within a stratified community of practice.
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Zhang, Meng. "Graduate destinations and labour market stratification across different fields of study." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93564/.
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There has been a large expansion of the higher education sector in the past two and a half decades. This has led to significant research interests about the implications of this growth in degree holders on the state of inequalities in the graduate labour market. However few have focussed on the extent to which inequalities by sex, socioeconomic background, and so forth varies across different fields of study. For instance, the earnings difference between similarly able graduates from different socioeconomic background may be larger for individual that studied ‘soft’ subjects, such as the arts, compared to ‘hard’ subjects, such as the sciences (Hansen 2001). This thesis investigates whether there is any evidence of variations in stratification across fields of study, and attempts to explain why these variations exist. The study tests a number of explanations ranging from competition in the labour market (Brown and Hesketh 2004) to the types of skills used across different occupations. This thesis uses information from two large scale graduate surveys, and a qualitative study of 21 recent graduates to address these issues. Two types of labour market outcomes are considered: earnings and the extent to which individuals make use of their skills in their work. Looking at individuals with a bachelor’s degree, there is evidence that stratification by sex and educational attainment varies across different fields of study. There is no evidence to support claims that stratification by socioeconomic background varies across field of study. In general some of these variations could be explained by the skills used in an occupation. However substantial amounts of the variations in stratification across different fields of study cannot be explained by the theories typically presented in the literature.
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Sieben, Inge Josephina Petra. "Sibling similarities and social stratification : the impact of family background across countries and cohorts /." [Amsterdam : Thesis Publ.], 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010512723&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Guo, Maocan. "Party sponsorship and political incorporation : Communist Party membership and social stratification in urban China /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20GUO.
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Akpinar, Figen. "Social Stratification And Consumption Profiles Of Ankara: A Case Study In Ankara Residential Areas." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606103/index.pdf.
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SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CONSUMPTION PROFILES OF ANKARA: A
CASE STUDY IN ANKARA RESIDENTIAL AREAS
This dissertation attempts to develop a social stratification model considering its spatial
dimension for the households in the city of Ankara. The spatiality of social class has rarely
been in the agenda of scholars and has not been explored empirically. For this reason, the
study aims to test the hypothesis that social segregation in Turkish cities is empirically
measurable and manifests itself in the common patterns of behaviours and similar
conditioning of existence in the urban space. The focus of attention of the thesis is based on
the relationship between the material inequalities of different social strata within its
territorial context. If a class becomes a social reality, this must be shown in the formation of
common patterns of behaviour and attitude, and manifests itself in urban space. In short the
scope of the study is a twofold: Thesis questions are: (1) how and upon what basis social
groups and strata can be located in the economic and socio-cultural structure of the society.
This part of the study deals with the objective ‘
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thesis question (2) whether the same coherency can be coincided in the space. This part deals with the analysis of the spatial dimension of social &
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which means segregation. Thesis findings provide sufficient evidence that the differences stemmed from the material possessions and consumption patterns of the urban households cannot be understood by employing the conventional instruments as such rural/urban, traditional/modern as the division of axes. New conceptualisation urgently is needed and consumption studies offer prospective and highly potential issue.
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Chan, Shing-kun, and 陳聖根. "An exploratory study of social stratification and pupils' deviance in Hong Kong primary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31957687.
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Papadopoulos, Apostolos G. "Class and social stratification in contemporary rural Greece : a comparative study of three communities." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385163.
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Chan, Shing-kun. "An exploratory study of social stratification and pupils' deviance in Hong Kong primary schools." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709569.
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Light, Patricia Danette Jr. "Marching Upward: The Role of the Military in Social Stratification and Mobility in American Society." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30663.
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This study addresses the extent to which participation in the military affects
subsequent status attainment and mobility in America. The purpose of this research
was to conduct a comprehensive examination of existing empirical research resulting in
a synthesis of findings and establishing a concise summary of the state of the literature
on this topic.
The study is limited to the examination of existing research on male veterans in
the years between 1950 and the present. Findings from sixty-four articles and seven
books are presented. The background characteristics of servicemen, the promotion
and retention of servicemen, and the post-service earnings and education of
servicemen, in the era of World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and the All-Volunteer Force are
discussed. When possible, comparisons are made between servicemen and their
civilian counterparts, as well as between Anglos and African Americans.
Findings indicate that men serving in the military prior to Vietnam were from
somewhat higher socio-economic and educational backgrounds. The background
characteristics of Anglo veterans of Vietnam and the AVF were homogenous to their
civilian counterparts. Black veterans of the period from the war in Vietnam through the
present have slightly higher levels of education and income prior to service as
compared to their civilian counterparts.
Research on promotion, retention, and military occupational assignments
demonstrate that blacks are more likely to enlist and re-enlist than are Anglos.
Promotions are currently achieved at approximately the same rate regardless of race.
However, throughout the period examined, blacks are more likely to be trained in
military occupational specialties considered to be less transferable to the civilian
workforce.
Findings on post-service attainment are limited to the examination of income,
earnings, and education. Military service resulted in higher levels of income, earnings,
and education for all veterans serving since 1950, with the notable exception of Anglo
Vietnam veterans. In other words, as compared to their civilian counterparts, veterans
had significantly higher incomes, earnings, and educational levels post-service.
Explanations for the association between military service and social mobility, including
fluctuations in enlistment standards and educational benefits during the period under
investigation, are presented.Ph. D.
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Brown, Joseph V. "Classless: on Being Middle Class in America." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271785/.
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Classless: On Being Middle Class in America is a documentary film that explores what it means to be middle class in America. The film combines personal narrative, folksy reporting, and comedy as the film's director— Joe Brown, tries to reconcile his own status anxiety with everyday understandings of social class. Classless takes the form of a journey; the film travels through the American South, Northeast, and the Mountain West while trying to get at the heart of our middle class American Dream. Classless forwards three main arguments: (1) the American middle class is not as all-encompassing as seems; (2) Americans are more concerned about inequality than both politicians and the media suggest; and (3) many Americans are not actually middle class, economically speaking.
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Regas, Sam W. "Establishing Struggle Cred: How Privileged Students Downplay Affluence and Legitimate Class Identities." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461169111.
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Allen, Rebecca. "Choice-based secondary school admissions in England : social stratification and the distribution of educational outcomes." Thesis, UCL Institute of Education (IOE), 2008. http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/632/.
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This thesis uses the cohort of 2005 school-leavers in the National Pupil Database to present an economic analysis of the effects of secondary school admissions in England on pupil sorting and achievement. The first part of the thesis exploits the availability of pupil postcodes to examine the impact of current school admissions arrangements on residential and school stratification. It produces data from a thought experiment whereby pupils currently in schools are reallocated to a new school based strictly on proximity to school. Through this simulation the role of the housing market in producing socially stratified schooling can be identified. A survey of school admissions policies is used to show that religious (and to a lesser extent Foundation) schools have intakes that are signifcantly more advantaged than their local neighbourhood, and that they achieve these intakes through the use of explicit potentially selective admissions criteria. The second part of the thesis adds to evidence on whether policies intended to increase parental choice raise pupil achievement via competition between schools. Quantitative evidence on school competition in England is evaluated alongside the existing international literature. A regression discontinuity design is employed to examine the legacy effects of the Grant-Maintained schools policy on area-wide educational outcomes at age 16. Pupil fixed-effects test score growth models and historical instrumental variables are used to identify the causal impact of religious schools on their neighbouring schools. This econometric analysis fails to lend support to claims that encouraging schools to compete for pupils is a route to improving standards. The thesis concludes that the current English secondary school arrangements have resulted in a system that is stratified and inequitable, without measurable efficiency gains induced by competition between schools for pupils.
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Jones, G. E. "Youth in the social structure : transitions to adulthood and their stratification by class and gender." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/716/.
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Usman, Ahmed. "Social stratification in a Punjabi village of Pakistan : the dynamics between caste, gender, and violence." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21130/.
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This thesis looks at the system of social stratification in Punjabi villages of Pakistan using caste as a theoretical tool and develops an analysis of the dynamics between caste, gender, and violence. The focus of the research is the hierarchical arrangement of two major caste based status groups in Punjabi villages i.e. landowning castes, Zamindars, and service providing castes, Kammis, their asymmetrical social interactions in the village setting, and its changing patterns. The study draws on the theory of intersectionality to explore the social relations of dominance and resistance in the paradigm of caste and gender as an interconnected system of social oppression and structural violence. It is a case study comparative research and is conducted in two villages of Punjab province in Pakistan, each village as a unit of analysis; one in the arid and other in the irrigated agricultural zone. Since the ownership of land, the nature of agricultural activity, and the agrarian economy form the basis of traditional caste system in rural Pakistan, this research compares the dynamics between caste, gender, and violence in two different agricultural contexts. The literature has mostly dealt with the caste in Muslim Pakistan as a horizontal category with no real attempts to explore the caste relations in rural Pakistan in terms of power, difference, and inequality. This research contrasts with much of the existing literature on the area of caste in Pakistan and argues that the caste system in rural Pakistan exists in the form of the indigenous categories of Quom and Zat, which divide the Zamindar Quoms and Kammi Quoms in distinct and rigid birth-ascribed status groups on the basis of their parentage occupations. Looking at the changing dynamics of caste in contemporary Punjabi villages, this research argues that the caste system still plays a significant role in organizing the village structures. The villager's rights to participate in the social, political, and economic affairs of the village are determined by their caste and memberships in kinship groups. The power relations organized around the caste memberships, caste practices, and caste organization of the village influence the gender identities of the villagers, resulting in different shades of masculinities and femininities across Zamindars and Kamrnis.
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Pålsson, Emil. "Colombia’s Socio-Economic Stratification System : An urbanisation policy that causes intergroup conflict?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91278.
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Rapid urbanisation is a global phenomenon on the rise. If managed poorly by the cities affected, it may lead to, e.g. segregation, air pollution and civil unrest. In order to avoid these problems and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, 10, reduce inequality within and among countries and 11, make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, urbanisation policies must be functional, robust and socially sustainable so that the organic growth or poorly executed policies does not lead to problems like segregation, tensions between the inhabitants and civil unrest. This study takes a closer look at a one mega city’s attempt to cope with their rapid urbanisation, the Socio-Economic Stratification (SES) system of Bogotá, Colombia to see if it is a sustainable and efficient urbanisation policy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in two areas of Bogotá where neighbourhoods are characterised by a significant difference in SES levels. Social Identity Theory and the Social Identity Model of System Attitudes were adopted to analyse the results, focusing on the formation of group identities in the neighbourhoods, intergroup conflictual behaviour, relationships and contact to see whether there exist peaceful coexistence or intergroup conflictual behaviours between the members of the SES systems different levels. The study shows a passively supported but not actively endorsed system, a tendency to place strong classification and stigmas on individuals based on their SES level, the lack of relationships and contact between neighbourhoods, and social identities with intergroup conflictual behaviour in three out of four areas investigated. A less conflictual behaviour is found in individuals that have lived in other SES levels or has had much contact with people from there. The results suggest that urbanisation policies, not only in Bogotá but worldwide, should be implemented where inhabitants are encouraged to interact and diminish segregation. As the segregation stemming from the SES system is causing tensions between the members of the different SES levels and may lead to civil unrest. This study contributes to the deficit in empirical data that exists on the SES system and will work to spark a debate on its implications and highlight people’s experiences from it. The results will also work as material for future research on the SES system and other urbanisation policies worldwide.
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Stefansson, Kolbeinn. "Economic inequality and social class." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33ce091f-dda6-42cc-a824-c6407e5cd265.
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This thesis is about social class and economic inequality, using the Goldthorpe class schema. It tests theories claiming that social class is increasingly irrelevant to inequality and people's life-chances with data on incomes and material living standards from the British Household Panel Survey. It covers the period over which the survey ran, i.e. 1991-2008. During this time many prominent social theories dismissed class analyses while others sought to retain the class concept but dismissed its economic foundations, seeking to ground it in culture instead. Economic inequality has not figured highly on the agenda of class analysts, at least not those working with the Goldthorpe class schema. There is a substantial body of work on mobility, voting behaviour, income poverty and material deprivation, but inequality in a broader sense has for the most part been neglected. This thesis is a step towards rectifying this situation. Thus it provides new information about within-career social mobility as well as income inequality within and between classes, on whether income mobility reduces class inequalities over time, and cast light on class inequalities in material living standards. The findings suggest that class is far from irrelevant to economic inequality. Class differences in incomes are persistent, between class inequalities contribute more to inequality overall than within-class inequalities, and while income mobility does reduce class inequalities over time it is not to the extent that supports the hypothesis that class is irrelevant to people's economic fortunes.
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Aspin, Liam. "Inequality and growth : income distribution and the accumulation of human capital." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323212.
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Leung, Chun Ho Bernard. "Economic stratification of first-century urban non-élites : a study of Roman society and the earliest Pauline communities." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211431.
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Twentieth-century scholarship on the social composition of the Pauline communities has focused on a binary model of the social structure of Roman society that posits a very small group of the élites and an enormous group of the non-élites. More recently, studies have tried to differentiate between strata within the non-élite groups by qualitatively identifying their economic conditions and quantitatively estimating the percentage distribution of each stratum. However, the major problem has been the lack of an economic reference line or a “poverty line” that would enable the meaningful comparison of different standards of living among the urban non-élites. This thesis aims to examine the economic strata of the non-élites in Roman society in the first century CE and estimates their standards of living by clarifying and establishing the concept of subsistence as an economic point of reference. This study first surveys the history of research on the social position of the earliest Christians in order to understand the debates of the twentieth century and the last decade. Then, the two levels of basic needs that are embedded in the concept of subsistence are explored and estimated: the “survival standard” and the “subsistence standard”. The former is more scientifically defined, while the latter focuses on aspects of social provision. The survival standard in the urban settings of the first century CE is used as a baseline to measure and compare the standards of living of various strata of non-élite groups such as unskilled workers, slaves, ordinary artisans, traders and professional artisans. Finally, once the economic stratification of the urban non-élites and their respective standards of living have been established, this framework is applied to the Pauline communities in Thessalonica, Philippi and Corinth in order to explain the issues of poverty, charity and wealth in the letters.
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Wardle, Benjamin James. "The Four Axes of Legal Ideology." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367046.
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The writings of Slavoj Žižek have greatly expanded our understanding of how social stratification is maintained through ideology. However, those writing on the ideological operation of law are yet to engage with Žižek’s work. This thesis draws on Žižek’s multifaceted definition of ideology to provide unique insights into the ways that law is implicated in the maintenance of systemic inequality in liberal democracies. Ideology is defined as incorporating four interdependent and interrelated axes. The first axis, discourses, explains how communicative networks often controlled by the powerful lead people to view contingent, cultured and historic concepts necessary for social hierarchy as universal, egalitarian or eternal. It is asserted that the dominant legal norms of individual freedom and formal equality act in this way by masking the systemic oppression prevalent in liberal democracies. These norms also permeate abstract individualism and colonise popular understandings of two potentially revolutionary concepts.
The second axis, spontaneous beliefs, analyses how people instinctively react to unfamiliar situations drawing on ideological discourses in ways that adapt, develop and individualise beliefs that are intimately entwined with social hierarchies. In daily experiences people draw on the dominant norms of abstraction and individualism permeated by law. In doing so these norms are amended to suit changing social conditions. The production of legal ideology is consequently not the exclusive terrain of professional ideologues like academics, politicians and judges but is assisted by people from all walks of life in seemingly mundane and ordinary circumstances.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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Österman, Marcus. "Education, Stratification and Reform : Educational Institutions in Comparative Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332622.
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The main argument of this thesis is that research has to take the institutional character of education seriously. Educational institutions carry considerable weight for outcomes of education and their design is a matter of intense political debate. This work focuses in particular on the institution of tracking that has wide-reaching consequences for the structure of education. The thesis consists of an introductory essay, together with three empirical essays. The empirical essays all acknowledge the main argument but study different outcomes and relationships connected to education. Essay I studies how the institutions of political economy and education together affect equality of income and equality of educational opportunity. This essay contributes to the literature by distinguishing the effects of the different institutions of political economy and education, as well as how they interact to affect the two contrasting conceptions of equality. The results reveal that tracking hinders equality of educational opportunity but is also related to better incomes for vocational education graduates in certain institutional settings. Wage bargaining coordination reinforces the more equal educational opportunities of weakly tracked contexts and improves the relative income of vocational graduates in these contexts. Essay II explores how education and tracking affect social trust. It makes two contributions. First, the empirical approach provides strong support for causal inference. Second, it is the first study to consider how tracking affects social trust. The empirical evidence finds no general effect of educational attainment on social trust, but decreasing tracking has a positive effect on social trust for individuals who come from weakly educated backgrounds. Essay III aims to explain cross-country differences in tracking by focusing on the impact of government partisanship. The study contributes to the literature by being the first comparative study to explore how partisan politics may explain differences in tracking and being one of few comparative studies there are on the topic at all. The results show that tracking is strongly related to a dominance of Christian democratic governments, whereas detracking reforms have mainly been carried out by social democratic governments.
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Gardner, Heidi Jordan Ziskin Rochelle. "The debate on luxury in eighteenth-century Paris social stratification and its influence on the arts /." Diss., UMK access, 2005.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Dept. of Art and Art History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005."A thesis in art history." Typescript. Advisor: Rochelle Ziskin. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-86). Online version of the print edition.
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Cripps, E. L. "Land tenure and social stratification in Ancient Mesopotamia : Third Millennium Sumer before the Ur III Dynasty." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432994.
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Holton, Danica Lynn. "Class and stratification in the works of Alice Munro and Margaret Laurence." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/MQ49367.pdf.
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Ponton-Nigaglioni, Nydia Ivelisse. "THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF SLAVERY: CONSUMER IDENTITY AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN HACIENDA LA ESPERANZA, MANATÍ, PUERTO RICO." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/594505.
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AnthropologyPh.D.
This dissertation focuses on the human experience during enslavement in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico, one of the last three localities to outlaw the institution of slavery in the Americas. It reviews the history of slavery and the plantation economy in the Caribbean and how the different European regimes regulated slavery in the region. It also provides a literature review on archaeological research carried out in plantation contexts throughout the Caribbean and their findings. The case study for this investigation was Hacienda La Esperanza, a nineteenth-century sugar plantation in the municipality of Manatí, on the north coast of the island. The history of the Manatí Region is also presented. La Esperanza housed one of the largest enslaved populations in Puerto Rico as documented by the slave census of 1870 which registered 152 slaves. The examination of the plantation was accomplished through the implementation of an interdisciplinary approach that combined archival research, field archaeology, anthropological interpretations of ‘material culture’, and geochemical analyses (phosphates, magnetic susceptibility, and organic matter content as determined by loss on ignition). Historical documents were referenced to obtain information on the inhabitants of the site as well as to learn how they handled the path to abolition. Archaeological fieldwork focused on controlled excavations on four different loci on the site. The assemblages recovered during three field seasons of archaeological excavations served to examine the material culture of the enslaved and to document some of their unwritten experiences. The study of the material culture of Hacienda La Esperanza was conducted through the application of John C. Barrett’s understanding of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, Douglas Armstrong’s cultural transformation model, and Paul R. Mullins’ notions of consumerism and identity. Research results showed that the enslaved individuals of Hacienda La Esperanza were active yet highly restricted participants and consumers of the local market economy. Their limited market participation is evidence of their successful efforts to exert their agency and bypass the administration’s control. As such, this dissertation demonstrates that material life, even under enslavement, provides a record of agency and resistance. The discussion also addressed the topics of social stratification and identity.
Temple University--Theses