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Po, Sum-cho. "Value education in social studies for primary schools in Hong Kong : a study of the different approaches used by teachers of social studies /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18531696.
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Jefferson, Rebecca Louise. "Communicating marine environmental health : connecting science, social and policy values." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2666.
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Human activities are degrading marine ecosystems and undermining the ecological functions and processes which provide valued goods and services. European and UK marine policy developments aim to implement the Ecosystem Approach to support better management of activities and maintain the health of regional seas. Current public perceptions of the UK marine environment are overwhelmingly negative, creating a barrier to engaging society with marine environmental issues and policy. This thesis conducts a study of the attributes of a suite of 72 UK marine species to identify those which contribute most to marine ecological health. The findings show that structurally complex species are most important and are recommended as species to assess and monitor Good Environmental Status as defined by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Existing conservation policies are biased towards large vertebrate species, with ecologically important species being underprotected. A survey of public perceptions of the marine environment. revealed conflicting perceptions of charismatic megafauna. Charismatic species were the most interesting species but least important as measures of marine health. Ecologically important species were the least interesting, but ecological health concepts were considered important measures of marine health. Perceptions of the marine environment varied with socio-demographic and social value factors. By integrating these studies, barriers and opportunities to engaging society with the marine environment were identified. Communication strategies which address these are proposed, including a suite of Spokes Species, potential high profile species to champion the marine environment. These include puffin, cod, basking shark and seagrass. A series of themes are proposed which implement other key findings such as the importance of personal experience in building connections with marine species. Communication strategies are supported by ecologically defined assessments of marine environmental health, are relevant to current policy developments and will resonate with social values of the marine environment.
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Leung, Lai-yung. "Value orientations in junior secondary social studies curriculum." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21304178.
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Easy, Omarsha. "Strategic CSR- A way to create societal value for Social Enterprises." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21516.
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This is a conceptual paper that study through literature review how strategic CSR could create societal value in social enterprise. The study reviews literature on CSR Pyramid, Triple Bottom and show the intricacy of both models in the development of the concept strategic CSR. The paper further goes on to discuss several researches conduct on the concept strategic CSR. The strategic CSR model adopts from Werther and Chandler (2011) is explain thru the CSR filter - ―assessing management’s planned actions by considering the impact of day-day- tactical decisions and longer-term strategies on the organizations constituents”. It also studies the emergence of social enterprise, forms of social enterprise, role of social entrepreneur, social mission, and strategy and stakeholders involvement. The literature review ends with the concept societal which is contextualized in the concept social and economic value.The model use to help explain the framework is the CSR filter. This model is appropriate because it allows the reader to understand how strategic CSR create value in profit business. A number of books and databases in the field of Strategic Management and Social Entrepreneurship were used to acquire literature on the topic. The findings of the paper include innovation, leadership, mission, strategy and organizational structure as well as stakeholder‘s participation and these are ways how strategic CSR could use by Social Enterprise to create social and economic value.Conclusions from the literature are drawn and states that by identifying, incorporating and managing stakeholder‘s relationships does play a key role in how strategic CSR create societal value as well as the balancing of social and economic value should be taken into consideration. The paper ends with recommendations on further research on how can social enterprise measure stakeholders return? And to analyze if the balance that exist between for profit business and not for profit business should be equal.
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Andersson, Fredrik. "Young people´s ranking of ten instrumental values." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-36586.
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Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att ge ett bidrag till analysen av ungdomars grundläggande värderingar, genom att undersöka hur elever rangordnar och diskuterar tio instrumentella värden. Undersökningen är utförd med flermetodsforskning, där både en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts, enkät och fokusgrupp. En pilotstudie används för att säkerställa god validitet och reliabilitet. Undersökningen gjordes på 20 ungdomar, tio pojkar och tio flickor, fördelade i tre åttondeklasser i samma skola. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att ungdomar mellan 14 till 15 år anser att familjen, tillsammans med frihet och rättvisa är viktigast av de tio värdena jag undersökt och att det skett vissa förändringar i jämförelse vilka värden som är viktiga idag hos ungdomar jämfört med från SOM undersökningsserie (1986-2000)
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Butts, Elsa Bernice. "African American Women's Understanding of How Family Values Contribute to Social Aggression." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6310.
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Researchers have found that social aggression has increased among African American females. Researchers have reported that the family value systems of many African American families endorse aggressive behaviors. Beliefs of fighting verbally and physically for self-worth and equality have been embedded in the socialization process for some African American females. It is important to explore the influence of family values on socially aggressive behaviors among this population. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of African American females in early adulthood and to understand how their socially aggressive behaviors are influenced by their family values. The theoretical framework for this study was social learning theory along with aggression, a subset of social learning theory. The research question was designed to explore how African American females in early adulthood experience and perceive social aggression and family values. Ten African American females were interviewed. Moustakas' method of data analysis was used to identify 4 themes: common family values, learned socially aggressive behaviors, acting out, and handling conflict. Understanding the behaviors and experiences of African American females with socially aggressive behaviors could result in positive social change, first, by increasing knowledge about the origins of socially aggressive behaviors among this population and then by improving guidance and counseling for African American females involved in socially aggressive behaviors.
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Guter-Sandu, Andrei. "Leveraging social value : multiple valuation logics in the field of social finance." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/20214/.
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What are the mechanisms behind the advance of financial actors, instruments, and models into the field of social policy design and delivery? Over the past couple of decades, the state’s function as provider of welfare and safety nets against various forms of socio-economic risk has been transformed not just by privatisation or downsizing, but also by the advent of alternative forms of social policy delivery. One example of the latter is social impact investment, a form of investing in social programmes with the intent of pursuing social (and environmental) impact alongside financial return, and yielding innovative financial instruments such as social impact bonds, social stocks, or community bonds. The emergence of this field is generally seen as an outcome of the broader process of financialisation. From this perspective, both financial return and social policy objectives can be achieved via the straightforward implementation of existing financial instruments and methodologies. However, the very process of implicating existing financial technologies in the sphere of the pursuit of social outcomes generates its own set of dynamics. This study focuses on these dynamics from the perspective of the valuation processes underpinning the emergence of social impact investment. It argues that as finance engulfs this field, it engages in a valuation process of fashioning and delineating a hybridised form of value – blended value – supporting its advance, which is distinctly separate, though not independent, from financial value creation. The result of this process is the concomitant proliferation of non-financial spaces of valuation, which come not to replace, but to accompany and support financialisation. In order to make this argument, it looks at the case of the valuation processes undergirding the launch of the world’s first social impact bond in 2010 in the UK. Besides providing an empirical account of the latter, it also makes a theoretical contribution to the literature on financialisation by deepening the understanding of the manner in which financial actors, instruments, and markets advance in non-financial realms.
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Mihalache, Silviana, and Polona Vukman. "Composition with Country and Corporate Brands. Capitalising on the Country Brand Values." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2744.
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<p>Background: The concept of countries as brands has been increasingly accredited once the postmodern global world became an every day experience. A strong country brand can provide corporate brands with a unique set of values, which supports their positioning on the international market. Simultaneously, once corporate brands achieve worldwide success, they contribute actively to developing new features of the country brand. </p><p>Purpose: The aim of the paper is to design a model with regard to the value- transfer from country brands to corporate brands. The model is evaluated in accordance with the relationship between Sweden and Scania, respectively Oriflame, chosen as frames of research. The researchers assess whether the process occurrence is conscious or not, be it from inside (on the corporate level) or outside (from the audiences’ perspective), as well as its consistency (the values involved in the transfer). </p><p>Results: According to the research results, Scania displays a spontaneous value- transfer with Sweden the brand, whereasOriflame actively capitalises on the national set of common values. Either unconsciously present at the corporate level of Scania, or consciously exploited by Oriflame, these Swedish values repeat for both studied companies.</p>
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Furusawa, Katsuto. "Values and democracy postmaterialist shift versus cultural particularity in Russia, the USA, Britain and Japan /." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/247/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Politics, Faculty of Law, Business and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Leung, Lai-yung, and 梁麗容. "Value orientations in junior secondary social studies curriculum." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31961095.
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O'Neill, Deirdre. "New values and selectivity in the construction of news : commentary on peer-reviewed published research articles." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2017. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34426/.
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This Commentary critically appraises my body of work over 15 years, the starting and end points being an exploration of the news values underlying the selection of news carried out 15 years apart, via various case study research articles that examine the type and quality of news that audiences receive. This body of work interrogates – from a range of perspectives – the ways in which some voices are privileged in the press, others are marginalised, while still others are absent in the news. I explore these issues from the perspective of the selection of news, through news values and source selection; how journalists develop those values and use sources to shape the news; the manner in which labour disputes are reported and trade union officials and members are legitimised or delegitimised; the extent to which celebrities are adopted and promoted in the news; how the views and achievements of women politicians are reported; and whether women have made headway in sports news, both in terms of the coverage of women athletes and in sports writing. The Commentary contextualises this body of work within both critical theoretical perspectives and rapid cultural, technical and social changes to situate the nine publications submitted for the degree to make clear the coherent nature of my inquiries. In this research I have maintained a contemporary analytical approach that suggests that the processes by which sources are chosen and news is selected undermines the plurality of voices in the press; that previous understandings of news values are outdated and that news values change over time and need to be revisited; that independent reporting is limited and a great deal of news relies on press subsidies with vested interests; and that ideological factors are frequently being played out in the news we receive. All of these findings have negative implications for the range and quality of our news. My findings have contributed to national and international debates about the news media, including an All-Party Parliamentary Report into Women in Parliament, challenged taken-for granted views about the news we receive and questioned the quality and bias of our news. The research has been disseminated nationally and internationally at leading conferences and in international journals and books, and in press articles, and is widely cited.
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Po, Sum-cho, and 布森祖. "Value education in social studies for primary schools in Hong Kong: a study of the different approaches used byteachers of social studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31955873.
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Lago, Eleni, and Alva Wahlström. "Sociala värden i miljonprogrammet : En kvalitativ studie av platsens betydelse i Brandkärr." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42618.
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Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur platser och rum används i Brandkärr och vilken betydelse det får för socialt värdeskapande. Att studera sociala värden är ett sätt att utvärdera samhällets möjligheter att skapa positiva upplevelser för enskilda individer. För att få en mångfacetterad och representativ bild av Brandkärr är studien genomförd genom ett användarperspektiv. Inom stadsplanering är det alltid en utmaning hur invånarnas åsikter och röster ska göras hörda och få ta plats. En annan utmaning som möjligtvis är ännu svårare är att förändra stadsdelar och områden som redan finns efter nya behov. Miljonprogrammet är ett exempel på hur tidigare planeringsideal blivit ett hinder i samtida planeringskontext. Forskning om människors välbefinnande och upplevelser av fysiska platser börjar breda ut sig, men den är fortfarande begränsad och i behov av utveckling. Vi använder oss av arkitektur- och platsteorier som resonerar kring relationen mellan den byggda miljön och människorna som använder den. Genom att diskutera användarnas åsikter och erfarenheter lyfter vi invånarnas bild av Brandkärr. Upplevelser, användningsmöjligheter och hur man värdesätter fysiska platser definierar marginalerna för socialt värdeskapande. Därför ämnar vi konkretisera hur den byggda miljön ser ut och används och hur det i sin tur påverkar hur sociala värden skapas. I Brandkärr återspeglas de sociala värdena genom människorna vi möter och intervjuar. Den största källan till socialt värdeskapande i Brandkärr är gemenskapen. Miljonprogrammets funktionsuppdelade planering har genererat stora allmänna ytor att umgås på men separerar också funktioner från varandra, vilket resulterat i avsaknad av neutrala platser inomhus. Med neutrala platser menar vi rum som är tillgängliga för alla. Sociala värden kan skapas när det finns ett samspel mellan den byggda miljön och dess användare. Brandkärrs största tillgång är människorna och hur de upplever och använder Brandkärr som plats.<br>The aim of this thesis is to shed light on how places and spaces are used in Brandkärr and what significance they have for creating social value. Studying social values is a way of evaluating society's opportunities to create positive experiences for individuals. In order to get a multifaceted and representative image of Brandkärr, the study was conducted through a user perspective. In urban planning it is always a challenge to get citizen’s voices and opinions heard. Another challenge that is possibly even more difficult is to change districts and areas that already exist according to new needs. The Million Homes Programme is an example of how previous planning ideals have become an obstacle in a contemporary planning context. Research on human well-being and experiences of physical places is beginning to spread, but it is still limited and in need of development. We have used architecture and site theories based on the relationship between the built environment and the people who use it. By discussing the users' opinions and experiences we show the insiders' experiences of Brandkärr. Citizen’s experiences, possibilities of use and how they value physical places define the margins for social value creation. Therefore, we intend to show what the built environment looks like, how it is used and in turn how it affects how social values are created. In Brandkärr, the social values are reflected through the people we met and interviewed. The largest source of social value creation in Brandkärr is through the community. The Million Homes Programme's separation of functions has generated large public areas to socialize on but also separates uses from each other, resulting in a lack of inclusive, accessible indoor spaces for everyone. Social values can be created when there is an interaction between the built environment and its users. Brandkärr's greatest attributes are both the people and how they experience and use Brandkärr as a place.
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Sotomayor-Peterson, Marcela. "Parental Cultural Values, Coparental, and Familial Functioning in Mexican Immigrant Families: Its Impact on Children´s Social Competence." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194812.
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In two-parent families, the ability of parents to negotiate their roles as parents, reaching agreement in childrearing, and being cooperative in sharing parenting (i.e. coparenting), leads to positive family climate, which in turn, impacts positively on children´s social competence. Studies have shown these variables to be relevant for European-American parents. The role of parent's cultural values has received scarce attention in predicting coparental and familial functioning. Additionally, couple's similarity has been found to help explain coparental and familial functioning; however further exploration is needed. Using series of hierarchical multiple regressions as an exploratory form of path analysis, this study tested the connections among the cultural values of familism/respeto, and simpatia, with parental agreement in childrearing and cooperative coparenting (i.e. coparental functioning), and family climate (i.e. familial functioning) in explaining children social competence in a sample of Mexican immigrant parents. Analyses found that the cultural values of familism/respeto and simpatia impact positively coparental functioning within this ethnic group; although the impact is different for mothers and fathers. While simpatia predicted cooperative coparenting for mothers; familism/respeto predicted parental agreement for fathers at the trend level. Whereas parental agreement did predict coparenting for mothers, it was not predictive for fathers. Couples' similarity in culture values proved to have a minimal impact over coparental and familial functioning with a small, trend level effect from similarity in simpatia to cooperative coparenting. Regression analysis for mothers, fathers, and couples failed to predict children social competence. Mexican values of familism/respeto and simpatia play a role in explaining coparental functioning with Mexicans, albeit a different role for mothers and fathers. For mothers, endorsement of harmony and avoidance of conflict (i.e. simpatia) influences coparenting, over and above the effect of agreement on coparenting. Mothers' agreement leads to reports of cooperative coparenting. For fathers, it is endorsement of values proscribing to the value of familism/respeto that impacts fathers' parental agreement. But for fathers, reaching agreement does not necessarily lead to cooperative coparenting. These findings suggest interplay between values endorsement and parental roles. There is also evidence that the shared an endorsement of the value of simpatia leads to coparenting.
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Snaith, B. "The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park : whose values, whose benefits?" Thesis, City, University of London, 2015. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19291/.
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Siting the Olympics in the Lower Lea Valley has been widely represented as a means to improve quality of life for the ethnically diverse, deprived communities living there, in part through the creation of a new ‘community parkland’, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Ethnic minorities however, are under-represented as users of parks and other green spaces across the UK, at a far greater level than can be explained by income alone. Little has been done to investigate this phenomenon, despite its implications for social justice and public health. Limited research has found examples of ethnic variations in normative cultural practices, racist and territorial behaviour in the public realm at large, and structural discrimination with less greenspace in the areas where ethnic minorities live. Aiming to address a gap in the existing research literature, this case study investigates the relationship between the cultural inscription of park spaces, spatial practices of park making by the primarily ‘Anglo’ groups designing this new city space, and the experiences, preferences and values of the ethnically diverse communities who currently live around the London Olympic site. Using a mixed methods approach, the empirical research finds that while seeking inclusion, exclusionary values are unintentionally embedded in production and management of UK parks. This thesis evidences the cultural values embedded in UK spatial practices, their exclusionary nature, along class and ethnic dimensions, and reflects on the importance of cultural consciousness in spatial design in our increasingly multicultural cities.
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Huneidi, Laila. "The Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Elites in Jordan towards Political, Social, and Economic Development." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2017.
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This mixed-method study is focused on the values, beliefs, and attitudes of Jordanian elites towards liberalization, democratization and development. The study aims to describe elites' political culture and centers of influence, as well as Jordan's viability of achieving higher developmental levels. Survey results are presented. The study argues that the Jordanian regime remains congruent with elites' political culture and other patterns of authority within the elite strata. However, until this "cautious liberal" political culture of Jordanian elites changes, a transitional movement cannot arise that would lead Jordan towards greater liberalism, constitutionalism and development. The study concludes with implications for transitional movements in other developing countries, particularly in the Arab region.
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Blake, Joanne. "A growing community : a sociological exploration of values and practices on a third sector mental health project." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/99752/.
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Since the 1990s UK governments have sought to harness third sector organisations in the delivery of services due to their perceived capacity to address social problems, and provide more responsive and individually-tailored services which can foster the capacity of individuals to lead more independent and fulfilled lives. However, these enhanced expectations exist alongside state retrenchment and mounting pressure to deliver services in more cost-effective ways. As grant-funding has been replaced by contracts, voluntary organisations have faced pressures to change their services in line with what commissioners want, compromising the distinctive values and practices that have traditionally been associated with the sector. Despite these empirical trends, there has been little in-depth sociological exploration of the effect of contracting on the values and practices of individual organisations, and how this is experienced by those who work, volunteer and use their services. This is surprising given that the ‘values-driven’ nature of these organisations is generally understood to be what makes them distinctive from the organisations of the state and the market. Instead, ‘values-driven’ is routinely conflated with ‘value-added’, in an instrumental view which treats values as transactional resources. Consequently, there has been a failure to grasp the intrinsic importance of values to people’s wellbeing, the rootedness of those values in practices, and the implications of changing people’s practices to achieve with greater efficiency an external product or outcome. This study adopted an Aristotelian lens to explore the relationship between values and practices on a third sector mental health garden project. The research used ethnographic participant observation and in-depth interviews to investigate how the practices of gardening and care embodied the values and aims of the organisation, and how those who worked, volunteered and used its services attached meaning to what they did. The research found that for project members’, being able to participate in practices in a way which was congruous with their values, was understood as an important facilitator of wellbeing. In keeping with the Aristotelian contention, participants perceived wellbeing as something which was realised through achieving those ‘internal goods’ which constituted excellence in their practices. Adapting practices to make them more effective at realising external outcomes not only threatened the very means through which these values were realised, but also undermined how project workers felt they could utilise their practices to facilitate wellbeing. The centrality of doing well to being well documented in this research suggests that if policy is to take wellbeing, and the role of the third sector in fostering this seriously, then values should be viewed as ends in themselves, and not merely as means to realise particular external outcomes.
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Lucq, Julien. "Sport, valeurs et régulations sociales." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2048.
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L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les éventuelles régulations sociales présentes au sein de la sphère sportive. Dans l’étude 1, nous avons établi, par l’intermédiaire de deux questionnaires complémentaires (Types Likert et Choix), un classement de dix-sept valeurs généralement associées au sport. Les résultats montrent que les quatre valeurs les plus et les moins acceptées sont, dans l’ordre respectif, le plaisir, la santé, être loyal, les relations humaines et l’enrichissement financier, gagner, la reconnaissance sociale, l’obéissance. Dans l’étude 2, nous avons construit un questionnaire vidéo informatique (accessible sur Internet) ayant pour objectif de fragiliser certaines de ces valeurs (les quatre les plus et les moins appréciées plus le dépassement de soi et la performance). Nos résultats montrent que plus les sujets sont impliqués dans la pratique sportive, plus ils usent d’immunisation cognitive, c’est-à-dire, plus ils protègent les valeurs auxquelles ils adhèrent lorsqu’ elles sont fragilisées. Notre troisième étude vient pour confirmer ces résultats par voie expérimentale sur une population de sujets fortement impliqués sportivement. L’outil utilisé est le questionnaire de type Likert construit pour l’étude 1. Le protocole expérimental fait intervenir un pré-test et un post-test. Les sujets expérimentaux visionnent, avant la seconde passation, un document vidéo ayant pour but de fragiliser les croyances sportives. Notre hypothèse affirme que le processus d’immunisation cognitive engendre une sur-évaluation des scores du post-test chez les sujets expérimentaux en réponse à la tentative de mise en péril. L’hypothèse n’est pas vérifiée. Toutefois, d’un point de vue global, nos conclusions générales montrent l’existence d’une orthodoxie sportive régulant le système de croyances de la sphère sportive<br>The aim of this work is to identify the possible social regulations within the sport sphere. In study 1, we have first established, by two complementary questionnaires (Likert and Choice-types), a classification of seventeen values generally associated with sport. The result show that the four most and the four least appreciate values are, respectively, in order, enjoyment, health, being fair, human relations and financial enrichment, winning, sociale recognition, obedience. In study 2, we have built an accessible HTML-formatted video questionnaire (on the Internet), composed of items jeopardising ten of these values (the four most and the four least appreciate values and going beyond one’s limits and performance). Our results show that the more the subjects are involved in sports, the more they utilize cognitive immunization, in other words the more they protect the values to which they adhere when they are weakened. Our third study was meant to confirm these results by experiment on a population of subjects strongly involved in sports. The tool used is the Likert-type questionnaire of the first study. The experimental protocol is based on a pre-test and a post-test. Before the latter the experimental subjects watch a video document questioning the sport beliefs. Our claim affirms that the cognitive immunization process generate an over-assessment of the post-test scores of the experimental subjects, which is a response to the attempt at jeopardizing their values. This claim has not proved. Nevertheless, our general conclusions show the existence of a sport orthodoxy controlling the system of beliefs of the sport sphere
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Zavala, Pelayo Edgar. "Religion and 'secular' social science : the neglected epistemological influences of Catholic discourses on sociology in Mexico." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9600.
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Inspired by the Enlightenment’s principles of rationality, positivistic ideologies as well as the nascent modern-industrial state, sociology since its inception in Europe was conceived as a fundamentally secular enterprise. Whereas positivistic streams have been rather left aside, secularism in sociology still remains as a cornerstone of the discipline’s identity. However, is sociology in the 21st-century really ‘secular’? In this dissertation I present to the reader an empirical research about the epistemological influences of Catholicism upon sociology in Mexico, a constitutionally secular state since the 19th century. Theoretically, I draw from authors who have put forward the epistemological influences of Christianity upon western social science. I argue that these authors have unintentionally re-stated, with interesting additions, Durkheim’s rather neglected theses about the socio-religious origin of our ‘categories of thought’ –‘classification’ and ‘causality’ in particular. Although I will not attempt to trace the origins of sociological classifications and causalities back to Catholicism in Mexico, I will argue that it is possible to find salient similarities between both knowledge fields in terms of these categories and other discursive characteristics. By analysing these resemblances in a (neo)Durkheimian-Weberian frame, I will explain how Catholic discourses in Mexico, combined with the Mexican state’s teleological discourses on democracy, modernisation and progress, influence sociological discourses not through Durkheim’s ‘imitative rites’ and a priori ‘necessary connections’, but through a series of ‘bridge’ institutions and particular cultural-ideological structures. Individuals’ own religious beliefs and their deliberate and unintended interactions with these elements and their emergent properties turn apparently parochial Catholic discourses into a series of ‘discursive offensives’ which subtly yet pervasively shape common sense in society at large and also predispose sociology practitioners to adopt and develop i) ‘mono-causal’ and ‘power-over’ interpretations of social phenomena, ii) implicit and explicit dichotomistic logics as well as iii) normative-prescriptive sociological stances. In arguing this, I account for how Weberian authority models and Weberian-Mertonian religious values are not only key ‘background factors’, but also constitute actual cognitive devices in the production of sociological knowledge. I also offer empirical evidence about the role that individuals’ religious beliefs play in the conception of sociological models of power and causality and, by extension, in the construction of scientific reason or scientific beliefs. These accounts support the view of contemporary religions as plastic discourses whose ideological powers permeate, under certain historical conditions, the knowledge produced in scientific domains whose secularity has been mistakenly taken for granted. And this, I conclude, strongly suggests the need to revise the secularist foundations of sociologies of science and scientific knowledge, of sociology in general as well as current monolithic theories and paradigms of secularism and science-religion dualistic debates.
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Koc, Bobil. "Värdegrundsarbetet, en icke likvärdig undervisning i svenska skolor? : En studie om hur fyra SO-lärare tolkat de grundläggande demokratiska värdernas innebörd och hur de genomför sin undervisning för att förmedla och förankra dessa till eleverna." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34668.
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The school has a political and democratic mandate to teach and establish basic democratic values that our society is based in the teaching of students. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a number of four teachers interpret the meaning of democratic values. What is their personal inter-pretations which according to previous research proved to be open to interpretation? The aim was to see if there was a noticeable difference in the teachers interpretations towards each other. Another aim of the study was to gain insight on how teachers believe that they conduct their lessons to teach and establish basic democratic values. Are there any links to previous research that says that the teaching of fundamental values are not equal? The study's questions will therefore examine: ・ What do four different teachers consider the meaning of the basic democratic values? ・How do the teachers in the social studies field do systematically for the students to aquire basic democratic values and knowledge? ・ What are the differences in their interpretations of the democratic meaning of values and way of conducting their teaching in this area? To get answers, qualitative methods have been used through interview. As a theoretical approach, Laclau and Mouffes approach of discourse analysis has also been used. The conclusions I reach in the analysis of my material shows that the four teachers had a variety towards each other in their interpretation in the meaning of the basic democratic values. As a conse-quence was the teachings in the fundamental values not equivalent because they dealt with different areas of the values in their respective teaching.
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Bravo, González Ramón. "Corporate social responsibility and brand value in luxury." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8159/.
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With a combined annual revenue of approximately $250 billion dollars, the luxury industry is highly significant, from a financial and commercial point of view. Within luxury, an area that is becoming increasingly important due to the visibility of this industry is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). While consumers are still not actively demanding CSR in luxury products and services, and there is evidence that CSR is not a key area of interest for the luxury industry; the luxury industry is becoming the target of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders interested in environmental and ethical practices. Thus, it is essential that luxury companies explore CSR implementation, as neglecting to do so, is likely to affect their brands and their brand value. One of the most important assets that luxury firms have is brand value, an intangible asset influenced by consumer and company-led actions. CSR is a company-led action, which depending on how it is managed, can either increase or decrease brand value. It is important to note that to understand the role of CSR within luxury and how it can influence brand value, it is not possible to study CSR in isolation, as this would not fully reveal its importance in the wider context of brand value overall. Thus, CSR needs to be studied alongside other factors affecting brand value. Despite the fact that CSR can influence brand value in luxury, CSR is still overlooked by the industry. Due to the increasing relevance of CSR within luxury, this research explores the role of CSR within luxury and how it, together with other factors, contributes to brand value in luxury. An additional consideration is that despite the importance of brand value in luxury, the industry does not normally measure, manage and leverage brand value. As a result, it is also necessary to examine how brand value is perceived within luxury. To meet these research goals, a mixed methods approach was selected. More specifically, a theoretical framework was built with input from the literature and interviews with key interviewees from the luxury industry. Then, the theoretical framework was tested quantitatively. The quantitative analysis was conducted with a dataset based on consumer panels, and additional secondary data including Bloomberg, CSRHub, Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), Interbrand, and company reports. The results were subject to ‘credibility checks’ with interviewees from the industry. It is noteworthy to highlight that for the statistical analysis, one of the largest datasets with US consumer data was used. Similarly, for the qualitative interviews, representatives from some of the largest luxury companies in the world in terms of brand value, and luxury stakeholders were recruited. The results from this research suggest that despite the importance of brand value within luxury; brand value is not widely understood by the industry and it is not measured, managed or leveraged. This research also suggests that CSR, company size, having controlled distribution, country of origin, marketing and research and development (R&D)/design, energized differentiation, esteem, and relevance; are critical factors to brand value. Consequently, luxury brands need to manage all these determinants to be able to create and preserve brand value. Nevertheless, while all these determinants are important, their importance can vary by brand; depending on brand size, brand category, target market, and whether the brand is heritage or non-heritage. With regard to CSR, an outcome from this research is that CSR is becoming an increasingly important contributor to brand value in luxury. Still, the luxury industry is not fully aware that CSR implementation is consistent with key luxury values such as high-quality and service and luxury’s long-term vision; and that stringent CSR policies and practices constitute a potential strategy to anticipate future regulatory and social constraints. Furthermore, CSR implementation within luxury is generally limited to discrete actions, such as collaboration with the arts, compliance, local production, philanthropy/voluntarism, and use of environmentally friendlier materials. It is crucial that luxury companies incorporate CSR into the DNA of their brands and choose a CSR strategy aligned with their brand vision. Luxury brands may be able to positively change consumer perceptions of CSR and, thus, drive consumer demand. Also, engagement with CSR may result in a competitive advantage to them and in a potential increase in their brand value. Moreover, the results suggest that brand knowledge is overemphasized by the luxury industry, although it does not appear to be essential for brand value in luxury. Additionally, with respect to brand relevance, this research makes a case to consider brand desirability as a potentially more appropriate determinant of brand value within a luxury context.
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Jennings, David II. "Inspiration: Examining Its Emotional Correlates and Relationship to Internalized Values." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2917.
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The study of inspiration as a psychological construct has received little empirical attention to date. In the present dissertation, I review the empirical literature on inspiration and present a theoretical model and definition of inspiration. In two studies, I tested a Value-Congruent Model of Inspiration and my proposed definition. In Study 1 (N = 134), I explored inspiration’s emotional correlates and tested whether individuals experience greater inspiration if the inspirational content is concordant with individual meaning and values. As predicted, state inspiration was positively related to state levels of admiration, awe, and elevation, and value-congruent stimuli significantly predicted self-reported experiences of inspiration. In Study 2 (N = 173), I replicated these results and tested whether value-congruent inspiration would predict behavioral intentions and volunteering behavior toward environmental preservation. The adapted measure of self-concordance for internalized values did not yield the predicted results. However, one’s level of commitment to the environment predicted willingness to sacrifice for the environment, which was partially mediated by state inspiration.
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Kamere, Meryem. "Etik- och värdegrundsarbete i skolan, Working with ethics and fundamental values in school." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-31709.
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Mitt examensarbete belyser lärarnas arbetssätt med etik och värdegrund från en skola. Det innehåller redogörelser för hur de definierar begreppen etik och värdegrund. Jag belyser även deras uppfattning när det gäller arbetet och värderingar. Slutligen klargör jag lärarnas upplevelser och hantering av etiska dilemman. Som forskningsmetod valde jag att genomföra en kvalitativ studie med sex intervjuer. De intervjuade personerna är lärare som arbetar i grundskolans tidigare och senare år. Ur mitt undersökningsresultat har jag kommit fram till att lärare som medverkade är medvetna om sin betydelse för etik- och värdegrundsarbetet. De var eniga om arbetets syfte och betydelse och anser etik- och värdegrundsarbetet som en självklar del av skolans verksamhet. Lärare använder sig av likartat arbetssätt som främjar elevernas lärande kring etik och värdegrund. De arbetsformer de använder för att främja lärandet och utveckla kompetensen är exempelvis; samtal, värdeövningar, skönlitteratur, tv program, reflektionsstunder. Därtill beskriver lärare viktiga värderingar som anses vara avgörande för ett etiskt och demokratiskt förhållningssätt. Många lärare verkar ha svårt att hantera särskilda etiska dilemman och upplever det som ett arbete som aldrig tar slut.
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Martinson, Lina. "Mutual benefit : Rethinking social inclusion." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-135.
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Hemmert, Guillaume. "Europe and the Challenge for Identity: the European institutions and the ‘European values’ as criteria for identity." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-428901.
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Over the last decade, Europe has been the scene of an increased and generalized sense of ‘Euroscepticism’, expressed through a growing feeling of rejection towards the European Union, its institutions and values. This phenomenon has further resulted in a questioning of the EU’s legitimacy, with an emerging opposition to the principle of supranational governance executed by the EU observed across the Union. While this reveals an issue of general identification with the EU and the European project among individuals, the European Union has sought to respond to this through specific means, particularly through the approach of shaping a greater sense of European identity for and among ‘Europeans’. This has been going through the European Commission’s financial contribution, and the Council of Europe’s establishment of a wide range of organisms, programs, or projects working to establish this identity through multiple aspects, for instance through cultural and legal aspects, as well as to increase identification with this sense of identity. This research seeks at conducting a close study of specific programs created or funded by the EU, and establishing this sense of European identity. Our findings suggest that the shaping of a sense of European identity has remained a challenge despite the institutions’ efforts in that sense, as the concept of European identity still represents an unclear, blurred concept for many people. Moreover, the outcomes of this research have highlighted the issues behind the process of identity-shaping in the case of European identity, that is the persisting lack of identification with this identity, as well as the shaping of an exclusivist identity, rather than an inclusive identity promoting integration and inclusion for all individuals.
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Macbeth, David. "Risk Factors Associated with Early Adolescent Sexual Values and Behaviors." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2388.
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adolescent sexual activity and subsequent pregnancy are ii an increasing dilemma facing American society . There appears to be an increase in the incidence of casual sexual activity among adolescents that leads to over 50% of students between grades 9 and 12 having been involved in sexual intercourse. This study examines changes in adolescent sexual attitudes, behaviors, and values in a select population over a 2-year time span. A survey of 548 families with adolescents was used to determine the impact of the Facts and Feelings home-based sexual abstinence program on mean scores for academic aspirations, academic achievement , sexual knowledge, the intention to have intercourse, sexual behavior, religiosity, mother approachability, father approachability, frequency of parental communication, sexual abstinence skills, friends' approval of premarital sex, value against sex prior to marriage, risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease, sex being acceptable in relationships, adolescent's values match parent's values, parents approve of premarital sex, and adolescent's rating of physical maturity. The sample was randomly split into equal size experimental and control groups . The treatment materials were given to the experimental group following a baseline measurement, and the control group received the materials after the study was completed 2 years later. Data were collected at four time intervals: pretest, 3-rnonth posttest, 1-year posttest, and 2-year posttest . Dependent variables were identified from previous research as possible antecedents to early sexual activity The youth studied were in the sixth and seventh grades, and were generally sexually abstinent throughout the study. Hypotheses were related to gender, group membership, and the i nteraction of these variables over time. A majority of the significant findings carne in the hypotheses regarding gender. There were limited findings in the hypothesis that dealt with group membership, group membership by gender, and the interaction effects of gender by group over time . Most of the treatment effects were time limited and not maintained for l ong periods of time following the treatment. There was evidence that the Facts and Feeling materials used in the study were beneficial in changing behavior, values, and attitudes regarding teenage abstinence for a short time immediately following the treatment period.
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Christiani, Shaun. "Erratic Subject Didactics : a Study of Conditions Antecedent to Secondary Education Reform and Their Effects on Social Science Didactics." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för lärarutbildning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20694.
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This paper studies how changing political, economic, and social conditions in and related to Sweden affected its secondary education policy and the role that social science didactics plays. By analyzing Swedish secondary school curricula, the related social science syllabus, education act, and corresponding organizational documents, the causes for, and context of education reform become clear. The school’s purpose is to impart general abilities and knowledge that all persons will require to function in society and maintain democracy, equality, and international solidarity. Additionally, the school is found to conform to the same template, values, and norms as the economic and political aspects of globalization and modern democratic society. The school subject that wholely addresses general knowledge, civil abilities, and democratic values is found to be social science. Engaging social issues as a didactical tool, social science teaching imparts in students democratic values and the civil abilities to participate in society. Through the quality assurance of evaluations, knowledge requirements emerged as a policy for providing students with the opportunity to learn at one’s capacity. By meeting its knowledge requirements, social science produces students who are stewards of democratic values that, by participating in the community, contribute to social development in every venture during life after school.
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Lawrence, Yuven Lafen. "Traditional culture, science education and changing values among the Nso people of North West Cameroon." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388397.
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Olausson, Justine. "EPA’s & Problematizing Development: Discourse, Design, Values." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21082.
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This thesis investigates and problematizes the notion of development in the context of the EU-ACP EPA agreements with a particular focus on Kenya. Official statements, documents, empirical observation and qualitative interviews conducted in Nairobi and Kagwe, Kenya in April of 2009 provide empirical data. Applying the concepts of international trade theory, capacity developments complex adaptive systems approach and supplementing these concepts with an underlying thread of axiology, this paper seeks to explore the drastically divided and widely differing definitions of the situation, world views and casual beliefs in viewing the EPA development tool for what it is vs. what it means. By problematizing the notion of development, the findings suggest that it seems as though much of the dissonance between what constitutes development, what the ‘problem’ is, why it exists, and what the ‘solution’ is, is the result of a clash between theoretical models and the informal concepts of how things get done in a particular context. Thus, it is difficult seeing the EPAs functioning as a tool for a form of development that would suit the values, norms, and voices involved in conceptualizing development.
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Forneris, Tanya Elizabeth. "Social Emotional Development in School: The Anatomy of One School's Role in Adolescent Female Development." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1322.
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Social and emotional learning enables individuals to recognize and manage emotions, develop caring and concern for others, make responsible decisions, establish and maintain positive relationships, handle challenging situations effectively, achieve academically, and lead a healthy lifestyle. Research has shown that competent young people who are socially and emotionally competent are more likely to succeed both academically and personally and have strong personal and interpersonal skills. The purpose of this study was to examine one school's process in helping its students develop both socially and emotionally. For this study social-emotional learning was examined using the individual competencies and guidelines for schools outlined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL). Individual interviews were conducted with four teachers, seven school personnel, nine alumnae, four students, and four parents. Focus groups were also conducted with students from each of the four grade levels and students completed personal reflections. In addition, the researcher observed many events throughout the school year. A number of themes emerged from the interviews, personal reflections and observations that overlapped among the different groups of participants. These themes included: the care and support provided by the teachers to the students, the opportunities for the students to be involved and become contributing members in their school and communities; the availability of structured activities to enhance relationships among peers; incorporation of values in the curriculum; having a strong and caring leader; and the structure of the school being small and all female. These results support previous research related to the enhancement of social-emotional development and parallel thefive recommendations outlined by CASEL related to how schools as institutions can promote social-emotional development.
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Alsaif, Mohammed. "Factors affecting citizens' adoption of e-government moderated by socio-cultural values in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4851/.
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This study aims to consider the problems associated with the low response of citizens to the adoption of e-government in developing Arab countries, with a predominant focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study has validated the UTAUT in Saudi Arabia and has extend the theory by including further variable such as the trust, compatibility, awareness and the service quality which proposed to influence citizens adoption of e-government in Saudi Arabia. As the adoption consider as an efficient method to evaluate the success of the implementation. It is necessary for this new innovation to be tailored to citizens’ wishes, and taking into account the religious, cultural, traditional and other beliefs to ensure the widespread adoption of this innovation. The finding reveals that performance expectancy is the strong predictor of the intention to use e-government followed by the trust of the internet. On the other hand, intention to use behaviour, computer self-efficacy and availability of resources found to be significant predictors of the usage behaviour.
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Tatti, Rossella. "Negotiating cultural identity through eating habits: Second-generation immigrants talk about memories, values and cultural heritage attached to food." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22481.
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This thesis explores eating habits among seven second-generation immigrants born, raised and living in Scania, southern Sweden. It does so by using a thematic analysis of data gathered through semi-structured interviews. The theoretical framework combines Douglas’ symbolism, Bandura’s social learning theory and acculturation models. The results show that interviewees maintain memories from childhood and emotions attached to eating habits; parents play an important role in shaping the individuals’ habits as well as their successful assimilation of the majority traditions. Moreover, there is a general preference for social eating rather than eating alone, and a strong connection between traditional food and cultural belonging. Differences in eating habits were recognized as reasons of discrimination and feelings of alienation. However, thanks to their parent’s influence, interviewees negotiate the different cultural realities they live in. The findings contribute to research in the sociology of food and eating and can be employed in policy development.
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Mohamed, Harith Sophia. "A Compromised Legacy? Investigating the embodiment of Olympism values within the Olympic bidding process." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35403.
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The international and commercialised recognition of the Olympic Games can bring upon prestigious benefits to a country's Olympic Games legacy. Due to this, candidate cities have capitalised on this opportunity to leverage their bids to successfully secure hosting rights. Consequently, this has commodified the bidding process, which has intensified the competition and the declining number of bids over recent years. Thus, jeopardising the legitimacy of the Olympic Games bids to its true values of Olympism. Hence, utilising a semi-systematic literature review, this thesis aims to investigate the extent and in what ways the Olympic Games bids have embodied the values of Olympism. Specifically exploring within three case-study examples; the Beijing 2008; the London 2012; and the Rio De Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Adopting a thematic analysis and theoretical framework, findings have noted four overarching themes that influence the leveraging of bids; Economical, Political, Globalisation and the Public (Social). Further, and to a vague extent, the selected Olympic Games bids embodied the values of Olympism as secondary and appear to be a by-product of a prominent agenda that reflects the ebb and flow of politics and economics of the respective host-city. Interestingly, by examining the Olympism philosophy and legacy this may not be an issue due to its abstract construction and lack of precision, which has enabled great flexibility. As a resolution, this thesis calls for the values to be measurable and the implementation of evaluative committees that span beyond the Olympic Games to ensure Olympism values and its legacy is embodied successfully.
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Thuresson, Christoffer. "Kritik av värdegrunden : Att förankra en kultur." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1372.
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<p>The values of the Swedish school system is said to be rooted in the ethics of Christianity and western humanism. Critics say that this expression can be seen as a sign of an obscured eurocentrism when world-wide accepted values is said to be cared for by Christianity and the west. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the politicians argue on this issue, why the values of the Swedish school system should be said to be cared for by the ethics of Christianity and the western humanism. I also want to examine if these arguments in fact corresponds with the worldview of eurocentrism. The examination consists of a discourse analysis review of, for example, journals of the Swedish parliament, which is later compared with the theories of eurocentrism.</p><p>I believe the argumentation can be categorized in three main categories: first a conservative ideological perspective where they are driven by the notion that the Swedish culture could be defined by establishing and defending its foundations; a philosophical/religious perspective where they want to justify the indisputable values they believe should be maintained in the schools; a eurocentric/psychological perspective where they tend to express the Swedish identity by defining what is typically characteristic of “us” and typically characteristic of “the others”. More than that, they seem to be making allowances for the fact that the political situation demands it. The debates are more or less imprinted by a eurocentric discourse, and there are significant differences between the different parties as well as between the political blocks.</p>
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Demirel, Valentina, and Mergime Fazlic. "Normer och värden -En kvalitativ textanalys och systematisk litteraturstudie om normer och värden, ur ett historiskt och nutida perspektiv." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-79569.
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The world wars in the 20th century did not only influence the Swedish society, but also the Swedish school system and its reforms. The focus was now to foster the pupils to become democratic citizens, that are sympathetic, tolerant and exhibit solidarity with their fellow human beings. The aim of this qualitative text analysis and systematic literature study is to analyze and compile how norms and values took their form in three different Swedish school reforms, from a historic and contemporary perspective. With peer-reviewed scientifical studies, we gain an understanding of challenges and solutions, in the application of these norms and values in the daily school activities. The study is a compilation of reviewed encyclopedias, literature and laws. Findings show that norms and values in the Swedish school reforms have changed drastically, especifically between 1955 and 2011. The current norms and values came to pass in 1994 and remains unchanged until now. These reforms are emphasized in a distinct and nuanced chapter. There appears to be a general lack of training and qualification in this field. This lack of competence among teachers makes it harder for them to handle situations where the norms and values are being challenged. Teachers face difficulty in using the right meta-language in transferring the new norms and values to the pupils. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that educators are adequately trained in this field, to be able to tackle myriads of valuechallenging situations and to have a more authentic open classroom where all pupils' voices are heard, thereby, promoting democracy and human rights within Swedish educational institutions.
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Schewenius, Maria. "Trees, Temples and Technology : Social values and ecosystem services in a changing urban context, the case of Bangalore." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-179322.
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The pressure on natural resources in urban areas increases as cities grow in size and populations; however, informal institutions as norms and values by ‘common people’ can play a major role for protection of urban greens. As the city of Bangalore, India, rapidly grows in size and population, its green areas are disappearing. In rural parts of India, local people’s notion of certain ecosystems as sacred has rendered the ecosystems protection and contributed to sustenance of ecosystem services’ generation. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of stewardship of urban greens in a changing social context, focusing on religious beliefs and practices surrounding trees in Bangalore. It focuses on the cultural dimension of ecosystem services and connects previous research on sacred groves in rural areas with research on stewardship of urban greens. Methods include interview surveys with visitors to five focus sites of religious significance representing the city's four major religions; semi-structured interviews with key informants; and observations. Results show that on the Hindu sites -the study’s main focus- in the city, a range of trees were sacred themselves and revered through a set of practices. On the other sites, trees were rather an incorporated part of the land areas with religious significance. On all sites a set of cultural services was appreciated as generated by trees. Furthermore, visitors had a strong stake in the trees but the experienced levels of capacity to secure the trees’ protection differed between the sites. The study concludes that ‘common people’ are crucial stakeholders for ecosystem stewardship that ensures protection of the urban greens in Bangalore. The different religions in the city provide a multi-faceted protection of different types of urban greens. The level of protection is the outcome of a complex web of community values and norms, where sacredness is one included element.
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Barnholdt, Linnea, and Sarah Persson. "Värdegrundsarbete med identitetsutveckling i fokus - Values education focusing on developing student’ identity." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34518.
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Our study is about values education and the teachers’ work with it. The purpose with the study have been to develop our knowledge about schools’ work with values education, but also get an insight in differences and similarities among teachers. We have figured out how teachers can work with values and how this work can be connected with identity. A big part of the students’ identity is created during their childhood and time in school and the teachers’ job is to give those students the right tools to develop both emotionally and in terms of knowledge. By performing interviews we have been able to construct a basis for discussion about the teachers’ work with values education connected to previous research and theory such as Erik Homburger Eriksons concepts about values and identity. Our study shows that teachers’ values education is largely integrated into the basic education plan. The teachers use tools such as media and values exercises but the most important thing is the communication between teacher and student. Both the teachers and students are supposed to be role models for each other and in the classroom an open and forgiving basis for discussion is of importance. Students’ creation of identity and values education goes hand in hand. Through the work with values students’ identities are developed
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Murphy, Brian Matthew. "Cross-sector social partnerships: value creation and capabilities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81986.
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Aquesta tesi s’organitza en un compendi de tres articles individuals, tot i que estan interrelacionats, que se centren en diversos aspectes de les relacions interorganitzatives (RIO) entre sectors, en les quals es formen aliances entre empreses i organitzacions de la societat civil per tractar problemàtiques socials complexes. L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball és contribuir a les obres de referència sobre aliances intersectorials a partir de l’anàlisi d’especificitats de les habilitats que es requereixen per involucrar-se, de manera eficaç, en RIO en què els objectius dels partners i els de l’aliança difereixen enormement de les aliances entre empreses. El primer article, “Through Indigenous Lenses: Cross-sector collaborations with fringe stakeholders” (Murphy i Arenas, 2010), il•lustrat a partir de tres casos d’estudi, proposa un marc per a la construcció d’un pont intercultural i un model per a la creació de valor en les col•laboracions intersectorials entre empreses i parts interessades de la perifèria. El segon article, “Value Creation in Cross-Sector Collaborations: Increasing influence for competitive advantage” (Murphy, Arenas i Batista), que es basa en una enquesta duta a terme entre 362 directius espanyols de múltiples sectors, analitza els efectes i la interacció de les experiències de gestió anteriors a l’aliança i l’alineació de les missions, les estratègies i els valors dels partners en l’èxit de les col•laboracions intersectorials. Finalment, l’article “A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation in Cross-Sector Collaborations” (Murphy, Perrot i Rivera-Santos, 2012), recolzat per dos casos d’estudi, presenta el concepte de capacitat relacional per a la innovació social, un model relacionat amb la capacitat d’absorció, però més adequat al context de l’aprenentatge i la innovació en les col•laboracions entre sectors en mercats de subsistència.<br>Esta tesis se organiza en un compendio de tres artículos individuales, aunque interrelacionados, que se centran en distintos aspectos de las relaciones interorganizacionales (RIO) entre sectores, en las que se forman alianzas entre empresas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil para tratar problemáticas sociales complejas. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a las obras de referencia sobre alianzas intersectoriales a partir del análisis de especificidades de las habilidades que se requieren para involucrarse, de forma eficaz, en RIO en las que los objetivos de los partners y los de la alianza difieren enormemente de las alianzas entre empresas. El primer artículo, “Through Indigenous Lenses: Cross-sector collaborations with fringe stakeholders” (Murphy y Arenas, 2010), ilustrado a partir de tres casos de estudio, propone un marco para la construcción de un puente intercultural y un modelo para la creación de valor en las colaboraciones intersectoriales entre empresas y partes interesadas de la periferia. El segundo artículo, “Value Creation in Cross-Sector Collaborations: Increasing influence for competitive advantage” (Murphy, Arenas y Batista), basado en una encuesta llevada a cabo entre 362 directivos españoles de múltiples sectores, analiza los efectos y la interacción de las experiencias de gestión anteriores a la alianza y la alineación de las misiones, las estrategias y los valores de los partners en el éxito de las colaboraciones intersectoriales. Finalmente, el artículo “A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation in Cross-Sector Collaborations” (Murphy, Perrot y Rivera-Santos, 2012), respaldado por dos casos de estudio, presenta el concepto de capacidad relacional para la innovación social, un modelo relacionado con la capacidad de absorción, pero más adecuado al contexto del aprendizaje y la innovación en las colaboraciones entre sectores en mercados de subsistencia.<br>This thesis is organized in a compendium of three individual, though interrelated, articles that focus on various aspects of cross-sector inter-organizational relationships (IORs), where alliances between firms and civil-society organizations are formed to address complex societal dilemmas. The overall goal of this work is to contribute to the literature on cross-sector alliances by exploring the specificities of capabilities required to engage effectively in IORs where partners and alliance goals differ greatly from business-to-business alliances. The first article, “Through Indigenous Lenses: Cross-sector collaborations with fringe stakeholders” (Murphy and Arenas, 2010), illustrated through three case studies, proposes a framework for cross-cultural bridge building and a model for value creation in cross-sector collaborations between businesses and fringe stakeholders. The second article, “Value Creation in Cross-Sector Collaborations: Increasing Influence for Competitive Advantage” (Murphy, Arenas and Batista), based on a survey conducted among 362 Spanish managers across multiple sectors, analyzes the effects and interaction of prior alliance management experience and the alignment of partners’ missions, strategies and values on the success of cross-sector collaborations. Finally, the article “A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation in Cross-Sector Collaborations” (Murphy, Perrot and Rivera-Santos, 2012), supported by two case studies, introduces the concept of Relational Capacity for Social Innovation, a model related to Absorptive Capacity, but better suited to the context of learning and innovation in cross-sector collaborations in subsistence marketplaces.
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Wang, Yajiao. "Changing media, changing cultural values - Chinese young adults' micro-blog usage and cultural values." Scholarly Commons, 2013. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/209.
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This study investigated the relationship between Chinese young adults' usage of micro-blog and their cultural values. Data was collected from a group-administered survey, which was constituted by 484 students aged from 17 to 30 in variety majors in five colleges in Beijing. Results answered two research questions, indicating that there is a strong relationship between traditional cultural values' changes in Chinese young adults and micro-blog usage. The results also indicated that the more Chinese young adults engaged in micro-blog usage, the more likely they would show distinctive features in both Eastern and Western cultural values. In other words, highly active Chinese micro-blog users have crossed the Eastern and Western cultural boundaries and are developing bicultural identity due to globalization in media environment.
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Rodrigues, Antonio M. M. "Social evolution in class-structured populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e97720c2-f2c0-4fd9-9413-a1a7695069df.
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Inclusive fitness theory concerns the study of social traits. Often, individuals differ in their phenotype (e.g. size, weight, nutritional state) independently of their genetic make up, that is, individuals differ in their quality. Individuals can then be classified into different “classes” according to their quality, which enable us to understand social evolution in class-structured populations. This is important because individuals in natural populations often differ in quality, either because of intrinsic factors (e.g. size), or extrinsic factors (e.g. resource availability). My thesis concerns the evolution of social traits in class-structured populations. In chapter 1, I make a brief introduction to my thesis, providing the abstract of each chapter. In chapter 2, I outline a general theory of individual quality, where I show how individual quality impacts social evolution in two fundamental ways. In chapter 3, I show that resource heterogeneity greatly influences the evolution of conditional social behaviour. In chapter 4, I show that temporal group-size heterogeneity promotes the evolution of both conditional helping and harming. In chapter 5, I analyse the effect of individual quality on kin selection. I find that individual quality has an important impact in kin selection, which can lead to extreme forms of social behaviour. In chapter 6, I show that stable environments promote the evolution of negative density-dependent dispersal, while unstable environments promote the evolution of positive density-dependent dispersal. In chapter 7, I show that budding and low local quality promote the evolution of dispersal and cooperation.
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Ebeling, Sarah, and Kiran Gustafsson. "Aspirations, possibilities and limitations–Indian middleclass students' view on future career and related values." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28876.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how middle class, secondary school students in Bangalore view their future in the background context of individualist and collectivist influences, traditionally related to Western respectively Eastern culture. The objectives are as follows:How do secondary school students view their future in terms of further studies and work opportunities and what possibilities and/or limitations do they identify? What in relation to this are some of the underlying, deciding factors?What values do secondary school students take into account while considering a future career? To what extent can these values be related to the general distinctions between collectivism and individualism, traditionally related to Eastern and Western culture?Theoretical terms used in the thesis are the sociological concepts of individualism and collectivism and Krumboltz’s social learning theory, a constructivist career theory. This is a qualitative study, interviews were used to examine eight students’ views about their future as well as values related to this.The main conclusions of the study are that the students in general are very positive about their future, they believe in themselves and their abilities and rate the likeliness of reaching their goals as high. All of them want to move on to further studies, studying and working abroad is also something that is appealing to many of them. One of the possible limitations is lack of money. Deciding factors include own interests and abilities, family’s opinions, social class and external factors like labor market. Values concerning family, education and work are for the most part collectivist but some strong individualist features can also be seen, such as choosing a vocation based on your interest.
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Ng, Yin-ling. "The role of global culture and values in regard to the family life cycle in Hong Kong with specific regard to young adults' perceptions of marriage, parenthood and family responsibility in late modernity." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/22782/.
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Globalization is changing the traditional models of family and family interaction. Considerable social, economic and demographic changes have taken place in advanced societies, leading to wide-ranging changes in the family. In Hong Kong, young people’s perception on family seems changing rapidly as well. This study attempts to explore and examine the possible effects of global culture and values on local Chinese cultural heritage with specific regard to young adults’ perceptions on marriage, parenthood and family obligation in the global world of late modernity where conditions of risks and uncertainties require careful illumination. The emphasis is upon the ways in which local Chinese culture responds to globalization from the perspective of family developmental theory and eco-systemic approach. The research is a cross-sectional multi-methods exploration of attitudes held by young people about family building in Hong Kong, utilizing focus groups, survey and individual interviews as the key research techniques. It adopts non-probability sampling in the three stages of the research that includes a mix of purposive and snowball sampling in six focus groups; quota sampling in a survey with 1132 young people being interviewed and purposive sampling in semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest that in Hong Kong society, traditional Chinese moral values are still emphasized and endorsed, but it is observed that some western global values have begun to take root and these values might, according to the findings, be increasingly represented within the Hong Kong young people’s values systems. Today young people experience challenges and changes in family-related roles and personal lifestyles. Complete transition to adulthood has been delayed with increased dependence on parents. The consequences of this for Hong Kong family life remains however an unfolding story. In addition, this study examines various constraints to family building and implications for new policy and programme responses are discussed as well.
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Sainio, Hanna-Kaisa Maaria. "CSR in Brazil : The impact of culture and values." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148222.
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CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, is growingly being adopted in Brazilian companies and other organizations. The literature about the phenomenon suggests that in Brazil, like in many developing countries, the nature of CSR is strongly based on philanthropic culture for historical, political, and social reasons. Another explanation is the weak institutional framework, practically forcing non-governmental actors such as the private sector to take responsibility over social issues. This study aims to explore and analyze the values and culture behind CSR decisions and practices in Brazil. The method used is qualitative, a descriptive content analysis, interpreting the GIFE Census 2014 with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, and the World Values Survey 2014 of Brazil. The study findings show a strong tradition of collectivism, hierarchies, and power distance, the claimed institutional weakness, but also some cross-sectoral alignment of CSR practices. In CSR decisions, companies and corporate organizations seem economically more effective, but socially less inclusive. Individual and community organizations, and quite extensively also family organizations practice larger stakeholder inclusion, yet are more bureaucratic in their operations. Stakeholder participation could be described partly superficial and quite philanthropic, seen in the nature of social investments and activities. Values and culture can be combined to the decisions and practices of all management formats, but probably for different reasons. International influence is visible through the presence of MNCs, but also as a part of individual and community organizations through stakeholder activism and investments.
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Johannesson, Johan, and den Bos Clara van. "What affects your shopping? : The impacts of values on Swedish tomato consumption." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40436.
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The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine what values influence Swedish consumers when purchasing tomatoes. Previous research show that there are many factors and attributes that consumers choose from. These aspects included health, low price, labelling of products, knowledge of what labels stand for, trust in the information of the packaging and appearance of the product. The values that were investigated in this study were conceptualized by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. They both have similar theories of national cultures, which they explained by making cultural dimension scales. These were based on values that can be identified in cultures. The cultural dimensions were individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, high or low uncertainty avoidance, long or short-term orientation, how humans relate to the environment and individualism versus communitarianism. To investigate this, the following research questions were asked; (1) what factors/attributes are important to Swedish consumers when purchasing tomatoes, (2) what values are prominent in Swedish consumers and (3) what the relations between factors/attributes and values regarding Swedish tomato consumption are. In order to answer this, a survey was answered by 310 respondents. To understand why consumers value different factors/attributes, and possibly change consumption patterns, it is important to know what influences consumers. The results showed that the factors/attributes investigated proved to be more or less equally important no matter what pole of the different dimensions the respondents belonged to. Finally, some parts of the results did not correspond with previous research, the main difference was that low price was not considered as important as previous research showed.
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Haluzan, Sofie. "Den professionella relationens betydelse i arbetet med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26592.
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Background: Individuals with intellectual disability are vulnerable to loneliness and face barriers and challenges when it comes to opportunities creating social relationships. Their social network are comprised mainly of family members and professionals. Working with individuals with an intellectual disability require interaction and creating a relationship. Professionals have a key role in supporting individual rights and opportunities regarding social inclusion. Purpose: The aim of this litterature review is to describe previous research of the professional relationship and attitudes when working with individuals who have an intellectual disability. This study aims to explore the meaning of the professional relationship and how professionals balance between what they want to do and what they can do within the professional relationship. Method: A qualitative approach was chosen, including a thematic content analysis based on 22 articles. Two main themes emerged: 1) The meaning of the relationship and 2) The professional framework. Result and conclusion: The professionals approach to the relationship, individual values and the organisational structure, affects how the relationship with individuals with an intellectual disability is established, shaped and managed. The professional framework involves power to shape the relationship and thus affect the individual rights and possibilites to social inclusion.
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Schou, Mette. "SFI - as an Agenda for Internalizing Swedish Norms and Values." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23687.
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This study examines the adult Swedish language education for immigrants, SFI, as a system with functions in the Swedish society. The practical teaching of the Swedish language is lifted out and the remaining knowledge is studied. The aim is to apply a system theoretical approach in order to describe how SFI has different functions in society and furthermore, how the knowledge SFI mediates also have functions. Parsons’ system theory serves as the theoretical foundation for this study, but a perspective of stereotypes as well as infantilization broadens the study. The empirical material which this study is based on is gathered through 13 classroom observations and six interviews. The material shows that SFI has the functions to inform, affect, prepare and prevent immigrants in different ways. It concerns matters such as democratic and equal values, medical care, dental care and the tax system. All these functions aim to change the behaviors and thoughts of immigrants so that their behaviors and thoughts better correspond with those of other members of the Swedish society. Noticed and addressed is that these functions appear to have somewhat stereotyping and infantilizing consequences. Thus, SFI as an institution plays a significant part in the integration process of immigrants.
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Duphorn, Walter. "Uses and Issues – The case of Visby Cathedral : An analysis of values and frictions associated with usage at a venue that is both cultural heritage and an active religious institution." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384631.
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This thesis is a case study of Visby Cathedral, cultural heritage with a rich history that has been an active site of worship since medieval times. This has resulted in an interest in the cathedral as a tourist destination which has increased exponentially since the city became a world heritage. The main aim of this thesis was to see how the heritagization of the cathedral affects it through the public uses that take place within the cathedral to see which values are promoted. Following this the frictions that are caused by the uses was studied to garner a better understanding of how the identity of the cathedral was impacted on both internal and external levels. My hypothesis going in was that much of the identifiable frictions were caused by the difference between the religious and cultural identity of the cathedral. In the analysis four use-categories with separate key functions: Religious, Art & Music, Political and Tourism. While all usages did not cause friction, all categories did to varying degrees of severity. The religious use still appears to be the core influencing factor since the recent incorporation of the overriding values of inclusion of acceptance originated within these uses which inspire all categories of use. Much of the experienced friction appears to be the result of push-back to these values. This could indicate that to a clash between modern cultural ideas and traditional Christian perspectives are at the core of the issues as the hypothesis suggested but the different nature and number of identifiable values and frictions at play suggests that while this is likely a factor, it is not the only one.
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Sichone, Tawonga. "Social Workers on Child Protection, in Conflict with Community Norms and Values : A Case Study of a Community Based-Organisation in Malawi." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163900.
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The study focused on highlighting challenges faced by social workers in child protection, the similarities, and differences in child protection values between the two parties and how social workers are perceived. This was with the problem that social workers face difficulties or clashes with the local community and specifically on cultural and traditional elements, although some surprising factors emerged as the study progressed. The study was qualitative with purposive sampling and used individual interviews for social workers and group interviews for community members in data collection. In general, the study involved both deductive and inductive approaches of research. In terms of specific qualitative data analysis, it involved phenomenology. Theories used in the study are the systems theory, utilitarianism, cultural universalism, and relativism. The findings indicated that social workers face challenges including Lack of Adequate Resources; differences of how families raise children; blame on the Social Worker; priority differences between culture, tradition and social work; spiritual and religious beliefs as a barrier; children and/or parents/guardians do not report due to shame and clients complained about procedures by social workers. It concluded that the major problem was the manner of approach and interaction between the community and social worker and that if the social workers follow cultural procedures and include community members more with the aid of adequate resources in some areas. In such, social work practice could be made better and this could pave a way for new related studies.
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Hack, Niklas Johannes. "The Values of Olympism in Conformance with Rule 50.2 of the Olympic Charter." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29373.
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The objective of this thesis is to illuminate and analyse how the values of Olympism are coherent with Rule 50.2 of the Olympic Charter.In order to carry out this assignment the Case Study is chosen as research design. The data are collected by a semi-systematic literature review, using secondary data and IOC policy documents. In the first part of the analysis the content of the continuously evolving narrative of Olympism is analysed using a thematic narrative analysis. The second part of the analysis aims at highlighting the role of Rule 50.2 in regard to the values of Olympism and builds upon the results of the previous analysis. Furthermore, it looks at the athletes’ position in this institutional structure, drawing upon the theoretical framework using the concept of power by Foucault (1980) and Giddens (1984). It is conducted using aspects of CDA which aids to point out the power relations defined by the Olympic Charter and expressed by Rule 50.2.1The narrative analysis concludes that the notion of Olympism is not a neutral term but subject to change according to geographic location, historic, socio-cultural and political background. The values of Olympism are currently in a contended state. They are being adopted in an increasing commercial context and discourse which is taking place around the Olympic Games. Multinational Corporations and external interests are gaining influence on the Olympic Movement, yet athletes are frequently denied the access to implement power.Rule 50.2 of the Olympic Charter, which prohibits athletes from demonstrating can be seen as a prime example of the ambiguities of the Olympic Movement. Which in the Olympic Charter claims the goal to improve human rights, and an apolitical character, but simultaneously denies its athletes the right of freedom of expression. Rule 50.2 and acting accordingly can be seen in relation to Foucault's (1980) “mechanics of power”, which makes visible how the dominant discourse of commercialisation is influencing the behavior of society and institutions. For athletes to gain more impact and power on the macro level, it is crucial to educate themselves and adopt a critical self-consciousness by applying Giddens (1984) notion of reflexive monitoring.
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Wright, Jack. "Pluralism and social epistemology in economics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290423.
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Economics plays a significant role in decision-making in contemporary western societies, but its role is increasingly questioned. A recurring topic among the challenges raised by critics is that economics as a discipline lacks sufficient pluralism. That is, it fails to enable, encourage, and respect the use of different ontologies, methodologies, theories, and/or schools of thought to study economic reality. Has this been a productive critique? Does talk about pluralism help identify genuine problems in the discipline? Pluralism in economics could draw support from the current consensus in philosophy that pluralism in science is a good thing. I argue, however, that the claim that economic research is insufficiently pluralist is unlikely to convince economists who believe economics is already pluralist enough and that it does not offer unambiguous recommendations for change. This is because there are too many legitimate ways to interpret how pluralism maps to practice. There are numerous variables that pluralist ideals might focus on-the things that they seek multiple rather than one of-and different interpretations of how many of those variables economics has in practice. Yet, as I go on to argue, this does not mean that talk of pluralism is entirely beside the point, since the reasons pluralists offer for their ideals do help to identify genuine problems in economics. The social epistemic strategies that arguments for pluralism recommend point us to three concrete issues in the way economic research is organised: gender imbalances, a steep internal hierarchy, and a dismissive attitude to outsiders. I show that economic research could be more progressive, representative of the interests of those in society, accepted, and legitimate and less likely to fall into bias if the discipline alleviated its gender imbalances, if it were less hierarchical, and if it had a healthier relationship with outsiders. In chapter 1, I outline the debate about pluralism in economics and explain how my thesis utilises a novel approach to social epistemology to offer a way out of the impasse in which that the debate presently resides. In chapter 2, I explain the different philosophical arguments for pluralism in science and categorise them using the variables they focus on and the reasons they give for pluralism. In chapter 3, I argue that interpreting pluralism as a particular arrangement of variables for economics to attain does not lead to unambiguous recommendations for change because it leaves too much open. Yet, I go on to argue, in chapter 4, that drawing on the reasons for pluralism can provide a set of heuristics for piecemeal evaluations of the social epistemic practices in economics. In chapters 5, 6, and 7, I apply these heuristics to economics. I provide evidence that [a] women are outnumbered in economics and face an adverse environment in the discipline, that [b] economics is steeply hierarchical, and that [c] economists form an in-group that assumes superiority and frequently dismisses outside voices. I argue that these three features of economic research block avenues for productive forms of feedback (mechanisms that help to challenge, justify, and refine scientific knowledge), block the interests of certain perspectives being heard, and block public scrutiny of the decisions made by economists.