Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Socialist economic integration'

The idea of International Division of Labor (IDL) came along with the diffusion of the capitalism as production way. However, had a IDL background in the block of socialist countries that if it organized since the scope of the Council for the Economic Mutual Assistance (CMEA). Throughout the decades where the CMEA was effective, the countries that were part of the Council had created an important scene of interdependences uncountable to the exchanges of merchandises and services, economic control, promotion of cooperation institutions and specialization, and an infrastructure in which if they supported the economic relations between the members. However, chain instead of net interdependences no if show mature and solid to resist, without being damaged, to the re-approach with the capitalist countries, from the Seventies and to the collapse of the real socialism in the Nineties. Concerning this aspect, we believe that the referring limitations to the CMEA have origin in the historical and structural formation of the proper Council. Thus, this work aims to analyze the trajectory of four decades of existence of the CMEA (1949-1991) from its beddings and proper structures of functioning and to point elements that can have contributed for the process of weakness and posterior dissolution of the Council.
A idéia de Divisão Internacional do Trabalho (DIT) surgiu com a difusão do capitalismo como modo de produção. Contudo, houve historicamente uma DIT no bloco de países socialistas que se organizou desde o âmbito do Conselho para o Auxílio Mútuo Econômico (CAME). Ao longo das décadas em que esteve vigente o CAME, os países que constituíam o Conselho criaram um importante cenário de interdependências em relação às trocas de mercadorias e serviços, regulação econômica, promoção de instituições de cooperação e especialização, e uma infraestrutura na qual se apoiavam as relações econômicas entre os membros. No entanto, esta rede de interdependências não se mostrou madura e sólida para resistir, sem abalos, à reaproximação com os países capitalistas, a partir dos anos setenta e ao colapso do socialismo real nos anos noventa. Nesse sentido, acreditamos que as limitações referentes ao CAME têm origem na formação histórica e estrutural do próprio Conselho. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a trajetória de quatro décadas de existência do CAME (1949-1991) a partir de seus fundamentos e estruturas próprias de funcionamento e apontar elementos que possam ter contribuído para o processo de enfraquecimento e posterior dissolução do Conselho.
Mestre em Economia

The term Europe was omnipresent in the Third Reich during the Second World War. An abundance of primary sources attests to the German interest in a new European order. Nevertheless, historiography is in disagreement on the Europeanness of this New Order and on its actual relevance for National Socialist policies. This study argues that these differing appraisals are the result of a mistaken understanding of the National Socialist New Order. National Socialist Germany did not pursue a single, stable, and clear-cut notion of Europe-to-be, but constantly kept negotiating its war aims and the future of Europe under the heading New Order. By means of a discourse-analytical approach, this thesis reconstructs this New Order and shows that its defining dimensions were long-standing and well-established knowledge and belief systems: the idea of European economic cooperation and völkisch beliefs. Depending on the military situation and the scope of the German sphere of influence, the discursive weight of these interpretive frames varied during the war. Nevertheless, they produced temporarily stable visions of Europe-to-be. Contrasted with this development, an analysis of German policies clearly demonstrates that the New Order discourse did matter. A hermeneutical approach which draws on discourse-analytical concepts of power relations makes clear that the New Order discourse was powerful. It defined the permissible ways of thinking and speaking about the future of Europe and it endowed the activities of German occupation authorities and private companies with meaning. Thus, this study and its innovative perspective shed new light on the New Order and broaden our understanding of National Socialist wartime policies. Its findings suggest that the National Socialist Europe must not be dismissed as anti-European. National Socialist Germany discursively constructed and realised its own ideals of Europe-to-be. This völkisch and economic reorganisation not only guided the policies of German occupation policies and informed the actions of private businesses, but it also fits well into the German tradition of European thinking.

La construction européenne fut entre la conférence de La Haye en 1969 et la signature de l’Acte unique européen en 1986, une entreprise d’intégration des sociétés européennes principalement économique, notamment fondée sur la libre circulation des marchandises, des hommes mais aussi des services et des capitaux. Ce projet de marché unique transnational fut un défi inouï lancé aux Etats et aux partis politiques qui organisent l’expression politique au sein de chaque nation. Deux partis, profondément enracinés par leur identité socialiste et démocratique dans la vie de leur nation et également mus par l’idéal européen, le parti social-démocrate d’Allemagne (SPD) et le Parti socialiste français (PS), furent, par l’action de leurs dirigeants au pouvoir, étroitement associés à la réalisation du projet européen.Ces partis furent-ils des acteurs qui imprimèrent la marque du socialisme démocratique à la construction européenne ou l’accompagnèrent-ils sans en corriger les traits originaux ? Ont-ils façonné le modèle économique de l’intégration européenne ou s’est-il imposé à eux ? Partant, cette expérience européenne les conduisit-elle à préserver ou à modifier leur identité ? Notre recherche nous conduit ainsi à étudier la rencontre entre deux utopies, l’utopie européenne et l’utopie du socialisme démocratique et à mesurer l’extrême difficulté pour ces deux partis de créer un modèle qui fasse converger ces deux caractéristiques du PS et du SPD et leur permette de rester des forces politiques d’avenir, riches de propositions partagées à l’échelle européenne
Between the conference of The Hague (1965) and the signing of the Single European Act (1986), the European Construction was foremost an economic endeavour aiming at integrating the European societies and based on the free movement of goods, people, services and money. The creation of the common market was an extraordinary challenge for the nation states and for the political parties which are responsible for the expression of the political life of their nation. Two parties, the French socialist party (PS) and the social-democratic party of Germany (SPD), both deeply rooted in the political life of their own nation, with a socialist and democratic identity, but also moved by European ideals, were greatly involved in the realisation of the European project, mainly through the action of their leaders when these were exercising their national responsibilities and ruling their nation.Thus the questioning: did these parties leave the mark of democratic socialism on the European construction or did they only accompany it without correcting the original features? Did they participate in the definition of the European economic model or not? And in turn, did the European construction lead them to preserve or to modify their identity?Our inquiry leads us to study how two utopian ideas, the path towards democratic socialism and the path towards European unity, interfere. The extreme difficulty for both parties to create a convergence between these two paths could prevent them from remaining political strengths with great future at national and European scale

La Unión Europea (UE) constituye uno de los procesos de integración más completos del mundo. Sin embargo, todavía se detectan importantes diferencias sociales y económicas entre sus países miembros, y dichas diferencias podrían limitar los efectos positivos asociados con cualquier proceso de integración. El objetivo de esta disertación es examinar fortalezas y debilidades relacionadas con el proceso de integración europeo. La tesis se centra en tres aspectos específicos: la integración comercial, la movilidad de capital y personas y la efectividad de la Política Agraria Común (PAC). En el Capítulo 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries” , se investiga si la quinta ampliación de la UE (2004) supuso una integración comercial para los nuevos países miembros (UE-10). Para ello se construye una base de datos que recoge información sobre los flujos comerciales de los países de la UE-10 con 180 socios comerciales durante el periodo 1999–2011. Aunque los resultados reflejan que hubo una integración comercial entre los nuevos y viejos socios a partir de 2004, dicha integración fue más pronunciada entre los países de la UE-10. Por tanto, los resultados confirman que las raíces históricas de los nuevos socios han condicionado su integración con los países de la UE-15. En el Capítulo 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain”, se investigan los determinantes de la entrada de inversión extranjera directa (IED) en España. Este país perdió parte de sus factores atractivos como destinatario de IED después de las ampliaciones de la UE hacia el este. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se construye una base de datos tras combinar dos fuentes de datos específicos: uno relacionado con las empresas y el otro con los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que los inversores extranjeros se localizan en lugares donde hay una mano de obra con una cualificación media en lugar de una cualificación alta, tal y como concluye la mayor parte de la literatura empírica relacionada con los determinantes de IDE. Este resultado revela la existencia de problemas estructurales en el entorno empresarial español, ya que los inversores extranjeros están principalmente atraídos por incentivos transitorios. Dicha situación imposibilita que España pueda gozar de un adecuado ambiente empresarial apto para atraer IED en el largo plazo. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy”, se investiga en qué medida la PAC ha afectado la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España. A partir del trabajo de Costinot y Donaldson (2012), se desarrolla una estrategia empírica que consiste en comparar la producción real con la potencial, esta última calculada a partir de un ejercicio de optimización que recoge implícitamente el concepto de coste de oportunidad. Los resultados identifican una mejora en la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España tras su adhesión a la UE (1986) y, sobre todo, tras la reforma Fischler (2003). Esta reforma rompió el link entre subsidios y nivel de producción y, consecuentemente, produjo un cambio significativo en los incentivos de producción, ahora basados en las características del mercado y no en lo requerimientos necesarios para obtener los subsidios. Por tanto, a pesar de que se han detectado efectos positivos asociados con el proceso de integración europeo, también se han encontrado circunstancias en las que dichos efectos han sido menores de lo esperado. Con el fin de permitir que el proyecto europeo progrese adecuadamente, dichas debilidades —la mayoría relacionadas con las diferenciase económicas entre los estados miembros— deberían ser solventadas.
The European Union is experiencing one of the most complete integration process in the world. Nevertheless, there still exist important social and economic differences among its member states, and these differences could limit the positive effects associated with the integration process. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a number of selected features entailed by the European integration process. We focus on three specific aspects: trade integration among EU member states, the free mobility of capital and workers, and the true effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In Chapter 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries,” we investigate whether the fifth EU enlargement (2004) truly generated a trade integration effect for new member states (EU-10). To tackle this question, we build a database by compiling the information referring to trade flows among EU-10 countries and 180 commercial partners during 1999–2011. Though our results show that trade flow intensity between EU-15 and EU-10 countries increased after 2004, the trade integration effect was much stronger within the EU-10 group. This finding confirms that the historical background of EU-10 countries conditioned their trade integration with EU-15 countries, especially in sectors with more technological content. The Chapter 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain,” investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Spain. This country lost part of its principal attractiveness as an FDI recipient after the EU enlargements to the east. We provide a quantitative assessment of the importance of agglomeration economies, network effects, and labor market composition in attracting FDI. To conduct our analysis, we create a novel database after adapting and merging information from two micro-data sources: one for companies and the other for workers. Our results highlight that incoming foreign investors privilege the hiring of medium-skilled workers rather than high-skilled ones, as is often found in the empirical research of FDI determinants. This result reveals the existence of structural problems in the Spanish business environment—namely, foreign investors are principally attracted by monetary or transitory incentives that make the interest to locate in Spain a temporally limited strategy. Unfortunately, this situation prevents Spain from building and enjoying a qualified business environment that could be able to attract more long-term FDI. Finally, in Chapter 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy,” we investigate the extent to which the CAP affected the level of agricultural production in Spain. Following Costinot and Donaldson (2012), the pivotal technique of our strategy involves comparing actual output with potential output, the latter of which derives from an optimization problem relying on the Ricardian idea of opportunity cost. Ultimately, our results identify an improvement of the agricultural production efficiency after Spain entered the European Economic Community (1986) and, above all, after the Fischler reform (2003). The 2003 CAP reform broke the linkage between subsidies and production. This provided the right incentives to impulse real production in Spain since made production strategies more connected with the market devices than subsidy requirements. Overall, although our research quantifies the existence of positive effects associated with the European integration process, we also detect specific circumstances in which the effects of integration have been different from the expected ones. However, these weaknesses—most of them associated with the lack of strong economic ties among all member estates—need to be overcome in order to allow the European project progress.

This thesis investigates the background behind the resilience of North Korean system, one which has endured numerous shocks and upheavals in its history. The era from 1945 to 1970 was decisive in the formation of North Korea’s domestic system; it also provides sufficient perspective to examine the major trends in the evolution of North Korea’s political and economic structure. The thesis analyzes DPRK history from the perspective of the regime’s internal and external integration into the socialist system, as well as efforts to diverge from that system. The dynamics of integration and divergence relate to the commonalities and distinctiveness of North Korea’s political and economic structure compared to other socialist countries, mainly the Soviet Union and China. This thesis studies the formation and evolution of North Korea’s political economy and defines its uniqueness within the socialist system. Socialist aid and trade are one focus of the study. We analyze four realms of relationships – ideology, politics, economy, and security. The northern regime’s ideological positioning was closely linked to North Korea’s nationalist course and to the regime’s divergence from the socialist system; economic considerations and security imperatives, by contrast, tended to push the regime toward the socialist world. The thesis defines North Korea’s place in the socialist world from the view point of the interaction between politics and economics. It argues that despite North Korea’s ideological and political divergences from the socialist system based on the Chuch’e (self-reliance) paradigm, the regime remained more integrated economically than is usually perceived. This factor is one of the main reasons for the DPRK’s ability to withstand the blow of the Soviet collapse, for it retained considerable economic ties to China. During the 1945-1970 era, North Korea occasionally deviated from one or another of its two major allies, but it never distanced itself from both the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China simultaneously. The DPRK also tried to compensate reductions in its interactions with one major ally or camp, including the Eastern bloc, by nurturing more active relations with capitalist states. This trend represents an important consistency in North Korea’s history.

A nivell mundial les energies renovables han crescut de forma considerable al llarg d'aquestes dues últimes dècades, havent substituït parcialment als combustibles fòssils en àmbits tals com la generació elèctrica. Una aposta tan àmplia per aquest tipus d'energies només s'explica des del punt de vista de les importants i creixents avantatges associats a aquest tipus de tecnologies en tres àmbits fonamentals: el medi ambient, la seguretat de subministrament energètic i el desenvolupament econòmic. No únicament contribueixen a la reducció d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle donat el seu caràcter renovable sinó que addicionalment milloren la seguretat de subministrament, prenent en consideració que es tracta de fonts energètiques autòctones. Així mateix, les energies renovables suposen un important motor de desenvolupament econòmic i social, fomentant la innovació i la generació de llocs de treball d'elevat valor afegit. No obstant això, aquesta ràpida penetració de les energies renovables planteja desafiaments al sistema elèctric en particular que ha d'adaptar-se a una creixent generació descentralitzada i de caràcter variable. Des de la perspectiva dels respectius sistemes elèctrics i la seva operació, el problema a solucionar és com integrar en el sistema un contingent considerable de generació d'origen renovable, la disponibilitat del qual és aleatòria, de localització lliure i que, davant situacions d'inestabilitat, es desconnecta del propi sistema elèctric, obligant a la resta de generació a incrementar la seva quota de participació en temps real amb la finalitat de garantir el permanent equilibri entre oferta i demanda que tot sistema elèctric exigeix per al seu correcte funcionament. La present Tesi aborda en profunditat del disseny actual del mercat elèctric i de l'impacte econòmic de les energies renovables en el preu final de l'electricitat que paguen els consumidors, prestant una especial atenció als mercats d'ajust, imprescindibles per al desenvolupament i implementació de les energies renovables.
A nivel mundial las energías renovables han crecido de forma considerable a lo largo de estas dos últimas décadas, habiendo sustituido parcialmente a los combustibles fósiles en ámbitos tales como la generación eléctrica. Una apuesta tan amplia por este tipo de energías sólo se explica desde el punto de vista de las importantes y crecientes ventajas asociadas a este tipo de tecnologías en tres ámbitos fundamentales: el medio ambiente, la seguridad de suministro energético y el desarrollo económico. No únicamente contribuyen a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero dado su carácter renovable sino que adicionalmente mejoran la seguridad de suministro, tomando en consideración que se trata de fuentes energéticas autóctonas. Asimismo, las energías renovables suponen un importante motor de desarrollo económico y social, fomentando la innovación y la generación de puestos de trabajo de elevado valor añadido. No obstante, esta rápida penetración de las energías renovables plantea desafíos al sistema eléctrico en particular que debe adaptarse a una creciente generación descentralizada y de carácter variable. Desde la perspectiva de los respectivos sistemas eléctricos y su operación, el problema a solucionar es cómo integrar en el sistema un contingente considerable de generación de origen renovable cuya disponibilidad es aleatoria, de localización libre y que, ante situaciones de inestabilidad, se desconecta del propio sistema eléctrico, obligando al resto de generación a incrementar su cuota de participación en tiempo real con el fin de garantizar el permanente equilibrio entre oferta y demanda que todo sistema eléctrico exige para su correcto funcionamiento. La presente Tesis aborda en profundidad del diseño actual del mercado eléctrico y del impacto económico de las energías renovables en el precio final de la electricidad que pagan los consumidores, prestando una especial atención a los mercados de ajuste, imprescindibles para el desarrollo e implementación de las energías renovables.
At a global scale, the use of renewable energy has grown considerably over the last two decades, having partially replaced fossil fuels in many areas such as electricity generation. Such a broad commitment to this kind of energy can only be explained by the significant and growing benefits associated with this type of technology in three key areas: environment, security of energy supply and economic development. These new energy sources not only contribute to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases - given its renewable nature - but also improve security of supply, as they use domestic energy sources. In addition, renewable energies are key to economic and social development, encouraging innovation and the creation of high added value jobs. Nevertheless, the rapid deployment of renewable energy already poses challenges for the electricity system in particular, which needs to adapt to increasingly decentralised and variable renewable generation. From the perspective of electrical systems and their operation, the problem to be solved is how to integrate generation from renewable sources into the system when availability is random, freely located and taken into account that when faced with unstable conditions disconnects itself from its own electrical system, forcing the rest of the generation to increase its share in real time to ensure the permanent balance between supply and demand called for by any electrical system for proper operation. This Thesis aims to take a close look at the current design of the electricity market and the economic impact of renewable energy on the final price of electricity paid by consumers, paying particular attention to adjustment markets, essential for the development and deployment of renewable energy.

Thesis consists of three empirical studies focusing on financial crisis, which base on different definitions of financial contagion definitions and use of methodological approaches. The first chapter defines contagion focusing on the channels of transmission of the crisis and uses the implementation of spatial econometrics as a mechanism for assessing contagion. Unlike the other methodologies used, spatial econometrics allows for an expression of the transmission mechanisms of crisis under explicit dynamic-spatial assumptions. The second and third chapters consider the definition of “shift-contagion”, a definition that is extremely useful to measure and test contagion. The second chapter follows a strategy based on the specification of an approximate factor model and assesses the presence of “shift-contagion” considering the presence of structural breaks in the variance of the common factors. The third chapter analyses the presence of “shift-contagion” using a new integration procedure that is robust to the main econometric problems of the financial time series, i.e., the lack of accounting for heteroscedastic variance.
La tesis consiste en tres estudios empíricos que enfocan la crisis financiera, que se basan en las definiciones diferentes de definiciones de contagio financieras y empleo de accesos metodológicos. El primer capítulo define el contagio que enfoca los canales de transmisión de la crisis y usa la puesta en práctica de econometría espacial como un mecanismo para evaluar el contagio. A diferencia de otras metodologías la econometría usada, espacial permite para una expresión de los mecanismos de transmisión de crisis bajo suposiciones explícitas dinámicas espaciales. Los segundos y terceros capítulos consideran la definición "de shift-contagion", una definición que es sumamente útil para medir y probar el contagio. El segundo capítulo sigue una estrategia basada en la especificación de un factor aproximado modela y evalúa la presencia "de shift-contagion" que considera la presencia de roturas estructurales en la discrepancia de los factores comunes. El tercer capítulo analiza la presencia "de shift-contagion" que usa un nuevo procedimiento integrador que es robusto a los problemas principales econométricos de la serie de tiempo financiera, p. ej., la falta de contabilidad para la discrepancia heteroscedástica.

Cette thèse se compose de trois essais aux approches complémentaires portant sur l'économie de l'intégration sociale en milieu urbain. Le premier essai analyse l'émergence de hiérarchies ethno-culturelles dans un contexte multi-culturel, typique des grandes métropoles actuelles. Cette émergence est étudiée au moyen d'un modèle de théorie des jeux évolutionnaires selon lequel une vision hiérarchique commune émerge, dans une société, à partir d'une multitude d'interactions indépendantes entre membres des différents groupes ethno-culturels en présence. L'originalité du modèle proposé tient à l'inclusion de plusieurs minorités et conceptions hiérarchiques (i.e. modèle multi-groupes et multi-stratégies) et à la prise en compte des effets réciproques que plusieurs minorités peuvent avoir sur les statuts sociaux des autres. Ces effets permettent d'expliquer la relation non-linéaire entre taille d'une minorité et statut social suggérée par la littérature empirique, ainsi que les effets complexes de l'arrivée d'une nouvelle minorité sur les autres minorités. Le processus évolutionnaire étudié suggère que la hiérarchie ethno-culturelle adoptée est, dans la plupart des cas, économiquement sous-efficace car trop inégalitaire. Le deuxième essai présente un modèle d'économie urbaine adapté au contexte des villes d'Afrique sub-Saharienne où la propriété foncière est souvent informelle et incertaine et où les transactions foncières sont souvent entravées par d'importantes asymétries d'information entre acheteurs et vendeurs. Le modèle permet d'étudier théoriquement l'impact de deux institutions visant à réduire l'incertitude liée aux transactions. La première consiste en un système d'enregistrement formel des terrains dans un cadastre géré par l'administration, la deuxième en une norme sociale traditionnelle de confiance liant certains groupes sociaux. Le modèle qui est, à notre connaissance, le premier à étudier l'effet d'une norme sociale sur le fonctionnement d'un marché immobilier urbain et la structure urbaine, montre que le système d'enregistrement est plus efficace que la norme sociale si les coûts d'enregistrements sont limités, mais que les deux institutions sont en partie substituables. Il prédit que l'enregistrement des terrains remplacera progressivement les normes traditionnelles de confiance dans le futur, à mesure que les coûts d'enregistrement décroîtront.Enfin, le troisième essai consiste en une analyse économétrique des effets du Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine (PNRU), lancé en France en 2003 pour la rénovation de 600 quartiers défavorisés. Afin d'éviter certains biais liés à l'hétérogénéité des effets du programme entre les différents quartiers et entre les différentes périodes temporelles, nous mobilisons le tout récent estimateur DID_M développé par De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) et complémentons ses résultats par une plus traditionnelle estimation de différences-de-différences. Nos résultats indiquent que le programme a eu des effets non-significatifs et, de toute façon, très limités (moins de 3.5%) sur les prix immobiliers dans les quartiers rénovés. Les effets sur les volumes de transactions sont aussi non significatifs. Toutefois, le programme a engendré une sensible évolution à la hausse du profil socio-professionnel des acheteurs de logement par rapport aux vendeurs, suggérant une certaine amélioration de l'attractivité des quartiers rénovés
This dissertation consists in three essays with complementary approaches on the economics of social integration in an urban setting. The first essay analyzes the emergence of ethno-cultural hierarchies in a multi-cultural context, typical of nowadays large metropolises. This emergence is studied using an evolutionary game theory model according to which, in a society, a common hierarchy view emerges from a multitude of independent interactions between members of the different ethno-cultural groups. The originality of the model lies in the featuring of several minorities and hierarchical views (i.e. multi-group and multi-strategy model) and in the reciprocal effects that minorities may have on each others' social statuses. These effects allow to explain the non-linear relationship between a minority's size and its status suggested by the empirical literature, as well as the complex impacts of a new minority's arrival on the other minorities. The evolutionary process implies that the adopted ethno-cultural hierarchy is, in most cases, too inegalitarian and thus economically inefficient. The second essay presents an urban economics model adapted to the sub-Saharan African city context where land ownership is often informal and uncertain and where land transactions are often hampered by important information asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The model allows to theoretically study the impact of two institutions aimed at reducing transaction uncertainty. The first one consists in a formal land registration system administered by the government, the second is a traditional social trust norm that links specific social groups. This model is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to study the effects of a social norm on the functioning of an urban housing market and the urban structure. It shows that the land registration system is more efficient than the traditional trust norm if registration costs are limited, but also that the two institutions are partly substitutable. The model predicts that, with the gradual decrease of registration costs, land registration will progressively replace social trust norms in the future.Eventually, the third essay consists in an econometric analysis of a large urban renewal program launched in France in 2003 for the renovation of 600 deprived neighborhoods (i.e. the « Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine », PNRU). In order to avoid possible biases linked with heterogeneities in the program's effects across neighborhoods and across time periods, we rely on the very novel DID_M estimator developed by De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) and complement its results with a more traditional difference-in-differences estimation. Our results suggest that the program had non-significant and, in any case, very limited effects (i.e. smaller than 3.5%) on housing prices in renovated neighborhoods. The program's effects on transaction volumes are also non-significant. However, the program led to a sizable upward evolution in the socio-professional status of housing buyers as compared to sellers, suggesting some improvement in the attractivity of renovated neighborhoods

In an increasingly competitive world driven by fast changes, where resources are limited and where stakeholders are more and more demanding, societies, from individuals to companies and governments, are challenged to pursue sustainable development. This matter has led to the discussion about how organizations manage to innovate in a way that they meet with the requirements of several stakeholders effectively. Although this topic has increasingly caught the attention of scholars and practitioners, there are still major gaps regarding the best managerial practices that promote innovation within a sustainability-oriented framework. Amongst the most recently discussed practices, researchers have identified a potential opportunity in the way companies manage their systems. Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to this research gap by relating two managerial practices in pursue of sustainability, namely, an effective way of managing systems and innovation. Management systems (MSs) describe the procedures that organizations use in their operations to meet very specific requirements, including those related to quality, environmental, occupational health and safety, among others. Because each MS addresses the concerns of only a few stakeholders, their contribution to innovation and sustainability is often questioned among literature. As a result, companies might prefer integrating such MSs in a way that they could expand their vision of the different stakeholders. This might allow them to simultaneously save resources, eliminate bureaucracy, and attain innovation more smoothly. The integration of MSs (IMS) might also have the advantage of fostering a balanced priority amongst the goals proposed in each function-specific MS. As a result, companies that adopt IMS might be more prone to pursue corporate sustainability, which dimensions are contained, in a fragmented fashion, in each individual MS. Although researchers have acknowledged IMS as an innovative practice closely related to sustainability, the way in which it benefits innovation within this context remains one of the major research gaps in this field. This discussion is therefore one of the main topics analyzed in this work. Moreover, in a globalized world dominated by the creation of knowledge and the exploitation of information, companies no longer operate in closed environments or just looking at the world from the inside-out. Instead, companies might choose adopting business models that allow them to be open to collaborations. This might implicate benefits not only in terms of sharing knowledge, but also of gaining new capabilities, being more efficient innovating and creating new ways of profiting such as licensing, patenting, among others. This brief description of one of the most relevant innovation trends in the worldwide context corresponds to the open innovation (OI) business model. The existing research about OI is very extensive and involves a wide range of fields, including its relationship with innovation, organizational and environmental performance. However, researchers are still debating how OI interacts with the inner management systems and how this relationship contributes to corporate sustainability. Therefore, the interaction between OI and IMS is further analyzed throughout this research. Grounded on the existing literature, this thesis develops specific hypothesis regarding the links between IMS, OI and innovation in pursue of sustainability, which are tested empirically in diverse samples obtained from European and Latin-American companies. Based on this evidence, it is found that the challenges to combine harmoniously the requirements of diverse business stakeholders and companies’ internal procedures seem to be heeded by IMS. More specifically, companies that attain high levels of IMS might improve their innovation capabilities, innovate more efficiently by using less resources and favor corporate sustainability in terms of economic, environmental and social benefits. Moreover, OI seems to have a relevant role in this context, in particular concerning the new capabilities that it brings to open companies. Finally, this thesis intends to provide practitioners and researchers with new insights to manage diverse MSs and innovate in the challenging pursue of sustainability.

IN ENGLISH:

This thesis represents an attempt to examine the evolution and causes of regional inequality in Spain during the early stages of economic development, in the period in which the integration of the domestic market was completed and the Spanish economy was going through the early stages of industrialization. With this objective, the research adopts a New Economic Geography (NEG) approach. This theoretical framework aims to analyse the distribution of economic activity across space and it appears to be particularly suitable for the study of regional inequality from a historical perspective (Krugman, 1991).

After reviewing the NEG literature, both theoretical and empirical, in which market accessibility becomes a key variable to understand where production takes place, the first step in the research is the construction of two databases that are essential for the empirical analysis in the following chapters. Firstly, GDP estimates at a provincial level are obtained following the standard methodology developed by Geary and Stark (2002) for the years 1860, 1900, 1914 and 1930. At a second stage, the availability of GDP figures allows constructing estimates of market potential at a provincial level using Harris (1954) equation (Crafts, 2005). The results suggest that the integration of the domestic market brought about significant changes in the relative accessibility of the Spanish provinces. In particular, it has been stressed that the construction of the railway network and the subsequent fall in transport costs triggered a polarised geographical pattern with two clearly differentiated groups where coastal provinces (plus Madrid) showed higher market potential than their inland counterparts.

More importantly, the availability of an indicator of market access becomes essential for the empirical analyses undertaken in the next chapters. First, the focus is placed on the industrial sector. The exercise conducted in chapter 4 aims to disentangle the factors that lie behind the intense process of spatial concentration recorded in Spain's industry between the mid-19th century and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). To do this, a model that combines comparative advantage in line with the Heckscher-Ohlin model, and NEG-type mechanisms is estimated (Midelfart-Knarvik et al., 2002). The results show that in the mid-19th century, the spatial distribution of industry in Spain was determined by comparative advantage. However, when industry began to concentrate in a limited number of provinces, evidence in favour of NEG effects is found. In this case, the main driving force in industrial location was the interaction between market potential and increasing returns.

Once the impact of NEG-type mechanisms has been confirmed in industry, the aim of chapter 5 is to examine whether geography also had an influence at a more aggregate level, when income per capita is considered. In so doing, the empirical strategy developed by Ottaviano and Pinelli (2006), in which growth literature (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1991) and economic geography are combined, is applied to the Spanish case. Conditioned growth regressions are estimated, i.e., income per capita growth rates are regressed on the customary proximate sources of growth and a set of explanatory variables (wider influences) that include, among others, first nature geography (à la Sachs) and second nature geography (à la Krugman) variables. In the second half of the 19th century, the impact of geography on provincial growth came from pure geography. Then, in the first decades of the 20th century, there is evidence of a positive and significant relationship between market potential and economic growth, as some recent cross-country studies within NEG have demonstrated (Redding and Venables, 2004). In the light of these results it can be concluded that the role of geography needs to be considered in the analysis of regional inequality in the long term.
EN CASTELLANO:

Esta tesis representa un intento de indagar en la evolución y las causas de la desigualdad territorial en España durante las primeras etapas del proceso de desarrollo económico, en el período en el que se completó la integración del mercado doméstico a la vez que la economía española transitaba por las primeras etapas de la industrialización. Con este objetivo, la investigación adopta un enfoque de Nueva Geografía Económica (NEG), un marco teórico cuyo fin es analizar la distribución de la actividad económica en el espacio, y que por lo tanto, se convierte en una herramienta de gran utilidad para el estudio de la desigualdad regional. Tras revisar esta literatura, tanto a nivel teórico como empírico (capítulo 2), en el capítulo 3 se procede a la elaboración de sendas bases de datos que resultan fundamentales para el análisis posterior. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una estimación del Producto Interior Bruto a nivel provincial en diversos años comprendidos entre 1860 y 1930 para, a continuación, calcular el potencial de mercado de las provincias españolas. Una vez obtenido este indicador de acceso a los mercados se examina, primero, los determinantes que se hallan detrás del intenso proceso de concentración espacial de la industria que se dio en España entre mitad del siglo XIX y la Guerra Civil (capítulo 4). Para ello, se estima un modelo que permite cuantificar la fuerza relativa de los factores vinculados a la existencia de ventaja comparativa en la dotación de factores en la línea de los argumentos de tipo Heckscher-Ohlin, y por otro lado, de los mecanismos de tipo NEG. Finalmente, a partir de la nueva base de datos de PIB provincial construida, en el capítulo 5 se estudia el efecto del potencial de mercado sobre la desigualdad regional a partir de la estimación de regresiones de crecimiento condicionadas, basadas en un modelo NEG donde, junto a las variables típicas utilizadas en este tipo de estudios, se incorporan al análisis tanto los elementos de geografía pura (à la Sachs) como los de segunda naturaleza vinculados al potencial de mercado (à la Krugman).

The aim of the thesis is to further explore the relationship between economic integration and firm mobility and investment, both from an empirical and a theoretical perspective, with the objective of drawing conclusions on how government policy can be used to strengthen the positive impact of integration on investment, which is crucial in moving and maintaining countries at the forefront of the technology frontier and accelerating economic growth in a world of rapid technical change and high mobility of ideas, goods, services, capital and labor.

The first chapter aims to bring together the literature on economic integration, firm mobility and investment. It contains two sections: one dedicated to the literature on FDI and the second covering the literature on firm entry and exit, economic performance and economic and business regulation.

In the second chapter I examine the relationship between the Single Market and FDI both in an intra-EU context and from outside the EU. The empirical results show that the impact of the Single Market on FDI differs substantially from one country to another. This finding may be due to the functioning of institutions.

The third chapter studies the relationship between the level of external trade protection put into place by a Regional Integration Agreement(RIA)and the option of a firm from outside the RIA block to serve the RIA market through FDI rather than exports. I find that the level of external trade protection put in place by the RIA depends on the RIA country's capacity to benefit from FDI spillovers, the magnitude of set-up costs of building a plant in the RIA and on the amount of external trade protection erected by the country from outside the reigonal block with respect to the RIA.

The fourth chapter studies how the firm entry and exit process is affected by product market reforms and regulations and impact macroeconomic performance. The results show that an increase in deregulation will lead to a rise in firm entry and exit. This in turn will especially affect macroeconomic performance as measured by output growth and labor productivity growth. The analysis done at the sector level shows that results can differ substantially across industries, which implies that deregulation policies should be conducted at the sector level, rather than at the global macroeconomic level.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Difficulties with the integration of foreign born and especially refugees in the Swedish labor market have further strengthened unemployment in the country. Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem with the fact that it leads to loss of tax revenues and lower productivity which negatively affects a country's growth. Unemployment varies within counties and among population groups of municipalities in Sweden. This is problematic as it creates economic inequality between population groups and municipalities. It also creates social contexts meaning that some areas become resource-strong while others are resource-weak. This has a negative effect on economic welfare in the country. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the persistently high unemployment rate among foreign-born in Sweden`s municipalities can be explained by differences in municipal characteristics regarding human capital, cultural distances, and wage levels. Methods used for the study is the fixed effects regression models using a panel data of 290 individuals (all municipalities in Sweden) during the period 2009-2018. Statistical analyzes using figures and tables have been used as well.  The study is based on human capital theory, social capital theory and theory of segregation. The results have shown that human capital related factors and characteristics linked to cultural distances have a significant impact on unemployment among foreign-born, in addition have foreign-born a lower value of human and social capital, which results in lower returns. The conclusion of this paper is that the human capital related factors can explain the higher unemployment rate among foreign-born people to a great extent. The cultural distance affects the value of foreign-born human and social capital and thus return. Therefore, there is a need for more effective integration policies to facilitate the establishment of foreign-born people in the Swedish labor market. Allocating them to the right areas where opportunities to acquire the necessary skills are great is one option. Even by shortening the waiting time for decisions on residence permits, work permits and waiting time for Swedish citizenship is important because this could give the opportunity to the foreign-born people to enter the country s labor market quickly as possible. Time is an important factor for them because it takes time to improve the value of their human capital, social capital, and necessary skills as well.
Svårigheter med integration av utrikesfödda och särskilt flyktingar i den svenska arbetsmarknaden har förstärkt arbetslösheten i landet ytterligare. Arbetslöshet utgör ett makroekonomiskt problem med faktum att den medför förlorade skatteintäkter och lägre produktivitet vilket påverkar negativt landets tillväxt. Arbetslösheten varierar i hög grad mellan län och kommunernas befolkningsgrupper i Sverige. Detta är problematiskt då det bidrar till ekonomisk ojämlikhet mellan befolkningsgrupper och även kommunerna emellan. Därmed skapas sociala kontexter som innebär att vissa områden blir resursstarka medan andra resurssvaga, vilket har en negativ effekt på den ekonomiska välfärden i landet. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka om den bestående höga arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i Sveriges samtliga kommuner kan förklaras av kommunala egenskaper avseende humankapital, kulturella avstånd och lönenivå. Metoden som har används för denna studie är så kallad fixed effects regressionsmodell (FEM) med hjälp av en paneldata av 290 individer (Sveriges samtliga kommuner) under tidsperiod 2009-2018. Olika statistiska analyser har också genomförts med hjälp av figurer och tabeller. Studien har utgått ifrån humankapitalteori, socialkapitalteori och teori om segregering. Studiens resultat påvisar att humankapital relaterade faktorer samt egenskaper kopplade till kulturella avstånd har en signifikant påverkan på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Dessutom har utrikesfödda lägre värde på human- och socialt kapital vilket resulterar i lägre avkastning. Slutsatsen som dragits är att humankapital relaterade faktorer kan förklara arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i hög grad och att kulturella avståndet påverkar värdet av utrikesföddas human- och socialt kapital och därmed avkastning. Behov av effektivare integrationspolitik är stor för att kunna underlätta utrikesföddas etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Det kan exempelvis vara att allokera dem till rätta områden där möjligheter att förvärva nödvändiga färdigheter är stor. Att förkorta väntetid för beslut om uppehållstillstånd, arbetstillstånd och även väntetid för den svenska medborgarskapet är också avgörande eftersom de utrikesfödda behöver komma in i landets arbetsmarknad så snabbt som möjligt. Vistelsetid i landet är en avgörande faktor för etablering på arbetsmarknaden då det krävs tid för att förbättra sitt human- och socialkapital och även nödvändiga färdigheter och kompetenser.

La ricerca considera il tema della valutazione del risultato delle imprese - in termini di impatto economico-sociale dell’attività svolta - e il settore delle imprese sociali di inserimento lavorativo (WISE), analizzandolo dal punto di vista degli strumenti di valutazione e rendicontazione. Obiettivo del lavoro è presentare la realtà delle WISE, per proporre un modello di valutazione che consenta di misurare il valore creato e distribuito alla Pubblica Amministrazione e quindi, indirettamente, alla collettività. Questo valore deriva dall’inserimento di soggetti che sono normalmente esclusi dal mercato del lavoro e che sarebbero supportati da interventi pubblici di tipo oneroso. Il lavoro offerto diventa quindi un mezzo di integrazione sociale e di riduzione delle diversità, ma anche una garanzia di risparmio per la Pubblica Amministrazione, che riduce gli interventi di tipo socio-assistenziale e sanitario. Una volta definiti gli obiettivi di valutazione e i metodi utilizzabili, è stato sviluppato uno strumento che consente una migliore accountability esterna. Per giungere a questo risultato, sono state coinvolte alcune cooperative sociali e soggetti impegnati nell’inserimento lavorativo. È stato creato uno strumento che permette alle imprese di mostrare in maniera completa il valore economico creato e distribuito sul territorio, e lo si è fatto in maniera condivisa e partecipata.
Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) are very well known in Europe and they are recognized as important actors to promote the active inclusion of disadvantaged people, disabled, homeless, migrants, unemployed, people with disadvantages and minorities, to avoid their discrimination both in work labour and in the society. Work Integration issue is nowadays a relevant theme that considers social matters together with human rights’ respect, equality, freedom and self-determination. There is the lack of a complete evaluation scheme that could give a whole perspective of WISEs' results. For them there are features and management ties that require methods wider than the economic ones disclosed in the financial report, in order to measure the created value for the Public Administration and community. The PhD work focuses on the creation of a possible evaluation model to apply to WISE. A WISEs’ sample has been selected to understand which elements were difficult to measure and, after the definition of the model it has been directly tested. Local WISEs and institutions have been actively involved in the executions. The main result is the participative creation process of an instrument that evaluates WISEs’ value for the community, through the analysis of their external effect on public budget.

Les structures d'insertion par l'activité économique (SIAE) proposent à des personnes rencontrant des difficultés sociales ou professionnelles particulières une mise en situation de travail et une prise en charge visant à la résolution de leurs diverses problématiques. Depuis une dizaine d'années, les SIAE ont engagé un processus de rapprochement avec les entreprises classiques alors qu'antérieurement prévalaient des relations de méfiance réciproque. L'objet de la thèse est précisément d'analyser le fonctionnement des collaborations nouées entre les SIAE et les entreprises classiques. A cette fin, nous mobilisons tout d'abord la littérature sur l'entreprise sociale qui permet de caractériser la spécificité des SIAE. Nous construisons ensuite un modèle d'analyse inspiré de l'économie des conventions. Les collaborations entre SIAE et entreprises classiques supposent en effet qu'elles s'accordent concernant le contenu de la notion d'insertion. Sur la base d'une enquête qualitative réalisée au sein de trois SIAE, nous distinguons alors trois « conventions d'insertion » (civique-marchande, civique-industrielle et civique-connexionniste) qui sont autant de compromis permettant une coordination. Ces « conventions d'insertion » sont présentes au sein de chacune de nos études de cas mais dans des proportions variables, en fonction des milieux institutionnels dans lesquels évoluent SIAE et entreprises classiques
Work integration social enterprises (WISE) aim to allow disadvantaged workers to benefit from contracts of employment, in order to facilitate their social and professional inclusion. Since the end of the last decade, collaborations between private businesses and WISE have been increasing in France, whereas at first the attitude was one of mutual mistrust. This study focuses on how WISE and private businesses collaborate. First we use the literature about social enterprise to characterize the special features of WISE. Then we build a framework inspired from the “economics of conventions” school. Collaborations between WISE and private businesses rest on an agreement about what integration means. We produce three kinds of “integration conventions” (civic-market, civic-industrial and civic-connective) that are compromises allowing coordination. We use this typology to investigate three case-studies. In each one all of our “integration conventions” are present but in variable proportions, depending on the institutional constraints faced by WISE and private businesses

La présente thèse a pour objet l’étude du régionalisme. Ce dernier se réfère ici à des régions mondiales constituant une dimension médiane entre le niveau étatique et le système mondial. Notre analyse porte donc sur les nouvelles expériences régionales qui ont émergé dans le contexte de la globalisation néolibérale et de la post-guerre froide. Le régionalisme est analysé en tant qu’objet des relations internationales et l’étude de cas choisi est celui du régionalisme latino-américain, et plus précisément le Marché commun du Sud (MERCOSUR). Une importante partie des travaux consacrés à l'explication du régionalisme partent d'une approche essentiellement endogène accordant une attention distraite aux déterminants exogènes. Pour comprendre la nature du nouveau régionalisme, il faut le situer dans une perspective globale qui tient compte de l’interrelation entre les niveaux national, régional et global. Bien que le régionalisme renvoie à des logiques internes propres, le phénomène est fortement conditionné et façonné par l’extérieur du fait qu’il évolue en interaction directe et constante avec le monde économique et politique international, et qu’il fait l’objet de politiques menées par des acteurs dominants de l’arène mondiale. Les déterminants extérieurs sont donc essentiels pour comprendre l’évolution du régionalisme. Dès lors, la thèse se propose de répondre à la question suivante :comment et en quoi la nature et l’évolution du régionalisme se trouve façonnée par le cadre exogène et comment ce dernier interagit avec les facteurs d’ordre interne ?Pour répondre à cette question il convient de resituer le MERCOSUR dans le cadre du triangle atlantique (Amérique du Sud/Union européenne/Etats-Unis) qui lui-même doit être placé dans le contexte plus large de la globalisation néolibérale.
Doctorat en sciences politiques
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L'objecte de la tesi és l'estudi i reflexió sobre el Mercosur per tal de poder captar la seva essència i de verificar el seu estat actual d'integració, tant les realitzacions ja aconseguides com les seves mancances i perspectives de futur. Amb aquesta finalitat, es realitza una anàlisi transversal d'aquest procés de manera d'analitzar-com un tot. La investigació comença en els antecedents d'aquest, passant per la seva bastida institucional i jurídic, el grau d'assoliment de la seva zona de lliure canvi i la seva unió duanera, i finalitzant en els elements que posseeix de models d'integració més avançats. Tot això configura al Mercosur com una organització internacional d'integració "sui generis", que no pot ser enquadrat sota cap dels models teòrics usuals de la integració econòmica, però això no impedeix afirmar que és ens de integració en ple funcionament i amb importants limitacions . La metodologia utilitzada per al desenvolupament d'aquesta investigació és l'anàlisi descriptiva amb un enfocament inductiu, des de la triple perspectiva jurídica, econòmica i política, partint de l'anàlisi sectorial del fenomen observat i destacant, amb un enfocament comparatiu, tant semblances com diferències amb la UE . La investigació presenta un interès indubtable en vigílies d'un possible acord de lliure comerç entre el Mercosur i la Unió Europea, i atès que no hi ha obres actualitzades sobre el Mercosur. Les conclusions més rellevants són que els principis de gradudalidad, flexibilitat i la recerca del consens han erosionat la integració; s'ha desplegat una unió duanera imperfecta, la qual no té actualment d'eines institucionals per tal d'aprofundir la integració.
El objeto de la tesis es el estudio y reflexión sobre el Mercosur a fin de poder captar su esencia y de verificar su estado actual de integración, tanto las realizaciones ya conseguidas como sus falencias y perspectivas de futuro. Con esta finalidad, se realiza un análisis transversal de este proceso de manera de analizarlo como un todo. La investigación comienza en los antecedentes del mismo, pasando por su andamiaje institucional y jurídico, el grado de consecución de su zona de libre cambio y su unión aduanera, y finalizando en los elementos que posee de modelos de integración más avanzados. Todo ello configura al Mercosur como una organización internacional de integración "sui generis", que no puede ser encuadrado bajo ninguno de los modelos teóricos usuales de la integración económica, pero ello no impide afirmar que es ente de integración en pleno funcionamiento y con importantes limitaciones. La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo de esta investigación es el análisis descriptivo con un enfoque inductivo, desde la triple perspectiva jurídica, económica y política, partiendo del análisis sectorial del fenómeno observado y destacando, con un enfoque comparativo, tanto semejanzas como diferencias con la UE. La investigación presenta un interés indudable en vísperas de un posible acuerdo de libre comercio entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea, y toda vez que no hay obras actualizadas sobre el Mercosur. Las conclusiones más relevantes son que los principios de gradudalidad, flexibilidad y la búsqueda del consenso han erosionado la integración; se ha desplegado una unión aduanera imperfecta, la cual carece actualmente de herramientas institucionales a fin de profundizar la integración.

This contribution analyzes the role fulfilled by International Labor Standards and, specifically, by social clauses in Free Trade Conventions and Agreements, as a way of preventing social dumping and building a social dimension in the globalization and regionalization of economy. The author offers the case of the MERCOSUR Labor and Social Declaration, issued in 2015, which amends that of the year 1998, studying its contents, legal efficacy and supervision mechanisms. He emphasizes the fact that social charters generally limit themselves to recognizing fundamental or basic labor rights already found in the legislation of the member countries, but which are nonetheless useful for hindering attempts to deregulate or relax social and labor provisions.
En la presente contribución, se analiza el rol que cumplen las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo y en particular las cláusulas sociales en los Tratados y Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, como forma de evitar el dumping social y c onstruir u na d imensión s ocial e n l a g lobalización, mundialización y regionalización de la economía. El autor expone el caso de la Declaración Social Laboral del MERCOSUR, aprobada en el 2015, que revisa la sancionada en el año 1998, estudiando su contenido, su eficacia jurídica y los mecanismos de contralor. Destaca que las Cartas sociales generalmente se limitan a reconocer derechos laborales fundamentales o básicos que ya se encuentran contemplados en los ordenamientos de los países que se integran, pero que igualmente sirven para poner un freno alos intentos de desregular o flexibilizar la normativa socio-laboral.

El paper del coneixement comú a les organitzacions (CKO, en la sigla en anglès) és creixent en la literatura com un tema important; tanmateix, la seva formalització és lenta. Aquesta tesi presenta un model de CKO que descriu la seva relació amb la capacitat organitzativa en el context de les teories de l’empresa. Disseny, metodologia i enfocament Tenint en compte l’estat no sistematitzat del coneixement a les organitzacions i els diversos enfocaments de què és objecte la capacitat organitzativa, en aquest treball s’analitzen textos de les teories del coneixement i de les teories de l’empresa, seguint mètodes de codificació de la grounded theory, amb vista a emmarcar un model per tal d’observar i avaluar casos de CKO que participen en la pràctica productiva. El component de recerca empírica d’aquesta tesi segueix l’estratègia de l’estudi del cas per a la recopilació de dades i de la grounded theory per a la seva anàlisi. El cas correspon a un programa de cooperació internacional interuniversitari, que va durar deu anys, en què s’integren els coneixements en forma de lliçons apreses. Les dades inclouen l’extensa documentació del programa, tres sèries d’enquestes, 16 entrevistes filmades i 36 històries. Aquí, la grounded theory segueix el concepte de sensibilització de Charmaz (2000)per guiar la codificació inicial utilitzant com a referència el marc conceptual desenvolupat. Conclusions El CKO es caracteritza per: a) la tensió en la integració dels coneixements en la pràctica productiva; b) la lògica d’instrumentalitzar eines organitzacionals (OT), y c) els processos pels quals es reconeixen els coneixedors. El CKO funciona com a mediador entre les OT (directives, plans, estructura, arquitectura i rutines) i l’eficiència de la capacitat organitzativa. El CKO apareix no com una eina organitzativa, sinó com els processos relacionats que els instrumentalitzen i per mitjà dels quals els coneixedors són reconeguts i donen forma al sistema interpretatiu de l’organització. Aquesta tesi ofereix criteris de gestió orientats a l’eficiència del CKO (sorgits d’aquesta concepció), amb vista a aplicar eines organitzatives que integren el coneixement en la pràctica productiva, i proposa: a) una visió organitzacional integral de les teories existents del saber; b) un model d’observació d’instàncies del saber a les organitzacions; c) un esquema per tal d’emmarcar les teories de l’empresa, i d) un model per entendre el rol del coneixement comú a les organitzacions.
El papel del conocimiento común en las organizaciones (CKO por sus siglas en inglés) se acentúa en la literatura como un tema importante; sin embargo su formalización está rezagada. Esta tesis presenta un modelo de CKO que describe su relación con la capacidad organizacional en el contexto de las teorías de la firma. Diseño, metodología y enfoque: Teniendo en cuenta el estado no-operacionalizado del conocimiento en las organizaciones y los variados acercamientos a la capacidad organizacional, este trabajo entrevista textos de las teorías del conocimiento y de las teorías de la firma, siguiendo métodos de codificación de “grounded theory”, para enmarcar un modelo para observar y evaluar instancias de CKO que participan en la práctica productiva. El componente de investigación empírica de esta tesis sigue la estrategia de estudio de caso para la recopilación de datos, y “grounded theory” para su análisis. El caso corresponde a un programa de cooperación internacional Interuniversitario, que duró diez años, en el que se integra conocimientos en lecciones aprendidas. Los datos incluyen la extensa documentación del programa, 3 sets de encuestas, 16 entrevistas filmadas y 36 historias. Aquí, “grounded theory” sigue el concepto de sensibilización de Charmaz (2000) para guiar la codificación inicial utilizando como referencia el marco conceptual desarrollado. Hallazgos: CKO está caracterizado por la (a) tensión en la integración de conocimientos en la práctica productiva, (b) la lógica de instrumentalizar herramientas organizacionales (OT) y (c) los procesos por los cuales se reconocen a los conocedores. CKO funciona como mediador entre OT (directivas, planes, estructura, arquitectura y rutinas) y la eficiencia de la capacidad organizacional. CKO emerge, no como una herramienta organizacional, sino como los procesos relacionados que los instrumentalizan, y por medio de los cuales los conocedores son reconocidos y dan forma al sistema interpretativo organizacional. Esta disertación ofrece criterios de gestión orientados a la eficiencia (surgidos de esta concepción) de CKO) para aplicar herramientas organizacionales que integran el conocimiento en la práctica productiva, y propone (a) una visión organizacional integral de teorías existentes del saber, (b) un modelo de observación de instancias del saber en organizaciones, (c) un esquema para enmarcar teorías de la firma, y (d) un modelo para entender el rol del conocimiento común en las organizaciones.
The role of common knowledge in organizations (CKO) is emphasized in literature as an important topic; however, its formalization has been neglected. This dissertation presents a model of CKO that depicts its relationship with the capability of the organization within the context of theories of the firm. Design/methodology/approach: Considering the un-operationalized status of knowledge in organizations and the several approaches to organizational capability, this work interviews text of the theories of knowing and the theories of the firm, following grounded theory coding methods, to frame a model to observe and assess CKO instances that participate in the productive practice. The research empirical component of this dissertation follows case study strategy for data collection and grounded theory for data analysis. The case corresponds to a ten-year International Inter-university Cooperation Program that integrates knowledge into lessons learned. Data include program extensive program documentation, 3 sets of surveys, 16 filmed interviews, and 36 stories. Grounded theory follows Charmaz (2000) sensitizing concept approach to guide initial coding using the developed framework. Findings: CKO is characterized by the (a) tension of integrating knowledge into the productive practice, (b) logic of instrumentalizing organizational tools (OT), and (c) processes by which knowers are recognized. CKO also operates as mediator between OT (directives, plans, structure, architecture and routines) and the efficiency of the organizational capability. CKO emerges, not as an organizational tool, but as the related processes that instrumentalize them, or by which knowers are recognized and shape the organizational interpretative system. Dissertation offers efficiency oriented managerial criteria (emerged from the CKO conception) for applying organizational tools to integrate knowledge into the productive practice, and proposes (a) an integrated organizational view of extant theories of knowing, (b) a model for observing knowing instances in organizations, (c) a scheme for framing theories of the firm, and (d) a model for understanding the role of common knowledge in organizations

El tema de mi tesis tiene como ámbito de investigación los Sistemas de Solución de controversias creados por los procesos de integración de Suramérica – la Comunidad Andina, el MERCOSUR y la UNASUR – para asegurar el respeto del derecho en la aplicación de los Tratados constitutivos. Pero, más allá de un mero estudio comparativo, el propósito de mi estudio es analizar el papel de los órganos jurisdiccionales (el Tribunal de justicia de la Comunidad Andina, el Tribunal Permanente de Revisión del MERCOSUR y el Centro de Solución de controversias de la UNASUR) en el seno de sus respectivos procesos de integración, teniendo como ejemplo y paradigma la experiencia europea y el protagonismo del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la consagración de un sistema jurídico integrado y en el desarrollo de una norma comunitaria continental.
Le sujet de ma thèse doctorale a pour champ d'étude les différentes institutions juridictionnelles mises en place par les processus d'intégration d'Amérique du Sud – la Communauté andine, le MERCOSUR et l'UNASUR – afin d'assurer le respect du droit dans l’application des traités. Surtout, au-delà de la simple étude comparative, l’objectif de la thèse est de développer une analyse du rôle des différents organes juridictionnels (le Tribunal de justice de la Communauté andine, le Tribunal permanent de révision du MERCOSUR et le Centre de règlement des différends de l'UNASUR actuellement en cours de création) au sein des processus d'intégration respectifs, et une mise en perspective avec l'expérience européenne de la Cour de justice de l'Union Européenne dans la consécration d’un système juridique d’intégration et le développement d'une norme communautaire continentale.
The subject of my doctoral thesis focuses on the different legal institutions established by the South American integration processes – the Andean Community, MERCOSUR and UNASUR – in order to ensure accordance with the law in the application of their treaties. Beyond a simple comparative study, the objective of the thesis is above all to develop an analysis of the role of the jurisdiction of dispute settlement (the Andean Tribunal of Justice, the MERCOSUR Permanent Review Tribunal and the UNASUR Regional Arbitration Center currently being created) at the heart of the respective integration processes, as well as comparing the processes to Europe’s experience with the European Court of Justice as an embodiment of a legal system of integration and the development of an EU standard.
El tema de la meva tesi té com a àmbit d'investigació, els Sistemes de Solució de controvèrsies creats pels processos d'integració de Sud-amèricala – la Comunitat Andina, el MERCOSUR i la UNASUR – per tal d´assegurar el respecte del dret a l'aplicació dels Tractats constitutius. Però, més enllà d'un simple estudi comparatiu, el propòsit del meu estudi és analitzar el paper dels òrgans jurisdiccionals (Tribunal de justícia de la Comunitat Andina, el Tribunal Permanent de Revisió del MERCOSUR i el Centre de Solució de controvèrsies de la UNASUR) en el si dels seus respectius processos d'integració, tenint com a exemple i paradigma l'experiència europea i el protagonisme del Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea en la consagració d'un sistema jurídic integrat i en el desenvolupament d'una norma comunitària continental.

The dissertation deals with the conflict over the EU Services Directive which is also known as the Bolkestein Directive. The general liberalisation and deregulation of the services markets in the EU has known the greatest politicisation of an EU issue ever seen in the history of European politics. It mobilised a wide range of political actors, including unions, diverse associations and citizen groups in several member states of the EU as well as in Brussels. The Commissioner for the internal market Frits Bolkestein and the directive proposal adopted in January 2004 have come to epitomize the neoliberal face of European integration. Due to its connection with the Eastern enlargement in May 2004 and with the ratification of the European constitutional treaty in France and The Netherlands in 2005, the directive proposal on services liberalization triggered a general debate over the economic and social nature of the EU polity far beyond a mere matter of public policy. After three years of debate and mobilization, the directive proposal was substantially amended in the European Parliament and clear limitations were put to liberalization of the services of general interest and to market deregulation.

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Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Les grandes villes du Sud s’étalent dans leurs périphéries, en grande partie non réglementaires, notamment en conséquence de l’incapacité de l’Etat à procurer un logement à l’ensemble de la population. Cette thèse restitue l’analyse d’un de ces quartiers irréguliers aux marges de la ville : le quartier de Cherarba dans le Sud-est de l’agglomération algéroise, à la porte de la Mitidja. La réflexion porte sur les pratiques et les représentations des populations et la façon dont elles pèsent sur les dynamiques de dé-marginalisation et/ou d’intégration socio-spatiale de ces quartiers populaires à la ville. Les activités économiques générées par les populations s’avèrent un vecteur déterminant permettant à ces quartiers irréguliers périphériques de s’intégrer dans l’ensemble de la dynamique socio-spatiale de la ville. Trois axes structurent la recherche ; nous verrons d’abord comment les habitants "ordinaires" sont des acteurs à part-entière dans la production de l’espace urbain, en agissant au cœur même de ces transformations, à travers des stratégies résidentielles et économiques. Ensuite le regard se focalisera sur l'étude des interdépendances des territoires marginalisés avec la ville. L'examen des pratiques des populations devra permettre ici de mettre en évidence les modes d'effacement des frontières, d'imbrication et d'interactions à l'ensemble de la ville, particulièrement par le biais des dynamiques économiques. Le cœur de la réflexion concernera l'émergence d'une véritable polarité urbaine, formidable vecteur d'intégration. Enfin, l'analyse portera sur les pratiques et les représentations des populations, en mettant en évidence les formes de sociabilités et de solidarités, les ressources et les réseaux sociaux au sein et en dehors du quartier et les significations sociales qu'il recouvre. Le dévoilement de ces processus de recomposition urbaine bouscule les a priori entretenus sur ces périphéries stigmatisées et considérées comme des non-villes et conduit à une nouvelle approche de la réalité urbaine, modifiant les perceptions sociales négatives qui affectent cet « urbanisme d'émanation populaire »
The big cities of the South spread out in their peripheries, largely not statutory, in particular as a result of the incapacity of the State to get an accommodation to the whole population. This thesis restores the analysis of one of these irregular districts to the margins of the city: the district of Cherarba in the Southeast of the urban area from Algiers, in the door of Mitidja. The reflection concerns the practices and the representations of the populations and the way they weigh on the dynamics of die-marginalization and/or sociospatial integration of these popular districts in the city. Economic activities generated by the populations turn out a determining vector allowing these peripheral irregular districts to become integrated in the whole of the socio-spatial dynamics of the city. Three axes structure the search; we shall see at first how the "ordinary" inhabitants are actors to whole part in the production of the urban space, by acting in the heart of these transformations, through residential and economic strategies. Then the look will focus on the study of the interdependences of territories marginalized with the city. The examination of the practices of the populations will have to make it possible here to highlight the modes of obliteration of the borders, overlap and interactions to the town suit, particularly by the means as of economic dynamics. The heart of the reflection will relate to the emergence of a true urban polarity, formidable vector of integration. Finally, the analysis will concern the practices and the representations of the populations, by highlighting the forms of sociability and solidarities, the resources and the social networks in the breast and except the district and the social meanings which it recovers. The unveiling of these processes of urban reorganization pushes aside prejudice maintained on these peripheries stigmatized and considered non-cities and leads to a new approach of the urban reality, modifying the negative social perceptions which affect this « town planning of popular emanation »

Notre thèse propose de saisir les difficultés d'insertion des jeunes sans qualification à partir de leur rapport à la norme. Elle prend appui à la fois sur notre expérience professionnelle et sur une enquête de terrain réalisée au centre de formation L'Atelier à Strasbourg. En se fondant sur les acquis de la démarche ergologique, nous abordons le travail et l'insertion sous l'angle de l'activité. De cette prise en compte de l'activité découle une première explication des difficultés d'insertion des jeunes sans qualification. Les échecs qu'ils rencontrent lorsqu'ils se confrontent à des situations de travail s'expliquent par leur incapacité à s'affirmer en personne dans les cadres normatifs du travail, leur incapacité à " renormaliser ". Pour d'autres jeunes, les difficultés reposent sur le fait qu'ils s'investissent dans le travail sur la seule base d'une affirmation de ce qui leur importe sans prendre en compte et identifier les normes qui structurent la situation. Ces deux types de rapport au travail permettent de proposer une typologie des difficultés d'insertion et invitent à interroger les enjeux de la prise en charge de ces difficultés par les professionnels de l'insertion.

Ce travail de mémoire porte sur le processus d’insertion sociale et économique des personnes vivant des problèmes de santé mentale. Le travail est devenu un important véhicule d’intégration sociale. En effet, on prétend que la pratique d’un métier serait pour les personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé un outil de rétablissement et de mieux-être, car elle permet de réduire les symptômes et l’incidence des hospitalisations. Le travail permet, également, d’augmenter les interactions sociales et de contribuer activement à la société. Il existe, toutefois, d’autres véhicules d’intégration qui semblent, sous certains angles, apporter les mêmes avantages. Les activités bénévoles améliorent la qualité de vie, favorisent les interactions sociales et donnent, à l’individu, l’occasion de contribuer à sa communauté. Par ailleurs, le retrait social peut être un moyen de s’éloigner des pressions sociales et de s’accorder une pause bénéfique. On soutient que les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale qui ont une lecture positive de leur situation de marginalité tendent à être moins hospitalisées. S’appuyant sur une démarche qualitative, ce travail de recherche a tenté de cerner les perspectives, les questionnements et les perceptions des personnes ayant un trouble mental à l’égard d’un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle, de participation sociale et de retrait social. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de onze personnes, et grâce à ces entretiens, un portrait au regard de leurs parcours social et professionnel a pu être brossé. Les entretiens ont permis d’explorer l’impact des problèmes de santé mentale sur leur réalité et sur leur identité, leurs représentations du marché de l’emploi et les motifs qui justifient le choix de s’engager ou de renoncer à un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Les résultats de cette recherche ont permis d'identifier cinq facteurs qui peuvent influencer la décision des personnes qui sont le rapport à l'environnement social, l'identité, le rapport aux institutions de l'État, les discours de légitimation et les perspectives d'avenir. Les résultats démontrent que l'on ne peut isoler les notions de vulnérabilité, d'autonomie, de bien-être ou de stabilité dans une phase spécifique. La vulnérabilité, l'autonomie, le bien-être et la stabilité sont des états que l’on peut vivre en situation de retrait social, de participation sociale et d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Selon les circonstances et l’état émotif, ils peuvent être des modes adaptés ou inadaptés.
This theisis explores the social and economic integration of people with mental health problems in regard to paid work. Work has become an important vehicle for social integration. Indeed, it is argued that having an occupation could be a tool to recovery and wellness in that it can reduce symptoms and prevent hospitalisation. Work also allows for increased social interactions and active participation in society. There are however, other vehicles for social integration that have the possibility of providing the same advantages as work. Volunteer activities improve the quality of life, promote social interaction and provide opportunities to contribute to community life. Moreover, social withdrawal can be viewed as a way to attain a sense of distance from social pressures and thus provide a beneficial break. It is argued that persons with mental health problems who have a positive perception of their marginal situation have a lower tendency for hospitalisation. Based on a qualitative approach, this research has attempted to identify the reasons why people with a mental disorder engage in a process of socio-professional integration, social participation and social withdrawal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 people, and through these interviews, a portrait of their social and professional process has been presented. The interviews explored the impact of mental health problems on their reality and their identity, what the labour market represents, and the reasons that justify the decision to commit or to abandon a process of socio-professional integration. This research has demonstrated that there are five factors that can influence people’s decisions: the relationship to the social environment, identity, the relationship to state institutions, legitimizing discourses and future perspectives. The results show that we can isolate the notions of vulnerability, autonomy, well-being or stability in a specific phase. Vulnerability, autonomy, well-being and stability are states that can be lived in a situation of social withdrawal, social participation and professional integration. Depending on the circumstances and the emotional state of the person, they may be considered adaptive or inadequate modes of adaptation.

Au Canada et au Québec, au cours des années 2000, la migration des travailleurs qualifiés originaires d’Amérique du Sud a connu une croissance très rapide. Pourtant, ce flux migratoire et sa composante féminine ne semblent pas avoir fait l’objet d’une lecture sociologique. Ce travail vise à combler quelques lacunes dans ce domaine des connaissances, en examinant le processus d’intégration économique d’immigrantes d’origine sud-américaine arrivées durant cette décennie. L’étude comprend l’analyse de 16 cas de femmes originaires de divers pays d’Amérique du Sud qui ont un diplôme universitaire ou l’équivalent, qui avaient déjà une expérience de travail dans leur pays d’origine et qui possèdent une bonne maîtrise de la langue française. Les questions qui guident cette recherche dépassent l’aspect statistique ou sociodémographique d’un groupe non étudié dans le contexte canadien. Le but principal de ce mémoire consiste à examiner l’importance d’une variété de ressources culturelles et symboliques qui sont déployées tout au long du processus d’intégration socioéconomique par des immigrantes sud-américaines de la catégorie des « travailleurs qualifiés » dans le contexte montréalais. Dans ce but, l’étude analyse comment les ressources acquises dans la société d’origine ont des impacts sur le parcours professionnel de ces femmes, en leur permettant de définir des stratégies d’intégration sur le marché du travail dans la société réceptrice. L’analyse se déploie à partir de la problématisation des facteurs construits socioculturellement comme catégories de structuration et de hiérarchisation qui, selon le contexte, définissent la position sociale et qui, à travers l’expérience, expliquent la position situationnelle des immigrantes sud-américaines. L’accès, l’utilisation et la mobilisation des ressources pour définir des stratégies d’intégration socioprofessionnelle sont analysés à partir de quatre axes : l’expérience, la dimension intersubjective, le contexte institutionnel et organisationnel, et finalement, la dimension représentationnelle.
During the beginning of the 21st century the migration of skilled workers from South America to Canada and Quebec has grown very fast. However, this migration and its female component do not appear to have been the subject of a sociological reading. This work aims to fill some gaps in this subject by examining the process of economic integration of South American female immigrants who have arrived in Canada in this last decade. The study includes the analysis of 16 cases of women from various South American countries, specifically women who have a university degree or equivalent, who have working experience in their country of origin and who have a good knowledge of French. The questions guiding this research go beyond the statistical or socio-demographics analysis of a group not studied before in the Canadian context. The central aim of this work is to examine the importance of a range of cultural and symbolic resources that are deployed in the process of the socio-economic integration of South American female immigrants in Montreal who arrived into the category of "skilled workers.” With this aim, the study analyzes how the cultural and symbolic resources acquired in the society of origin can affect the success of these women by allowing them to define strategies of labour market integration in the receiving society. In considering the original and host societies as the social referents, this study offers an understanding of the importance of both the context and the personal experience that will impact directly on the career paths of female skilled immigrants in the post-migratory context. The analysis extends from the study of factors constructed as socio-cultural and hierarchical categories which, depending on the context, defines the social position and through experience, defines the situational position of immigrants. The access, use and mobilization of resources to develop strategies of socio-professional integration are analyzed from four axes : the experiential, the inter-subjective, the organizational and the representational dimensions.