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1

Schmidt, Justin O. "Pain and Lethality Induced by Insect Stings: An Exploratory and Correlational Study." Toxins 11, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070427.

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Pain is a natural bioassay for detecting and quantifying biological activities of venoms. The painfulness of stings delivered by ants, wasps, and bees can be easily measured in the field or lab using the stinging insect pain scale that rates the pain intensity from 1 to 4, with 1 being minor pain, and 4 being extreme, debilitating, excruciating pain. The painfulness of stings of 96 species of stinging insects and the lethalities of the venoms of 90 species was determined and utilized for pinpointing future directions for investigating venoms having pharmaceutically active principles that could benefit humanity. The findings suggest several under- or unexplored insect venoms worthy of future investigations, including: those that have exceedingly painful venoms, yet with extremely low lethality—tarantula hawk wasps (Pepsis) and velvet ants (Mutillidae); those that have extremely lethal venoms, yet induce very little pain—the ants, Daceton and Tetraponera; and those that have venomous stings and are both painful and lethal—the ants Pogonomyrmex, Paraponera, Myrmecia, Neoponera, and the social wasps Synoeca, Agelaia, and Brachygastra. Taken together, and separately, sting pain and venom lethality point to promising directions for mining of pharmaceutically active components derived from insect venoms.
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2

Schoeters, E., J. Billen, and J. O. Schmidt. "Venom gland morphology in Pepsis pallidolimbata pallidolimbata and biological use and activity of Pepsis venom." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-122.

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Spider wasps, i.e., the family Pompilidae, in general, and those belonging to the genus Pepsis in particular, are acknowledged to possess venoms that are algogenic to humans and thus have the parsimonious functions of causing paralysis and providing defense against predators. The morphological organization of the venom system and its complex convoluted gland closely resembles that in social members of the Vespidae. These features distinguish the venom glands of the Pompilidae from those of the sibling family Mutillidae as well as those of the family Sphecidae, which lack convoluted glands. Although the venom glands in Pepsis species are very similar in morphology to those of social vespids, the lethality of Pepsis venom to mammals is several times less than that of the social common wasps. These findings suggest that in terms of the evolution of venom activity and the associated glandular structures, there was apparently no need for social wasps to develop extra parts of the venom system for producing toxic, lethal, or powerful algogenic components. All of the glandular parts of the venom gland of social wasps were already present in pompilids (and eumenids) and, presumably, in their ancestors.
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3

Abd El-Wahed, Aida, Nermeen Yosri, Hanem H. Sakr, Ming Du, Ahmed F. M. Algethami, Chao Zhao, Ahmed H. Abdelazeem, et al. "Wasp Venom Biochemical Components and Their Potential in Biological Applications and Nanotechnological Interventions." Toxins 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030206.

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Wasps, members of the order Hymenoptera, are distributed in different parts of the world, including Brazil, Thailand, Japan, Korea, and Argentina. The lifestyles of the wasps are solitary and social. Social wasps use venom as a defensive measure to protect their colonies, whereas solitary wasps use their venom to capture prey. Chemically, wasp venom possesses a wide variety of enzymes, proteins, peptides, volatile compounds, and bioactive constituents, which include phospholipase A2, antigen 5, mastoparan, and decoralin. The bioactive constituents have anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the limited quantities of wasp venom and the scarcity of advanced strategies for the synthesis of wasp venom’s bioactive compounds remain a challenge facing the effective usage of wasp venom. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is currently used to prepare wasp venom peptides and their analogs such as mastoparan, anoplin, decoralin, polybia-CP, and polydim-I. The goal of the current review is to highlight the medicinal value of the wasp venom compounds, as well as limitations and possibilities. Wasp venom could be a potential and novel natural source to develop innovative pharmaceuticals and new agents for drug discovery.
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4

Palma, Mario Sergio. "Exploring the arsenal of peptide toxins from the venoms of social wasps for the rational development of novel therapeutic drugs." Toxicon 168 (October 2019): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.038.

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5

Brigatte, P., Y. Cury, B. M. de Souza, N. B. Baptista-Saidemberg, D. M. Saidemberg, V. P. Gutierrez, and Mario Sérgio Palma. "Hyperalgesic and edematogenic effects of peptides isolated from the venoms of honeybee (Apis mellifera) and neotropical social wasps (Polybia paulista and Protonectarina sylveirae)." Amino Acids 40, no. 1 (February 24, 2010): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0512-8.

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6

Olson, Eric J. "Parachartergus fraternus(Gribodo) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Uses Venom When Taking Caterpillar Prey." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 103, no. 1-2 (2000): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/62738.

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A forager of the eusocial waspParachartergus fraternusused its venom to subdue an unidentified small caterpillar, and anotherP. fraternusforager repeatedly stung a large saturniid caterpillar. In both instances, the wasp stung the larva and then waited nearby until the prey was fully paralyzed before biting it into manageable packets of meat. A review of the literature on social wasp foraging yielded no similar observations of a social wasp using venom when killing prey. Elements of the foraging behavior ofP. fraternusare also seen in the foraging behavior of the Eumeninae, the solitary wasp taxon most closely related to eusocial wasps.
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7

Yoon, Kyungjae Andrew, Kyungmun Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Woo Young Bang, Neung-Ho Ahn, Chang-Hwan Bae, Joo-Hong Yeo, and Si Hyeock Lee. "Characterization of Venom Components and Their Phylogenetic Properties in Some Aculeate Bumblebees and Wasps." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010047.

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To identify and compare venom components and expression patterns, venom gland-specific transcriptome analyses were conducted for 14 Aculeate bees and wasps. TPM (transcripts per kilobase million) values were normalized using the average transcription level of a reference housekeeping gene (dimethyladenosine transferase). Orthologous venom component genes across the 14 bee and wasp species were identified, and their relative abundance in each species was determined by comparing normalized TPM values. Based on signal sequences in the transcripts, the genes of novel venom components were identified and characterized to encode potential allergens. Most of the allergens and pain-producing factors (arginine kinase, hyaluronidase, mastoparan, phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, and venom allergen 5) showed extremely high expression levels in social wasps. Acid phosphatase, neprilysin, and tachykinin, which are known allergens and neurotoxic peptides, were found in the venom glands of solitary wasps more often than in social wasps. In the venom glands of bumblebees, few or no transcripts of major allergens or pain-producing factors were identified. Taken together, these results indicate that differential expression patterns of the venom genes in some Aculeate species imply that some wasps and bumblebee species have unique groups of highly expressed venom components. Some venom components reflected the Aculeate species phylogeny, but others did not. This unique evolution of specific venom components in different groups of some wasps and bumblebee species might have been shaped in response to both ecological and behavioral influences.
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8

Mendonça, Angelica, Rafaella Caroline Bernardi, Ellen Liciane Barbosa Firmino, Luis Humberto da Cunha Andrade, Sandro Marcio Lima, Wedson Desidério Fernandes, and William Fernando Antonialli Junior. "Evaluation of Inter and Intraspecific Differences in the Venom Chemical Compositions of Polybia paulista Wasps and Ectatomma brunneum Ants Using FTIR-PAS." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.4308.

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Wasps can synthesize chemical compounds called venom whose function is to overcome prey and assist in defense of the colonies. Geographic Parameters such as sex, age, the season of the year, and diet determined the composition of the venom location, genetics, environment. However, studies on the compositional variability of venom are still limited due to the difficulty in obtaining samples and the complexity of these substances. This work describes the use of the Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) to investigate inter- and intraspecific variability in the venom chemical composition (VCC) of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Von Ihering 1896) and the ant Ectatomma brunneum (Smith 1858). The results reveal significant differences in VCC among the ant and wasp, even for samples obtained from the same environment. The genetic component, therefore, seemed to be the predominant factor determining the compounds present. The findings also showed that exogenous factors, such as diet, could also be responsible for intraspecific differences, especially in wasps. The FTIR-PAS technique proved to be a reliable way of assessing intra- and interspecific differences in social Hymenoptera VCC.
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9

Shimizu, Toshiaki, Yoshiko Tatsuki, and Naokuni Takeda. "Aromatic Amino Acids in the Venom of the Braconid Parasitoid Apanteles kariyai." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1993): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-1-220.

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The venom gland of the braconid parasitoid, Apanteles kariyai, was morphologically observed with photomicroscope and aromatic amino acids in its venom fluid were chemically analyzed with a three-dimensional HPLC svstem-coulometric ECD. Tyrosine (TYR-4) → tyramine (TYRA) → hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPAC-4) and tryptophan (TRP) → kynurenine (KYN) were the detected metabolic pathways. This report of venom components of a braconid wasp outlines qualitative differences between this and venom from social wasps.
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10

Harrop, Thomas W. R., Joseph Guhlin, Gemma M. McLaughlin, Elizabeth Permina, Peter Stockwell, Josh Gilligan, Marissa F. Le Lec, et al. "High-Quality Assemblies for Three Invasive Social Wasps from the Vespula Genus." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 28, 2020): 3479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401579.

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Social wasps of the genus Vespula have spread to nearly all landmasses worldwide and have become significant pests in their introduced ranges, affecting economies and biodiversity. Comprehensive genome assemblies and annotations for these species are required to develop the next generation of control strategies and monitor existing chemical control. We sequenced and annotated the genomes of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), German wasp (Vespula germanica), and the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica). Our chromosome-level Vespula assemblies each contain 176–179 Mb of total sequence assembled into 25 scaffolds, with 10–200 unanchored scaffolds, and 16,566–18,948 genes. We annotated gene sets relevant to the applied management of invasive wasp populations, including genes associated with spermatogenesis and development, pesticide resistance, olfactory receptors, immunity and venom. These genomes provide evidence for active DNA methylation in Vespidae and tandem duplications of venom genes. Our genomic resources will contribute to the development of next-generation control strategies, and monitoring potential resistance to chemical control.
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11

Dũng, Nguyễn Tiến, Đỗ Thị Vân Anh, Nguyễn Thị Minh Phương, Bùi Thị Huyền, Phạm Đình Minh, Đỗ Hữu Chí, Nguyễn Thị Phương Liên, Phan Văn Chi, and Lê Thị Bích Thảo. "1Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/2/12342.

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Wasp venoms are complex mixtures of various types of compounds, of which proteins and peptides are major components. Beside its toxicity, wasp venom is potential for treatment of diseases. Characterization of venom proteins and peptides is the first and most important step toward its applications in medicine. Vietnam possesses many valuable materials, of which venoms could be used in medicine. In the present work, we aim to identify proteins and peptides in the venom of Vespa velutina (V. velutina), a species of social wasp indigenous to Southeast Asia including Vietnam using proteomic techniques. The venom isolated from V. velutina by manual extraction was digested with trypsin via the FASP (Filter Aided Sample Preparation) method and analyzed with liquid chromatography tandem - mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The following protein identification, protein validation, and peptide de novo sequencing were carried out using the Peaks software. In total, we detected 36 proteins from V. velutina venom and many of them had been reported as venom-specific proteins. According to Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA), V. velutina venom proteins were functionally classified into five categories: binding proteins (53%), catalytic proteins (33%), structural proteins (8%), antioxidants (4%), and proteins with other functions (2%). In addition, 81 peptides were detected in the venom of V. velutina by de novo sequencing, of which 34 peptides (42%) are potential venom peptides. We introduced for the first time the collection of proteins and peptides from V. velutina venom, providing the basis for its further application in medicine.
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12

Mendonça, Angelica, Kamylla Balbuena Michelutti, Claudia Andrea Lima Carsoso, and William Fernando Antonialli Junior. "Variation in Chemical Composition of Cuticular and Nonpolar Compounds of Venom of Apoica pallens and Polistes versicolor." Sociobiology 66, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i2.3503.

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Although cuticular hydrocarbons and venom are important to the evolutionary success of social behavior, studies that investigated these compounds in tropical social wasps are rare. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cuticular chemical composition and the nonpolar portion of venom of Apoica pallens, a swarm-founding wasp and Polistes versicolor an independent-founding wasp. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used. In the samples of A. pallens, 66 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 87 in venom, 13 are unique of the cuticle and 26 of venom. In the samples of P. versicolor, 85 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 60 in venom, 10 are exclusive of the cuticle and 5 of venom. The results show that, although they present different foundation types and organize in colonies with significantly different population number, the variation in chain length of compounds is relatively similar. In addition, in both types of samples of both species, the most representative class of compounds in content and number are the branched alkanes, which are recognized as the most effective during interactions between nestmates. However, there is greater similarity in content of shared compounds between samples of cuticle and venom of A. pallens, suggesting that because it is a species that is organized in more populous colonies, it may have a more elaborate signaling system based on volatile compounds of venom.
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13

van Huis, Arnold. "Cultural aspects of ants, bees and wasps, and their products in sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 41, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 2223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00410-6.

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AbstractThis study’s purpose was to make an overview of how ants, bees, wasps, and their products, such as honey are utilized, perceived, and experienced in daily life across sub-Saharan Africa. Ethno-entomological information was collected by interviews with more than 300 people from 27 countries and by literature studies. Queens of the ant Carebara vidua are deliberately eaten and unintentionally bee larvae with honey and sugar ants with sugar. Honey, apart from food, is widely used to treat numerous medical problems and as a stimulant (for the memory) or as a cosmetic. In the Qur’an, the medical value of honey is recognized. Seed stores of ants may be harvested by humans. In Sudan, bee stings are used to cure arthritis as bee venom has bioactive properties. Wasp nests are used to cure inflammations such as mumps. Certain insect properties are used in conveying these treatments to persons it is employed to, such as wasps feed do make dogs vicious. Some stories seem to make no sense like the snake-trapping ants in Madagascar, but a scientific explanation is provided. Certain insects’ looks may inspire people to construct stories or have proverbs such as the very narrow waist of wasps, suggesting sterility. Bee swarms and driver ants are feared all over and believed to be employed (by witchdoctors) to punish. Not all stories of events with bees or ants are similar across sub-Saharan Africa. Social insects are also used to stimulate cohesion between people.
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14

Konno, Katsuhiro, Kohei Kazuma, Marisa Rangel, Joacir Stolarz-de-Oliveira, Renato Fontana, Marii Kawano, Hiroyuki Fuchino, Izumi Hide, Tadashi Yasuhara, and Yoshihiro Nakata. "New Mastoparan Peptides in the Venom of the Solitary Eumenine Wasp Eumenes micado." Toxins 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030155.

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Comprehensive LC-MS and MS/MS analysis of the crude venom extract from the solitary eumenine wasp Eumenes micado revealed the component profile of this venom mostly consisted of small peptides. The major peptide components, eumenine mastoparan-EM1 (EMP-EM1: LKLMGIVKKVLGAL-NH2) and eumenine mastoparan-EM2 (EMP-EM2: LKLLGIVKKVLGAI-NH2), were purified and characterized by the conventional method. The sequences of these new peptides are homologous to mastoparans, the mast cell degranulating peptides from social wasp venoms; they are 14 amino acid residues in length, rich in hydrophobic and basic amino acids, and C-terminal amidated. Accordingly, these new peptides can belong to mastoparan peptides (in other words, linear cationic α-helical peptides). Indeed, the CD spectra of these new peptides showed predominantly α-helix conformation in TFE and SDS. In biological evaluation, both peptides exhibited potent antibacterial activity, moderate degranulation activity from rat peritoneal mast cells, and significant leishmanicidal activity, while they showed virtually no hemolytic activity on human or mouse erythrocytes. These results indicated that EMP-EM peptides rather strongly associated with bacterial cell membranes rather than mammalian cell membranes.
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15

Biolchi, Andréia Mayer, Danilo Gustavo Rodrigues de Oliveira, Henrique de Oliveira Amaral, Gabriel Avohay Alves Campos, Jacqueline Coimbra Gonçalves, Adolfo Carlos Barros de Souza, Marcos Robalinho Lima, Luciano Paulino Silva, and Márcia Renata Mortari. "Fraternine, a Novel Wasp Peptide, Protects against Motor Impairments in 6-OHDA Model of Parkinsonism." Toxins 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090550.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). Insect venoms show high molecular variability and selectivity in the CNS of mammals and present potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of PD. In this study, we isolated and identified a component of the venom of the social wasp Parachartergus fraternus and evaluated its neuroprotective activity in the murine model of PD. For this purpose, the venom was filtered and separated through HPLC; fractions were analyzed through mass spectrometry and the active fraction was identified as a novel peptide, called Fraternine. We performed two behavioral tests to evaluate motor discoordination, as well as an apomorphine-induced rotation test. We also conducted an immunohistochemical assay to assess protection in TH+ neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN) region. Group treated with 10 μg/animal of Fraternine remained longer in the rotarod compared to the lesioned group. In the apomorphine test, Fraternine decreased the number of rotations between treatments. This dose also inhibited dopaminergic neuronal loss, as indicated by immunohistochemical analysis. This study identified a novel peptide able to prevent the death of dopaminergic neurons of the SN and recover motor deficit in a 6-OHDA-induced murine model of PD.
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16

Lee, Si, Ji Baek, and Kyungjae Yoon. "Differential Properties of Venom Peptides and Proteins in Solitary vs. Social Hunting Wasps." Toxins 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8020032.

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17

Bissessarsingh, Mario, and Christopher K. Starr. "Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080729.

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The physical features of the stinger are compared in 51 species of vespid wasps: 4 eumenines and zethines, 2 stenogastrines, 16 independent-founding polistines, 13 swarm-founding New World polistines, and 16 vespines. The overall structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform within the family. Although the wasps show a broad range in body size and social habits, the central part of the venom-delivery apparatus—the sting shaft—varies only to a modest extent in length relative to overall body size. What variation there is shows no apparent correlation with social habits. This is consistent with the hypothesis that stinger size is constrained by the demands of a flight-worthy body. The sting lancets bear distinct, acute barbs in all examined species except in members of the Stenogastrinae. Barbs vary considerably among species in number, their summed lengths, and the relative degree of serration (summed length relative to lancet width). Where they are numerous and strong, it increases the likelihood of the stinger remaining fatally embedded in the skin of a vertebrate adversary (sting autotomy). Although an index that combines the number and strength of barbs is a more natural measure of overall serration, the number of barbs alone is almost as good a predictor of the likelihood of sting autotomy. Across the family as a whole, the tendency to sting autotomy is concentrated in the swarm-founding New World polistines.
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18

Dias, Nathalia Batista, Bibiana Monson de Souza, Paulo Cesar Gomes, Patricia Brigatte, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Peptidome profiling of venom from the social wasp Polybia paulista." Toxicon 107 (December 2015): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.013.

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19

Yang, Xinwang, Ying Wang, Wen-Hui Lee, and Yun Zhang. "Antimicrobial peptides from the venom gland of the social wasp Vespa tropica." Toxicon 74 (November 2013): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.056.

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20

Silva, Juliana de Castro e., Fagner Neves Oliveira, Karla Graziela Moreira, Andreia Biolchi Mayer, Daniel Oliveira Freire, Mariana Dornelas Cherobim, Nelson Gomes de Oliveira Junior, Carlos Alberto Schwartz, Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz, and Márcia Renata Mortari. "Pathophysiological effects caused by the venom of the social wasp Synoeca surinama." Toxicon 113 (April 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.005.

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21

Czaikoski, Paula G., Danilo L. Menaldo, Silvana Marcussi, Anne LC Baseggio, André L. Fuly, Rafael C. Paula, Andreza U. Quadros, et al. "Anticoagulant and fibrinogenolytic properties of the venom of Polybia occidentalis social wasp." Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 21, no. 7 (October 2010): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mbc.0b013e32833cea7a.

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22

Fisher, Richard M., and Blair J. Sampson. "MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE BUMBLE BEE SOCIAL PARASITE PSITHYRUS ASHTONI (CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 1 (February 1992): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12469-1.

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AbstractPsithyrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are obligate social parasites of bumble bees (Bombus spp.). Morphological and physiological features of P. ashtoni (Cresson) females, which may facilitate the successful usurpation of host nests, were examined. Parasite females were no larger than B. terricola Kirby queens, although they possessed a number of protective modifications to the exoskeleton, as well as increased offensive armament, including larger mandibles and a longer venom gland. Females of P. ashtoni and P. insularis (Smith) possessed a greater number of ovarioles than host queens, and produced smaller eggs. The Dufour’s glands of the two Psithyrus species were significantly larger than those of B. terricola. There appears to have been considerable convergence in the evolution of socially parasitic lifestyles in bumble bees and wasps (Vespula spp.), presumably as a consequence of similar selective pressures operating on parasites belonging to these distantly related but socially similar taxa.
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23

Oliveira, M. R. "BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND FRACTIONATION VENOM OF SOCIAL WASP POLYBIA (MYRAPETRA) PAULISTA (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE)." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 1, no. 1 (1995): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79301995000100009.

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Baptista-Saidemberg, Nicoli Barão, Daniel Menezes Saidemberg, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Profiling the peptidome of the venom from the social wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes." Journal of Proteomics 74, no. 10 (September 2011): 2123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.004.

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Mendonça, Angélica, Rafaella C. Bernardi Marchiotti, Ellen L. B. Firmino, Pollyanna P. Santos, Denise Sguarizi Antonio, José E. Serrão, Claudia A. L. Cardoso, and William F. Antonialli Junior. "Proteomic analysis of the venom of the social wasp Apoica pallens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 63, no. 4 (October 2019): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2019.10.001.

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26

Schoeters, E., and J. Billen. "Morphology and ultrastructure of a secretory region enclosed by the venom reservoir in social wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera)." Zoomorphology 115, no. 2 (June 1995): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00403255.

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27

Baek, Ji Hyeong, Jung Hun Oh, Young Ho Kim, and Si Hyeock Lee. "Comparative transcriptome analysis of the venom sac and gland of social wasp Vespa tropica and solitary wasp Rhynchium brunneum." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 16, no. 4 (December 2013): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.08.003.

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28

das Neves, Rogério Coutinho, Márcia Renata Mortari, Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz, André Kipnis, and Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis. "Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of Peptides from Venom of Social Wasp and Scorpion on Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii." Toxins 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040216.

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Intravascular stent infection is a rare complication with a high morbidity and high mortality; bacteria from the hospital environment form biofilms and are often multidrug-resistant (MDR). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to bacterial infection treatment. We analyzed the formation of the bacterial biofilm on the vascular stents and also tested the inhibition of this biofilm by AMPs to be used as treatment or coating. Antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm were tested with wasp (Agelaia-MPI, Polybia-MPII, Polydim-I) and scorpion (Con10 and NDBP5.8) AMPs against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. A. baumannii formed a biofilm on the vascular stent. Agelaia-MPI and Polybia-MPII inhibited biofilm formation with bacterial cell wall degradation. Coating biofilms with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and Agelaia-MPI reduced 90% of A. baumannii adhesion on stents. The wasp AMPs Agelaia-MPI and Polybia-MPII had better action against MDR A. baumannii adherence and biofilm formation on vascular stents, preventing its formation and treating mature biofilm when compared to the other tested peptides.
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Costa, H. "BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VENOM OF THE SOCIAL WASP Agelaia pallipes pallipes (HYMENOPTERA - VESPIDAE)." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 3, no. 1 (1997): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79301997000100008.

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Jeanne, Robert L., and Malcolm G. Keeping. "Venom spraying inParachartergus colobopterus: A novel defensive behavior in a social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Journal of Insect Behavior 8, no. 4 (July 1995): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01995317.

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Mortari, MarciaRenata, LilianCarneiro Dos Anjos, JacquelineCoimbra Gonçalves, and BrunaRamos De Araujo. "Antinociceptive activity of the peptide fraction from the venom of social wasp Pseudopolybia vespiceps testacea." Pharmacognosy Magazine 15, no. 61 (2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_238_18.

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Mendes, Maria Anita, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Two new bradykinin-related peptides from the venom of the social wasp Protopolybia exigua (Saussure)." Peptides 27, no. 11 (November 2006): 2632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2006.05.018.

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Turillazzi, Stefano, Claudia Bruschini, Duccio Lambardi, Simona Francese, Igino Spadolini, and Guido Mastrobuoni. "Comparison of the medium molecular weight venom fractions from five species of common social wasps by MALDI-TOF spectra profiling." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 42, no. 2 (2007): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.1152.

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Roberto Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose, Lucilene Delazari dos Santos, Helen Andrade Arcuri, Nathalia Baptista Dias, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Proteomic Characterization of the Hyaluronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.35) from the Venom of the Social Wasp Polybia paulista." Protein & Peptide Letters 19, no. 6 (April 1, 2012): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986612800494039.

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Mortari, Márcia Renata, Lucianna Lopes do Couto, Lilian Carneiro dos Anjos, Caroline Barbosa Farias Mourão, Thalita Soares Camargos, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero Vargas, Fagner Neves Oliveira, Christiano Del Cantoni Gati, Carlos Alberto Schwartz, and Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz. "Pharmacological characterization of Synoeca cyanea venom: An aggressive social wasp widely distributed in the Neotropical region." Toxicon 59, no. 1 (January 2012): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.002.

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Mortari, Marcia Renata, Alexandra Olimpio Siqueira Cunha, Luciana de Oliveira, Eveline Bis Vieira, Erica Aparecida Gelfuso, Joaquim Coutinho-Netto, and Wagner Ferreira dos Santos. "Anticonvulsant and Behavioural Effects of the Denatured Venom of the Social Wasp Polybia occidentalis (Polistinae, Vespidae)." Basic Clinical Pharmacology Toxicology 97, no. 5 (November 2005): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_137.x.

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de Souza, Bibiana Monson, Alessandra Vaso Rodrigues da Silva, Virginia Maria Ferreira Resende, Helen Andrade Arcuri, Marcia Perez dos Santos Cabrera, João Ruggiero Neto, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Characterization of two novel polyfunctional mastoparan peptides from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista." Peptides 30, no. 8 (August 2009): 1387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.008.

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Justo Jacomini, Débora Laís, Franco Dani Campos Pereira, José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Lucilene Delazari dos Santos, Anally Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Mário Sérgio Palma, Ricardo de Lima Zollner, and Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga. "93 Purification of the Allergenic Protein Hyaluronidase From the Venom of Social Wasp Polybia Paulista (Hymenoptera." World Allergy Organization Journal 5 (February 2012): S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000411838.02033.5f.

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Galvao, C. E. S., L. K. Iwai, L. D. Santos, M. A. Mendes, M. S. Palma, F. F. M. Castro, E. Cunha Neto, and J. Kalil. "Identification of the Major Allergens of the Venom from the South American Social Wasp Agelaia Pallipes." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117, no. 2 (February 2006): S308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1216.

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Lopes, Kamila Soares, Maria Varela Torres Quintanilha, Adolfo Carlos Barros de Souza, Fernando Zamudio-Zuñiga, Lourival Domingos Possani, and Márcia Renata Mortari. "Antiseizure potential of peptides from the venom of social wasp Chartergellus communis against chemically-induced seizures." Toxicon 194 (April 2021): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.009.

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Sledge, M. F., F. R. Dani, A. Fortunato, U. Maschwitz, S. R. Clarke, E. Francescato, R. Hashim, E. D. Morgan, G. R. Jones, and S. Turillazzi. "Venom induces alarm behaviour in the social wasp Polybioides raphigastra (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): an investigation of alarm behaviour, venom volatiles and sting autotomy." Physiological Entomology 24, no. 3 (September 1999): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.1999.00137.x.

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de Oliveira, Marcia Regina, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Polybitoxins: a group of phospholipases A2 from the venom of the neotropical social wasp paulistinha (Polybia paulista)." Toxicon 36, no. 1 (January 1998): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00053-6.

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Baptista-Saidemberg, Nicoli B., Daniel M. Saidemberg, Bibiana M. de Souza, Lilian M. M. César-Tognoli, Virgínia M. R. Ferreira, Maria Anita Mendes, Marcia P. dos Santos Cabrera, João Ruggiero Neto, and Mario S. Palma. "Protonectin (1–6): A novel chemotactic peptide from the venom of the social wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes." Toxicon 56, no. 6 (November 2010): 880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.011.

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Gomes, Flávia M. M., Cássia K. Paniago, Daniel O. Freire, Adolfo C. B. Souza, Marcos R. Lima, Nelson G. Oliveira-Júnior, Octavio L. Franco, and Márcia R. Mortari. "Anxiolytic-like effect of a novel peptide isolated from the venom of the social wasp Synoeca surinama." Toxicon 122 (November 2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.015.

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Mortari, MárciaRenata, LuciannaLopes do Couto, LilianCarneiro dos Anjos, Maíra de AzevedoFeitosa Araujo, CecíliaAlves Mourão, CarlosAlberto Schwartz, and LuzitanoBrandão Ferreira. "Anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activity of the peptide fraction isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista." Pharmacognosy Magazine 8, no. 32 (2012): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.103657.

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Costa, Helena, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Agelotoxin: a phospholipase A2 from the venom of the neotropical social wasp cassununga (Agelaia pallipes pallipes) (Hymenoptera-Vespidae)." Toxicon 38, no. 10 (October 2000): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00199-3.

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dos Santos, Lucilene Delazari, Anally Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Keity Souza Santos, Fabio Morato Castro, Jorge Elias Kalil, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Proteomic characterization of the multiple forms of the PLAs from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista." PROTEOMICS 11, no. 8 (February 25, 2011): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201000414.

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Ribeiro, Susan Pereira, Maria Anita Mendes, Lucilene Delazari dos Santos, Bibiana Monson de Souza, Maurício Ribeiro Marques, Walter Filgueira de Azevedo, and Mario Sergio Palma. "Structural and functional characterization of N-terminally blocked peptides isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista." Peptides 25, no. 12 (December 2004): 2069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.019.

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dos Anjos, Lilian Carneiro, Flávia Maria Medeiros Gomes, Lucianna Lopes do Couto, Cecília Alves Mourão, Karla Graziela Moreira, Luciano Paulino Silva, and Márcia Renata Mortari. "Anxiolytic activity and evaluation of potentially adverse effects of a bradykinin-related peptide isolated from a social wasp venom." Life Sciences 149 (March 2016): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.063.

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Souza, Bibiana M., Maria A. Mendes, Lucilene D. Santos, Maurício R. Marques, Lilian M. M. César, Roberta N. A. Almeida, Fernando C. Pagnocca, Katsuhiro Konno, and Mario S. Palma. "Structural and functional characterization of two novel peptide toxins isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista." Peptides 26, no. 11 (November 2005): 2157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.026.

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