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1
Sartorius, Christian. "An evolutionary approach to social welfare /." London [u.a.] : Routledge, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0651/2003046901-d.html.
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Chirara, Simbarashe C. "Social inclusion : an e-government approach to access social welfare benefits." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/35355/.
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Today, governments worldwide are seizing the benefits of the Internet for better government administration. Governments must provide services to all citizens, but this is most challenging to achieve electronically when some citizens are offline, yet transformational to the government administration when achieved. Therefore, the thesis investigated the factors influencing egovernment adoption in Nottingham where social welfare benefits will be claimed exclusively online via the Universal Credit (UC) system. UC is an example of a government service conforming to the broader UK Digital by Default strategy for government administration, which supports the EU goal of improving social inclusion through digital inclusion. Therefore, the motivation for the thesis is social justice for those digitally excluded citizens who may be socially impacted by the unintended consequences of e-government initiatives. The study used an adapted Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model to understand the factors influencing citizens' adoption of UC. The research model added Internet experience, awareness, security and trust as external factors influencing adoption, while hedonic motivation was modelled as an internal factor. UTAUT2 was also modified to reflect the broader goal of social inclusion. The study demonstrated that the behavioural intention to adopt e-government depended on whether the digital public service had a fall-back to use traditional channels or not. 61.3% of the benefits claimants were unaware of UC rollout in Nottingham, which indicates a lack of citizen readiness. Overall, the experience of using the Internet, facilitating conditions, behavioural intention and the habit of using digital public services determined usage behaviour. 40.2% of the participants thought digital inclusion improved their social lives, while 30.9% were indifferent. The 40.2% indicates a good starting point for e-government adoption. These findings led to the Modified UTAUT2 (M-UTAUT2) model, which is applicable outside the case study. The thesis also made other theoretical contributions. The findings and the conclusions from the qualitative and quantitative researches conducted as part of the build-up to the thesis were used to derive an e-government adoption process that considers the continued use of e-government, which leads to successful e-government. The model has two processes: awareness (with two stages: awareness and initial use) and habitual (with one stage: continued use). Additionally, the study recommended the global digital technology market as a new e-government actor due to the changing digital inclusion landscape.
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Mashigo, Boipuso Stephina. "Social workers' experiences on the transformation of social welfare from a remedial approach to a developmental approach." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/559.
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When the new democratic government came into power, much legislation, policies and strategies were transformed, included was the welfare system that was imbalanced, unjust, discriminatory and inappropriate. It was replaced by a developmental approach that is more just, equitable and appropriate system contained in the White Paper for Social Welfare (1997). Social workers were expected to reform their method of intervention. Consequently, this study will focus on the experiences of social workers as changes were brought into the approaches used in service delivery. The goal of the study is to explore and describe social workers’ experiences on the transformation of social welfare from a traditional remedial approach to a developmental approach. The study was conducted using the qualitative research approach. The research study made use of an explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The researcher used purposive and theoretical non-probability sampling methods to draw the sample. Data was collected through semi- structured interviews. The data was analyzed using Tesch’s eight steps in Creswell (1994:155) and was verified against four criteria that Guba in (Krefting, 1991) developed for testing the trustworthiness of a qualitative study. Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, recommendations were made to the management of the department of social development on how to address the challenges facing social workers on the implementation of the developmental approach. The results will be disseminated by means of a written research report.
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Dlangamandla, Vathiswa Portia. "The experiences of social workers regarding the implementation of a developmental social welfare approach within the Department of Social Development Gauteng Province." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27338.
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In South Africa, commitment to switch to the developmental approach with the aim of alleviating poverty and integrating social and economic development is evident in the White Paper for Social Welfare (RSA, Ministry for Social Welfare and Population Development, 1997), the Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994), the Growth Employment and Redistribution strategy (1996), the Policy on Financial Awards to Service Providers (2005) and the Integrated Service Delivery Model (ISDM) (2005). These policy documents attempt to integrate social development goals and economic development within a developmental approach to social welfare. The social development approach to social welfare in the South African context is firmly rooted in a rights-based approach. Its goals include achieving social justice, a minimum standard of living, equitable access and equal opportunity to services and benefits, and a commitment to meeting the needs of all South Africans with a special emphasis on the needs of the most disadvantaged people in the society. The right to dignity for all citizens is the core of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108/1996). This basic human rights value endorses the inherent worth of all human beings, as well as equity without bias based on gender, race or religion. In addition to this, the White Paper for Social Welfare (RSA, Ministry for Social Welfare and Population Development, 1997) states that social welfare services and programmes must be based on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as articulated in the Constitution of the country. The social developmental approach is relevant as it embraces human rights values and ensures socio-economic development. It is therefore of immense importance for the social work profession to incorporate the new approach into its professional interventions. The research tool was administered to the social work practitioners who are in the employment of the Department of Social Development, Gauteng Province. The respondents confirmed that the developmental approach to welfare was essential and has been adopted, as reflected on the policy documents and frameworks that guide service delivery. Implementation of the developmental approach in practice, however, poses some challenges as the model has not yet been adopted by some practitioners who have to implement policy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the experiences of social workers regarding the current implementation of a developmental social welfare approach. The objectives of this research study were the following: - to conceptualise theoretically the social developmental approach within the field of social welfare;
- to explore and describe social workers’ experiences regarding the implementation of the developmental social welfare approach in practice;
- to identify the challenges social workers are experiencing in the implementation of the developmental social welfare approach in practice; and
- to make recommendations, based on the research findings, to enhance the effective implementation of a developmental social welfare approach in social work. Against this background the study was guided by the following research question:
- What are the experiences of social work practitioners regarding the implementation of a developmental social welfare approach within the Department of Social Development, Gauteng Province?
- om die maatskaplike ontwikkelings-benadering teoreties te konseptualiseer binne die veld van maatskaplike welsyn;
- om die ervarings van maatskaplike werkers aangaande die toepassing van die ontwikkelings- maatskaplike welsyn-benadering in die praktyk te verken en te beskryf;
- om die uitdagings te identifiseer wat maatskaplike werkers in die praktyk ervaar met die toepassing van die ontwikkelings- maatskaplike welsyn-benadering; en
- om, gebaseer op die navorsingsbevindings, voorstelle te maak ter verbetering van die doeltreffende implementering van ’n ontwikkelings- maatskaplike welsyn-benadering in maatskaplike werk. Teen hierdie agtergrond is die studie begelei deur die volgende navorsingsvraag:
- Wat is die ervarings van maatskaplikewerk praktisyns in die toepassing van ’n ontwikkelings- maatskaplike welsyn-benadering binne die Departement Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling, Gauteng Provinsie?
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Social Work and Criminology
unrestricted
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Swadener, Terrence L. Jr. "Short Term Impact of the Alternative Response Approach in Child Welfare Cases." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1389686907.
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Deering, Joseph A. "Analyzing the beyond welfare reform initiative : a theoretical policy analysis approach /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9904840.
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Mortimer, Rhian. "Risk factors for offending : a developmental approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/415/.
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Research has been conducted to identify the risk and protective factors for offending primarily in juveniles; however this research has not extended to high security adult offenders who represent the most significant risk to society. This thesis utilised previously researched risk factor models to identify developmental risk and protective factors and how these increase the likelihood of following an offending pathway in adulthood. This thesis includes a systematic review, review of a psychometric tool, an individual case study and a research paper, which identify specific factors relevant to types of high security offenders. The findings demonstrated that aggression and substance misuse were among the most common risk factors, which began in adolescence and continued into adulthood. Therefore, adult high security offenders could be retrospectively mapped onto juvenile risk factor models, suggesting that the factors identified in high risk samples are primarily developmental in nature. These results demonstrate that interventions with at-risk adolescents may be beneficial in reducing future risk. The findings support previous conclusions in that experiences of increased risk factors in conjunction with few protective factors increases the likelihood of individuals being involved in offending behaviour. Therefore, pro-active and reactive measures should be targeted towards such at-risk individuals.
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Williams, June. "Research governance in pharmacogenetic based drug development : why the principlist approach?" Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2387/.
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The thesis will examine whether policy considerations based on the normative ethical framework of Principlism are adequate for drug development involving pharmacogenetics. In order to structure the analysis, the main research question will be based on the following three claims: (1) that the overriding deference to the principle of respect for autonomy in the current interpretation of Principlism has asserted a legacy of protectionism towards the research participant at the expense of ignoring pharmacogenetics’ primary ethical issues (which are concerned with equity, fair distribution and research prioritisation); (2) that the principle of justice in Principlism requires specification, and that this principle’s nonspecificity may be a reason for over-compensatory application of respect for autonomy; (3) and finally, that current interpretations of Principlism represent moral values that are culturally dependant. Based on these claims, I argue that a pharmacogenetic research governance ethical framework ought to be representative of common moral values, which are culturally neutral, subscribe to a ‘minimal morality', and are not based on the current precautionary approach that is entrenched in Principlism. From this main argument, I appeal to the principle of justice as fairness from Rawls’s A Theory of Justice to provide specification for the principle of justice inherent in Principlism. As well as establish how the application of this ‘minimal morality’ in governance could be achieved through John Rawls’s overlapping consensus, arguing that this would minimise the variability seen in regulatory decision making. I argue that greater specification of the principle of justice would ensure that this principle could effectively be exercised to alleviate pharmacogenetics’ actual ethical issues, which are not concerned with the inference of disease knowledge, as implied by ethical concerns regarding informed consent, privacy and confidentiality.
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Chavalala, Khayizeni Isaac. "Perspectives of social workers in implementing the developmental social welfare approach in the Department of Social Development in Mopani District Limpopo." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60427.
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In 1997 the democratic government of South Africa adopted the White Paper for Social Welfare (Republic of South Africa [RSA], 1997) which committed the country to a developmental approach to social welfare. The implementation of the developmental approach to social services is a shared responsibility of the state, non-governmental organisations and the private sector (Patel, 2015:93). Despite the ongoing studies relating to developmental social welfare service delivery, there is insufficient evidence of the shift made towards a developmental approach by government social workers employed by the Department of Social Development.
The goal of the study was to explore social workers? perspectives on the shift towards the developmental approach in social service delivery in the Department of Social Development in the Mopani District, Limpopo.
The study employed a qualitative research approach and a case study research design. The sample for the study was selected purposefully and included thirty-two (32) social workers and four (4) supervisors from four sub-districts in the Mopani District. Data was collected through one focus group interview with social workers and one-on-one interviews with supervisors in the four regions respectively.
The research findings indicate that social workers have made a partial shift towards a developmental approach in service delivery. The shift is more evident in protection and prevention service delivery than in promoting socio-economic development. The shift is reflected in some strides towards a human rights-based approach; social and economic development; participation; partnerships; and efforts to link micro and macro practice. The findings further point out the barriers that hinder social workers from making significant progress towards the developmental approach.
The overall conclusion of this research endeavour is that there is a need in the Department of Social Development for guidelines and capacity building of social workers and supervisors in the developmental approach. The study recommends guidelines to accelerate the progress of implementing the developmental approach in the Mopani District.Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted
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Khanyile, Nomusa Hlengiwe Patience. "Implementation of a developmental approach to social welfare service delivery at Nkandla in Kwazulu–Natal." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1400.
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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Community Work) in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014The study focused on the implementation of a developmental approach to social welfare service delivery at Nkandla. It intended to establish whether or not existing service providers implement a developmental approach to community development initiatives with aim of developing and empowering individuals. It further looked at the extent to which local communities participate or do not participate in public affairs. The findings revealed that, the majority of people view the government departments’ system of governance as unresponsive to the societal needs. Lack of effective communication mechanisms between the officials and the communities appears to be the main factor. Communities are hardly consulted for planned initiatives as a result projects are just implemented not really looking at the felt needs. People at the grassroots level do not have knowledge on how government structures function. This makes it difficult for them to have meaningful and effective means of participation. All the undesirable effects outlined above, provide a sound and compelling basis for the strictly implementation of the developmental approach or the available policies for the benefit of the community at large. Lastly on the basis of this study, the critical recommendation was a need to change the mindset of government departments’ officials in order to involve communities more seriously.
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Bask, Miia. "A longitudinal approach to social exclusion in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1508.
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Bussières, Jean-François. "Unstructured community approach to youth programs: A case study of the Ottawa Police Youth Centre." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9458.
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This thesis is an attempt to gain a better understanding of how the Ottawa Police Youth Centre functions, by examining its organizational structure, and the links it has created with the community, by means of a case study. The thesis uses organizational theory and studies on youth programs to which the case study is compared. The research examines the Ottawa Police Youth Centre historically, it then describes the present organization and functions, and finally it critically presents the Centre's measures of success.
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Wyche, Abigail K. "RESPONDING TO THE CHILD WELFARE WORKFORCE CRISIS HERE AND NOW: A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING SUPERVISION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2724.
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In this dissertation, the author argues that there is strong evidence that the child welfare workforce continues to be in crisis. While a great deal of research has indicated that supervision is closely linked to the crisis, extremely high rates of turnover have not been notably reduced through the efforts of administrators or academics to change supervisory practices. Therefore, the author makes the case that it is time to employ an alternative methodology—constructivist inquiry. Constructivist inquiry is based on paradigmatic assumptions that make it distinct from the functionalist approach that researchers most commonly use to understand the child welfare workforce crisis and the role of supervision. Consequently, the organization and content of this dissertation follow the conventions of a constructivist process. In order to take advantage of the unique role and opportunity created by the philosophical assumptions of subjectivity, interactivity, and reflexivity, the author incorporates an extensive discussion of her own tacit knowledge and practice wisdom along with the literature review. She then goes on to describe the phased, emergent, and participatory process used to examine the question: How do stakeholders in the local child welfare system value their experience of supervision? Finally, the author uses the data to tell the story in case report form and in a report of her own lessons learned. Through examination of the case report and lessons learned, the author intends for the reader to gain a more complex understanding of child welfare supervision and to evaluate for themselves how this understanding might be of value to their own role in the child welfare system.
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Fauquet-Alekhine, Philippe. "Competencies, activity analysis and occupational training : an innovative approach with full-scale simulators in high risk industries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3774/.
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Dealing with the social phenomenon of the “skills drain”, retired workers leaving companies en masse sometimes even before the recruitment of newcomers and consequently impeding classic training through mentoring, managers are seeking innovative solutions to train new employees and ensure a satisfactory level of competencies, especially in high risk industries. This led to questions to which the present research offers solutions: How are competencies of experienced workers mobilized? How can they be accessed? How are they developed through training? And more especially in full-scale simulation, which is key to occupational training in high risk industries. The literature shows that the relationship between knowledge, know-how, skills and competencies remains unclear. A model is suggested, adapted to the present issue. It shows that competencies must be investigated in action through work activity analysis and leads to an approach to describe competencies in action, as in Le Boterf’s model (1998), which presents a relevant link between competencies and action and was tested in the field. However, its application revealed a dearth of the expected description; pre-tests led to adapt it into a new model and protocol: the Square of PErceived ACtion (SPEAC model). The protocol was used, in the line of Subjective Evidence-Based Ethnography (SEBE) methods, to structure the replay interview following the recording of the workers’ activity by subcams, miniaturized cameras mounted on spectacles (first person perspective). The resulting analysis was applied to full-scale simulation and in real operating situations for which a risk assessment protocol whilst using SEBE equipment was developed, tested and applied. It provided more relevant input data for occupational training, and showed higher performance in training than other methods (more exhaustive and less costly). In order to evaluate the impact of SPEAC-improved training on actual performance at work, the SPEAC improvement in a standard training curriculum was tested in two contexts of high risk industries (medicine and nuclear). In doing so, we tackled also the issue of resistance to innovation in training. The application of the SPEAC method to provide input data and to structure the training sessions improved significantly the work performance both at the end of the training sessions and in real operating situations. When combined with improved pedagogical methods in simulation training, the SPEAC protocol has been shown to provide substantial gains for following real operating situations, both in terms of safety (fewer subsequent complications and less pain for patients in hospital, higher levels of reliability for activities in nuclear industries) and in terms of cost (per year, potentially tens of thousands of euros could be saved in hospitals when considering one operation and several millions of euros for a nuclear power plant when all activities are taken into account). Top management now wishes to roll out the method within their professionalization program in the two institutions where the field experiments and applications were carried out. In parallel, as a theoretical perspective, developments and applications in the framework of the present research have suggested the relevance of a systemic approach of the professionalization cycle in complex socio-technical systems: the Experiential Learning Theory-based excursive cycle of the professional training process developed in this study might contribute towards modelling a systemic approach of simulation training in high risk industries providing areas for improvement and consequently higher performance.
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Stateva, Milena Georgieva. "Understanding violence : a case study of the approach of practitioners to survivors of violence." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2043/.
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Overcoming actual violence is the driving, although hidden force behind modern modes of thought and investigation, the conceptualisation of civil society since Hobbes, Ferguson and Rousseau, and the unprecedented global effort at preserving human dignity in non-violent politics based on human rights undertaken in the 20th-century. It can even be argued that sociology as a discipline emerged from philosophy precisely as an attempt to contain violence by means of understanding the ways in which people can peacefully co-exist in a society. And yet violence itself is a phenomenon traditionally avoided by sociology. This thesis approaches the issues related to violence through the prism of the ways in which practitioners working in support of survivors endeavour to understand the problem. It is thus a second order critical study of sociological explorations of violence. The thesis begins by mapping the field of sociological exploration of the problem and reviewing the debates related to the theorisation and research of violence. In destabilising the category, the theoretical component of the thesis reveals that the process of understanding violence is a non-linear, always incomplete, and difficult process. The empirical research looks at the approach of practitioners in dealing with the consequent contradictions and ambiguities. Its findings show that in order to link understanding violence and supporting the survivors, one needs to define violence dynamically through the concept of trauma and to build a containing framework in which a holding environment can emerge. The holding environment is presented as a concept, which in practice demonstrates that the understanding employed to address violence is not simply an activity of mind but a social and relational category. This requires re-considering the properties of understanding violence and their linkage with other activities of mind in the social realm and with the practicalities of living. The thesis finishes with a recommendation for further research into the collective aetiology of the trauma derived from violence, for the purposes of designing an approach to sociology based on understanding as a nonviolent response to violence.
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Webb, Joseph Charles. "The use of discovery awareness in intellectual disability services : examining a European approach to challenging behaviour in a UK setting." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43360/.
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A series of abuse scandals in recent years have stimulated debate regarding appropriate ways to care for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour, with policy emphasising the need to move beyond reactive and aversive approaches. This thesis presents a qualitative study of the use of Discovery Awareness; a non-aversive video-analysis based approach to challenging behaviour which aims to improve relational aspects of care. Fieldwork was undertaken over a 10 month period in two Assessment and Treatment Units on a single site in the UK. During this period, 7 Discovery Awareness sessions were filmed and 12 interviews were conducted with staff who had experience of attending DA sessions. The filmed DA sessions were analysed using Conversation Analysis (CA) whilst the interview data explored staff accounts and perceptions of using DA in practice. The findings demonstrate that method integrity is an interactionally achieved phenomenon accomplished by the chairperson establishing interactional frameworks, shaping the conditional relevance of turns in line with the aims of the session, and through signalling transgressions in situ. There was no one interactional rule that applied to the whole DA session, making participant transgressions probable. Stance and interpretation were central actions related to video analysis in the session. Participants in DA utilised vague language to reduce the ‘degree of liability’ that a speaker may face. Participants also employed experiential formulations when interpreting the patients’ behaviour. This both minimises the basis for disagreement and enables participants to bring to the surface tacit dimensions of knowledge regarding the patient. These skills may be valuable in care environments, where staff have to make decisions based on signs interpreted from patients in the moment. The conversation analytic work also uncovered the prevalent use of ‘imagined constructed inner dialogue’, in which staff members talk as the patients’ inner voice. This formulation was used to perform a variety of actions such as evidencing participants’ stances, gist formulating the turn of another speaker, and to imagine alternative courses of events from the patient’s point of view. The use of imagined constructed inner dialogue also enabled speakers to give voice to non-aligning turns which offer alternative assessments without the need for prefacing non-alignment and minimising disagreement commonly found in every day conversations. Whilst imagined constituted dialogue fulfils an epistemic function, it also enabled participants to fulfil one of the remits of a DA session; to try to see the world from the patient’s point of view. By speaking as the patient, staff take an empathetic stance and affiliate with the patient’s imagined experience whilst keeping the patient’s voice central, and debatable, in the sessions. The interview findings suggest that DA is perceived as a valuable tool in helping staff reflect on the behaviour and personhood of the patient, as well as their own role in interactions with the patient. Whilst a variety of positive outcomes were reported, there was no consensus about how or whether these factors resulted in a reduction in challenging behaviour. However DA was perceived as having a beneficial effect on the culture of the units and in promoting recognition of personal and collective skills relating to understanding and exploring the patients’ behaviour. Possible impediments to implementation were also identified through analysis of the sessions, staff interviews, and through a literature review focusing on the factors which promote or impede the use of methods in ID practice. The findings contribute to existing conversation analytic work on studying intellectual disability services from an interactional perspective. They also build on work examining how methods are implemented interactionally. This has relevance for understanding how ID methods are implemented in real world situations, and for ID policy and practice.
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Taylor, Holly. "Evaluating criminal justice interventions in the field of domestic violence : a realist approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5240/.
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This thesis evaluates the combination of two criminal justice interventions in the field of the domestic violence. The intervention, termed a Domestic Violence Court Advisory Service (DVCAS) throughout the thesis, comprises two elements –Independent Domestic Violence Advisers (IDVAs) and Specialist Domestic Violence Courts (SDVCs). Both initiatives were instituted in the wake of much criticism of the treatment of domestic violence in the Criminal Justice System (CJS). To date, however, there has been no rigorous evaluation of the combined efficacy of these initiatives – in particular, regarding their impact on the number of offenders brought to justice. This thesis examines how a DVCAS can increase the successful prosecution of domestic violence offences through increased victim participation, better court outcomes and a wide and varied use of sentencing options. The thesis highlights ‘what works and why’ in prosecuting domestic violence offences, and in so doing identifies a number of outcomes to suggest that certain practices in the police and CPS do not always support the DVCAS in achieving its aims, in particular, through ineffective investigations, inappropriate safeguarding responses and poor prosecution practices.
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Green, Helen. "Cultural transmission and social communication : a cognition and culture approach to everyday metaphor about knowledge, learning, and understanding." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3106/.
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Cultural transmission theory and methods focus on the qualities of cultural artefacts (e.g. religious beliefs, supernatural ideas, folk stories) to understand how and why some spread and last better than others. This epidemiological approach is part of a broader project, cognition and culture, which seeks to understand links between mind and culture. Cognition and culture is concerned with universal, recurrent cultural phenomena, whose developmental acquisition and patterns of distribution and variation may be linked to innate mental competencies. Anthropologists, ethno- and cognitive linguists, and cognitive and developmental psychologists have established that metaphor exhibits exactly these characteristics—universality, cultural variation, and developmental acquisition patterns. Yet, the cultural transmission of metaphor has not been addressed in the cognition and culture literature. This thesis proposes a novel application of an epidemiological account of cultural transmission to small-scale, linguistic, cultural artefacts—everyday, sensorimotor metaphorical talk about knowledge, learning, and understanding. Serial reproduction tasks, experiments, interviews, and metaphor analysis were used in a mixed-methods approach to investigate the use and transmission of metaphorical language. Three initial experimental studies, which aimed to investigate transmission advantages of metaphor, showed no statistically significant effects of metaphor on transmission fidelity of short stories across serial reproduction chains. Four further studies were conducted to follow up on these findings. Results of the first follow-up experiment, more sensitive to the agency of speakers in communicative exchange, indicated that metaphorical prompts to invent stories yielded more metaphors in the story endings and descriptions. Findings from experimental and conversation-based judgement tasks suggested that metaphorical language provided more inferential potential than non-metaphorical language to support assessments of the verbal material and inferences about the speaker. The final qualitative study revealed ways that metaphor is used to support social interaction and co-operation in more naturalistic conversation contexts. Overall, it was found that social and pragmatic aspects of communication, undetectable in traditional serial reproduction experiments, contribute significantly to the wide distribution, or cultural success, of metaphor. An account of the cultural success of metaphor based in inferential processes that support social interaction is proposed. Reflections are offered on its theoretical and methodological implications for the epidemiological view of cultural transmission and its generalisability to different types of cultural artefacts.
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Wakeland, Elizabeth Sarah. "Professionals' experiences of deaf people : a grounded theory approach within the mental health and criminal justice system." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7720/.
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The thesis consists of two volumes. Volume One: This volume consists of three chapters: the first, a literature review of the prevalence of abuse within the deaf and hard of hearing population; the second is a qualitative study using grounded theory exploring professionals’ experiences when working with deaf offenders with mental health difficulties; the third chapter comprises a public domain briefing document which briefly provides a plain language explanation of both the literature review and the empirical paper. Volume Two: The second volume contains five forensic clinical practice reports (FCPR). The first contains the case of a 16-year-old girl in a low secure adolescent unit presenting with self-injurious behaviours and aggression, formulated from both psychodynamic and behavioural perspectives. The second FCPR is an evaluation of the Structured Assessment for Violence in Youth (SAVRY) when used in a low secure adolescent service to predict future aggression. The third report is a single-case experimental design investigating the effectiveness of individual therapy using Cognitive Behavioural principles with a 17-year-old female presenting with low mood. The fourth FCPR presents a case study of a 53-year-old Deaf female with paranoid schizophrenia, formulated using narrative principles. The final report is an abstract of an oral presentation of a case study involving a 27 year old female within a prison based Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP) comprising a detailed assessment, formulated from a psychodynamic perspective, and recommendations for interventions.
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Harris, Julie Philippa. "Co-determining the outcomes that matter with young people leaving care : a realist approach." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/575387.
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In the current policy, commissioning and delivery environments for services aimed at improving the lives of children and their families, increasing priority is placed on the ability to measure and demonstrate the effectiveness of social welfare intervention. This is particularly acute for voluntary sector services that increasingly provide services on behalf of local authorities and operate in a highly competitive environment in which the ability to demonstrate effectiveness and value for money can ultimately determine survival. However, social welfare intervention is delivered in the context of complex social systems in which a multiplicity of factors interplay between those individuals who are managing, providing and using social services. This complexity presents significant methodological challenges in terms of understanding the effect of intervention on individuals’ lives. Often the pressures to produce highly aggregated data about outcomes mean that the experience and the voice of those using services is overlooked and the connection between data and lived experience is lost. This thesis describes the evaluation of an approach to measuring outcomes known as Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). This places the service user at the heart of measuring outcomes whilst collecting data that can be used to evaluate effectiveness within a service, or comparatively between services, or between service user groups. The approach was implemented with practitioners and young people within the context of a leaving care support service provided by a voluntary sector service. The GAS implementation was evaluated using a realist research strategy in order to understand the ways in which a complex policy and operating environment interplayed with the challenging contexts of transition for young people and their heterogeneous pathways in leaving care. For a variety of reasons, explained within this thesis, participation levels in the trial were low and therefore quantitative data regarding outcomes was too limited to be conclusive. Nevertheless the study represents a useful pilot of this approach and highlights the importance of context in determining results when introducing new approaches to outcomes measurement into practice environments. The findings that emerge from the evaluation betray a concerning picture of the pressures and constraints on practice experienced by a large leaving care service in the current climate of cuts to local authority funding and statutory services. As opposed to being an independent or somewhat removed undertaking, this study was concerned to frame ‘evaluation’ and ‘outcomes measurement’ as participatory and reflexive activities that should be embedded within service delivery. By so doing, it aimed to facilitate reciprocal or ‘bi-directional’ learning between providers and the users of services to underpin interventions, particularly with vulnerable populations of service users. Given that the support provided by leaving care services may represent the last intervention before young people disappear from the system’s view, this is particularly significant in supporting them to develop agency and self-determination to take them through the often compressed and accelerated journeys that characterise adolescence for this group.
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Landman, Liezel. "Integration of community development and statutory social work services within the developmental approach." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10042005-153317.
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Brunner, Richard. "Surviving, thriving and being outside : applying the capabilities approach to reconceptualise the social justice experiences of people with mental distress." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7166/.
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The empirical evidence associating people with mental distress and social injustice is unequivocal. This thesis offers a least reductive, structured qualitative exploration of how different social justice outcomes for people in this social group happen. To achieve this the study explores whether and how the capabilities approach can be applied to provide a normative means of explaining the social justice experiences of people with mental distress. It does this through conducting and analysing individual interviews with twenty-two people living in Glasgow who have recent in-patient experience of psychiatric hospital, sixteen participants being interviewed twice. The interviews are framed by combining concepts from the capabilities approach with relevant sociological literature, seeking to: understand the relationship between personal, social and structural factors affecting lived experiences; consider the character of social justice experienced and conceptualise this using concepts from the capabilities approach; take a critical realist approach to understanding how social justice experiences may be produced and reproduced; pursue these aims with regard to both values-based research principles from the survivor-influenced literature and participation principles from the capabilities approach. By critically interpreting empirical data using capabilities concepts and sociological concepts, the analysis is able to combine what had been two separate fields of study (Holmwood, 2013) and provide an original interpretation of how social injustice tends to be reproduced. The substantive findings explain how different social justice outcomes for people with mental distress are shaped by living with mental distress, experiencing the psychiatric system, and living in society. Although participants tend to have characteristics of ‘surviving’, or living with ongoing social injustice, a minority have characteristics of thriving. Some participants within both characteristic groups also experience ‘being outside’ dominant social norms. Methodologically the study demonstrates that concepts central to capabilities such as Conversion Factors and the domains approach can be operationalised to explain social justice outcomes for this social group, adding to and critiquing these concepts in the process. Theoretically, the thesis proposes a nascent critical capabilities model of mental distress, reinforcing the compatibility between the capabilities approach and critical realism, so providing a further contribution to the sociology of mental distress.
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Connor, Marc S. "Continuity of care for substance misusing prisoners released to a local community drug treatment system : a quantitative analysis of the systems approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20548/.
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Background: Continuity of care (CC) is associated with increased rates of engagement with drug treatment, and drug treatment is associated with reductions in crime. However, performance rates of CC reflecting the prison-to-community transition for substance misusing prisoners (SMP) are low and, although guidance is extensive, non-clinical quantitative research describing this key process point within the UK criminal justice healthcare pathway is limited. Objectives: From a systems perspective, utilising a bespoke prison-to-community CC counting mechanism, this study aimed to: establish whether CC is associated with improved rates of drug treatment engagement, reduced waiting times and rates of return-to-prison (RTP); evaluate the impact on those measures post the introduction of the reconfigured single service delivery model ‘InsideOut’. Also, given this study’s pilot introduction of the statutory drugs data collection system into the local prison, describe a ‘first look’ pre-incarceration client treatment outcomes profile (TOP). Design: Observational, encompassing a quasi-experimental (before and after) analysis of impact. Participants: Adult, male substance misusing prisoners (N = 808) transitioning from the prison system to a local community drug partnership between April 1st 2008 and March 31st 2012. Results: ‘System’ level prison-to-community CC was associated with increased rates of and reduced waiting times to drug treatment. The introduction of the InsideOut service was associated with a stepped change in performance. Compared to individuals engaged with community recovery, SMPs reported a significant deterioration in all outcome domains prior to incarceration. Conclusions: Whilst the increased rates of prison-to-community continuity of care reported here were supported by the UK Department of Health’s statutory reporting mechanism, the decreased rates of return-to-prison contradicted UK Home Office reoffending outputs. Analysis of the national administrative statutory health and crime datasets is suggested to address this and other issues associated with study power, confounding and validity.
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Gouseti, Ioanna. "Fear of crime as a way of thinking, feeling and acting : an integrated approach to measurement and a theoretical examination of psychological distance and risk construal." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3533/.
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This thesis constitutes a criminological study of the fear of crime as a public reaction to crime and victimization. Its key objectives are to enhance the theorization of the fear of crime, and to develop an integrated methodological approach to its empirical exploration. To achieve the former, the construal-level theory of psychological distance (CLT) is applied to the study of the fear of crime. To achieve the latter, observational and experimental methodologies are combined to evaluate empirically the research hypotheses. The starting premise of the CLT approach to the fear of crime is that people do not often experience crime directly in their daily lives as victims; yet, they are capable of expressing reactions to the risk of crime. The current thesis explores cognitive processes that help transcend the ‘crime-free’ ‘here and now’ to enable experience and expression of fear of crime reactions to the distal event of crime. Based on the CLT, two such processes are examined. First, psychological distance from crime, which relates to how far in time, space, social distance and probability, crime is psychologically experienced to occur. Second, crime construal, which relates to the abstractness or concreteness of mental representations of crime. Overall, the findings indicate that experiencing crime as psychologically distant, and mentally representing it abstractly rather than concretely ‘cool off’ fear of crime reactions. One of the main theoretical implications of the current work is that adopting a theory-driven interdisciplinary perspective in the study of the fear of crime improves its theorization. The key methodological implication is that such a perspective renders plausible the use of integrated research. The key policy implication of this work is that its findings can be conducive to the development of public discourses of crime and justice, crime-related narratives and strategies for the public communication ofcrime that keep people informed about crime, but ‘free from fear’.
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Perry, Diana Lauren. "Talking Circle| A culturally appropriate approach to healing intergenerational trauma within an evidence-based paradigm." Thesis, California Institute of Integral Studies, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3559722.
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There is currently widespread debate in the psychological community with regards to research on and provision of evidence-based practices. The American Psychological Association recently developed clinical and research guidelines for the implementation and investigation of culturally appropriate treatment interventions. As of 2000, there were 562 tribal entities recognized and eligible or funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Ogunwole, 2002). This United States Indigenous contingent continues to be marginalized by diagnostic classification and treatment interventions that perpetuate or discount the role of cultural oppression (Gone, 2009). Whereas current literature speaks to a relationship between colonization and intergenerational trauma (Gone & Alcántara, 2007; Duran & Duran, 1995), the reenactment of this relationship in the Evidence-Based paradigm is under-researched (Smith-Morris, 2007).
This integrative literature review (ILR) ucovers the benefits of Talking Circle for Native and Native-minded persons and communities. Advocates for the implementation of culturally-appropriate diagnostic, treatment, and research methodologies report that inclusion assists in healing socio-historical wounds (Gone & Alcántara, 2007; Sue, Zane, Hall, & Berger, 2009). This is extremely relevant for contemporary Indigenous individuals, families, and communities.
The current study presents the viability of Talking Circle for slowing the transmission of trauma by offering a compelling argument supporting its evidence-based nature through a comparison of available research on trauma-informed treatment models with published findings on Talking Circle. Assumptions, literature review, critique of the literature review, and commentary on and appraisal of potentially translatable healing rituals supports a postcolonial driven conceptual model for the treatment of the soul wound, the Native equivalent of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS).
This ILR assists in substantiating the logical inclusion of Talking Circle into the existing set of available evidence-based PTSD treatment interventions (as outlined in Jennings, 2004, 2008). Providing this conceptual model via an ILR allows for adequately assessing the specific aspects of the research on intergenerational trauma, available interventions, and existing needs. This project illuminates, in a multilayered way, the role of Talking Circle in indigenous life and for healing intergenerational trauma, the soul wound, in the Native community.
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Poe, Abby Kelly. "Economic farm subsidy incidences in the presence of Bertrand competitors of complementary factors of production| A theoretical and experimental approach." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1562932.
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The identification of factors contributing to the farmers' non-retention of subsidy dollars is key in identifying the impact of the subsidy within and across the sector. Relaxing the assumption of perfect competition, amongst input suppliers, allows for an analysis of two upstream of complementary goods. Because it is the case that the farmers are price takers for some inputs (seed) and may negotiate over the price of others (land), I assume the upstream input providers are more akin to Bertrand competition. General findings, from the theoretical and experimental results, indicate upstream market power as having a significant impact on the economic subsidy incidence; and the complementary between the famer's inputs is the main driving force of the results.
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Thakordas, Vicky. "A systemic approach to resilience following child maltreatment : the role of attachment and coping styles." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6001/.
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Child maltreatment is a pervasive societal concern that has affected countless young people, families, communities and nations with detrimental effects at the physical, psychological, neurobiological and social levels. Despite exposure to chronic adversity, a remarkable number of individuals are able to display resilience and demonstrate positive adaptation following their experience of trauma. This thesis aims to examine the impact of attachment and coping styles in the context of resilience following child maltreatment utilising a systemic framework. Chapter One provides an overview of the theoretical literature relating to resilience, attachment, coping and child maltreatment. Chapter Two explores the construct of resilience and critiques the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor & Davidson, 2003) as one of the few standardised measures of resilience. This measure focuses on assessing internal factors that promote positive adaptation following adversity with little attention given to external or systemic drivers in the resilience building process. In order to understand the protective role of attachment and coping and its impact upon resilience at multiple levels of functioning, Chapter Three presents a systematic review that explores the literature on the effects of attachment and/or coping styles on resilience following child maltreatment within the framework of a socio-ecological approach with a particular emphasis on female experiences. Chapter Four presents an empirical paper exploring the impact of multiple maltreatment experiences (victimisation, perpetration and abuse types) upon attachment, coping and resilience with an exclusively female sample. Chapter Five summarises the conclusions and limitations from all the chapters in the thesis discussion.
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Ross, Angela. "Professional identities, inter-professional relationships and collaborative working : an investigation using a constructivist phenomenological approach." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2005. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4609/.
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This research project sets out to explore, analyse and theorise the way district nurses and social care workers construe their identity, and their relationships within the changing context of collaborative projects. Unlike previous research in this field, this project offers an alternative, relational view of exploring professional identities and inter-professional relationships. The research adopted a constructivist phenomenological approach drawing upon the theories of personal construct psychology (Kelly, 1955) and existential phenomenology (Merleau Ponty, 1962), as elaborated by Butt (2004, 1998). The project consists of three studies. The first empirical work is a preliminary study using individual interviews of students undertaking degree courses in community nursing or social work. This study is concerned with examining the students' concepts of what it means to belong to a particular occupational group and the influences that shape their ideas. Using focus groups and individual interviews, the second study explores how district nurses and social care workers negotiate their identity as a result of national changes and service developments. The final study explores interprofessional relationships of individual district nurses and social care workers, using reflective interview techniques (Hargreave, 1979, Salmon, 2003). In keeping with phenomenological methodology, data was analysed using template analysis (King, 2004). A number of emerging constructs were identified that highlight the personal, historical and contextual influences upon professional role construction and inter-professional relationships, notably: visibility and recognition, role flexibility and rigidity. In particular the findings illustrate how professional identity is constructed, challenged, and reconstructed, through on-going interaction. To facilitate role re-construction and sociality, the reflective interview techniques were adapted and extended to encourage practitioners to reflect upon their every-day practice and relationships when working in a multi-disciplinary setting.
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DeWitt, Kathleen T. "SNAP redemption at farmers' markets| A food systems approach to program implementation." Thesis, College of Charleston, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1544004.
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There is an emerging consensus among public health practitioners and policymakers alike that, given the existence of shared risk factors, the treatment of food insecurity and obesity requires integrated research and policy action. Referred to as the food systems approach, this perspective applies an ecological public health model for the conceptualization of the shared food environments from which food insecurity and obesity stem, and identifies opportunities for intervention centered on the promotion of healthy and sustainable food systems. One such food systems-based intervention that has garnered significant support is the redemption of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits at farmers' markets. However, the vast majority of studies that have examined the implementation of SNAP at farmers' markets have been conducted within a single market and have been designed to measure program impact, rather than the contextual determinants of program adoption and success. This study operationalizes the food systems approach and ecological model in order to examine the relationship between the implementation of SNAP at farmers' markets and macro-level physical food environment characteristics. Results indicate that the prevalence of SNAP-authorized farmers' markets is positively related to food system characteristics relating to local food production and distribution. The findings of this study contribute to the legitimacy of the food system approach and its application of an ecological public health model in the identification, formulation, and implementation of interventions designed to combat food insecurity and obesity. When enriched by the science of food environment assessment and measurement, the ecological model employed by the food systems approach provides a suitable framework for the systematic analysis of the macro-environmental context in which food systems-based interventions are implemented.
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Rosman, Emilie. "Intersecting Accounts of Marginalisation : Financial Troubles, Single-Motherhood and Ill Health Intersections in Institutional Interactions with the Swedish Social Insurance Agency." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363906.
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Despite of a well-established welfare state in Sweden, socio-economic and residential segregation is increasing rapidly. This has for instance been related to the neo-liberalisation of the welfare state and housing system. One institutional tool for reducing systematic inequality is the housing allowance, which specifically targets low-income households with children as well as young households without children. However, recent studies show how these groups are becoming ever more excluded, despite of the financial aid. The aim of this thesis is thus to contribute with a situated understanding of the practical accomplishment of Swedish socio-economic marginalisation in relation to housing allowance and the welfare state. This is achieved by examining naturally occurring accounts socio-economic marginalisation in 366 audio recorded phone calls to the Swedish Social Insurance Agency about housing allowance, out of which I specifically focus on accounts made by single mothers. In order to make sense of the data, I apply and introduce an ethno-intersectional approach. This entails the synthesis of the applied ethnomethodological methods Conversation Analysis, Discursive Psychology and Membership Categorisation Analysis with intersectionality as one analytical device. The results demonstrate how single-mothers intersect financial troubles, single-motherhood and ill health while expressing situated marginalisation as part of doing legitimacy work. The study also sheds light on how the application of welfare policies could partake in the systematic (re)production of structural inequalities. At large, the introduction of the ethno-intersectional approach is grounded on the theoretical interest of encouraging further action-oriented and situated explorations of the ways in which categories of inequality such as class, ethnicity and gender operate in conjunction and contribute to the generation, reinforcement or alteration of structural intersections of socio-economic marginalisation and privilege.
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Baughan, James P. Jr. "Basic income, a right for all citizens| The approach of poverty and education in America from an organizational communication perspective." Thesis, Bowie State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585651.
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The research explores communication processes and functions within organizations. The research relates two programs of interest that compare and contrast within the processes of organizational functions. The two programs discussed in the research examine the issues regarding unstable households, poverty, and low educational attainment as the cause of low income. The research introduces the Basic Income Grant and Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. The programs are studied in order to bring awareness to the importance of developing the funds, and how it relates to communication within organizations. The method of research is comprised of data comparison. The research identifies factors such as: a comparative case study analysis between the two programs implemented in Namibia and Alaska, the use of media, communication, and processes, the exploration of communication within organizations, how the organizations overcame setbacks, and the relationship of "Framing Theory" and "Modernization Theory" as it relates to communication in the real world.
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Nyatsanza, Tarsisio Majinya. "Developing a transformative approach to HIV/AIDS education : an analysis of Scotland and Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6438/.
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Global statistics indicate that currently 35 million people are living with HIV of which 4, 634 are living in Scotland (out of a total population of 5 295 00) and the figure for Zimbabwe is estimated at 1, 400 000 (out of a total population of 14 149648). In this thesis, I have suggested a framework that goes beyond a limited analysis of the complexity of understanding the HIV/AIDS origins, its evolution and prevalence beyond the epidemiological mapping. The approach allows for the development of a more rational, inclusive, broader and sustainable HIV/AIDS Education (Wood 2014, Wood and Rolleri 2014). This approach is not only emancipatory but also empowers (Freire 2000, Freire 2004) both those affected and infected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. I have chosen both Scotland and Zimbabwe as each of them has dealt with the epidemic in different ways. Scotland has had significant success in combating HIV/AIDS through various initiatives. Zimbabwe on the other hand, is an example of a developing country in sub-Saharan Africa with one of the highest levels of HIV/AIDS infected and affected people in the world (UNAIDS Country Report 2014). I used ‘selected’ documentary analysis that is, looking at selected documents that contain the major policy responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. I also conducted interviews with key informants using semi-structured interview questions and then analysed the resultant data using a range of heuristic tools. The main findings of this research included how a number of conspiracy theories were constructed in order to explain the origins and the evolution of HIV/AIDS. Examples of these conspiracy theories included the homosexual link to HIV/AIDS,witchcraft and biological warfare among others. Other issues discussed focused on conspiracy as the construction of otherness, moralising the epidemic, assessing the impact of culture, religion and politics on the epidemic as well as the implications of these issues on Sex Education. The thesis concluded with suggesting a framework for developing a transformative approach to HIV/AIDS and Sex Education.
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McClaskey, Jackie M. "A multidisciplinary policy approach to food and agricultural biosecurity and defense." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17048.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Curtis Kastner
The U.S. agriculture industry is diverse and dynamic, plays a vital role in the nation’s economy, and serves as a critical component in providing the global food supply. Agriculture has and always will be susceptible to threats such as pests, disease, and weather, but it is also threatened by intentional acts of agroterrorism. One specific area of concern is foreign animal diseases (FAD) and the danger these diseases create for the U.S. livestock industry. Whether a disease outbreak is intentional or accidental, it could devastate animal agriculture and the food infrastructure and have a lasting impact on state, national, and global economies. One of the most economically devastating diseases that raise fear and anxiety in the livestock industry is foot and mouth disease (FMD). A number of administrative, regulatory, and legislative actions have been implemented at state and federal levels designed to protect the agriculture industry and to prevent, prepare for, and respond to an accidental or intentional introduction of an FAD. However, the consistency, clarity, and long-term commitment of these policy approaches remains in question. Effective policy decisions require a multidisciplinary approach that consider and balance science, economics, social factors, and political realities. A significant number of policy analysis tools exist and have been applied to animal emergency scenarios but few actually address the complexity of these policy dilemmas and provide information to policymakers in a format designed to help them make better decisions. Policy development needs to take a more multidisciplinary approach and better tools are needed to help decision makers determine the best policy choices. This dissertation analyzes three FAD policy dilemmas: mass euthanasia and depopulation, carcass disposal, and vaccination. Policy tools are developed to address the multidisciplinary nature of these issues while providing the information necessary to decision makers in a simple and useful format.
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Zwarthoed, Danielle. "Le choix collectif dans la philosophie politique contemporaine : des fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social à l’évaluation démocratique des capabilités d’Amartya Sen." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0027/document.
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Les fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social sont l’objet de cette thèse. La théorie du choix social est un champ de l’économie normative qui traite de l’agrégation des préférences individuelles. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les postulations philosophiques de la théorie du choix social afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure celle-ci pourrait contribuer à une théorie de la justice sociale basée sur les capabilités d’Amartya Sen. Ce travail est par conséquent élaboré à partir de l’idée d’une « approche comparative » de la justice sociale, défendue par Amartya Sen, et que ce dernier oppose à l’ « approche transcendantale » de John Rawls. Nous tentons d’y préciser l’interprétation de la théorie du choix social requise pour spécifier l’approche par les capabilités, et en particulier l’évaluation et la construction d’un indice de capabilités et de fonctionnements. Ce travail de thèse défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle la tension apparente entre l’agrégation des préférences et l’approche par les capabilités est due à une interprétation étroite du cadre conceptuel de la théorie du choix social. En effet, l’approche par les capabilités est généralement comprise comme incompatible avec le préférentialisme de la théorie du choix social. Cela est dû à ce que l’approche par les capabilités s’est construite en partie comme une réponse au problème des préférences adaptatives. Cette thèse consiste donc à élargir le champ des interprétations de la théorie du choix social et de son cadre conceptuel, principalement de sa base d’information.La première partie de ce travail de recherche traite la question suivante : les préférences sont-elles déterminées par une source individuelle pouvant être pensée indépendamment de sa position sociale et économique ? Afin de montrer que ce n’est pas nécessairement le cas sur le plan logique, nous y analysons trois types de base informationnelle : les utilités cardinales, les préférences ordinales et les capabilités.L’objectif de la seconde partie est de déterminer ce que les préférences décrivent. Nous y analysons d’une part la nature de la préférence elle-même dans ce contexte. S’agit-il d’une décision déterminant une action, d’un désir, d’un état mental ou encore d’un jugement de valeur ? D’autre part, les différents critères éthiques de préférence sont étudiés, à savoir le plaisir hédoniste, la satisfaction des désirs et un critère de bien-être objectif. Cette exploration nous amène à défendre la conclusion suivante : la conception des préférences la plus en phase avec la structure formelle de la théorie du choix social est une conception comparative requérant d’excellentes conditions cognitives pour que les préférences puissent être considérées à proprement parler comme les véritables préférences de l’agent.La troisième partie revient à l’approche des capabilités. L’argumentation s’appuie sur les conclusions des deux parties précédentes afin de jeter les bases d’une théorie de la justice démocratique et non-idéale basée sur les capabilités d’Amartya Sen. Dans cette partie, nous montrons qu’une évaluation des capabilités indépendante des préférences tend à nier l’importance de la liberté et de la qualité d’agent dans l’approche par les capabilités. Nous défendons donc l’hypothèse selon laquelle les capabilités et les fonctionnements comme objets de préférence permettent de filtrer celles-ci afin de parer au problème des préférences adaptativesThis dissertation examines the philosophical foundations of social choice theory. Social choice theory is the area of normative economics which is concerned with the aggregation of individual preferences. The aim of this work is to investigate the philosophical assumptions of social choice theory in order to understand to what extent it can contribute to a theory of justice based on capabilities. Therefore, the dissertation is build up on Amartya Sen’s idea of a “comparative approach” of justice, as opposed to the Rawlsian “transcendental approach”. It is an attempt to precise which understanding of social choice theory is required to specify the capability approach, especially the evaluation and the indexing of capabilities. In this dissertation, we argue that the apparent tension between preference aggregation and capability approach is due to a narrow interpretation of social choice theory’s conceptual framework. Capability approach is generally conceived as non-compatible with the preferentalism of social choice theory: after all, capabilities are seen as a response to the recurring problem of adaptive preferences. This dissertation thus consists in widening the scope of interpretations of social choice theory framework. This research deals mainly with the informational basis of social choice theory.This dissertation is in three parts. The first part tackles the following problem: are preferences determined by an individual source that can be thought independently of its social and economic position? To answer these questions, three kinds of informational basis in social choice theory and normative economics are investigated: cardinal utilities, ordinal preferences and capabilities.The second part aims at defining what preferences do describe in this context. Firstly, the nature of preference itself is examined: can it be assimilated to choice? Or is it a mere evaluation? A desire? A mental state? This analysis points out the comparative structure of preferences. Secondly, the various ethical criteria of preference are investigated: hedonistic pleasure, desire satisfaction and objective well-being. We argue that preferences are better conceived as comparative evaluation and require actually excellent cognitive conditions to be truly the agent’s own real preferences.The third part goes back to capability approach. The argument relies on the previous results to build up a first account of a democratic non-ideal theory of justice based on capabilities. In this part, we show that a preference-independent capability evaluation turns out to dismiss the importance of freedom and agency in capability approach. Then we argue that capabilities and functionings as an object for preferences do provide a first filter against adaptive preferences
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Oliveira, Manuela Holtz de. "Os efeitos das políticas públicas de redistribuição no Brasil sobre a mobilidade social da população brasileira no século XXI." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10256.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalOs debates sobre a redução da pobreza e desigualdades sociais têm sido alvo de uma crescente conceptualização entre os cientistas sociais já há alguns anos. As discussões sobre as directrizes deste assunto estendem-se pelos campos económicos, políticos e sociológicos, trazendo algumas complexidades e controversos argumentos, como por exemplo o papel e a intervenção do Estado no sistema económico de um país. Conceptualizamos as políticas sociais agregadas ao papel do Welfare State, sob a abordagem da capacitação de Amartya Sen, analisando o papel das liberdades substantivas. Apresentamos o Programa Bolsa Família do Brasil, como um exemplo de políticas públicas, fazendo uma análise sobre o seu impacto na desigualdade e pobreza da população brasileira.
Debates about poverty alleviation and inequality are constant subjects of discussion among social scientists for some years. Many discussions on this issue cover the economics, political and sociological fields, bringing some controversial arguments such as the role and the intervention of the State in the economic system of a country. We conceptualize social policies regarding the role of the Welfare State, under Amartya Sen's capability approach and freedom. We introduce the Bolsa Família Program from Brazil as an example of public policy, making an analysis on its impacts on poverty alleviation and inequality.Program, Capability Approach, Inequality.
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Larsson, Johannes. "Access to Justice for Young Refugee Women in Nakivale Refugee Settlement : A Human Rights-Based Approach." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91005.
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This thesis investigates young refugee women’s experience of the process of seeking access to justice for cases of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Nakivale refugee settlement in Uganda. A Human Rights-based Approach (HRBA) is chosen as an analytical framework to help conceptualise access to justice and to recognise Uganda’s commitment to refugees. A qualitative explanatory approach follows the narrative of Burundian and Congolese women. Findings show that Nakivale refugee settlement has an overwhelming demand for legal services and support. Refugee women can raise a claim for justice through the established administrative structures in place within the settlement. All refugee women were aware of their entitlements to a remedy and on the process of reporting SGBV. Yet, the analysis shows that none of the SGBV-survivors of rape or sexual exploitation was able to have access to justice. Several barriers were brought forward, such as corruption among refugee welfare committees; limited staff and resources among partner organisations; a bureaucratic referral system; poor police investigations and an inability to persecute perpetrators. The consequences without effective and timely remedies led the interviewed women into further poverty and a continuation of violence and abuse. This thesis concludes that Refugee Welfare Committees have to be attributed to some sort of compensation as validation for their work as justice providers to mitigate corruption among their leaders. Further research is encouraged to look into possibilities of extending the mandate and training for Refugee Welfare Committees, for refugee-based structures to be able to handle cases of SGBV.
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Acar, Onur. "A Critique Of Liberal-conservative Approach To Poverty In Turkey: The Cases Of Deniz Feneri Association And Social Assistance And Solidarity General Directorate." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611048/index.pdf.
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20th century witnessed fundamental changes in capital accumulation regime and mode of regulation. The whole set of advanced capitalist countries and developing countries witnessed these changes in different forms depending on their historical cultural background. These fundamental changes also brought about transformations of the welfare regime of countries which constitutes the important fundamental component of a mode of regulation. This study developed a criticism of rising liberal-conservative approach to poverty in post-1980s by adopting as a structural and historical background the concerning fundamental changes in capital accumulation regime with its imposed constraints and opportunities on welfare
regimes of countries. This study intends to make this criticism of liberal-conservative approach to poverty in the context of Turkey by selecting Deniz Feneri Association and Social Assistance and Solidarity General Directorate as case studies.
Building upon the information acquired from interviews carried out by Deniz Feneri Association and Social Assistance and Solidarity General Directorate, this study identifies the liberal-conservative approach to poverty as the dominant approach to poverty in Turkey after 1980s. Furthermore, depending on the analysis of interviews depoliticization of poverty, rising moral language in poverty, and denial of social rights perspective which are identified to be the major foundational components of liberal-conservative approach to poverty are also identified to a great extent be in a reproduction relation with respect to the requirements of new capital accumulation regimes.
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Rice, Claire Michele. "A Case Study of the Ellison Model's Use of Mentoring as an Approach Toward Inclusive Community Building." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/37.
Full textAbstract:
The Ellison Executive Mentoring Inclusive Community Building (ICB) Model is a paradigm for initiating and implementing projects utilizing executives and professionals from a variety of fields and industries, university students, and pre-college students. The model emphasizes adherence to ethical values and promotes inclusiveness in community development. It is a hierarchical model in which actors in each succeeding level of operation serve as mentors to the next. Through a three-step process--content, process, and product--participants must be trained with this mentoring and apprenticeship paradigm in conflict resolution, and they receive sensitivitiy and diversity training, through an interactive and dramatic exposition. The content phase introduces participants to the model's philosophy, ethics, values and methods of operation. The process used to teach and reinforce its precepts is the mentoring and apprenticeship activities and projects in which the participants engage and whose end product demontrates their knowledge and understanding of the model's concepts. This study sought to ascertain from the participants' perspectives whether the model's mentoring approach is an effective means of fostering inclusiveness, based upon their own experiences in using it. The research utilized a qualitative approach and included data from field observations, individual and group interviews, and written accounts of participants' attitudes. Participants complete ICB projects utilizing the Ellison Model as a method of development and implementation. They generally perceive that the model is a viable tool for dealing with diversity issues whether at work, at school, or at home. The projects are also instructional in that whether participants are mentored or seve as apprentices, they gain useful skills and knowledge about their careers. Since the model is relatively new, there is ample room for research in a variety of areas including organizational studies to dertmine its effectiveness in combating problems related to various kinds of discrimination.
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Ahmetagic, Nermin. "The Dynamics of Health and Welfare : A Methodological Study Analysing the Two Phenomena in Five Populations During the Early 2000s." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hälsa och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70064.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to describe the dynamics of objective health and welfare in five populations, from the year 2000 to 2009, qua a methodological study. It proposes a three step approach to ensure the validity criteria in the conducted research process: firstly, to identify the relevant variables as predictors of the two phenomena, empiric studies and sociological theories by Esping-Andersen (1999) Nussbaum (1999, 2000, 2011), were consulted. This (with the data availability) frames the study to include five related categories of objective health and welfare indicators, including (1) demographic (e. g. life expectancy (LE), total fertility rate (TFR)), (2) child-welfare (i. e. under-five mortality rate (U5MR), (3) welfare services (immunization coverage and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB)), (4) education, and (5) indicators on health expenditure (HE). The applied theoretical frame–in a combination with the four posed research questions–indicates a need of an overall methodological approach that is primary quantitative. The data analysis follows an observational epidemiological type that is descriptive study, to analyse the indicators in five populations and two control groups. The study obtains descriptive data from three data bases, which are selected upon a qualitative analysis, to account for their validity and reliability. Further data analysis is strengthened qua the inclusion of the two control groups of populations, when appropriate. Since it wasn’t possible to compare data on populations across time, due to different data production methodologies. Main findings indicate that HE, immunization, TFR, male and female LE, U5MR and school enrolment, tend to diverge between and within the five populations, expressed in absolute and relative terms. The comparison of the estimated data for the five populations with the two control groups of populations, shows that most objective health and welfare indicators tend to converge, (within categories 1, 2 and 3, except TFR) when expressed in absolute and relative terms. When estimated data is analysed in the light of two sociological theories, it is evident that the existing gap between male and female LE, U5MR, and HE indicators can improve further.B
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Nongaillard, Antoine. "An agent-based approach for distributed resource allocations." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831365.
Full textAbstract:
Resource allocation problems have been widely studied according to various scenarios in literature. In such problems, a set of resources must be allocated to a set of agents, according to their own preferences. Self-organization issues in telecommunication, scheduling problems or supply chain management problems can be modeled using resource allocation problems. Such problems are usually solved by means of centralized techniques, where an omniscient entity determines how to optimally allocate resources. However, these solving methods are not well-adapted for applications where privacy is required. Moreover, several assumptions made are not always plausible, which may prevent their use in practice, especially in the context of agent societies. For instance, dynamic applications require adaptive solving processes, which can handle the evolution of initial data. Such techniques never consider restricted communication possibilities whereas many applications are based on them. For instance, in peer-to-peer networks, a peer can only communicate with a small subset of the systems. In this thesis, we focus on distributed methods to solve resource allocation problems. Initial allocation evolves step by step thanks to local agent negotiations. We seek to provide agent behaviors leading negotiation processes to socially optimal allocations. In this work, resulting resource allocations can be viewed as emergent phenomena. We also identify parameters favoring the negotiation efficiency. We provide the negotiation settings to use when four different social welfare notions are considered. The original method proposed in this thesis is adaptive, anytime and can handle any restriction on agent communication possibilities.
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Larsen, Jean. "Farmworkers and Strawberry Cultivation in Oxnard, California: A Political Economy Approach." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/502.
Full textAbstract:
I argue that although the abusive conditions experienced by farmworkers have complicated causes, they have persisted and will continue to persist as long as farmworkers are stripped of virtually any political and economic power. The chapters build upon each other logically, beginning with the second chapter, which uses farmworker testimony to establish that a combination of economic and political circumstances have kept farmworkers from protesting not only methyl bromide, but every other dangerous condition they face in the fields. In the third chapter, I argue that despite commonly held assumptions, growers are virtually powerless to change the circumstances of farm workers because competition they face in the strawberry market precludes any single grower from paying their workers more than the going rate. I will conclude by arguing that to begin to improve the working conditions of farm workers, consumers will need to engage with the issue on both political and economic levels. The conclusion builds on the arguments established in the second and third chapters; namely, given that neither growers nor farmworkers will be able to leverage change within the current political and economic context, consumers are the only remaining actors with both the incentives and power to influence both the political and economic arenas. Just as scholarship that focuses on only one set of actors (i.e. only growers or only regulators) will necessarily fail to provide practical solutions because such papers tend to discount the pressures faced by and produced by other actors, so too will change be impossible without consumers who advocate that farmworkers both receive a just share of political voice and fair wages.
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Zubo, Rana H. A. "Distribution Network Operation with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources. Joint Active/Reactive Power Procurement: A Market-Based Approach for Operation of Distribution Network." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18267.
Full textAbstract:
Distributed generators (DGs) are proposed as a possible solution to supply
economic and reliable electricity to customers. It is adapted to overcome the
challenges that are characterized by centralized generation such as
transmission and distribution losses, high cost of fossil fuels and environmental
damage. This work presents the basic principles of integrating renewable DGs
in low voltage distribution networks and particularly focuses on the operation
of DG installations and their impacts on active and reactive power.
In this thesis, a novel technique that applies the stochastic approach for the
operation of distribution networks with considering active network
management (ANM) schemes and demand response (DR) within a joint active
and reactive distribution market environment is proposed. The projected model
is maximized based on social welfare (SW) using market-based joint active
and reactive optimal power flow (OPF). The intermittent behaviour of
renewable sources (such as solar irradiance and wind speed) and the load
demands are modelled through Scenario-Tree technique. The distributed
network frame is recast using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) that is
solved by using the GAMS software and then the obtained results are being
analysed and discussed. In addition, the impact of wind and solar power
penetration on the active and reactive distribution locational prices (D-LMPs)
within the distribution market environment is explored in terms of the
maximization of SW considering the uncertainty related to solar irradiance,
wind speed and load demands. Finally, a realistic case study (16-bus UK
generic medium voltage distribution system) is used to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that ANM schemes and
DR integration lead to an increase in the social welfare and total dispatched
active and reactive power and consequently decrease in active and reactive
D-LMPs.Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research - Iraq
The selected author's publications, the published versions of which were attached at the end of the thesis, have been removed due to copyright.
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Lu, C.-C. "Evaluating the potential impact of alternative airport pricing approaches on social welfare." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11070.
Full textAbstract:
Some countries (e.g. the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) have recently
reviewed how they regulate the pricing of aeronautical services (landing charges, aircraft
parking charges, terminal facility charges etc.) at their principal airports. One major issue
that has emerged from each of these reviews is whether it is preferable to adopt a
single-till or dual-till approach to pricing aeronautical services. This thesis aims to
analyse the potential loss of social welfare as a result of adopting the single-till approach
and the dual-till approach under three airport pricing scenarios.
A review of international experience of economic regulation of airports, as well as a
qualitative discussion on the difference between the two approaches, has been undertaken.
A mathematical model and a number of economic graphs have been constructed. The
equations derived from the model show that the dual-till approach is desirable when
aeronautical capacity is fully utilised or already over-utilised, while the single-till
approach is preferable where there is excess capacity.
London Heathrow Airport is taken as the subject of the case study. The results illustrate
that the dual-till price was higher than the single-till price by 12% in 2001102, while the
market-clearing price was higher than the single-till price by 75%. The differences
between the two approaches are: (i) the potential loss of social welfare is less under the
dual till than under the single till by 1.64% of aeronautical social welfare for the summer
season, and 1.34% for the winter season; (ii) the excess demand is less by 3.0% of
capacity; (iii) the average number of passengers per flight is increased by three; (iv) the
profits for Heathrow Airport increase from £5.38 to £6.05 per passenger; and (v) the
airlines' cost is higher by £0.67 per passenger, and airfares will be increased by up to
£0.67. These estimates can be significantly affected by the level of average cost of
aeronautical services (which is the dual-till price) and the airlines' valuation on slots
(which influences the slope of the demand curve for aeronautical services) .
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Lu, Ching-Chyuan. "Evaluating the potential impact of alternative airport pricing approaches on social welfare." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11070.
Full textAbstract:
Some countries (e.g. the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) have recently reviewed how they regulate the pricing of aeronautical services (landing charges, aircraft parking charges, terminal facility charges etc.) at their principal airports. One major issue that has emerged from each of these reviews is whether it is preferable to adopt a single-till or dual-till approach to pricing aeronautical services. This thesis aims to analyse the potential loss of social welfare as a result of adopting the single-till approach and the dual-till approach under three airport pricing scenarios. A review of international experience of economic regulation of airports, as well as a qualitative discussion on the difference between the two approaches, has been undertaken. A mathematical model and a number of economic graphs have been constructed. The equations derived from the model show that the dual-till approach is desirable when aeronautical capacity is fully utilised or already over-utilised, while the single-till approach is preferable where there is excess capacity. London Heathrow Airport is taken as the subject of the case study. The results illustrate that the dual-till price was higher than the single-till price by 12% in 2001102, while the market-clearing price was higher than the single-till price by 75%. The differences between the two approaches are: (i) the potential loss of social welfare is less under the dual till than under the single till by 1.64% of aeronautical social welfare for the summer season, and 1.34% for the winter season; (ii) the excess demand is less by 3.0% of capacity; (iii) the average number of passengers per flight is increased by three; (iv) the profits for Heathrow Airport increase from £5.38 to £6.05 per passenger; and (v) the airlines' cost is higher by £0.67 per passenger, and airfares will be increased by up to £0.67. These estimates can be significantly affected by the level of average cost of aeronautical services (which is the dual-till price) and the airlines' valuation on slots (which influences the slope of the demand curve for aeronautical services).
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Zellmani, Yvonne, and Betty Bauer. "Två sidor av samma mynt : En studie om mötet inom ekonomiskt bistånd." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-77580.
Full textAbstract:
The overarching aim of this paper is to study the professional encounter in its complexity. The requirements for receiving welfare is set by the professional and it's the professionals decision if they are met in the proper manner. This makes the assessment of the clients conditions and the correctness of the assessment hence important. There are several levels which is necessary for the social worker to take into consideration. We have therefore made a socio-analysis by using a theoretical model of Johansson (2006) where he uses the Social Psychology of the encounter to create a model with four levels, which is always present in the professional encounter: structural, positional, relational, and experience level. Our base was that the one responsible for handling these levels was the professional which led us to search for literature concerning the professional approach. Our study is formed as a qualitative case-study. Our empirical data consist of qualitative interviews with four social workers handling social allowance.The results shows that the complexity of the professional encounter requires a professional approach. Furthermore it shows a need for more reflection of all factors of the meeting in its context. But these abilities are by no means obvious.
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Beltrame, Bruno. "O debate de Amartya Sen com Kenneth Arrow e John Rawls e a abordagem das capacidades." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9379.
Full textAbstract:
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The aim of this dissertation is to inquire in what sense it is reasonable to locate in Kenneth Arrow s social choice theory and in John Rawls theory of justice the two main theoretical roots of Amartya Sen s capability approach. It will be argued that Arrow s social choice theory had the role of revealing the main deficiencies of the welfare economics theory. Thus, Arrow s analysis points the limitations to be fulfilled in order to arrive at satisfactory theory of social choice indicating, in this sense, the paths to be pursued. In the same manner, it is argued that Ralws theory of justice provided important elements that inspirated certain ethical positions present in Amartya Sen s thought, which appear in his approach to the problem of social choice. To conclude, the main features of the capability approach that can be directly associated with these two theoretical origins are exposed, and it is argued that Sen s theory simultaneously solves the deficiencies pointed by him in the theoretical structure of Arrow s social choice and embodies, even though in a modified way, elements of Rawls thought
O objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar em que sentido é pertinente localizar na teoria da escolha social de Kenneth Arrow e na teoria da justiça de John Rawls as duas principais raízes teóricas da abordagem das capacidades de Amartya Sen. Argumentar-se-á que a teoria da escolha social de Arrow cumpriu o papel de explicitar as deficiências da teoria econômica do bem-estar. Desse modo, as análises de Arrow apontam as limitações a serem superadas para se chegar a uma teoria satisfatória da escolha social indicando em certa medida rumos a serem seguidos. Da mesma maneira argumenta-se que a teoria da justiça de Rawls forneceu elementos importantes que inspiraram certos posicionamentos éticos evidentes no pensamento de Amartya Sen e que se refletem em suas análises da escolha social. Por fim são apresentadas as principais características da abordagem das capacidades que podem ser diretamente associados a estas duas origens teóricas, e será argumentado que a teoria de Sen ao mesmo tempo soluciona as deficiências apontadas por ele na estrutura teórica da escolha social de Arrow e incorpora, ainda que de forma modificada, elementos presentes no pensamento de Rawls
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Diaz, Yadira. "Multidimensional and persistent poverty : methodological approaches to measurement issues." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17562/.
Full textAbstract:
Multidimensional deprivation and persistent poverty are important research areas within the poverty measurement literature. Still, both encompass measurement issues for which methodological solutions are yet to be analysed. The thesis that I present here analyses three specific measurement issues, identified as relevant within these research areas, and proposes methodological approaches to tackle each of them. First, it evaluates the effect of different demographic population structures on societal multidimensional deprivation incidence comparisons. The results of this evaluation demonstrate that societal multidimensional comparisons reflect not only differences in relative deprivation but also differences in the demographic composition of the societies to be compared. These differences in the demographic structure of the population, thus, confound societal multidimensional deprivation comparisons. To tackle this comparability problem, the application of direct and indirect standardisation methods is proposed and analysed in this context. Second, it studies the effect of differences in need, exhibited across individuals from different demographic population subgroups or households of different sizes and compositions, on multidimensional deprivation incidence profiles. To address differences in needs and enhance individual or household comparability, I propose a family of multidimensional deprivation indices that describes how much deprivation two demographically heterogeneous units with different needs must exhibit to be catalogued as equivalently deprived. The obtained empirical results demonstrate that neglecting differences in needs yields biased multidimensional deprivation incidence profiles. The results also shed light on the ability of my proposed family of measures to capture these differences in need effectively. Third, this thesis analyses the reliability of persistent poverty measures in the presence of survey non-response. The obtained empirical results indicate that persistent poverty measures based on balanced panel estimates that do not account for the relationship between survey non-response and the socioeconomic status of the household provide a significantly biased picture of the intertemporal phenomenon. The methodologies that I present in this thesis are meant foremost to be easy to implement and understand by policymakers. As such, they are proposed as methodological tools to improve the measurement and analysis of poverty in the policy context.
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Harrigan, Michele K. "Transnational police cooperation in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic : approaches and implications." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3675/.
Full textAbstract:
Crime in the Caribbean consists of drug and human trafficking, weapons smuggling and terrorism, and is fuelled by this region’s physical location as a gateway to the United States (US). Significant challenges to effective policing are transnational (TN), making the region an ideal testing ground to study transnational police cooperation (TNPC). Current cooperation is seen as reactive and hindered by the Caribbean’s topography, cultures, legal systems, nepotism and territorialism. Using a phenomenological perspective, this qualitative study investigates TNPC in the Caribbean region, focusing on Puerto Rico (PR) and the Dominican Republic (DR), assessing how TNPC works within this region, current structures and operations in the Caribbean. Other researchers such as Malcolm Anderson and Ethan Nadelmann have established the theoretical research base upon which this study is built. However, as empirical research is limited around this particular study, this paper primarily draws upon interviews with law enforcement agents in PR working for the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Program, administered by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. This study investigates stakeholders’ perspectives and the various methods of TNPC with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of multi-agencies towards a practical model, as embodied by HIDTA. This research is the first of its kind, offering a new direction for theory and research.
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Trigg, Lisa. "Improving the quality of residential care for older people : a study of government approaches in England and Australia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3772/.
Full textAbstract:
Improving the quality of residential care for older people is a priority for many governments, but the relationship between government actions and high-quality provision is unclear. This qualitative research study uses the cases of England and Australia to examine and compare regulatory regimes for raising provider quality. It examines how understandings of quality in each country are linked to differences in the respective regulatory regimes; how and why these regimes have developed; how information on quality is used by each government to influence quality improvement; and how regulatory regimes influence providers to deliver quality. The study develops a new typology of three provider quality orientations (organisation-focused, consumer-directed, relationship-centred) to examine differences between the two regulatory regimes. The research draws on interviews conducted between January 2015 and April 2017 with 79 individuals from different stakeholder groups in England and Australia, and interviews with 24 individuals from five provider organisations in each country. These interviews highlighted greater differences between the two regimes than previous research suggests. For example, while each system includes a government role for inspecting or reviewing provider quality, there are differences around how quality is formally defined, the role and transparency of quality information, and how some provider quality behaviour is influenced by different policy interventions. Two important findings emerge from the study for policymakers and researchers. First, the importance of considering the broader historical and institutional context of the care sector overall, not simply the regulatory environment, as shown by the more welfare-oriented approach in England when compared to Australia’s highly consumerist approach. Second, the importance of considering the overall ‘regulatory space’ when designing policy interventions for quality. Policymakers should consider the effects and interaction of multiple policy interventions, the impact of funding mechanisms and the activity of multiple stakeholders, and not restrict attention to those policy interventions explicitly developed for quality improvement goals.
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Hohl, Katrin. "The role of mass media and police communication in trust in the police : new approaches to the analysis of survey and media data." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/213/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis contributes to the literature on public opinion of and trust in the police. The theoretical framework is based on Tyler’s procedural justice theory adapted to the British context. Procedural justice theory postulates that legitimacy and trust are largely based on perceptions of procedural fairness – believing that the police treat citizens with fairness and respect and that citizen’s views are heard and taken into account. The focus of the thesis is on the role of the mass media and police communication in shaping such perceptions, public trust, and other related aspects of public opinion of the police. The thesis contributes new empirical evidence of theoretical and practical significance with three empirical studies. The first study tests a series of hypotheses about media effects on public opinion. It combines a comprehensive content analysis of newspaper reporting on policing in five major British newspapers from 2007 to 2010 with public opinion data from a large-scale population representative survey fielded continuously over the same three-year period. The second study is a ‘real-world’ quasi-randomised experiment testing the impact of local police newsletters on public trust in the police in seven neighbourhoods in London. The third study examines the role of perceptions of information provision in public trust in the police more closely based on the survey data from the first study. The findings suggest that media and police messages about how the police conduct themselves towards individual citizens as well as towards the community at large have a bigger effect on public trust than messages about the effectiveness of the police in carrying out their duties. Overall, press reporting has a small effect on public trust in the police. Police communication can enhance public trust in the police and is important in particular for those who have least trust in the police.